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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre–colonial history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_and_colonization_by_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_and_colonization_by_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Exploration and colonization by Europeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_and_colonization_by_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Expansion of slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asylum_and_influence_of_Creoles_from_Saint-Domingue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asylum_and_influence_of_Creoles_from_Saint-Domingue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Asylum and influence of Creoles from Saint-Domingue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asylum_and_influence_of_Creoles_from_Saint-Domingue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchase_by_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchase_by_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Purchase by the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchase_by_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Statehood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession_and_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_and_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Secession and the Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_and_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Civil_War_to_mid–20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Civil_War_to_mid–20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post–Civil War to mid–20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Civil_War_to_mid–20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid–20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid–20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Mid–20th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid–20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicly_owned_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicly_owned_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Publicly owned land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicly_owned_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Park_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Park_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 National Park Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Park_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Forest_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Forest_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 U.S. Forest Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Forest_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 African culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creole_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creole_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Creole culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creole_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acadian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Acadian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isleño_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isleño_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Isleño culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isleño_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstate_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Interstate highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 United States highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Mass transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Law and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Civil law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 National Guard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louisiana: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A%E1%8B%9A%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%93" title="ሉዊዚያና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉዊዚያና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlo%C3%B0wigeanne" title="Hloðwigeanne – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hloðwigeanne" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لويزيانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويزيانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loisiana" title="Loisiana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loisiana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_suyu" title="Louisiana suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Louisiana suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوئیزیانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئیزیانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="লুইজিয়ানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুইজিয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луізіяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луізіяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луізыяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Луізыяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुइसियाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लुइसियाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="ལུའི་ཟི་ཨཱན་ནཱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལུའི་ཟི་ཨཱན་ནཱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louiziana" title="Louiziana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louiziana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(estado)" title="Louisiana (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Louisiana (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(delstat)" title="Louisiana (delstat) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louisiana (delstat)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لويزيانا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لويزيانا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_Biih%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81_Hahoodzo" title="Tónteel Biihílį́ Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel Biihílį́ Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Λουιζιάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουιζιάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui%C5%9Bi%C3%A0na" title="Luiśiàna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Luiśiàna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziano" title="Luiziano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luiziano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوئیزیانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیزیانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiane" title="Louisiane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louisiane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="લ્યુઇસિયાના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લ્યુઇસિયાના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌻𐌿𐌴𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌿𐌴𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%95%A0%EB%82%98%EC%A3%BC" title="루이지애나주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이지애나주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luikiana" title="Luikiana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Luikiana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Լուիզիանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուիզիանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुईज़ियाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुईज़ियाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwisi%C3%A1n%C3%A0" title="Luwisiánà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Luwisiánà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="লুইসিয়ানা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লুইসিয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%97%E1%90%84%E1%93%B0%E1%90%8B%E1%93%88" title="ᓗᐄᓰᐋᓈ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓗᐄᓰᐋᓈ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Луизианæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Луизианæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILuwiziyana" title="ILuwiziyana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ILuwiziyana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="לואיזיאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיזיאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwiiziyaana" title="Luwiiziyaana – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Luwiiziyaana" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಲೂಯಿಸಿಯಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಯಿಸಿಯಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლუიზიანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუიზიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوزیانا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لوزیانا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwizy%C3%A0n" title="Lwizyàn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lwizyàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviciana" title="Ludoviciana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludoviciana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizi%C4%81na" title="Luiziāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luiziāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiann-a" title="Louisiann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Louisiann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुजियाना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लुजियाना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизијана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луизијана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="ലുയീസിയാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലുയീസിയാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Deih%C4%ABana" title="Rōeihīana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rōeihīana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुईझियाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुईझियाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლუიზიანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუიზიანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لويزيانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويزيانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوئیزیانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوئیزیانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯂꯧꯏꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯧꯏꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="လူဝီစီယားနားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဝီစီယားနားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(staat)" title="Louisiana (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louisiana (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुइजियाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुइजियाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुइजियाना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुइजियाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E" title="ルイジアナ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイジアナ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiane" title="Louisiane – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Louisiane" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFsiana" title="Loïsiana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loïsiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੂਈਜ਼ੀਆਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਈਜ਼ੀਆਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुइजियाना – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लुइजियाना" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوئزیانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئزیانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لویزیانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویزیانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiane" title="Louisiane – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louisiane" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisian-a" title="Luisian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luisian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizjana" title="Luizjana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luizjana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_suyu" title="Louisiana suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louisiana suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुईजियाना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लुईजियाना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوئزيانا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوئزيانا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizjana" title="Luizjana – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Luizjana" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لویزیانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لویزیانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизијана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луизијана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="லூசியானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூசியானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Луизиана (штат) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Луизиана (штат)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐลุยเซียนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐลุยเซียนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луизиана – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луїзіана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луїзіана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لوویزیانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوویزیانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyizanna_Shitati" title="Loyizanna Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Loyizanna Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louiziana" title="Louiziana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Louiziana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louwiziane" title="Louwiziane – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Louwiziane" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="路易斯安那州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易斯安那州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90" title="לואיזיאנא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואיזיאנא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易斯安那州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz%C4%97ana" title="Luizėana – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luizėana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易斯安那州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana" title="Luiziana – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Louisiana&params=31_N_92_W_dim:300000_region:US-LA_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Louisiana">31°N 92°W / 31°N 92°W / 31; -92 (State of Louisiana)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink">Help</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div 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class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3">No edit summary</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisiana&diff=next&oldid=1278360800" title="Louisiana" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 104:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 104:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Louisiana welcome sign at Madison Parish visitor center IMG 7059.JPG|upright=0.9|thumb|Louisiana entrance sign off [[Interstate 20]] in [[Madison Parish, Louisiana|Madison Parish]] east of [[Tallulah, Louisiana|Tallulah]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Louisiana welcome sign at Madison Parish visitor center IMG 7059.JPG|upright=0.9|thumb|Louisiana entrance sign off [[Interstate 20]] in [[Madison Parish, Louisiana|Madison Parish]] east of [[Tallulah, Louisiana|Tallulah]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Louisiana'''{{#tag:ref|[[General American English]]: {{IPAc-en|l|u|ˌ|iː|z|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} {{respell|loo|EE|zee|AN|ə}}; [[Southern American English]]: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|uː|z|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə|audio=GT Louisana.ogg}} {{respell|LOO|zee|AN|ə}}<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Louisiana|access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref>|group=pronunciation}} ({{langx|fr|link=no|Louisiane}} {{IPA|fr|lwizjan||Louisiane.ogg}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Luisiana}} {{IPA|es|lwiˈsjana|}}; {{langx|lou|Lwizyàn}}){{efn|Also spelt {{lang|lou|Lwizyann}} or {{lang|lou|Lalwizyann}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.webonary.org/louisiana-creole/gc6435734-ba35-4fb4-9bad-7b7002c3db51/ | title=Louisiana Creole (Kouri-Vini) Dictionary » Lwizyann | access-date=February 1, 2024 | archive-date=February 1, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201011201/https://www.webonary.org/louisiana-creole/gc6435734-ba35-4fb4-9bad-7b7002c3db51/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Deep South]] and [[South Central United States|South Central]] regions of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Texas]] to the west, [[Arkansas]] to the north, and [[Mississippi]] to the east. Of the [[List of U.S. states|50 U.S. states]], it ranks [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|31st in area]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|25th in population]], with roughly 4.6 million residents. Reflecting its [[French Louisiana|French heritage]], Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parishes]], which are equivalent to [[County (United States)|counties]], making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other being [[Alaska]] and its [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|boroughs]]). [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] is the state's capital, and [[New Orleans]], a [[French Louisiana]] region, is its largest city with a population of about 383,000 people.<ref>Jessica Williams. (12 December 2021). "Census 2020: Who lives in the New Orleans metro now? Data show more diverse population". [https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html nola.com website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209012132/https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html |date=December 9, 2022 }} Retrieved 8 December 2022.</ref> Louisiana has a coastline with the [[Gulf of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mexico</del>]] to the south; a large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the [[Mississippi River]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Louisiana'''{{#tag:ref|[[General American English]]: {{IPAc-en|l|u|ˌ|iː|z|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} {{respell|loo|EE|zee|AN|ə}}; [[Southern American English]]: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|uː|z|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə|audio=GT Louisana.ogg}} {{respell|LOO|zee|AN|ə}}<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Louisiana|access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref>|group=pronunciation}} ({{langx|fr|link=no|Louisiane}} {{IPA|fr|lwizjan||Louisiane.ogg}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Luisiana}} {{IPA|es|lwiˈsjana|}}; {{langx|lou|Lwizyàn}}){{efn|Also spelt {{lang|lou|Lwizyann}} or {{lang|lou|Lalwizyann}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.webonary.org/louisiana-creole/gc6435734-ba35-4fb4-9bad-7b7002c3db51/ | title=Louisiana Creole (Kouri-Vini) Dictionary » Lwizyann | access-date=February 1, 2024 | archive-date=February 1, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201011201/https://www.webonary.org/louisiana-creole/gc6435734-ba35-4fb4-9bad-7b7002c3db51/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Deep South]] and [[South Central United States|South Central]] regions of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Texas]] to the west, [[Arkansas]] to the north, and [[Mississippi]] to the east. Of the [[List of U.S. states|50 U.S. states]], it ranks [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|31st in area]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|25th in population]], with roughly 4.6 million residents. Reflecting its [[French Louisiana|French heritage]], Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parishes]], which are equivalent to [[County (United States)|counties]], making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other being [[Alaska]] and its [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|boroughs]]). [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] is the state's capital, and [[New Orleans]], a [[French Louisiana]] region, is its largest city with a population of about 383,000 people.<ref>Jessica Williams. (12 December 2021). "Census 2020: Who lives in the New Orleans metro now? Data show more diverse population". [https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html nola.com website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209012132/https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html |date=December 9, 2022 }} Retrieved 8 December 2022.</ref> Louisiana has a coastline with the [[Gulf of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">America</ins>]] to the south; a large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the [[Mississippi River]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from [[sediment]] washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of [[Tidal marsh|coastal marsh]] and [[swamp]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|date=August 3, 2015|title=Louisiana (LA) State Information|url=http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|access-date=December 23, 2020|website=The Time Now|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813212515/http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|url-status=live}}</ref> These contain a rich southern [[biota (ecology)|biota]], including birds such as [[ibis]]es and [[egret]]s, many species of [[tree frog]]s—such as the state-recognized [[American green tree frog]]—and fish such as [[sturgeon]] and [[paddlefish]]. More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such as [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|tallgrass prairie]], [[longleaf pine]] forest and wet [[savanna]]s; these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial [[Orchidaceae|orchid]]s and [[carnivorous plant]]s. Over half the state is forested.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from [[sediment]] washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of [[Tidal marsh|coastal marsh]] and [[swamp]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|date=August 3, 2015|title=Louisiana (LA) State Information|url=http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|access-date=December 23, 2020|website=The Time Now|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813212515/http://www.thetimenow.com/blog/louisiana/|url-status=live}}</ref> These contain a rich southern [[biota (ecology)|biota]], including birds such as [[ibis]]es and [[egret]]s, many species of [[tree frog]]s—such as the state-recognized [[American green tree frog]]—and fish such as [[sturgeon]] and [[paddlefish]]. More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such as [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|tallgrass prairie]], [[longleaf pine]] forest and wet [[savanna]]s; these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial [[Orchidaceae|orchid]]s and [[carnivorous plant]]s. Over half the state is forested.</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 00:24, 2 March 2025</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louisiana (disambiguation)">Louisiana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Luisiana" title="Luisiana">Luisiana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lusiana" title="Lusiana">Lusiana</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Louisiana</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Louisiane (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) Lwizyàn (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole language">Louisiana Creole</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Louisiana État de Louisiane (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) Létat de Lalwizyàn (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole language">Louisiana Creole</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Louisiana"><img alt="Flag of Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/125px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/188px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Louisiana" title="Flag of Louisiana">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Louisiana"><img alt="Official seal of Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/100px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/200px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Louisiana" title="Seal of Louisiana">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pelican State (official)</li><li>Bayou State</li><li>Creole State</li><li>Sportsman's Paradise</li><li>The Boot</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Union, Justice, Confidence</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Me_Louisiana" title="Give Me Louisiana">Give Me Louisiana</a>"</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Are_My_Sunshine" title="You Are My Sunshine">You Are My Sunshine</a>"</li><li>State march song:</li><li>"You Are My Sunshine"</li><li>Environmental song:</li><li>"Gifts of the Earth"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Louisiana within the United States"><img alt="Location of Louisiana within the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Louisiana_in_United_States.svg/300px-Louisiana_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Louisiana_in_United_States.svg/450px-Louisiana_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Louisiana_in_United_States.svg/600px-Louisiana_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Louisiana within the United States</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">April 30, 1812; 212 years ago (1812-04-30) (18th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana:_Relocation-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="East Baton Rouge Parish">East Baton Rouge Parish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans%E2%80%93Metairie%E2%80%93Hammond_combined_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans–Metairie–Hammond combined statistical area">Greater New Orleans</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Nungesser" title="Billy Nungesser">Billy Nungesser</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a> (R) <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)" title="John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)">John Kennedy</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 Republicans 2 Democrats (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Louisiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Louisiana">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">52,124<a href="#cite_note-measurements-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred_stlouisfed_org-5">[5]</a> sq mi (135,000 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">43,204 sq mi (111,898 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">8,920 sq mi (23,102 km2)  15%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">31st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">379 mi (610 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">130 mi (231 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">100 ft (30 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Driskill_Mountain" title="Driskill Mountain">Driskill Mountain</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-7">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">535 ft (163 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-7">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−8 ft (−2.5 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 4,597,740<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">25th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">106.9/sq mi (41.3/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">26th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$58,200 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_district_by_median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and district by median household income">47th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories">Louisianian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories">Louisianais</a> (Cajun or Creole heritage) </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None constitutionally specified; <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> (special status under <a href="/wiki/CODOFIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOFIL">CODOFIL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">As of 2010<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-10">[9]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a> 91.26%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French language">French</a> 3.45% (incl. Cajun and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Creole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Spanish</a> 3.30%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">LA</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-LA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">La.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">28° 56′ N to 33° 01′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">88° 49′ W to 94° 03′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisiana.gov">louisiana.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Louisiana</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_symbols" title="List of Louisiana state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/375px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/500px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Louisiana" title="Flag of Louisiana">Flag of Louisiana</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/225px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/300px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Louisiana" title="Seal of Louisiana">Seal of Louisiana</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brown_pelican" title="Brown pelican">Brown pelican</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dogs" title="List of U.S. state dogs">Dog breed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Leopard_Dog" title="Catahoula Leopard Dog">Catahoula Leopard Dog</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">Honeybee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_black_bear" title="Louisiana black bear">Black bear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">Alligator</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bald_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald cypress">Bald cypress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petrified_palmwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrified palmwood">Petrified palmwood</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_instruments" title="List of U.S. state instruments">Instrument</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_accordion" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic accordion">Diatonic accordion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_1_(2008).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg/85px-Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg/128px-Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg/170px-Louisiana_1_%282008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_LA_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Louisiana quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Louisiana quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2002_LA_Proof.png/85px-2002_LA_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2002_LA_Proof.png/128px-2002_LA_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2002_LA_Proof.png/170px-2002_LA_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="916" /></a><div>Released in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG/200px-Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG/300px-Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG/400px-Louisiana_welcome_sign_at_Madison_Parish_visitor_center_IMG_7059.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2642" /></a><figcaption>Louisiana entrance sign off <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20" title="Interstate 20">Interstate 20</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Madison Parish, Louisiana">Madison Parish</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Tallulah,_Louisiana" title="Tallulah, Louisiana">Tallulah</a></figcaption></figure> Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-12">[pronunciation 1]</a> (French: Louisiane <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwizjan]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/Fr-Louisiane.ogg\/Fr-Louisiane.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Louisiane.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Fr-Louisiane.ogg/Fr-Louisiane.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Louisiane.ogg" title="File:Fr-Louisiane.ogg">ⓘ</a>; Spanish: Luisiana <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[lwiˈsjana]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole language">Louisiana Creole</a>: Lwizyàn)<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to the east. Of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states">50 U.S. states</a>, it ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">31st in area</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">25th in population</a>, with roughly 4.6 million residents. Reflecting its <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French heritage</a>, Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parishes</a>, which are equivalent to <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other being <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">boroughs</a>). <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> is the state's capital, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a> region, is its largest city with a population of about 383,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Louisiana has a coastline with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of America">Gulf of America</a> to the south; a large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">coastal marsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[13]</a> These contain a rich southern <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>, including birds such as <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>, many species of <a href="/wiki/Tree_frog" title="Tree frog">tree frogs</a>—such as the state-recognized <a href="/wiki/American_green_tree_frog" title="American green tree frog">American green tree frog</a>—and fish such as <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a>. More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such as <a href="/wiki/Western_Gulf_coastal_grasslands" title="Western Gulf coastal grasslands">tallgrass prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">longleaf pine</a> forest and wet <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>; these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a>. Over half the state is forested. Louisiana is situated at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_System" title="Mississippi River System">Mississippi river system</a> and the Gulf of America. Its location and biodiversity attracted various indigenous groups thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the 17th century. Louisiana has eighteen Native American tribes—the most of any southern state—of which four are federally recognized and ten are state-recognized.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> The French claimed the territory in 1682, and it became the political, commercial, and population center of the larger colony of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. From 1762 to 1801 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a> was under Spanish rule, briefly returning to French rule before being <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to the U.S. in 1803. It was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> in 1812 as the 18th state. Following statehood, Louisiana saw an influx of settlers from the eastern U.S. as well as immigrants from the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. It experienced an agricultural boom, particularly in cotton and sugarcane, which were cultivated primarily by slaves from Africa. As a slave state, Louisiana was one of the original seven members of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Louisiana's unique French heritage is reflected in its toponyms, dialects, culture, demographics, and legal system. Relative to the rest of the southern U.S., Louisiana is <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> and multicultural, reflecting an admixture of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">Louisiana French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a>), <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">French Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_Creoles" title="Saint-Domingue Creoles">Saint-Domingue Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes#Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribes">Native American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">West African</a> cultures (generally the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a> stolen in the 18th century); more recent migrants include <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipinos</a> and Vietnamese. In the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">post–Civil War environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a> increased the pressure for <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">Anglicization</a>, and in 1921, English was shortly made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-LouisianaOfficialSiteLanguage-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-murphy-19">[16]</a> Louisiana has never had an official language, and the state constitution enumerates "the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, linguistic, and cultural origins."<a href="#cite_note-LouisianaOfficialSiteLanguage-18">[15]</a> Based on national averages, Louisiana frequently ranks low among U.S. states in terms of health,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> education,<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[21]</a> and development, with high rates of poverty<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_homicide_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by homicide rate">homicide</a>. In 2018, Louisiana was ranked as the least healthy state in the country, with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Drug-related_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Drug-related deaths in the United States by state">drug-related deaths</a>. It also has had the highest homicide rate in the United States since at least the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-America's_Health_Rankings-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-DPIC-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FBIUCR-30">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Louisiana was named after <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, King of France from 1643 to 1715. When <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> claimed the territory drained by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> for France, he named it La Louisiane.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The suffix –ana (or –ane) is a Latin suffix that can refer to "information relating to a particular individual, subject, or place." Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of "related to Louis." Once part of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> stretched from present-day Mobile Bay to just north of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>, including a small part of what are now the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">History of Louisiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–colonial_history">Pre–colonial history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg/200px-Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg/300px-Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a>, the oldest mound complex in North America</figcaption></figure> The area of Louisiana is the place of origin of the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a> culture during the Middle <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>. The sites of Caney and Frenchman's Bend have been securely dated to 5600–5000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (about 3700–3100 BC), demonstrating that seasonal hunter-gatherers from around this time organized to build complex earthwork constructions in what is now northern Louisiana. The <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a> site near present-day <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a> has an eleven-mound complex; it was built about 5400 BP (3500 BC).<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> These discoveries overturned previous assumptions in archaeology that such complex mounds were built only by cultures of more settled peoples who were dependent on maize cultivation. The Hedgepeth Site in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lincoln Parish, Louisiana">Lincoln Parish</a> is more recent, dated to 5200–4500 BP (3300–2600 BC).<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg/200px-Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg/300px-Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> site</figcaption></figure> Nearly 2,000 years later, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a> was built; it is the largest and best-known Late Archaic site in the state. The city of modern–day <a href="/wiki/Epps,_Louisiana" title="Epps, Louisiana">Epps</a> developed near it. The <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point culture</a> may have reached its peak around 1500 BC, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture in North America.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> It lasted until approximately 700 BC. The Poverty Point culture was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchefuncte culture">Tchefuncte</a> and Lake Cormorant cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Tchula_period" title="Tchula period">Tchula period</a>, local manifestations of Early <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>. The Tchefuncte culture were the first people in the area of Louisiana to make large amounts of pottery.<a href="#cite_note-Tchefuncte-35">[32]</a> These cultures lasted until 200 AD. The Middle Woodland period started in Louisiana with the <a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville culture</a> in the southern and eastern part of the state, reaching across the Mississippi River to the east around Natchez,<a href="#cite_note-Prehistory-36">[33]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline culture</a> in the northwestern part of the state. The Marksville culture was named after the <a href="/wiki/Marksville_Prehistoric_Indian_Site" title="Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site">Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana">Avoyelles Parish</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg/200px-Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg/300px-Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Troyville_Earthworks_HRoe_2017sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Troyville_Earthworks" title="Troyville Earthworks">Troyville Earthworks</a>, once the second tallest earthworks in North America</figcaption></figure> These cultures were contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell cultures</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and participated in the Hopewell Exchange Network. Trade with peoples to the southwest brought the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OASPAST-37">[34]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mounds</a> were built at this time.<a href="#cite_note-TejasWoodland-38">[35]</a> Political power began to be consolidated, as the first <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a> at ritual centers were constructed for the developing hereditary political and religious leadership.<a href="#cite_note-TejasWoodland-38">[35]</a> By 400 the <a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a> had begun with the <a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville culture</a>, and Coastal Troyville during the Baytown period and were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek cultures</a>. Where the Baytown peoples built dispersed settlements, the Troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers.<a href="#cite_note-HANDBOOK-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Population increased dramatically and there is strong evidence of a growing cultural and political complexity. Many Coles Creek sites were erected over earlier Woodland period <a href="/wiki/Morgue" title="Morgue">mortuary</a> mounds. Scholars have speculated that emerging elites were symbolically and physically appropriating dead ancestors to emphasize and project their own authority.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian period</a> in Louisiana was when the <a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian cultures</a> developed, and the peoples adopted extensive maize agriculture, cultivating different strains of the plant by saving seeds, selecting for certain characteristics, etc. The Plaquemine culture in the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana began in 1200 and continued to about 1600. Examples in Louisiana include the <a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora site</a>, the archaeological <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> for the culture in West Baton Rouge Parish whose characteristics helped define the culture,<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin Mounds</a> in St. Mary Parish,<a href="#cite_note-REES-44">[41]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh Mounds</a> in Madison Parish,<a href="#cite_note-FITZHUGH-45">[42]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place Mounds</a> in Union Parish,<a href="#cite_note-SCOTTPLACE-46">[43]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims site</a> in St. Charles Parish.<a href="#cite_note-WEINSTEIN2008-47">[44]</a> Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture that is represented by its largest settlement, the <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> site in Illinois east of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. At its peak Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of more than 20,000. The Plaquemine culture is considered ancestral to the historic <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a> peoples, whose descendants encountered Europeans in the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-The_Plaquemine_Culture,_A.D_1000-48">[45]</a> By 1000 in the northwestern part of the state, the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. The Caddoan Mississippians occupied a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">Texas</a>, and northwest Louisiana. Archaeological evidence has demonstrated that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present. The <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddo-language</a> speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact were the direct ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Nation_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Nation of Oklahoma">Caddo Nation of Oklahoma</a> of today.<a href="#cite_note-TejasLinguistics-49">[46]</a> Significant Caddoan Mississippian archaeological sites in Louisiana include <a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher Mound Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo Parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan Mounds Site</a> in Red River Parish.<a href="#cite_note-NAGRRA-50">[47]</a> Many current place names in Louisiana, including <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya</a>, Natchitouches (now spelled <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a>), Caddo, <a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa" title="Tangipahoa">Tangipahoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avoyel" title="Avoyel">Avoyel</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Avoyelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoyelles">Avoyelles</a>), are transliterations of those used in various Native American languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_and_colonization_by_Europeans">Exploration and colonization by Europeans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana (New Spain)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></div> The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a Spanish expedition led by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> located the mouth of the Mississippi River. In 1542, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando de Soto</a>'s expedition skirted to the north and west of the state (encountering Caddo and Tunica groups) and then followed the Mississippi River down to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in 1543. Spanish interest in Louisiana faded away for a century and a half.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In the late 17th century, French and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> expeditions, which included sovereign, religious and commercial aims, established a foothold on the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. With its first settlements, France laid claim to a vast region of North America and set out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. In 1682, the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cavelier_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cavelier de La Salle">Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> named the region Louisiana to honor <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV</a> of France. The first permanent settlement, Fort Maurepas (now <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Ocean Springs, Mississippi">Ocean Springs, Mississippi</a>), was founded in 1699 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, a French military officer from <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. By then the French had also built a small fort at the mouth of the Mississippi at a settlement they named <a href="/wiki/La_Balize,_Louisiana" title="La Balize, Louisiana">La Balise (or La Balize)</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Sea_mark" title="Sea mark">seamark</a>" in French. By 1721, they built a 62-foot (19 m) wooden lighthouse-type structure here to guide ships on the river.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> A royal ordinance of 1722—following the Crown's transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>'s governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of Louisiana: all land claimed by France south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Alleghenies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-53">[50]</a> A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a more defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor general <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial">Vaudreuil</a> set the northern and eastern bounds of his domain as the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a> valley up to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_River_(Wabash_River_tributary)" title="Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)">Vermilion River</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Illinois" title="Danville, Illinois">Danville, Illinois</a>); from there, northwest to <a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">le Rocher</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a>, and from there west to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Mississippi River)">Rock River</a> (at present day <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-53">[50]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a> were the limit of Louisiana's reach; the outposts at <a href="/wiki/Ouiatenon" title="Ouiatenon">Ouiatenon</a> (on the upper Wabash near present-day <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>), Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Indiana)" title="Fort Miami (Indiana)">Fort Miamis</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin</a>, operated as dependencies of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-53">[50]</a> The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a> (along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchereau_de_St._Denis" title="Louis Juchereau de St. Denis">Louis Juchereau de St. Denis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the modern state of Louisiana. The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> via the Old San Antonio Road, and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads, giving rise to vast cotton kingdoms along the river that were worked by imported African slaves. Over time, planters developed large plantations and built fine homes in a growing town. This became a pattern repeated in New Orleans and other places, although the commodity crop in the south was primarily sugar cane. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/220px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/330px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/440px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>French Acadians, who came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, settled in southern Louisiana, especially along the banks of its major bayous.</figcaption></figure> Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts, concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, around present-day <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. The latter was settled by French colonists from Illinois. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> served as the capital of La Louisiane.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, and wanting to protect the capital from severe coastal storms, France developed New Orleans from 1722 as the seat of civilian and military authority south of the Great Lakes. From then until the United States acquired the territory in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803, France and Spain jockeyed for control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi. In the 1720s, German immigrants settled along the Mississippi River, in a region referred to as the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a>. France ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1763, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War</a> (generally referred to in North America as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>). This included the lands along the Gulf Coast and north of Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, which became known as British West Florida. The rest of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, as well as the "isle of New Orleans", had become a colony of Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a>. The transfer of power on either side of the river would be delayed until later in the decade. In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousand <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> from the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, New Brunswick, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>) made their way to Louisiana after having been <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expelled</a> from Acadia by the British government after the French and Indian War. They settled chiefly in the southwestern Louisiana region now called <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>. The governor <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga_y_Am%C3%A9zaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga">Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who became the ancestors of Louisiana's <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a>. Spanish Canary Islanders, called <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Isleños</a>, emigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> of Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783.<a href="#cite_note-:9-58">[55]</a> In 1800, France's <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> reacquired Louisiana from Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a>, an arrangement kept secret for two years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_slavery">Expansion of slavery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">History of slavery in Louisiana</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/250px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/375px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/500px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (blue color) in 1750, before the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne,_Sieur_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville</a> brought the first two African slaves to Louisiana in 1708, transporting them from a French colony in the West Indies. In 1709, French financier <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Antoine Crozat</a> obtained a monopoly of commerce in <a href="/wiki/La_Louisiane" class="mw-redirect" title="La Louisiane">La Louisiane</a>, which extended from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to what is now <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Hugh Thomas</a>, "that concession allowed him to bring in a cargo of blacks from Africa every year".<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Starting in 1719, traders began to import slaves in higher numbers; two French ships, the Du Maine and the Aurore, arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 500 black slaves coming from Africa. Previous slaves in Louisiana had been transported from French colonies in the West Indies. By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1,256 inhabitants, of whom about half were slaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1724, the French government issued a law called the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> ("Black Code" in English) which regulated the interaction of whites (blancs) and blacks (noirs) in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana). After the <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of Louisiana">Sale of Louisiana</a>, French Law survived in the Louisiana, such as the prohibition and outlaw of any cruel punishment.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Fugitive slaves, called <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a>, could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The word "maroon" comes from the Spanish "cimarron", meaning which means "fierce" or "unruly."<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Truly, it is impossible for lower Louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves, the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-The_Slave_Trade_p._548-64">[61]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/220px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/330px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/440px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free woman of color</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> daughter; late 18th-century collage painting, New Orleans</figcaption></figure> When the United States <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">purchased Louisiana</a> in 1803, it was soon accepted that slaves could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, though it violated U.S. law to do so.<a href="#cite_note-The_Slave_Trade_p._548-64">[61]</a> Despite demands by United States Rep. <a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">James Hillhouse</a> and by the pamphleteer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> to enforce existing federal law against slavery in the newly acquired territory,<a href="#cite_note-The_Slave_Trade_p._548-64">[61]</a> slavery prevailed because it was the source of great profits and the lowest-cost labor. At the start of the 19th century, Louisiana was a small producer of sugar with a relatively small number of slaves, compared to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> and the West Indies. It soon thereafter became a major sugar producer as new settlers arrived to develop plantations. <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a>, Louisiana's first United States governor, said African slave labor was needed because white laborers "cannot be had in this unhealthy climate."<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Hugh Thomas wrote that Claiborne was unable to enforce the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, which the U.S. and Great Britain enacted in 1807. The United States continued to protect the domestic slave trade, including the coastwise trade—the transport of slaves by ship along the Atlantic Coast and to New Orleans and other Gulf ports. By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state. New Orleans had become one of the wealthiest cities, and the third largest city, in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The ban on the African slave trade and importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market. During the decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved African Americans underwent forced migration from the Upper South to the Deep South, two thirds of them in the slave trade. Others were transported by their owners as slaveholders moved west for new lands.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> With changing agriculture in the Upper South as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor-intensive mixed agriculture, planters had excess laborers. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. Slaves were driven by traders overland from the Upper South or transported to New Orleans and other coastal markets by ship in the <a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">coastwise slave trade</a>. After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at Natchez and Memphis. Unusually for a slave-state, Louisiana harbored escaped Filipino slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bishops2001-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The members of the Filipino community were then commonly referred to as Manila men, or Manilamen, and later Tagalas,<a href="#cite_note-Welch2014-73">[70]</a> as they were free when they created the oldest settlement of Asians in the United States in the village of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">Saint Malo, Louisiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Welch2014-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> the inhabitants of which, even joined the United States in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> against the British Empire while they were being led by the French-American <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asylum_and_influence_of_Creoles_from_Saint-Domingue">Asylum and influence of Creoles from Saint-Domingue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_Creoles" title="Saint-Domingue Creoles">Saint-Domingue Creoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue,_1804.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png/330px-Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png/495px-Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png/660px-Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue%2C_1804.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_Creoles" title="Saint-Domingue Creoles">Saint-Domingue Creoles</a></figcaption></figure> Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> as refugees poured over following a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave rebellion</a> that started during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in 1791. Over the next decade, thousands of refugees landed in Louisiana from the island, including Europeans, Creoles, and Africans, some of the latter brought in by each free group. They greatly increased the French-speaking population in New Orleans and Louisiana, as well as the number of Africans, and the slaves reinforced <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African culture</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-American</a> officials initially made attempts to keep out the additional <a href="/wiki/Gens_de_couleur_libres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens de couleur libres">Creoles of color</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a> wanted to increase the Creole population: more than half of the refugees eventually settled in Louisiana, and the majority remained in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9ment_de_Laussat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Clément de Laussat">Pierre Clément de Laussat</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a>, 1803) said: "Saint-Domingue was, of all our colonies in the Antilles, the one whose mentality and customs influenced Louisiana the most."<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte,_early_19th_century,_Rosenberg_Library,_Galveston,_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/170px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/255px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/340px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>French pirate <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>, who operated in New Orleans, was born in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> around 1782.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchase_by_the_United_States">Purchase by the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Ground_(Louisiana)" title="Neutral Ground (Louisiana)">Neutral Ground (Louisiana)</a></div> When the United States won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, one of its major concerns was having a European power on its western boundary, and the need for unrestricted access to the Mississippi River. As American settlers pushed west, they found that the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> provided a barrier to shipping goods eastward. The easiest way to ship produce was to use a <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboat</a> to float it down the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and Mississippi rivers to the port of New Orleans, where goods could be put on ocean-going vessels. The problem with this route was that the Spanish owned both sides of the Mississippi below <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>. Napoleon's ambitions in Louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar trade">sugar trade</a>. By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> of 1802, Great Britain returned control of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> to the French. Napoleon looked upon Louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands, and as a buffer to U.S. settlement. In October 1801 he sent a large military force to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. When the army led by Napoleon's brother-in-law Leclerc was defeated, Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiane_1800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louisiane_1800.png/220px-Louisiane_1800.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louisiane_1800.png/330px-Louisiane_1800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Louisiane_1800.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Map of Louisiana in 1800</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, third president of the United States, was disturbed by Napoleon's plans to re-establish French colonies in North America. With the possession of New Orleans, Napoleon could close the Mississippi to U.S. commerce at any time. Jefferson authorized <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1746%E2%80%931813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Livingston (1746–1813)">Robert R. Livingston</a>, U.S. minister to France, to negotiate for the purchase of the city of New Orleans, portions of the east bank of the Mississippi,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> and free navigation of the river for U.S. commerce. Livingston was authorized to pay up to $2 million. An official transfer of Louisiana to French ownership had not yet taken place, and Napoleon's deal with the Spanish was a poorly kept secret on the frontier. On October 18, 1802, however, Juan Ventura Morales, acting intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States. The closure of this vital port to the United States caused anger and consternation. Commerce in the west was virtually blockaded. Historians believe the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses by the Americans, particularly smuggling, and not by French intrigues as was believed at the time. President Jefferson ignored public pressure for war with France, and appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> a special envoy to Napoleon, to assist in obtaining New Orleans for the United States. Jefferson also raised the authorized expenditure to $10 million.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[81]</a> However, on April 11, 1803, French foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of 828,000 square miles (2,100,000 km2) for sixty million <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Francs</a> (approximately $15 million).<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[81]</a> Part of this sum, $3.5 million, was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The payment was made in United States <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">bonds</a>, which Napoleon sold at face value to the Dutch firm of <a href="/wiki/Hope_%26_Co." title="Hope & Co.">Hope and Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Barings_Bank" title="Barings Bank">British banking house of Baring</a>, at a discount of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>87+1⁄2 per each $100 unit. As a result, France received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. English banker <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander Baring</a> conferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the money—which Napoleon used to wage war against Baring's own country. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase,_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Louisiana_Purchase%2C_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Louisiana Purchase, 1803</figcaption></figure> When news of the purchase reached the United States, Jefferson was surprised. He had authorized the expenditure of $10 million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15 million on a land package which would double the size of the country. Jefferson's political opponents in the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party</a> argued the Louisiana purchase was a worthless desert,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> and that the U.S. constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the federal legislature. What really worried the opposition was the new states which would inevitably be carved from the Louisiana territory, strengthening western and southern interests in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, and further reducing the influence of New England Federalists in national affairs. President Jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion, and held firm in his support for the treaty. Despite Federalist objections, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified the Louisiana treaty on October 20, 1803. By statute enacted on October 31, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by France and provide for initial governance.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803. Since the Louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the French, the Spanish took down their flag, and the French raised theirs. The following day, <a href="/wiki/General_James_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="General James Wilkinson">General James Wilkinson</a> accepted possession of New Orleans for the United States. The Louisiana Territory, purchased for less than three cents an acre, doubled the size of the United States overnight, without a war or the loss of a single American life, and set a precedent for the purchase of territory. It opened the way for the eventual expansion of the United States across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. Shortly after the United States took possession, the area was divided into two territories along the <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33rd parallel north</a> on March 26, 1804, thereby organizing the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a> (subsequently formed as the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></div>Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S. state on April 30, 1812; the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory was simultaneously renamed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> At its creation, the state of Louisiana did not include the area north and east of the Mississippi River known as the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a>. On April 14, 1812, Congress had authorized Louisiana to expand its borders to include the Florida Parishes,<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> but the border change required approval of the state legislature, which it did not give until August 4.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> For the roughly three months in between, the northern border of eastern Louisiana was the course of <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Manchac" title="Bayou Manchac">Bayou Manchac</a> and the middle of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maurepas" title="Lake Maurepas">Lake Maurepas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> From 1824 to 1861, Louisiana moved from a political system based on personality and ethnicity to a distinct two-party system, with Democrats competing first against <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothings</a>, and finally only other <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession_and_the_Civil_War">Secession and the Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana,_January_26,_1861%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry,_Jr.,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg/300px-%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg/450px-%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg/600px-%27Signing_the_Ordinance_of_Secession_of_Louisiana%2C_January_26%2C_1861%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Enoch_Wood_Perry%2C_Jr.%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>'Signing the Ordinance of Secession of Louisiana, January 26, 1861', oil on canvas painting, 1861</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg/220px-Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg/330px-Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg/440px-Naval_Triumph_on_the_Mississippi_below_New_Orleans_1862_lithographh76369k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Capture of New Orleans</a>, April 1862, colored lithograph of engraving</figcaption></figure> According to the 1860 census, 331,726 people were enslaved, nearly 47% of the state's total population of 708,002.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The strong economic interest of elite whites in maintaining the slave society contributed to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union on January 26, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> It followed other U.S. states in seceding after the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> as president of the United States. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. The state was quickly defeated in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by controlling the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Federal troops captured New Orleans on April 25, 1862. Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies (or compatible commercial interests), the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana under federal control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Congress.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Civil_War_to_mid–20th_century">Post–Civil War to mid–20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg/220px-State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg/330px-State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg/440px-State_of_Louisiana_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>Consolidated Bond of the State of Louisiana, issued 6. July 1892</figcaption></figure> Following the American Civil War and emancipation of slaves, violence rose in the southern U.S. as the war was carried on by insurgent private and paramilitary groups. During the initial period after the war, there was a massive rise in black participation in terms of voting and <a href="/wiki/African_American_officeholders_from_the_end_of_the_Civil_War_until_before_1900" title="African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900">holding political office</a>. Louisiana saw the United States' first and second black governors with <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Dunn" title="Oscar Dunn">Oscar Dunn</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback" title="P. B. S. Pinchback">P.B.S. Pinchback</a>, with 125 black members of the state legislature being elected during this time, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Nash" title="Charles E. Nash">Charles E. Nash</a> was elected to represent the state's <a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 6th congressional district">6th Congressional District</a> in the U.S. House of Representatives. Eventually former Confederates came to dominate the state legislature after the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> and federal occupation in the late 1870s, and black codes were implemented to regulate <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and increasingly restricted the right to vote. They refused to extend voting rights to African Americans who had been free before the war and had sometimes obtained education and property (as in New Orleans). Following the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans riot">New Orleans riot</a> the same year, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed that provided suffrage and full citizenship for freedmen. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Act</a>, establishing military districts for those states where conditions were considered the worst, including Louisiana. It was grouped with <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in what was administered as the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Military_District" title="Fifth Military District">Fifth Military District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. Both freedmen and people of color who had been free before the war began to make more advances in education, family stability and jobs. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat and the free labor market. White <a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a> mobilized to enforce <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, first in <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> chapters. By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups such as the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a>, which suppressed black voting through intimidation and violence. Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> people of color by raising barriers to voter registration, such as <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, residency requirements and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy tests">literacy tests</a>. The effect was immediate and long lasting. In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck,_Morganza,_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg/220px-Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg/330px-Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg/440px-Negro_boy_sitting_on_sugarcane_truck%2C_Morganza%2C_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8562" data-file-height="6967" /></a><figcaption>A young African American man in <a href="/wiki/Morganza,_Louisiana" title="Morganza, Louisiana">Morganza</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> The state population in 1900 was 47% African American: a total of 652,013 citizens. Many in New Orleans were descendants of Creoles of color, the sizeable population of free people of color before the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> By 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state. Because of disfranchisement, by 1910 there were only 730 black voters (less than 0.5 percent of eligible African-American men), despite advances in education and literacy among blacks and people of color.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Blacks were excluded from the political system and also unable to serve on juries. White Democrats had established one-party Democratic rule, which they maintained in the state for decades deep into the 20th century until after congressional passage of the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> provided federal oversight and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg/220px-CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg/330px-CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg/440px-CrowleyConcertBand1938RussellLee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4152" data-file-height="2753" /></a><figcaption>National Rice Festival, <a href="/wiki/Crowley,_Louisiana" title="Crowley, Louisiana">Crowley, Louisiana</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> In the early decades of the 20th century, thousands of African Americans left Louisiana in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> north to industrial cities for jobs and education, and to escape Jim Crow society and <a href="/wiki/Lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynchings">lynchings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> infestation and agricultural problems cost many sharecroppers and farmers their jobs. The mechanization of agriculture also reduced the need for laborers. Beginning in the 1940s, blacks went west to California for jobs in its expanding defense industries.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> In 1920 the state had no continuous paved roads running east to west or north to south which traversed the entire state.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> During some of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Louisiana was led by Governor <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a>. He was elected to office on populist appeal. His public works projects provided thousands of jobs to people in need, and he supported education and increased suffrage for poor whites, but Long was criticized for his allegedly demagogic and autocratic style. He extended patronage control through every branch of Louisiana's state government. Especially controversial were his plans for wealth redistribution in the state. Long's rule ended abruptly when he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Huey_Long" title="Assassination of Huey Long">assassinated</a> in the state capitol in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid–20th_century_to_present">Mid–20th century to present</h3></div> Mobilization for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> created jobs in the state. But thousands of other workers, black and white alike, migrated to California for better jobs in its burgeoning defense industry. Many African Americans left the state in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a>, from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs. The mechanization of agriculture in the 1930s had sharply cut the need for laborers. They sought skilled jobs in the defense industry in California, better education for their children, and living in communities where they could vote.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> On November 26, 1958, at <a href="/wiki/Chennault_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennault Air Force Base">Chennault Air Force Base</a>, a USAF B-47 bomber with a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> on board developed a fire while on the ground. The aircraft wreckage and the site of the accident were contaminated after a limited explosion of non-nuclear material.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. Despite opposition by the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">States' Rights Party</a> (Dixiecrats), downstate black voters had begun to increase their rate of registration, which also reflected the growth of their middle classes. In 1960 the state established the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, to investigate civil rights activists and maintain segregation.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangeline Parish">Evangeline Parish</a> to 1.7% in <a href="/wiki/Tensas_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensas Parish">Tensas Parish</a>, for instance, where there were intense white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish.<a href="#cite_note-thernstrom-110">[107]</a> Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a> in late 1964 and early 1965, in <a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Louisiana" title="Jonesboro, Louisiana">Jonesboro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogalusa,_Louisiana" title="Bogalusa, Louisiana">Bogalusa</a>, respectively. Made up of veterans of World War II and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, they were armed self-defense groups established to protect activists and their families. Continued violent white resistance in Bogalusa to blacks trying to use public facilities in 1965, following passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, caused the federal government to order local police to protect the activists.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-111">[108]</a> Other chapters were formed in Mississippi and Alabama. By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in Louisiana had dropped to 32%. The 1,039,207 black citizens were still suppressed by segregation and disfranchisement.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> African Americans continued to suffer disproportionate discriminatory application of the state's voter registration rules. Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate out of Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people. Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960. During the latter period, some people began to migrate to cities of the <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a> for opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Since that period, blacks entered the political system and began to be elected to office, as well as having other opportunities. On May 21, 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920. Louisiana finally ratified the amendment on June 11, 1970.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/220px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/330px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/440px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of flooded New Orleans in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></figcaption></figure> Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. On August 29, 2005, New Orleans and many other low-lying parts of the state along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> were hit by the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> It caused widespread damage due to breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Officials had issued warnings to evacuate the city and nearby areas, but tens of thousands of people, mostly African Americans, stayed behind, many of them stranded. Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters. In July 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Alton_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Alton Sterling">shooting of Alton Sterling</a> sparked protests throughout the state capital of Baton Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/2016_Louisiana_floods" title="2016 Louisiana floods">an unnamed storm</a> dumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Denham_Springs,_Louisiana" title="Denham Springs, Louisiana">Denham Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, Gonzales, St. Amant and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a>, causing catastrophic flooding.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> An estimated 110,000 homes were damaged and thousands of residents were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0b-120">[117]</a> In 2019, three <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_black_church_fires" title="Louisiana black church fires">Louisiana black churches</a> were destroyed by arson.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The first case of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">COVID-19 in Louisiana</a> was announced on March 9, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> As of October 27, 2020, there had been 180,069 confirmed cases; 5,854 people have died of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg/220px-PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg/330px-PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/PinesnakeSaenz_nr-page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_pinesnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana pinesnake">Louisiana pinesnake</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Louisiana_wetlands_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4047" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Louisiana's wetland habitats</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/220px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/330px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/440px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4699" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>A field of yellow wildflowers in <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honey_Island_Swamp,_Louisiana_(paulmannix).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg/220px-Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg/330px-Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg/440px-Honey_Island_Swamp%2C_Louisiana_%28paulmannix%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honey_Island_Swamp" title="Honey Island Swamp">Honey Island Swamp</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sign upon a trail in the woods" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg/220px-Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg/330px-Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg/440px-Bald_Eagle_Nest_Trail_at_South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Bald Eagle Nest Trail at <a href="/wiki/South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park" title="South Toledo Bend State Park">South Toledo Bend State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg/220px-Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg/330px-Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg/440px-Bogue_Chitto_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bogue_Chitto_State_Park" title="Bogue Chitto State Park">Bogue Chitto State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg/220px-Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg/330px-Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg/440px-Louisiana_geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Geographic map of Louisiana</figcaption></figure> Louisiana is bordered to the west by <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; to the north by <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>; to the east by <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>; and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The state may properly be divided into two parts, the uplands of the north (the region of <a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">North Louisiana</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">alluvial</a> along the coast (the <a href="/wiki/Central_Louisiana" title="Central Louisiana">Central Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans</a> regions). The alluvial region includes low swamp lands, coastal marshlands and beaches, and <a href="/wiki/Barrier_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier islands">barrier islands</a> that cover about 12,350 square miles (32,000 km2). This area lies principally along the Gulf of Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 mi (970 km) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico; also in the state are the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_River" title="Ouachita River">Ouachita River</a> and its branches; and other minor streams (some of which are called <a href="/wiki/Bayous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayous">bayous</a>). The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 10–60 miles (16–97 km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (16 km) across. The Mississippi River flows along a ridge formed by its natural deposits (known as a <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a>), from which the lands decline toward a river beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3 m/km). The alluvial lands along other streams present similar features. The higher and contiguous hill lands of the north and northwestern part of the state have an area of more than 25,000 square miles (65,000 km2). They consist of prairie and woodlands. The elevations above sea level range from 10 feet (3 m) at the coast and swamp lands to 50–60 feet (15–18 m) at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills, the elevations rise to <a href="/wiki/Driskill_Mountain" title="Driskill Mountain">Driskill Mountain</a>, the highest point in the state only 535 feet (163 m) above sea level. From 1932 to 2010 the state lost 1,800 square miles due to rises in sea level and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Coastal_Protection_and_Restoration_Authority" title="Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority">Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority</a> (CPRA) spends around $1 billion per year to help shore up and protect Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shoreline</a> and land in both federal and state funding.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Besides the waterways named, there are the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine</a>, forming the western boundary; and the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (Mississippi-Louisiana)">Pearl</a>, the eastern boundary; the <a href="/wiki/Calcasieu_River" title="Calcasieu River">Calcasieu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mermentau_River" title="Mermentau River">Mermentau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_River_(Louisiana)" title="Vermilion River (Louisiana)">Vermilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche" title="Bayou Teche">Bayou Teche</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeuf_River" title="Boeuf River">Boeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Lafourche" title="Bayou Lafourche">Bayou Lafourche</a>, the Courtableau River, Bayou D'Arbonne, the Macon River, the <a href="/wiki/Tensas_River" title="Tensas River">Tensas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amite_River" title="Amite River">Amite River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_River" title="Tchefuncte River">Tchefuncte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tickfaw_River" title="Tickfaw River">Tickfaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natalbany_River" title="Natalbany River">Natalbany River</a>, and a number of other smaller streams, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles (6,400 km) long. The state also has political jurisdiction over the approximately 3-mile (4.8 km)-wide portion of <a href="/wiki/Subsea" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsea">subsea</a> land of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_continental_shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer continental shelf">inner continental shelf</a> in the Gulf of Mexico. Through a peculiarity of the <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a> of the United States, this is substantially less than the 9-mile (14 km)-wide jurisdiction of nearby states Texas and Florida, which, like Louisiana, have extensive Gulf coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-Tulanian2008-128">[125]</a> The southern coast of Louisiana in the United States is among the fastest-disappearing areas in the world. This has largely resulted from human mismanagement of the coast (see <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Louisiana" title="Wetlands of Louisiana">Wetlands of Louisiana</a>). At one time, the land was added to when spring floods from the Mississippi River added sediment and stimulated marsh growth; the land is now shrinking. There are multiple causes.<a href="#cite_note-Keddy_2010-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Artificial levees block spring flood water that would bring fresh water and sediment to marshes. Swamps have been extensively logged, leaving canals and ditches that allow salt water to move inland. Canals dug for the oil and gas industry also allow storms to move sea water inland, where it damages swamps and marshes. Rising sea waters have exacerbated the problem. Some researchers estimate that the state is losing a landmass equivalent to 30 football fields every day. There are many proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage, including restoring natural floods from the Mississippi. Without such restoration, coastal communities will continue to disappear.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> And as the communities disappear, more and more people are leaving the region.<a href="#cite_note-Tidwell(2003)-132">[129]</a> Since the coastal <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> support an economically important coastal <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>, the loss of wetlands is adversely affecting this industry. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_dead_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mexico dead zone">Gulf of Mexico 'dead zone'</a> off the coast of Louisiana is the largest recurring <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> zone in the United States. It was 8,776 square miles (22,730 km2) in 2017, the largest ever recorded.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a></div> The oldest rocks in Louisiana are exposed in the north, in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Kisatchie_National_Forest" title="Kisatchie National Forest">Kisatchie National Forest</a>. The oldest rocks date back to the early <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic Era">Cenozoic Era</a>, some 60 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> The youngest parts of the state were formed during the last 12,000 years as successive deltas of the Mississippi River: the <a href="/wiki/Maringouin,_Louisiana" title="Maringouin, Louisiana">Maringouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche" title="Bayou Teche">Teche</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Lafourche" title="Bayou Lafourche">Lafourche</a>, the modern Mississippi, and now the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The sediments were carried from north to south by the Mississippi River. Between the tertiary rocks of the north, and the relatively new sediments along the coast, is a vast belt known as the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Terraces. Their age and distribution can be largely related to the rise and fall of sea levels during past ice ages. The northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels, while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">Salt domes</a> are also found in Louisiana. Their origin can be traced back to the early <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> when the shallow ocean had high rates of evaporation. There are several hundred salt domes in the state; one of the most familiar is <a href="/wiki/Avery_Island,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Avery Island, Louisiana">Avery Island, Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Salt domes are important not only as a source of salt; they also serve as underground traps for oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Louisiana" title="Fauna of Louisiana">Fauna of Louisiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Louisiana" title="List of ecoregions in Louisiana">List of ecoregions in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_hurricanes_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000–present)">List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans</a></div> Louisiana has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters. The subtropical characteristics of the state are due to its low latitude, low lying topography, and the influence of the Gulf of Mexico, which at its farthest point is no more than 200 mi (320 km) away. Rain is frequent throughout the year, although from April to September is slightly wetter than the rest of the year, which is the state's <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>. There is a dip in precipitation in October. In summer, thunderstorms build during the heat of the day and bring intense but brief, tropical downpours. In winter, rainfall is more frontal and less intense. Summers in southern Louisiana have high temperatures from June through September averaging 90 °F (32 °C) or more, and overnight lows averaging above 70 °F (21 °C). At times, temperatures in the 90s °F (32–37 °C), combined with <a href="/wiki/Dew_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Dew points">dew points</a> in the upper 70s °F (24–26 °C), create sensible temperatures over 120 °F (49 °C). The humid, thick, jungle-like heat in southern Louisiana is a famous subject of countless stories and movies. Temperatures are generally warm in the winter in the southern part of the state, with highs around New Orleans, Baton Rouge, the rest of southern Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico averaging 66 °F (19 °C). The northern part of the state is mildly cool in the winter, with highs averaging 59 °F (15 °C). The overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state, with 46 °F (8 °C) the average near the Gulf and an average low of 37 °F (3 °C) in the winter in the northern part of the state. On occasion, cold fronts from low-pressure centers to the north, reach Louisiana in winter. Low temperatures near 20 °F (−7 °C) occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state. <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Louisiana" title="Snow in Louisiana">Snow</a> is rare near the Gulf of Mexico, although residents in the northern parts of the state might receive a dusting of snow a few times each decade.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) in <a href="/wiki/Plain_Dealing,_Louisiana" title="Plain Dealing, Louisiana">Plain Dealing</a> on August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is −16 °F (−27 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Minden,_Louisiana" title="Minden, Louisiana">Minden</a> on February 13, 1899. Louisiana is often affected by <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and is very vulnerable to strikes by major <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">hurricanes</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">lowlands</a> around and in the New Orleans area. The unique geography of the region, with the many bayous, marshes and inlets, can result in water damage across a wide area from major hurricanes. The area is also prone to frequent thunderstorms, especially in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_average_number_of_tornadoes-143">[140]</a> The entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year, more than any other state except Florida. Louisiana averages 27 <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> annually. The entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state. Tornadoes are more common from January to March in the southern part of the state, and from February through March in the northern part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_average_number_of_tornadoes-143">[140]</a> Louisiana is partially within the area of tornado activity called <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a>, and the state has tornadoes which tend to be unpredictable but localized.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> <table class="toc sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: smaller;"> <caption>Average temperatures in Louisiana (°F/°C) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Jan  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Feb  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Mar  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Apr  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  May  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Jun  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Jul  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Aug  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Sept  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Oct  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Nov  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Dec  </th> <th data-sort-type="number">  Annual   </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a><a href="#cite_note-Shreveport-145">[142]</a> </th> <td>47.0/8.3</td> <td>50.8/10.4</td> <td>58.1/14.5</td> <td>65.5/18.6</td> <td>73.4/23.0</td> <td>80.0/26.7</td> <td>83.2/28.4</td> <td>83.3/28.5</td> <td>77.1/25.1</td> <td>66.6/19.2</td> <td>56.6/13.7</td> <td>48.3/9.1</td> <td>65.9/18.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a><a href="#cite_note-Shreveport-145">[142]</a> </th> <td>46.3/7.9</td> <td>50.3/10.2</td> <td>57.8/14.3</td> <td>65.6/18.7</td> <td>73.9/23.3</td> <td>80.4/26.9</td> <td>82.8/28.2</td> <td>82.5/28.1</td> <td>76.5/24.7</td> <td>66.0/18.9</td> <td>56.3/13.5</td> <td>48.0/8.9</td> <td>65.5/18.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a><a href="#cite_note-Shreveport-145">[142]</a> </th> <td>48.5/9.2</td> <td>52.1/11.2</td> <td>59.3/15.2</td> <td>66.4/19.1</td> <td>74.5/23.6</td> <td>80.7/27.1</td> <td>83.2/28.4</td> <td>83.2/28.4</td> <td>78.0/25.6</td> <td>68.0/20.0</td> <td>58.6/14.8</td> <td>50.2/10.1</td> <td>66.9/19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a><a href="#cite_note-Lake_Charles-146">[143]</a> </th> <td>51.8/11.0</td> <td>55.0/12.8</td> <td>61.4/16.3</td> <td>68.1/20.1</td> <td>75.6/24.2</td> <td>81.1/27.3</td> <td>82.9/28.3</td> <td>83.0/28.3</td> <td>78.7/25.9</td> <td>70.1/21.2</td> <td>61.1/16.2</td> <td>53.8/12.1</td> <td>68.6/20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a><a href="#cite_note-Lake_Charles-146">[143]</a> </th> <td>51.8/11.0</td> <td>55.2/12.9</td> <td>61.5/16.4</td> <td>68.3/20.2</td> <td>75.9/24.4</td> <td>81.0/27.2</td> <td>82.8/28.2</td> <td>82.9/28.3</td> <td>78.5/25.8</td> <td>69.7/20.9</td> <td>61.0/16.1</td> <td>53.7/12.1</td> <td>68.5/20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a><a href="#cite_note-Lake_Charles-146">[143]</a> </th> <td>51.3/10.7</td> <td>54.6/12.6</td> <td>61.1/16.2</td> <td>67.6/19.8</td> <td>75.2/24.0</td> <td>80.7/27.1</td> <td>82.5/28.1</td> <td>82.5/28.1</td> <td>78.1/25.6</td> <td>68.9/20.5</td> <td>60.0/15.6</td> <td>52.9/11.6</td> <td>68.0/20.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a><a href="#cite_note-Lake_Charles-146">[143]</a> </th> <td>54.3/12.4</td> <td>57.6/14.2</td> <td>63.6/17.6</td> <td>70.1/21.2</td> <td>77.5/25.3</td> <td>82.4/28.0</td> <td>84.0/28.9</td> <td>84.1/28.9</td> <td>80.2/26.8</td> <td>72.2/22.3</td> <td>63.5/17.5</td> <td>56.2/13.4</td> <td>70.3/21.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publicly_owned_land">Publicly owned land</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_parks" title="List of Louisiana state parks">List of Louisiana state parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_historic_sites" title="List of Louisiana state historic sites">List of Louisiana state historic sites</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans,_Louisiana,_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_(5457913950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg/283px-New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg/425px-New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg/566px-New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana%2C_United_States_of_America_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457913950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3292" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>Population density and low elevation coastal zones in the Mississippi River Delta. The Mississippi River Delta is especially vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.</figcaption></figure> Owing to its location and geology, the state has high biological diversity. Some vital areas, such as southwestern prairie, have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent. The pine flatwoods are also at great risk, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">fire suppression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. There is not yet a properly organized system of natural areas to represent and protect Louisiana's biological diversity. Such a system would consist of a protected system of core areas linked by biological corridors, such as Florida is planning.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> areas and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">United States National Forest</a>, Louisiana operates a system of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_parks" title="List of Louisiana state parks">state parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_historic_sites" title="List of Louisiana state historic sites">state historic sites</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Arboretum" title="Louisiana State Arboretum">state preservation area</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Alexander_State_Forest" title="Alexander State Forest">state forest</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Management_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Management Area">Wildlife Management Areas</a>. One of Louisiana's largest government-owned areas is <a href="/wiki/Kisatchie_National_Forest" title="Kisatchie National Forest">Kisatchie National Forest</a>. It is some 600,000 acres in area, more than half of which is <a href="/wiki/Flatwoods" title="Flatwoods">flatwoods</a> vegetation, which supports many rare plant and animal species.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_pinesnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana pinesnake">Louisiana pinesnake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-cockaded_woodpecker" title="Red-cockaded woodpecker">red-cockaded woodpecker</a>. The system of government-owned <a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">cypress swamps</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> is another large area, with southern <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> species including egrets, alligators, and sturgeon. At least 12 core areas would be needed to build a "protected areas system" for the state; these would range from southwestern prairies, to the Pearl River Floodplain in the east, to the Mississippi River alluvial swamps in the north. Additionally, the state operates a system of 22 state parks, 17 state historic sites and one state preservation area; in these lands, Louisiana maintains a <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Louisiana" title="Fauna of Louisiana">diversity of fauna</a> and flora. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Park_Service">National Park Service</h4></div> Historic or scenic areas managed, protected, or recognized by the National Park Service include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_National_Heritage_Area" title="Atchafalaya National Heritage Area">Atchafalaya National Heritage Area</a> in Ascension Parish;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_River_National_Heritage_Area" title="Cane River National Heritage Area">Cane River National Heritage Area</a> near Natchitoches;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_River_Creole_National_Historical_Park" title="Cane River Creole National Historical Park">Cane River Creole National Historical Park</a> near Natchitoches;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve</a>, headquartered in New Orleans, with units in St. Bernard Parish, Barataria (Crown Point), and Acadiana (Lafayette);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty Point National Monument">Poverty Point National Monument</a> at Delhi, Louisiana; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_Bayou" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline Bayou">Saline Bayou</a>, a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_River" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wild and Scenic River">National Wild and Scenic River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Winn_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Winn Parish">Winn Parish</a> in northern Louisiana.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._Forest_Service">U.S. Forest Service</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kisatchie_National_Forest" title="Kisatchie National Forest">Kisatchie National Forest</a> is Louisiana's only national forest. It includes more than 600,000 acres in central and northern Louisiana with large areas of flatwoods and longleaf pine forest.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Louisiana" title="List of municipalities in Louisiana">List of municipalities in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Louisiana metropolitan areas">List of Louisiana metropolitan areas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Louisiana locations by per capita income">List of Louisiana locations by per capita income</a></div> Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of four <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-parishes</a>, and 304 cities, towns, and villages. Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The majority of urban Louisianians live along the coast or in northern Louisiana. The oldest permanent settlement in the state is <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Nachitoches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Baton Rouge, the state capital, is the second-largest city in the state. The most populous city is New Orleans. As defined by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, Louisiana contains 10 metropolitan statistical areas. Major areas include <a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater New Orleans">Greater New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_metropolitan_area" title="Baton Rouge metropolitan area">Greater Baton Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Louisiana">Lafayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport%E2%80%93Bossier_City_metropolitan_area" title="Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area">Shreveport–Bossier City</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slidell_metropolitan_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slidell metropolitan area (page does not exist)">Slidell</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Louisiana <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Louisiana">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes of Louisiana">Parish</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Orleans"><img alt="New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/120px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/180px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/240px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3121" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baton Rouge"><img alt="Baton Rouge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg/120px-Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg/180px-Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg/240px-Baton_Rouge_skyline_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="2713" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">Orleans</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">383,997 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Shreveport_LA,_USA_-_panoramio_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shreveport"><img alt="Shreveport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/120px-Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/180px-Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/240px-Shreveport_LA%2C_USA_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="2732" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lafayette"><img alt="Lafayette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg/120px-Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg/180px-Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg/240px-Downtown_Lafayette_LA_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">187,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette Parish, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana">Calcasieu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana" title="Bossier City, Louisiana">Bossier City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bossier Parish, Louisiana">Bossier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ouachita Parish, Louisiana">Ouachita</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Rapides Parish, Louisiana">Rapides</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,406 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Demographics of Louisiana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louisiana_population_map.png/250px-Louisiana_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louisiana_population_map.png/375px-Louisiana_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louisiana_population_map.png/500px-Louisiana_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Louisiana's population density</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>76,556</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>153,407</td><td></td><td>100.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>215,739</td><td></td><td>40.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>352,411</td><td></td><td>63.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>517,762</td><td></td><td>46.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>708,002</td><td></td><td>36.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>726,915</td><td></td><td>2.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>939,946</td><td></td><td>29.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,118,588</td><td></td><td>19.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,381,625</td><td></td><td>23.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>1,656,388</td><td></td><td>19.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>1,798,509</td><td></td><td>8.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,101,593</td><td></td><td>16.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,363,516</td><td></td><td>12.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>2,683,516</td><td></td><td>13.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,257,022</td><td></td><td>21.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>3,641,306</td><td></td><td>11.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>4,205,900</td><td></td><td>15.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>4,219,973</td><td></td><td>0.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>4,468,976</td><td></td><td>5.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>4,533,372</td><td></td><td>1.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>4,657,757</td><td></td><td>2.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2024 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">4,597,740</td><td></td><td>−1.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Sources: 1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> The majority of the state's population lives in southern Louisiana, spread throughout <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Central_Louisiana" title="Central Louisiana">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">North Louisiana</a> have been stagnating and losing population.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a>, Louisiana had an apportioned population of 4,661,468.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> In 2010, the state of Louisiana had a population of 4,533,372, up from 76,556 in <a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a>. Despite historically positive trends of population growth leading up to the 2020 census, Louisiana began to experience population decline and stagnation since 2021, with <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Louisiana" title="Southwest Louisiana">Southwest Louisiana</a>'s Calcasieu and Cameron parishes losing more than 5% of their populations individually.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Experiencing decline due to deaths and emigration to other states outpacing births and in-migration,<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2022-168">[165]</a> Louisiana's 2022 census-estimated population was 4,590,241.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a> statistics in 2019, approximately 4.2% of Louisianians were immigrants, while 2% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Honduras (18.8%), Mexico (13.6%), Vietnam (11.3%), Cuba (5.8%), and India (4.4%); an estimated 29.4% were undocumented immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[167]</a> Its documented and undocumented population collectively paid $1.2 billion in taxes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[167]</a> New Orleans has been defined as a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The population density of the state is 104.9 people per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-2010.census.gov-174">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> of Louisiana is located in <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coupee_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana">Pointe Coupee Parish</a>, in the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Roads,_Louisiana" title="New Roads, Louisiana">New Roads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 7,373 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> In 2022, Louisiana had the highest percent of births to unmarried women of any US state, at 54.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Racial and ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">55.8% </td> <td align="left">55.8<div style="width:111.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">58.7% </td> <td align="left">58.7<div style="width:117.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">31.2% </td> <td align="left">31.2<div style="width:62.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">32.6% </td> <td align="left">32.6<div style="width:65.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[c]</a> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">6.9% </td> <td align="left">6.9<div style="width:13.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">1.8% </td> <td align="left">1.8<div style="width:3.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.3% </td> <td align="left">2.3<div style="width:4.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American </td> <td align="right">0.6% </td> <td align="left">0.6<div style="width:1.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.9% </td> <td align="left">1.9<div style="width:3.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.04% </td> <td align="left">0.04<div style="width:0.08px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td> <td align="left">0.4<div style="width:0.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="left">1.1<div style="width:2.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg/216px-Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg/324px-Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg/432px-Louisiana_counties_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Map of parishes in Louisiana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Non-Hispanic White <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  90%+</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Black or African American <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> Several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> inhabited Louisiana before European colonization, concentrated along the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> and Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> At the beginning of French and Spanish colonization of Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black Americans</a> began to move into the area.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> From French and Spanish rule in Louisiana, they were joined by <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spaniards</a> both slave and free, who settled in enclaves within the Greater New Orleans region and Acadiana;<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> some of the Spanish-descended communities became the <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-58">[55]</a> By the 19th and 20th centuries, the state's most-populous racial and ethnic group fluctuated between white and black Americans; 47% of the population was black or African American in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">black Louisianian</a> population declined following migration to states including New York and California in efforts to flee Jim Crow regulations.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> At the end of the 20th century, Louisiana's population has experienced diversification again, and its <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">non-Hispanic or non-Latino American white</a> population has been declining.<a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[154]</a> Since 2020, the black or African American population have made up the largest non-white share of youths.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> have also increased as the second-largest racial and ethnic composition in the state, making up nearly 7% of Louisiana's population at the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[154]</a> As of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-:1-194">[190]</a> the largest single Hispanic and Latino American ethnicity were <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> (2.0%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> (0.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> (0.2%). Other Hispanic and Latino Americans altogether made up 2.6% of Louisiana's Hispanic or Latino American population. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a> communities have also experienced rapid growth,<a href="#cite_note-:3-157">[154]</a> with many of Louisiana's multiracial population identifying as <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> At the 2019 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%), <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> (9.6%), German (6.2%), <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> (4.6%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> (4.2%), and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age 1 were minorities.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Louisiana (2020)<a href="#cite_note-PRRI2020-198">[194]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gold; width:53%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">53%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkViolet; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Jewish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faith</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced various <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> through the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French missions</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:8-199">[195]</a> and other faiths including <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a> were introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> In the colonial and present-day <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-:6-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRRI2020-198">[194]</a> during two separate studies by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG/220px-Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG/330px-Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG/440px-Antioch_Baptist_Church_Shreveport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antioch_Baptist_Church_(Shreveport,_Louisiana)" title="Antioch Baptist Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)">Antioch Baptist Church</a> in Shreveport</figcaption></figure> Among its Christian population—and in common with other southern U.S. states—the majority, particularly in the north of the state, belong to various Protestant denominations. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> was introduced to the state in the 1800s, with Baptists establishing two churches in 1812, followed by Methodists; Episcopalians first entered the state by 1805.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> Protestant Christians made up 57% of the state's adult population at the 2014 Pew Research Center study, and 53% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-PRRI2020-198">[194]</a> Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-:8-199">[195]</a> As Catholics continue to constitute a significant fraction of Louisiana's population, they have continued to be influential in state politics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states.<a href="#cite_note-203">[d]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_Orleans" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Baton_Rouge" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge">Diocese of Baton Rouge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lafayette_in_Louisiana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana">Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana</a> are the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg/220px-St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg/330px-St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg/440px-St._Louis_Cathedral_%28New_Orleans%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a> in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists were <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> who immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:22-206">[201]</a> Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a>, who represented Louisiana in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and then became the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hahn" title="Michael Hahn">Michael Hahn</a> who was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S. congressman;<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> Democrat <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Meyer" title="Adolph Meyer">Adolph Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> officer who represented the state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from 1891 until his death in 1908; <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(U.S._state_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (U.S. state government)">secretary of state</a> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Dardenne" title="Jay Dardenne">Jay Dardenne</a>, and Republican (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> before 2011) <a href="/wiki/List_of_Attorneys_General_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Attorneys General of Louisiana">attorney general</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Caldwell" title="Buddy Caldwell">Buddy Caldwell</a>. Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Shreveport%E2%80%93Bossier_City_metropolitan_area" title="Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area">Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area</a>, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.<a href="#cite_note-:22-206">[201]</a> The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 19% were religiously unaffiliated.<a href="#cite_note-PRRI2020-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana locations by per capita income">Louisiana locations by per capita income</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-MSC_Marina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Cargo ship at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">Port of New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> Louisiana's population, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural products</a>, abundance of <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_law_in_the_United_States" title="Oil and gas law in the United States">oil and natural gas</a>, and southern Louisiana's medical and technology corridors have contributed to its growing and diversifying economy.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> In 2014, Louisiana was ranked as one of the most small business friendly states, based on a study drawing upon data from more than 12,000 small business owners.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> The state's principal agricultural products include seafood (it is the biggest producer of <a href="/wiki/Crawfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawfish">crawfish</a> in the world, supplying approximately 90%), cotton, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, cattle, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. Among its energy and other industries, chemical products, petroleum and coal products, processed foods, transportation equipment, and paper products have contributed to a significant portion of the state's GSP. Tourism and gaming are also important elements in the economy, especially in Greater New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_South_Louisiana" title="Port of South Louisiana">Port of South Louisiana</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> between New Orleans and <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>, was the largest volume shipping port in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> and 4th largest in the world, as well as the largest <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a> port in the U.S. in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> The Port of South Louisiana continued to be the busiest port by tonnage in the U.S. through 2018.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> South Louisiana was number 15 among world ports in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabasco-varieties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tabasco-varieties.jpg/220px-Tabasco-varieties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tabasco-varieties.jpg/330px-Tabasco-varieties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tabasco-varieties.jpg/440px-Tabasco-varieties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Tabasco varieties produced in Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> are home to a thriving film industry.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> State financial incentives since 2002 and aggressive promotion have given Louisiana the nickname "Hollywood South". Because of its distinctive culture within the United States, only <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> is Louisiana's rival in popularity as a setting for reality television programs.<a href="#cite_note-robertson20130516-217">[212]</a> In late 2007 and early 2008, a 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m2) film studio was scheduled to open in <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a>, with state-of-the-art production facilities, and a film training institute.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabasco_sauce" title="Tabasco sauce">Tabasco sauce</a>, which is marketed by one of the United States' biggest producers of hot sauce, the <a href="/wiki/McIlhenny_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McIlhenny Company">McIlhenny Company</a>, originated on <a href="/wiki/Avery_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Avery Island">Avery Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> From 2010 to 2020, Louisiana's <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">gross state product</a> increased from $213.6 billion to $253.3 billion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by GDP">26th highest</a> in the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> As of 2020, its GSP is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">greater than the GDPs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Ranking 41st in the United States with a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Per capita personal income in the United States">per capita personal income</a> of $30,952 in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> its residents per capita income decreased to $28,662 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> The median household income was $51,073, while the national average was $65,712 at the 2019 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> In July 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%;<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> it decreased to 4.4% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Louisiana has three personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> brackets, ranging from 2% to 6%. The state <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> rate is 4.45%, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parishes</a> can levy additional sales tax on top of this. The state also has a <a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">use tax</a>, which includes 4% to be distributed to local governments. Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> Per dollar of federal tax collected in 2005, Louisiana citizens received approximately $1.78 in the way of federal spending. This ranks the state fourth highest nationally and represents a rise from 1995 when Louisiana received $1.35 per dollar of taxes in federal spending (ranked seventh nationally). Neighboring states and the amount of federal spending received per dollar of federal tax collected were: Texas ($0.94), Arkansas ($1.41), and Mississippi ($2.02). Federal spending in 2005 and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Louisiana" title="Culture of Louisiana">Culture of Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Louisiana">Literature of Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Music of Louisiana</a></div> Louisiana is home to many cultures; especially notable are the distinct cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creoles">Louisiana Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, descendants of French and Spanish settlers in colonial Louisiana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_culture">African culture</h3></div> The French colony of La Louisiane struggled for decades to survive. Conditions were harsh, the climate and soil were unsuitable for certain crops the colonists knew, and they suffered from regional tropical diseases. Both colonists and the slaves they imported had high mortality rates. The settlers kept importing slaves, which resulted in a high proportion of native Africans from West Africa, who continued to practice their culture in new surroundings. As described by historian <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Midlo_Hall" title="Gwendolyn Midlo Hall">Gwendolyn Midlo Hall</a>, they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> At the turn of the 18th century and in the early 1800s, New Orleans received a major influx of White and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, many of whom brought their slaves with them.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> This added another infusion of African culture to the city, as more slaves in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> were from Africa than in the United States. They strongly influenced the African-American culture of the city in terms of dance, music and religious practices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creole_culture">Creole culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CreoleFood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/220px-CreoleFood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/330px-CreoleFood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/440px-CreoleFood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Typical dishes of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> culture is an amalgamation of French, African, Spanish (and other European), and Native American cultures.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Creole comes from the Portuguese word crioulo; originally it referred to a colonist of European (specifically French) descent who was born in the New World, in comparison to immigrants from France.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The oldest Louisiana manuscript to use the word "Creole", from 1782, applied it to a slave born in the French colony.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> But originally it referred more generally to the French colonists born in Louisiana. Over time, there developed in the French colony a relatively large group of <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="Creoles of Color">Creoles of Color</a> (gens de couleur libres), who were primarily descended from African slave women and French men (later other Europeans became part of the mix, as well as some Native Americans). Often the French would free their concubines and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> children, and pass on social capital to them.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> They might educate sons in France, for instance, and help them enter the French Army. They also settled capital or property on their mistresses and children. The free people of color gained more rights in the colony and sometimes education; they generally spoke French and were Roman Catholic. Many became artisans and property owners. Over time, the term "Creole" became associated with this class of Creoles of color, many of whom achieved freedom long before the American Civil War. Wealthy French Creoles generally maintained town houses in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> as well as houses on their large sugar plantations outside town along the Mississippi River. New Orleans had the largest population of free people of color in the region; they could find work there and created their own culture, marrying among themselves for decades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadian_culture">Acadian culture</h3></div> The ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a> immigrated mostly from west central France to New France, where they settled in the Atlantic provinces of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Nova Scotia and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, known originally as the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. After the British defeated France in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>) in 1763, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After the Acadians refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown, they were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expelled from Acadia</a>, and made their way to places such as France, Britain, and New England.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Other Acadians covertly remained in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British North America</a> or moved to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. Many Acadians settled in southern Louisiana in the region around <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a> and the LaFourche Bayou country. They developed a distinct rural culture there, different from the French Creole colonists of New Orleans. Intermarrying with others in the area, they developed what was called Cajun music, cuisine and culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isleño_culture">Isleño culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños (Louisiana)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg/220px-El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg/330px-El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg/440px-El_Museo_de_los_Isle%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>El Museo de los Isleños (Isleño Museum) in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bernard,_Louisiana" title="Saint Bernard, Louisiana">Saint Bernard</a></figcaption></figure> A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleños. Its members are descendants of colonists from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a> between 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such as <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">Frenchmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. In Louisiana, the Isleños originally settled in four communities which included Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. The large migration of <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a> refugees to <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Lafourche" title="Bayou Lafourche">Bayou Lafourche</a> led to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana">Saint Bernard</a>) was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century. The transmission of Spanish and other customs has completely halted in St. Bernard with those having competency in Spanish being octogenarians.<a href="#cite_note-:02-237">[232]</a> Through the centuries, the various Isleño communities of Louisiana have kept alive different elements of their Canary Islander heritage while also adopting and building upon the customs and traditions of the communities that surround them. Today two heritage associates exist for the communities: Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society of St. Bernard as well as the Canary Islanders Heritage Society of Louisiana. The <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_Fiesta" title="Isleños Fiesta">Fiesta de los Isleños</a> is celebrated annually in St. Bernard Parish which features heritage performances from local groups and the Canary Islands.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Louisiana" title="List of school districts in Louisiana">List of school districts in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Louisiana" title="List of colleges and universities in Louisiana">List of colleges and universities in Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_immersion#USA" title="French immersion">French immersion in Louisiana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_State_University_(aerial_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/220px-Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/330px-Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/440px-Louisiana_State_University_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Louisiana State University's flagship campus</figcaption></figure> Despite ranking as the third-least educated state as of 2023, preceded by Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[21]</a> Louisiana is home to over 40 public and private <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Louisiana" title="List of colleges and universities in Louisiana">colleges and universities</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> in Baton Rouge; <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University" title="Louisiana Tech University">Louisiana Tech University</a> in Ruston, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette" title="University of Louisiana at Lafayette">University of Louisiana at Lafayette</a> in Lafayette; and <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> in New Orleans. Louisiana State University is the largest and most comprehensive university in Louisiana;<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Louisiana Tech University is one the most well regarded universities in Louisiana;<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is the second largest by enrollment. The University of Louisiana at Lafayette became an R1 university in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Tulane University is a major private research university and the wealthiest university in Louisiana with an endowment over $1.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Tulane is also highly regarded for its academics nationwide, consistently ranked in the top 50 on <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">list of best national universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> Louisiana's two oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges and universities</a> (HBCUs) are <a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> in Baton Rouge and <a href="/wiki/Grambling_State_University" title="Grambling State University">Grambling State University</a> in Grambling. Both these <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a> (SWAC) schools compete against each other in football annually in the much anticipated <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Classic" title="Bayou Classic">Bayou Classic</a> during Thanksgiving weekend in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Superdome">Superdome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Of note among the education system, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Science_Education_Act" title="Louisiana Science Education Act">Louisiana Science Education Act</a> was a controversial law passed by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Louisiana Legislature</a> on June 11, 2008, and signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> on June 25.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> The act allowed public school teachers to use supplemental materials in the science classroom which are critical of established science on such topics as the theory of evolution and global warming.<a href="#cite_note-dawkins-dvorsky-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> In 2000, of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools. Danielle Dreilinger of <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Picayune">The Times Picayune</a> wrote in 2014 that "Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools."<a href="#cite_note-Dreilingerenrollmentfalls-250">[245]</a> The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000–2005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 recession">2008 recession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. Ten parishes in the Baton Rouge and New Orleans area had a combined 17% decline in private school enrollment in that period. This prompted private schools to lobby for <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" class="mw-redirect" title="School vouchers">school vouchers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dreilingerenrollmentfalls-250">[245]</a> Louisiana's school voucher program is known as the Louisiana Scholarship Program. It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in 2008 and in the rest of the state beginning in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> In 2013, the number of students using <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" class="mw-redirect" title="School vouchers">school vouchers</a> to attend private schools was 6,751, and for 2014 it was projected to exceed 8,800.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] As per a ruling from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lemelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Lemelle">Ivan Lemelle</a>, a U.S. district judge, the federal government has the right to review the charter school placements to ensure they do not further racial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Transportation_and_Development" title="Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development">Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development</a> is the state government organization in charge of maintaining <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>, roadways, bridges, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, select <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, floodplain management, port facilities, commercial vehicles, and aviation which includes 69 airports. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_Louisiana" title="List of Interstate Highways in Louisiana">List of Interstate Highways in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Highways_in_Louisiana" title="List of U.S. Highways in Louisiana">List of U.S. Highways in Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Louisiana" title="List of state highways in Louisiana">List of state highways in Louisiana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstate_highways">Interstate highways</h4></div> <table style="vertical-align:top;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/24px-I-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/36px-I-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/48px-I-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 10 (Louisiana)">I-10</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/30px-I-110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/45px-I-110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/I-110.svg/60px-I-110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_110_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 110 (Louisiana)">I-110</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/I-210.svg/30px-I-210.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/I-210.svg/45px-I-210.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/I-210.svg/60px-I-210.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_210_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 210 (Louisiana)">I-210</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/I-310.svg/30px-I-310.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/I-310.svg/45px-I-310.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/I-310.svg/60px-I-310.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_310_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 310 (Louisiana)">I-310</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/I-510.svg/30px-I-510.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/I-510.svg/45px-I-510.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/I-510.svg/60px-I-510.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_510_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 510 (Louisiana)">I-510</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I-610.svg/30px-I-610.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I-610.svg/45px-I-610.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/I-610.svg/60px-I-610.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 610 (Louisiana)">I-610</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I-910.svg/30px-I-910.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I-910.svg/45px-I-910.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I-910.svg/60px-I-910.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_910_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 910 (Louisiana)">I-910</a> (unsigned)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/I-12.svg/24px-I-12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/I-12.svg/36px-I-12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/I-12.svg/48px-I-12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_12" title="Interstate 12">I-12</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/24px-I-20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/36px-I-20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-20.svg/48px-I-20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 20 (Louisiana)">I-20</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/30px-I-220.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/45px-I-220.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/I-220.svg/60px-I-220.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_220_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 220 (Louisiana)">I-220</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/I-49.svg/24px-I-49.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/I-49.svg/36px-I-49.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/I-49.svg/48px-I-49.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_49_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 49 (Louisiana)">I-49</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/24px-I-55.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/36px-I-55.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-55.svg/48px-I-55.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 55 (Louisiana)">I-55</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/24px-I-59.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/36px-I-59.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-59.svg/48px-I-59.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_59_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 59 (Louisiana)">I-59</a></li> <li>Future <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/24px-I-69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/36px-I-69.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I-69.svg/48px-I-69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_69_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 69 (Louisiana)">I-69</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_highways">United States highways</h4></div> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/24px-US_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/36px-US_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/48px-US_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Louisiana" title="U.S. Route 11 in Louisiana">US 11</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/24px-US_51.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/36px-US_51.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/US_51.svg/48px-US_51.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_51_in_Louisiana" title="U.S. Route 51 in Louisiana">US 51</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/24px-US_61.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/36px-US_61.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_61.svg/48px-US_61.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 61 in Louisiana">US 61</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_63.svg/24px-US_63.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_63.svg/36px-US_63.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_63.svg/48px-US_63.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_63_in_Louisiana" title="U.S. Route 63 in Louisiana">US 63</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_65.svg/24px-US_65.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_65.svg/36px-US_65.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_65.svg/48px-US_65.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_65_in_Louisiana" title="U.S. Route 65 in Louisiana">US 65</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/US_165.svg/30px-US_165.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/US_165.svg/45px-US_165.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/US_165.svg/60px-US_165.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_165_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 165 in Louisiana">US 165</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/US_167.svg/30px-US_167.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/US_167.svg/45px-US_167.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/US_167.svg/60px-US_167.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_167_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 167 in Louisiana">US 167</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_71.svg/24px-US_71.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_71.svg/36px-US_71.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_71.svg/48px-US_71.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_71_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 71 in Louisiana">US 71</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_171.svg/30px-US_171.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_171.svg/45px-US_171.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_171.svg/60px-US_171.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_171_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 171 in Louisiana">US 171</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_371.svg/30px-US_371.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_371.svg/45px-US_371.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_371.svg/60px-US_371.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_371_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 371 in Louisiana">US 371</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US_79.svg/24px-US_79.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US_79.svg/36px-US_79.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US_79.svg/48px-US_79.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 79 in Louisiana">US 79</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/24px-US_80.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/36px-US_80.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_80.svg/48px-US_80.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 80 in Louisiana">US 80</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/24px-US_84.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/36px-US_84.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_84.svg/48px-US_84.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 84 in Louisiana">US 84</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/24px-US_90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/36px-US_90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_90.svg/48px-US_90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Louisiana" title="U.S. Route 90 in Louisiana">US 90</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_190.svg/30px-US_190.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_190.svg/45px-US_190.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_190.svg/60px-US_190.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 190 in Louisiana">US 190</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/30px-US_425.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/45px-US_425.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/US_425.svg/60px-US_425.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_425_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 425 in Louisiana">US 425</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> In 2022, Louisiana ranked 5th highest for fatal crashes in the US with a rate of 19.7 deaths per 100,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1264714646">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output 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small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Louisiana passenger rail</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1264714646" /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Union_Station" title="Los Angeles Union Station">Los Angeles</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles_station" title="Lake Charles station">Lake Charles</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1264714646" /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_station_(Louisiana)" title="Lafayette station (Louisiana)">Lafayette</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hammond_station_(Louisiana)" title="Hammond station (Louisiana)">Hammond</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Iberia_station" title="New Iberia station">New Iberia</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONT1%2Bf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1264714646" /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Penn_Station" title="New York Penn Station">New York City</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Schriever_station" title="Schriever station">Schriever</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BSicon_lHST~L.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/30px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BSicon_lHST~R.svg/40px-BSicon_lHST~R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWg%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slidell_station" title="Slidell station">Slidell</a> <div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/10px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/20px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg/40px-BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg/60px-BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg/80px-BSicon_bSHI2%2Blr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div class="RMsp RMd"></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_exSTR%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg/10px-BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg/15px-BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_exdCONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1264714646" /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Limited" title="Gulf Coast Limited">Gulf Coast Limited</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_station_(Amtrak)" title="Mobile station (Amtrak)">Mobile</a> (planned)</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BSicon_KINTe.svg/20px-BSicon_KINTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BSicon_KINTe.svg/30px-BSicon_KINTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BSicon_KINTe.svg/40px-BSicon_KINTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans</a> <div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans"><img alt="Streetcars in New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BRILL.svg/18px-BSicon_BRILL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BRILL.svg/27px-BSicon_BRILL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_BRILL.svg/36px-BSicon_BRILL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This diagram: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana_rail_network" title="Template:Louisiana rail network">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana_rail_network" title="Template talk:Louisiana rail network">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana rail network">edit</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_railroads" title="List of Louisiana railroads">List of Louisiana railroads</a></div> Six <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I</a> freight railroads operate in Louisiana: <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a>, <a href="/wiki/CPKC" class="mw-redirect" title="CPKC">CPKC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a>. A number of Class II and Class III railroads also carry freight. <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Louisiana. All three originate at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a> serves <a href="/wiki/Slidell_station" title="Slidell station">Slidell</a> then runs northeast to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Penn_Station" title="New York Penn Station">New York</a> via <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_station_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham station (Alabama)">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peachtree_station" title="Peachtree station">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_station_(Amtrak)" title="Charlotte station (Amtrak)">Charlotte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington, D.C.</a> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="City of New Orleans">City of New Orleans</a> stops at <a href="/wiki/Hammond_station_(Louisiana)" title="Hammond station (Louisiana)">Hammond</a> before continuing north to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Jackson,_Mississippi)" title="Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)">Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Central_Station" title="Memphis Central Station">Memphis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> serves <a href="/wiki/Schriever_station" title="Schriever station">Schriever</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Iberia_station" title="New Iberia station">New Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_station_(Indiana)" title="Lafayette station (Indiana)">Lafayette</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles_station" title="Lake Charles station">Lake Charles</a> on its route west to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Union_Station" title="Los Angeles Union Station">Los Angeles</a> via <a href="/wiki/Houston_station_(Texas)" title="Houston station (Texas)">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_station_(Texas)" title="San Antonio station (Texas)">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Depot_(El_Paso)" title="Union Depot (El Paso)">El Paso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tucson_station" title="Tucson station">Tucson</a>. Before <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the Sunset Limited ran as far east as <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Health/Amtrak_station" title="Orlando Health/Amtrak station">Orlando</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_transit">Mass transit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street,_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg/330px-New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg/440px-New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street%2C_24_August_2021_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A streetcar on the <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">St. Charles Avenue Line</a> in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> Predominantly serving <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="New Orleans Regional Transit Authority">New Orleans Regional Transit Authority</a> is the largest transit agency in the state. Other transit organizations are <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Urban_Rapid_Transit" title="St. Bernard Urban Rapid Transit">St. Bernard Urban Rapid Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Transit_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Transit (Louisiana)">Jefferson Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Area_Transit_System" title="Capital Area Transit System">Capital Area Transit System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Transit_System" title="Lafayette Transit System">Lafayette Transit System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport_Area_Transit_System" title="Shreveport Area Transit System">Shreveport Area Transit System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Transit" title="Monroe Transit">Monroe Transit</a>, among others. The Louisiana Transportation Authority (under the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Transportation_and_Development" title="Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development">Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development</a>) was created in 2001 to "promote, plan, finance, develop, construct, control, regulate, operate and maintain any tollway or transitway to be constructed within its jurisdiction. Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintained <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport" title="Intermodal passenger transport">intermodal transportation</a> system is essential to promote Louisiana's economic growth and the ability of Louisiana's business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana."<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Louisiana" title="List of airports in Louisiana">List of airports in Louisiana</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport</a> (MSY) is the busiest airport in Louisiana by an order of magnitude. It is also the second lowest-lying international airport in the world, at just 4.5 feet (1.4 m) above sea level. There are six other <a href="/wiki/FAA_airport_categories" title="FAA airport categories">primary airports</a> in the state: <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport">Baton Rouge Metropolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport_Regional_Airport" title="Shreveport Regional Airport">Shreveport Regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Regional_Airport" title="Lafayette Regional Airport">Lafayette Regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_International_Airport_(Louisiana)" title="Alexandria International Airport (Louisiana)">Alexandria International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Regional_Airport_(Louisiana)" title="Monroe Regional Airport (Louisiana)">Monroe Regional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles_Regional_Airport" title="Lake Charles Regional Airport">Lake Charles Regional</a>. A total of 69 public-use airports exist in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/220px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/330px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/440px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a> near New Orleans</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a> is an important means of transporting commercial goods such as petroleum and petroleum products, agricultural produce, building materials and manufactured goods. In 2018, the state sued the federal government to repair erosion along the waterway.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Politics of Louisiana">Politics of Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/140px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/210px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/280px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Louisiana">Constitution and law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Louisiana" title="Constitution of Louisiana">Louisiana Constitution</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Louisiana" title="Law of Louisiana">Louisiana law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/30px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/45px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/60px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> (R) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry#Governor_of_Louisiana_(2024–present)" title="Jeff Landry">State Cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Nungesser" title="Billy Nungesser">Billy Nungesser</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Louisiana" title="Secretary of State of Louisiana">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Landry" title="Nancy Landry">Nancy Landry</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attorneys_general_of_Louisiana" title="List of attorneys general of Louisiana">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Liz_Murrill" title="Liz Murrill">Liz Murrill</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="State Treasurer">State Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fleming_(American_politician)" title="John Fleming (American politician)">John Fleming</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Agriculture_and_Forestry" title="Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry">Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Strain" title="Mike Strain">Mike Strain</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Commissioner of Insurance</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Temple" title="Tim Temple">Timothy Temple</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Public_Service_Commission" title="Louisiana Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Board_of_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education" title="Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education">Board of Elementary and Secondary Education</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/30px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/45px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/60px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">State Senate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Louisiana_State_Senate" title="President of the Louisiana State Senate">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Henry" title="Cameron Henry">Cameron Henry</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Louisiana_State_Senate#President_pro_tempore" title="President of the Louisiana State Senate">President pro tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Regina_Barrow" title="Regina Barrow">Regina Barrow</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li>Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Stine" title="Jeremy Stine">Jeremy Stine</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li>Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Boudreaux" title="Gerald Boudreaux">Gerald Boudreaux</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/30px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/45px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/60px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Phillip_DeVillier" title="Phillip DeVillier">Phillip DeVillier</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Louisiana_House_of_Representatives#Speaker_pro_tempore" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives">Speaker pro tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Johnson" title="Michael T. Johnson">Michael T. Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li>Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wright_(Louisiana_politician)" title="Mark Wright (Louisiana politician)">Mark Wright (Louisiana politician)</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li>Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Willard" title="Matthew Willard">Matthew Willard</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_L._Weimer" title="John L. Weimer">John L. Weimer</a> (I)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Justice <a href="/wiki/William_J._Crain" title="William J. Crain">William J. Crain</a> (R)</li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Scott_Crichton_(judge)" title="Scott Crichton (judge)">Scott Crichton</a> (R)</li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/James_T._Genovese" title="James T. Genovese">James T. Genovese</a> (R)</li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Jay_McCallum" title="Jay McCallum">Jay McCallum</a> (R)</li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_D._Hughes_III" title="Jefferson D. Hughes III">Jefferson D. Hughes III</a> (R)</li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Piper_D._Griffin" title="Piper D. Griffin">Piper D. Griffin</a> (D)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Circuit_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal">Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana#District_Courts" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">Louisiana District Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana#Parish_and_City_Courts" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">Parish and City Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana#Mayors'_Courts" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">Mayor's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana#Justice_of_the_Peace_Courts" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">Justice of the Peace Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Politics of Louisiana">Qualified Louisiana parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Green Party of Louisiana">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reform Party of Louisiana (page does not exist)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Libertarian Party of Louisiana">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">National minor parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Louisiana" title="Political party strength in Louisiana">Political party strength</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parishes</a> (64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Louisiana" title="List of municipalities in Louisiana">Municipalities</a> (303)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Louisiana" title="List of school districts in Louisiana">School districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)" title="John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)">John Kennedy</a> (R)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Troy_Carter_(politician)" title="Troy Carter (politician)">Troy Carter</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 3rd congressional district">3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clay_Higgins" title="Clay Higgins">Clay Higgins</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 4th congressional district">4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 5th congressional district">5</a>: <a href="/wiki/Julia_Letlow" title="Julia Letlow">Julia Letlow</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 6th congressional district">6</a>: <a href="/wiki/Garret_Graves" title="Garret Graves">Garret Graves</a> (R)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Template:Politics of Louisiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Politics_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Politics of Louisiana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Louisiana Governors">List of Louisiana Governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana law">Louisiana law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Constitution">Louisiana Constitution</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg/170px-Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg/255px-Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg/340px-Louisiana_State_Capitol_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11753" data-file-height="12708" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Capitol" title="Louisiana State Capitol">Louisiana State Capitol</a> in Baton Rouge, the <a href="/wiki/Heights_of_state_capitols" class="mw-redirect" title="Heights of state capitols">tallest state capitol building</a> in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAGovMansion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LAGovMansion.JPG/220px-LAGovMansion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LAGovMansion.JPG/330px-LAGovMansion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LAGovMansion.JPG/440px-LAGovMansion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Louisiana Governor's Mansion</figcaption></figure> In 1849, the state moved the capital from New Orleans to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana" title="Donaldsonville, Louisiana">Donaldsonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opelousas,_Louisiana" title="Opelousas, Louisiana">Opelousas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a> have briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government. The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Capitol" title="Louisiana State Capitol">Louisiana State Capitol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Governor%27s_Mansion" title="Louisiana Governor's Mansion">Louisiana Governor's Mansion</a> are both located in Baton Rouge. The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana Supreme Court</a>, however, did not move to Baton Rouge but remains headquartered in New Orleans. Louisiana is widely considered a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party stronghold</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> and its incumbent governor is <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senators</a> are Republicans <a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Neely Kennedy">John Neely Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a>. Louisiana has six <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">congressional districts</a> and is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> by four Republicans and two Democrats. Louisiana had eight votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2020 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2020 election</a>. In a 2020 study, Louisiana was ranked as the 24th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Louisiana has one of the most restrictive <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Louisiana" title="Abortion in Louisiana">abortion</a> laws in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary" title="Louisiana State Penitentiary">Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Types_of_US_federal_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of US federal prisons">maximum-security prison</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> Louisiana is divided into 64 <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a> (the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> in most other states).<a href="#cite_note-nativeamericans-262">[257]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">List of parishes in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_census_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana census statistical areas">Louisiana census statistical areas</a></li></ul> Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury,<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> dating from the colonial days. It is the legislative and executive government of the parish, and is elected by the voters. Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a president as their chairman. A more limited number of parishes operate under <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> charters, electing various forms of government. This include mayor–council, council–manager (in which the council hires a professional operating manager for the parish), and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_law">Civil law</h3></div> The Louisiana political and legal structure has maintained several elements from the times of French and Spanish governance. One is the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Parish_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish (Louisiana)">parish</a>" (from the French: paroisse) in place of "<a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a>" for administrative subdivision.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Another is the legal system of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> based on French, German, and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Legal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal code">legal codes</a> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, as opposed to English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. Louisiana's civil law system is what the majority of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> in the world use, especially in Europe and its former colonies, excluding those that derive their legal systems from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. However, it is incorrect to equate the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Civil_Code" title="Louisiana Civil Code">Louisiana Civil Code</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>. Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">purchased</a> and annexed Louisiana in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> The Louisiana Civil Code is the controlling authority on civil matters in the state and has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment in 1808. While some of the differences between the legal systems have been bridged due to the strong influence of common law tradition,<a href="#cite_note-kinsellalaw-266">[261]</a> the civil law tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of Louisiana private law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> In 1997, Louisiana became the first state to offer the option of a traditional marriage or a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">covenant marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> In a covenant marriage, the couple waives their right to a "no-fault" divorce after six months of separation, which is available in a traditional marriage. To divorce under a covenant marriage, a couple must demonstrate cause. Marriages between ascendants and descendants, and marriages between collaterals within the fourth degree (i.e., siblings, aunt and nephew, uncle and niece, first cousins) are prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriages</a> were prohibited by statute,<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> declared such bans unconstitutional in 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Louisiana">Same-sex marriages are now performed statewide</a>. Louisiana is a <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Elections in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Louisiana" title="Political party strength in Louisiana">Political party strength in Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_congressional_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana congressional districts">Louisiana congressional districts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana,_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg/310px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg/465px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg/620px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana%2C_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemap">Treemap</a> of the popular vote by parish, 2016 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> / <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2024 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2024</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,208,505 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">60.22% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">766,870 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.21% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">31,600 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2020 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2020</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,255,776 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.46% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">856,034 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.85% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">36,252 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2016 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2016</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,178,638 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.09% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">780,154 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.45% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">70,240 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2012</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,152,262 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">57.78% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">809,141 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.58% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">32,662 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2008 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2008</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,148,275 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.56% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">782,989 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.93% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">29,497 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2004 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2004</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,102,169 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.72% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">820,299 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42.22% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20,638 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2000 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2000</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">927,871 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52.55% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">792,344 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">45,441 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1996 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1996</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">712,586 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.94% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">927,837 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">52.01% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">143,536 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1992 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1992</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">733,386 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40.97% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">815,971 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.58% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">240,660 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1988 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1988</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">883,702 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">54.27% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">717,460 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.06% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">27,040 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1984 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1984</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,037,299 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">60.77% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">651,586 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.18% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">17,937 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1980 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">792,853 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51.20% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">708,453 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.75% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">47,285 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1976 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1976</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">587,446 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.95% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">661,365 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.73% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">29,628 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1972 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1972</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">686,852 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">65.32% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">298,142 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">28.35% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">66,497 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D99FE8"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1968 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1968</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">257,535 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.47% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">309,615 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">28.21% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">530,300 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">48.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1964</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">509,225 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.81% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">387,068 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">43.19% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1960 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1960</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">230,980 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">407,339 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50.42% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">169,572 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1956 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1956</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">329,047 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">53.28% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">243,977 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.51% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">44,520 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1952 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1952</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">306,925 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.08% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">345,027 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">52.92% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF7F00"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1948</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">72,657 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17.45% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">136,344 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">32.75% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">207,335 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">49.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1944 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1944</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">67,750 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.39% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">281,564 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.59% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1940 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1940</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52,446 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">14.09% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">319,751 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">108 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1936 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1936</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36,791 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">11.16% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">292,894 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">88.82% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1932 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1932</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18,853 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7.01% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">249,418 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">92.79% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">533 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1928</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51,160 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.70% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">164,655 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.29% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1924 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1924</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24,670 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.23% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">93,218 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.44% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,063 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1920</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38,538 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30.49% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">87,519 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">69.24% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">339 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1916 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1916</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">6,466 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">6.95% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79,875 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85.90% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,641 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1912 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1912</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3,833 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">60,871 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.81% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">14,544 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">18.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1908 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1908</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">8,958 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">11.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">63,568 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">84.63% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,591 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1904 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1904</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5,205 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">9.66% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47,708 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">88.50% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">995 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1900 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1900</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">14,234 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.96% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53,668 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.03% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1896 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1896</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22,037 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21.81% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">77,175 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.38% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,834 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1892 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1892</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26,963 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.47% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">87,926 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.53% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1888</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30,660 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.46% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85,032 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">73.37% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1884 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1884</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46,347 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.37% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62,594 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57.22% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">458 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1880</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38,978 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37.31% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">65,047 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62.27% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">437 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1876 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1876</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">75,315 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51.65% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70,508 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.35% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1872 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1872</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">71,663 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">55.69% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57,029 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.31% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1868 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1868</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33,263 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">29.31% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80,225 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70.69% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#4F990C"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1860</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">0 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">0.00% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7,625 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">15.10% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">42,885 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">84.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1856 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1856</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">0 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">0.00% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">22,164 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.70% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20,709 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">48.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1852</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">17,255 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">48.06% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">18,647 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.94% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1848</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">18,487 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">54.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">15,379 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.41% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1844 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1844</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">13,083 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">48.70% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">13,782 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.30% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1840</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">11,296 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">59.73% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7,616 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.27% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1836 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1836</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">3,583 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">48.26% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">3,842 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.74% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> </tbody></table> From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after the Civil War">disfranchised</a> most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution,<a href="#cite_note-GWUweb-273">[268]</a> this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats. Elites had control in the early 20th century, before populist <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> came to power as governor.<a href="#cite_note-Cashman-274">[269]</a> In multiple acts of resistance, blacks left behind the segregation, violence and oppression of the state and moved out to seek better opportunities in northern and western industrial cities during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migrations</a> of 1910–1970, markedly reducing their proportion of population in Louisiana. The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the mid-20th century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. Since the 1960s, when civil rights legislation was passed under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> to protect voting and civil rights, most African Americans in the state have affiliated with the Democratic Party. In the same years, many white social conservatives have moved to support Republican Party candidates in national, gubernatorial and statewide elections. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/David_Vitter" title="David Vitter">David Vitter</a> was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. senator.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> The previous Republican senator, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Harris" title="John S. Harris">John S. Harris</a>, who took office in 1868 during Reconstruction, was chosen by the state legislature under the rules of the 19th century. Louisiana is unique among U.S. states in using a system for its state and local elections similar to that of modern France. All candidates, regardless of party affiliation, run in a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">nonpartisan blanket primary</a> (or "jungle primary") on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote totals compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. This run-off method does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. Congressional races have also been held under the jungle primary system. All other states (except <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_872_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 872 (2004)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_14_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 14 (2010)">California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>) use single-party primaries followed by a general election between party candidates, each conducted by either a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff voting</a>, to elect senators, representatives, and statewide officials. Between 2008 and 2010, federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">congressional</a> elections were run under a closed primary system—limited to registered party members. However, on the passage of House Bill 292, Louisiana again adopted a nonpartisan blanket primary for its federal congressional elections. Louisiana has six seats in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, five of which are currently held by Republicans and one by a Democrat. Though the state historically flips between Republican and Democratic governors, Louisiana is not classified as a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> in presidential elections, as it has consistently voted for the Republican candidate by solid margins since backing Democrat <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1996 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Bill Clinton in 1996</a>. The state's two U.S. senators are <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a> (R) and <a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Neely Kennedy">John Neely Kennedy</a> (R). <table class="wikitable" style="float:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Louisiana's party registration as of November 1, 2024<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Total voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td align="center">1,138,760 </td> <td align="center">37.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td align="center">1,056,025 </td> <td align="center">34.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Other</a> </td> <td align="center">849,688 </td> <td align="center">27.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th align="center">3,044,473 </th> <th align="center">100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Louisiana" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana">List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana</a></div> Louisiana's statewide police force is the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Police" title="Louisiana State Police">Louisiana State Police</a>. In 1988, the Criminal Investigation Bureau was reorganized.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> Its troopers have statewide jurisdiction with power to enforce all laws of the state, including city and parish ordinances. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles (19 million kilometres) of roadway and arrest about 10,000 impaired drivers. The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg/220px-Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg/330px-Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg/440px-Spanish_Town_Mardi_Gras_2015_-_15922509443.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mardi Gras celebrations in the Spanish Town section of Baton Rouge</figcaption></figure> The elected sheriff in each parish is its chief law enforcement officer. They are the keepers of the local parish prisons, which house felony and misdemeanor prisoners. They are the primary criminal patrol and first responder agency in all matters criminal and civil. They are also the official tax collectors in each parish. The sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parishes, with the exception of Orleans Parish where this falls to the New Orleans Police Department. Before 2010, Orleans Parish was the only parish to have two sheriff's offices, with a different elected sheriff overseeing civil and criminal matters. In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year. Louisiana is the only state with an annual average murder rate (13.6 per 100,000) at least twice as high as the U.S. annual average (6.6 per 100,000) during that period, according to Bureau of Justice Statistics from FBI Uniform Crime Reports. In a different kind of criminal activity, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> reports that Louisiana is the most corrupt state in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> According to a 2012 article in <a href="/wiki/Times_Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Picayune">The Times Picayune</a>, Louisiana is the prison capital of the world. Many <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">for-profit</a> private prisons and sheriff-owned prisons have been built and operate here. Louisiana's incarceration rate is nearly five times Iran's, 13 times China's and 20 times Germany's. Minorities are incarcerated at rates disproportionate to their share of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> There are more people serving life sentences without parole in Louisiana than in Texas, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi combined.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary policy</a> to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> On June 19, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> signed a bill to officially require that the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> be displayed in every classroom in public schools and colleges, making it the only state to have that law.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Louisiana" title="Judiciary of Louisiana">judiciary of Louisiana</a> is defined under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Louisiana" title="Constitution of Louisiana">constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Louisiana" title="Law of Louisiana">law of Louisiana</a> and comprises the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Circuit_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal">Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal</a>, the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor's courts, the city courts, and the parish courts. The chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court is the chief administrator of the judiciary. Its administration is aided by the Judiciary Commission of Louisiana, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_Attorney_Disciplinary_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board (page does not exist)">Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board</a>, and the Judicial Council of the Supreme Court of Louisiana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Guard">National Guard</h2></div> Louisiana has more than 9,000 soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Army_National_Guard" title="Louisiana Army National Guard">Louisiana Army National Guard</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/225th_Engineer_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="225th Engineer Brigade">225th Engineer Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/256th_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="256th Infantry Brigade">256th Infantry Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> Both these units have served overseas during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Air_National_Guard" title="Louisiana Air National Guard">Louisiana Air National Guard</a> has more than 2,000 airmen, and its 159th Fighter Wing has likewise seen combat.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Training sites in the state include <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_National_Guard_Training_Center_Pineville" title="Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville">Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineville, LA">Pineville</a>, Camp Villere near <a href="/wiki/Slidell,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidell, LA">Slidell</a>, Camp Minden near <a href="/wiki/Minden,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Minden, LA">Minden</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_Air_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="England Air Park">England Air Park</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/England_Air_Force_Base" title="England Air Force Base">England Air Force Base</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, LA">Alexandria</a>, Gillis Long Center near <a href="/wiki/Carville,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carville, LA">Carville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Barracks" title="Jackson Barracks">Jackson Barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_teams_in_Louisiana" title="List of sports teams in Louisiana">List of sports teams in Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_Orleans" title="Sports in New Orleans">Sports in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena,_New_Orleans_LA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg/290px-Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg/435px-Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg/580px-Mercedes_Benz_SuperDome_and_Smoothie_King_Arena%2C_New_Orleans_LA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoothie_King_Center" title="Smoothie King Center">Smoothie King Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.</figcaption></figure> Louisiana is the least populous state with more than one <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports league</a> franchise: the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a>. Louisiana has 12 collegiate <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> Division I programs, a high number given its population. The state has no NCAA Division II teams and only two NCAA Division III teams. As of 2019, the <a href="/wiki/LSU_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Tigers">LSU Tigers</a> football team has won 12 <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> titles, six <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl" title="Sugar Bowl">Sugar Bowls</a> and four national championships.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Each year New Orleans plays host to the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Classic" title="Bayou Classic">Bayou Classic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Bowl" title="New Orleans Bowl">New Orleans Bowl</a> college football games, while Shreveport hosts the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Bowl" title="Independence Bowl">Independence Bowl</a>. New Orleans has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> a record eleven times,<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/BCS_National_Championship_Game" title="BCS National Championship Game">BCS National Championship Game</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">NBA All-Star Game</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Classic_of_New_Orleans" title="Zurich Classic of New Orleans">Zurich Classic of New Orleans</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> golf tournament held since 1938. The <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Mardi_Gras_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon">Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Classic" title="Crescent City Classic">Crescent City Classic</a> are two road running competitions held at New Orleans. As of 2016, Louisiana was the birthplace of the most <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> players per capita for the eighth year in a row.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Anselmo" title="Phil Anselmo">Phil Anselmo</a>, singer, songwriter, best known for being member of the metal band <a href="/wiki/Pantera" title="Pantera">Pantera</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Bradshaw" title="Terry Bradshaw">Terry Bradshaw</a>, former NFL quarterback and sports personality<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">James Carville</a>, political strategist known for his success with Bill Clinton's presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson" title="Patricia Clarkson">Patricia Clarkson</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a>, comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Duplantis" title="Armand Duplantis">Armand Duplantis</a>, pole vaulter. IAAF male <a href="/wiki/World_Athlete_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="World Athlete of the Year">World Athlete of the Year</a> 2020<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannie_Fresh" title="Mannie Fresh">Mannie Fresh</a>; DJ, producer, and rapper<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gates" title="Kevin Gates">Kevin Gates</a>; rapper, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Khaled" title="DJ Khaled">DJ Khaled</a>; American DJ, record executive and media personality<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Sal Khan</a>; Educator, and founder of Khan Academy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Kinsey" title="Angela Kinsey">Angela Kinsey</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Landry" title="Ali Landry">Ali Landry</a>, actress and Miss USA 1996<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Leto" title="Jared Leto">Jared Leto</a>, actor and musician<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>; singer and piano-player<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a>, politician<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Manning" title="Peyton Manning">Peyton Manning</a>, former American football quarterback<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_McGraw" title="Tim McGraw">Tim McGraw</a>, singer, actor and record producer<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a>, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Poirier" title="Dustin Poirier">Dustin Poirier</a>; American mixed martial artist, currently signed to the UFC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Reed_(journalist)" title="Erin Reed (journalist)">Erin Reed</a>; transgender activist and journalist<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Richard" title="Zachary Richard">Zachary Richard</a>; Cajun singer, songwriter and poet<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Smith_(political_writer)" title="Fred L. Smith (political writer)">Fred L. Smith Jr.</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Somerhalder" title="Ian Somerhalder">Ian Somerhalder</a>, actor, model and director<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>; singer, songwriter, dancer and actress<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lynn_Spears" title="Jamie Lynn Spears">Jamie Lynn Spears</a>, singer and actress<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/$uicideboy$" class="mw-redirect" title="$uicideboy$">$uicideboy$</a>; singer, rapper and producer<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summrs" title="Summrs">Summrs</a>; singer, rapper and songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>; rapper, singer, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, and actor<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_West" title="Shane West">Shane West</a>, actor, singer and songwriter<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again" title="YoungBoy Never Broke Again">YoungBoy Never Broke Again</a>; rapper, singer, and songwriter<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Louisiana-related_articles" title="Index of Louisiana-related articles">Index of Louisiana-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Louisiana" title="Outline of Louisiana">Outline of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Louisiana" title="USS Louisiana">USS Louisiana</a>, 5 ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Louisiana_(1819)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Louisiana (1819)">USRC Louisiana</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAVD88-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_7-1">b</a> Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Also spelt Lwizyann or Lalwizyann<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Other Southern states have longstanding indigenous Catholic populations, and Florida's largely Catholic population of Cuban emigres has been influential since the 1960s. Yet, Louisiana is still unusual or exceptional in its extent of aboriginal Catholic settlement and influence. Among states in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> (discounting <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida's Panhandle</a> and much of Texas) the historic role of Catholicism in Louisiana is unparalleled and unique. Among the states of the Union, Louisiana's unique use of the term parish (French la parouche or "la paroisse") for county is rooted in the pre-statehood role of Catholic church parishes in the administration of government. </li> </ol></div></div> Pronunciation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/luˌiːziˈænə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">loo-EE-zee-AN-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌluːziˈænə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/GT_Louisana.ogg\/GT_Louisana.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Louisana.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/GT_Louisana.ogg/GT_Louisana.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Louisana.ogg" title="File:GT Louisana.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LOO-zee-AN-ə</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"New Orleans a 'ghost town' after thousands flee Gustav: mayor", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516094557/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i4Io2zyj6VR8duSA6bXBGVt1H8Eg">AFP</a>, August 31, 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i4Io2zyj6VR8duSA6bXBGVt1H8Eg">the original</a> on May 16, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+a+%27ghost+town%27+after+thousands+flee+Gustav%3A+mayor&rft.btitle=AFP&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5i4Io2zyj6VR8duSA6bXBGVt1H8Eg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230558/http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl080707jbpopulation.104a120f.html">"Expert: N.O. population at 273,000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WWL-TV" title="WWL-TV">WWL-TV</a>. 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Retrieved February 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KPLC-TV&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Louisiana+third+least+educated+state+in+nation&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Piper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kplctv.com%2F2023%2F02%2F14%2Freport-louisiana-third-least-educated-state-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm">"State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812033507/http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Median+Household+Income+Patterns%3A+1990%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproximityone.com%2Fstmhi0910.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI—Subnational HDI—Global Data Lab"</a>. globaldatalab.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915025618/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2019. 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Retrieved June 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Census%3A+Louisiana+remains+1+of+nation%27s+poorest+states&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F1068e41cc2374eb9a3457b807de011f0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-America's_Health_Rankings-28"><a href="#cite_ref-America's_Health_Rankings_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201061439/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/LA">"Louisiana Annual State Health Rankings—2018"</a>. America's Health Rankings. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americashealthrankings.org/LA">the original</a> on December 1, 2014. 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Walker, "Earliest Mound Site"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227043152/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/newsbriefs/mounds.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Archaeology Magazine, Volume 51 Number 1, January/February 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreucelMrozowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Preucel, Robert W; Mrozowski, Stephen A (May 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccsmpug-xaoC&q=Hedgepeth+Middle+Archaic+site&pg=PA177">Robert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 177</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405158329" title="Special:BookSources/9781405158329"><bdi>9781405158329</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153248/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccsmpug-xaoC&q=Hedgepeth+Middle+Archaic+site&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2021. 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Gibson, PhD, "Poverty Point: The First Complex Mississippi Culture"</a>, 2001, Delta Blues, accessed October 26, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207234411/http://www.deltablues.net/jon.html">Archived</a> December 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tchefuncte-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Tchefuncte_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331120414/http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/tchefuncte/">"Tchefuncte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/tchefuncte/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017. 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Left Coast Press. pp. 199–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-261-9"><bdi>978-1-59874-261-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231172006/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWm6FYXp50wC&q=troyville+culture#v=snippet&q=troyville%20culture&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016. 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United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7A05Cl-FcwgC&pg=PA8">Asian and Pacific Presence: Harmony in Faith</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-449-6"><bdi>978-1-57455-449-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510080011/https://books.google.com/books?id=7A05Cl-FcwgC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. 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Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BRProud.com&rft.atitle=Census+data%3A+Northern+LA+loses+population%2C+area+along+I-10+makes+major+gains&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brproud.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fcensus-data-northern-la-loses-population-area-along-i-10-makes-major-gains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilburn" class="citation web cs1">Hilburn, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/news/2021/04/26/2020-census-louisiana-keeps-6-congressional-seats-population-grows/7389638002/">"2020 Census: Louisiana keeps 6 congressional seats as population grows 2.7%"</a>. The Daily Advertiser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429054907/https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/news/2021/04/26/2020-census-louisiana-keeps-6-congressional-seats-population-grows/7389638002/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Advertiser&rft.atitle=2020+Census%3A+Louisiana+keeps+6+congressional+seats+as+population+grows+2.7%25&rft.aulast=Hilburn&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvertiser.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2F2020-census-louisiana-keeps-6-congressional-seats-population-grows%2F7389638002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_f2f6d1d6-a6cf-11eb-8297-2b280471e64b.html">"Analyzing the Census: Louisiana saw one of the slowest growth rates in the U.S., but why?"</a>. NOLA.com. April 26, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618012235/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_f2f6d1d6-a6cf-11eb-8297-2b280471e64b.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Analyzing+the+Census%3A+Louisiana+saw+one+of+the+slowest+growth+rates+in+the+U.S.%2C+but+why%3F&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle_f2f6d1d6-a6cf-11eb-8297-2b280471e64b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGremillion2021" class="citation web cs1">Gremillion, Nick (April 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kplctv.com/2021/04/26/louisianas-population-grew-by-k-since-census-says/">"Louisiana's population has grown by 107k since 2010, Census says"</a>. KPLC-TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429120833/https://www.kplctv.com/2021/04/26/louisianas-population-grew-by-k-since-census-says/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KPLC-TV&rft.atitle=Louisiana%27s+population+has+grown+by+107k+since+2010%2C+Census+says&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Gremillion&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kplctv.com%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2Flouisianas-population-grew-by-k-since-census-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableA.pdf">"Table A. Apportionment Population, Resident Population, and Overseas Population: 2020 Census and 2010 Census"</a> (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202031/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+A.+Apportionment+Population%2C+Resident+Population%2C+and+Overseas+Population%3A+2020+Census+and+2010+Census&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-tableA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdelson2022" class="citation web cs1">Adelson, Jeff (March 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/population-declines-in-most-louisiana-parishes-except-for-the-suburbs-new-estimates-show/article_fc5ff816-aba5-11ec-b605-234640609e50.html">"Population declines in most Louisiana parishes, except for the suburbs, new estimates show"</a>. NOLA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107172652/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/population-declines-in-most-louisiana-parishes-except-for-the-suburbs-new-estimates-show/article_fc5ff816-aba5-11ec-b605-234640609e50.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Population+declines+in+most+Louisiana+parishes%2C+except+for+the+suburbs%2C+new+estimates+show&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.aulast=Adelson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpopulation-declines-in-most-louisiana-parishes-except-for-the-suburbs-new-estimates-show%2Farticle_fc5ff816-aba5-11ec-b605-234640609e50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosbrucker2021" class="citation web cs1">Mosbrucker, Kristen (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/louisianas-population-continues-to-shrink-stats-show-nearly-13k-decline-between-2019-2020/article_3833634c-5cdc-11eb-951d-b39a30651d28.html">"Louisiana's population continues to shrink: Stats show nearly 13K decline between 2019, 2020"</a>. The Advocate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125015505/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/louisianas-population-continues-to-shrink-stats-show-nearly-13k-decline-between-2019-2020/article_3833634c-5cdc-11eb-951d-b39a30651d28.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Louisiana%27s+population+continues+to+shrink%3A+Stats+show+nearly+13K+decline+between+2019%2C+2020&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=Mosbrucker&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Flouisianas-population-continues-to-shrink-stats-show-nearly-13k-decline-between-2019-2020%2Farticle_3833634c-5cdc-11eb-951d-b39a30651d28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdelson2021" class="citation web cs1">Adelson, Jeff (December 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/louisiana-saw-fifth-highest-population-loss-in-u-s-in-2021-according-to-new-estimates/article_c9a00050-637b-11ec-a1a3-773fc5fa7af3.html">"Louisiana saw fifth highest population loss in U.S. in 2021, according to new estimates"</a>. NOLA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209215629/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/louisiana-saw-fifth-highest-population-loss-in-u-s-in-2021-according-to-new-estimates/article_c9a00050-637b-11ec-a1a3-773fc5fa7af3.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Louisiana+saw+fifth+highest+population+loss+in+U.S.+in+2021%2C+according+to+new+estimates&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Adelson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flouisiana-saw-fifth-highest-population-loss-in-u-s-in-2021-according-to-new-estimates%2Farticle_c9a00050-637b-11ec-a1a3-773fc5fa7af3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/detroit/news/michigan-ranked-no-4-for-most-people-moving-out-of-the-state/">"Michigan ranked No.4 for most people moving out of the state"</a>. CBS News. January 3, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125015503/https://www.cbsnews.com/detroit/news/michigan-ranked-no-4-for-most-people-moving-out-of-the-state/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2023. 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Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+in+U.S.+Population+Shows+Early+Indication+of+Recovery+Amid+COVID-19+Pandemic.&rft.pub=www.census.gov.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2022%2F2022-population-estimates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/LA">"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Louisiana"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230220004/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/LA">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+QuickFacts%3A+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2FLA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/locations/louisiana/">"Take a look: How immigrants drive the economy in Louisiana"</a>. American Immigration Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705202111/http://map.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/locations/louisiana/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Immigration+Council&rft.atitle=Take+a+look%3A+How+immigrants+drive+the+economy+in+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmap.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Flocations%2Flouisiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judiciary.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=1894">"New Orleans: How the Crescent City Became a Sanctuary City | U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee"</a>. judiciary.house.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818202518/https://judiciary.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=1894">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. 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April 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818202517/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_5c63625b-7ab5-573c-8bb9-743dfa0e1f34.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Sanctuary+city+ban+advances+in+Louisiana+Legislature%2C+with+New+Orleans+in+mind&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle_5c63625b-7ab5-573c-8bb9-743dfa0e1f34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_ded80350-e854-540b-a607-7cf2fdd8b90e.html">"'Sanctuary city' policy puts an end to NOPD's immigration enforcement"</a>. NOLA.com. March 2, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818202518/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_ded80350-e854-540b-a607-7cf2fdd8b90e.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=%27Sanctuary+city%27+policy+puts+an+end+to+NOPD%27s+immigration+enforcement&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle_ded80350-e854-540b-a607-7cf2fdd8b90e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010.census.gov-174"><a href="#cite_ref-2010.census.gov_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF2010_Census_Data" class="citation web cs1">2010 Census Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215083619/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/index.php">"2010 Census Data—2010 Census"</a>. 2010.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/index.php">the original</a> on February 15, 2012. 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Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color, Louisiana State University Press, 2009, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/entry/creoles">"Creoles"</a>. 64 Parishes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701153301/https://64parishes.org/entry/creoles">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022. <q>By the 1720s, free mixed-race Louisianans made up such a substantial part of the population that the Code Noir (laws governing race relations in Louisiana) spelled out the group's special place in colonial society. These Creoles of color, as they were known (gens de couleur libres in French, "free persons of color"), occupied a middle ground between whites and enslaved blacks. They commonly owned property, including slaves, and received formal educations, sometimes in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=64+Parishes&rft.atitle=Creoles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F64parishes.org%2Fentry%2Fcreoles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/entry/cajuns">"Cajuns"</a>. 64 Parishes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080920/https://64parishes.org/entry/cajuns">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. 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Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+The+Los+Isle%C3%B1os+Fiesta+celebrates+Canary+Island+immigrants%2C+cultural+heritage+of+St.+Bernard&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fphotos%2Fcollection_97e45d44-622f-11ea-b007-ef634a18db88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF(LSU)" class="citation web cs1">(LSU), Louisiana State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsu.edu/about/index.php">"About Us"</a>. Lsu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025758/http://lsu.edu/about/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lsu.edu&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.aulast=%28LSU%29&rft.aufirst=Louisiana+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsu.edu%2Fabout%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latech.edu/2023/04/25/louisiana-tech-earns-2024-u-s-news-world-report-best-graduate-schools-rankings/">"Louisiana Tech earns 2023-24 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools Rankings"</a>. 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September 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602061656/https://www.latech.edu/2022/09/20/forbes-names-tech-one-of-two-top-louisiana-publics/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2023. 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December 17, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124015823/https://louisiana.edu/news-events/news/20211217/ul-lafayette-achieves-carnegie%E2%80%99s-prestigious-r1-designation">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2022. 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Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=256th+Infantry+Brigade+Combat+Team%E2%80%94Louisiana+National+Guard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeauxguard.la.gov%2Forganization%2Flouisiana-national-guard%2F256th-infantry-brigade-combat-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geauxguard.la.gov/organization/louisiana-national-guard/159th-fighter-wing/">"159th Fighter Wing—Louisiana National Guard"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031031620/https://geauxguard.la.gov/organization/louisiana-national-guard/159th-fighter-wing/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=159th+Fighter+Wing%E2%80%94Louisiana+National+Guard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeauxguard.la.gov%2Forganization%2Flouisiana-national-guard%2F159th-fighter-wing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickman" class="citation magazine cs1">Pickman, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/college/2020/01/13/lsu-national-championships-won-history-results">"How Many National Championships Has LSU Won?"</a>. Sports Illustrated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134143/https://www.si.com/college/2020/01/13/lsu-national-championships-won-history-results">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=How+Many+National+Championships+Has+LSU+Won%3F&rft.aulast=Pickman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fcollege%2F2020%2F01%2F13%2Flsu-national-championships-won-history-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/nfl/2020/01/19/most-super-bowls-city">"Super Bowl LIV: What city has hosted the most Super Bowls?"</a>. Sports Illustrated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134144/https://www.si.com/nfl/2020/01/19/most-super-bowls-city">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Super+Bowl+LIV%3A+What+city+has+hosted+the+most+Super+Bowls%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fnfl%2F2020%2F01%2F19%2Fmost-super-bowls-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/30115794/new-orleans-host-super-bowl-2025-24-due-conflict-mardi-gras">"New Orleans to host Super Bowl in 2025, not '24"</a>. ESPN.com. October 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134143/https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/30115794/new-orleans-host-super-bowl-2025-24-due-conflict-mardi-gras">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+to+host+Super+Bowl+in+2025%2C+not+%2724&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F30115794%2Fnew-orleans-host-super-bowl-2025-24-due-conflict-mardi-gras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413085303/http://usafootball.com/news/press-box/woodland-hills-high-school-pittsburgh-has-most-nfl-players-california-leads-states-ho">"Woodland Hills High School in Pittsburgh has most NFL players; California leads states; Houston leads hometowns"</a>. Usafootball.com. September 24, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafootball.com/news/press-box/woodland-hills-high-school-pittsburgh-has-most-nfl-players-california-leads-states-ho">the original</a> on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodland+Hills+High+School+in+Pittsburgh+has+most+NFL+players%3B+California+leads+states%3B+Houston+leads+hometowns&rft.pub=Usafootball.com&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafootball.com%2Fnews%2Fpress-box%2Fwoodland-hills-high-school-pittsburgh-has-most-nfl-players-california-leads-states-ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loudwire.com/tags/phil-anselmo/">"Phil Anselmo"</a>. loudwire.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216072658/https://loudwire.com/tags/phil-anselmo/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loudwire.com&rft.atitle=Phil+Anselmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floudwire.com%2Ftags%2Fphil-anselmo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGifford2021" class="citation web cs1">Gifford, Storm (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-terry-bradshaw-alias-20210304-u2t55tvffzarbfr357vr3ptxey-story.html">"Terry Bradshaw confirms he checked in for 1983 surgery under alias 'Tom Brady'"</a>. New York Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417192447/https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-terry-bradshaw-alias-20210304-u2t55tvffzarbfr357vr3ptxey-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Terry+Bradshaw+confirms+he+checked+in+for+1983+surgery+under+alias+%27Tom+Brady%27&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Storm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fsnyde%2Fny-terry-bradshaw-alias-20210304-u2t55tvffzarbfr357vr3ptxey-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prcno.org/carville-matalins-new-orleans-home/">"James Carville and Mary Matalin's New Orleans home features stunning historic details and a mural that captures one of the "city's most glorious treasures""</a>. Preservation Resource Center of New Orleans. 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Olympic Channel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155715/https://www.olympicchannel.com/es/athletes/detail/armand-duplantis/">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympic+Channel&rft.atitle=Armand+Duplantis+News%2C+Videos%2C+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympicchannel.com%2Fes%2Fathletes%2Fdetail%2Farmand-duplantis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amoeba.com/mannie-fresh/artist/161249/bio">"Mannie Fresh – Biography – Amoeba Music"</a>. Amoeba.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815235137/https://www.amoeba.com/mannie-fresh/artist/161249/bio">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amoeba.com&rft.atitle=Mannie+Fresh+%E2%80%93+Biography+%E2%80%93+Amoeba+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amoeba.com%2Fmannie-fresh%2Fartist%2F161249%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passionweiss.com/2013/02/07/question-in-the-form-of-an-answer-an-interview-with-kevin-gates/">"Question in the Form of an Answer: An Interview with Kevin Gates"</a>. Passionweiss.com. 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Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brproud.com&rft.atitle=Reese+Witherspoon+%26+cast+of+%27Big+Little+Lies%27+donate+money+to+help+frontline+workers+in+NOLA&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brproud.com%2Fnews%2Freese-witherspoon-cast-of-big-little-lies-donate-money-to-help-frontline-workers-in-nola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9330365/youngboy-never-broke-again-builds-momentum-at-second-tour-stop-in-l-a">"YoungBoy Never Broke Again Builds Momentum at Second Tour Stop in L.A."</a> Billboard. March 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228230812/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9330365/youngboy-never-broke-again-builds-momentum-at-second-tour-stop-in-l-a/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=YoungBoy+Never+Broke+Again+Builds+Momentum+at+Second+Tour+Stop+in+L.A.&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fhip-hop%2F9330365%2Fyoungboy-never-broke-again-builds-momentum-at-second-tour-stop-in-l-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>The Sugar Masters: Planters and Slaves in Louisiana's Cane World, 1820–1860 by Richard Follett, Louisiana State University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3247-0">978-0-8071-3247-0</a></li> <li>The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 by Hugh Thomas. 1997: Simon and Schuster. p. 548.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> 2006: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533944-4">978-0-19-533944-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannopoulos,_A.N." class="mw-redirect" title="Yiannopoulos, A.N.">Yiannopoulos, A.N.</a>, The Civil Codes of Louisiana (reprinted from Civil Law System: Louisiana and Comparative law, A Coursebook: Texts, Cases and Materials, 3d Edition; similar to version in preface to Louisiana Civil Code, ed. by Yiannopoulos)</li> <li>Rodolfo Batiza, "The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance", 46 TUL. L. REV. 4 (1971); Rodolfo Batiza, "Sources of the Civil Code of 1808, Facts and Speculation: A Rejoinder", 46 TUL. L. REV. 628 (1972); Robert A. Pascal, Sources of the Digest of 1808: A Reply to Professor Batiza, 46 TUL. L. REV. 603 (1972); Joseph M. Sweeney, Tournament of Scholars Over the Sources of the Civil Code of 1808,46 TUL. L. REV. 585 (1972).</li> <li>The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9" title="Charles Gayarré">Charles Gayarré</a>'s History of Louisiana (various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885).</li> <li>A number of accounts by 17th- and 18th-century French explorers: Jean-Bernard Bossu, François-Marie Perrin du Lac, Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr. Mascrier), Fr. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a>, Lahontan, Louis Narcisse Baudry des Lozières, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_B%C3%A9nard_de_la_Harpe" title="Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe">Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe</a>, and Laval. In this group, the explorer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Simon_Le_Page_du_Pratz" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz">Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz</a> may be the first historian of Louisiana with his Histoire de la Louisiane (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="François Xavier Martin">François Xavier Martin</a>'s History of Louisiana (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed. by J. F. Condon, continued to 1861, New Orleans, 1882) is the first scholarly treatment of the subject, along with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a>' Histoire de la Louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la France aux Etats-Unis (Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A9e_Fortier" title="Alcée Fortier">Alcée Fortier</a>'s A History of Louisiana (N.Y., 4 vols., 1904) is the most recent of the large-scale scholarly histories of the state.</li> <li>The official works of Albert Phelps and <a href="/wiki/Grace_King" title="Grace King">Grace King</a>, the publications of the Louisiana Historical Society and several works on <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">the history of New Orleans (q.v.)</a>, among them those by Henry Rightor and John Smith Kendall provide background.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louisiana.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/louisiana-state-guide">Louisiana: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Louisiana at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Louisiana">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="c:Louisiana">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Louisiana" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Louisiana">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="q:Louisiana">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Louisiana">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Louisiana">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Louisiana">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Louisiana" class="extiw" title="voy:Louisiana">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424033038/http://lagic.lsu.edu/">Louisiana Geographic Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leh.org/">Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saltycajun.com/forum/view.php?pg=info_weather">Louisiana Weather and Tides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029112424/http://www.saltycajun.com/forum/view.php?pg=info_weather">Archived</a> October 29, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> Admitted on April 30, 1812 (18th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_Louisiana_—_The_Pelican_State119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_Louisiana_—_The_Pelican_State119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to Louisiana — The Pelican State</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Louisiana500" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana" title="Template:Louisiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana" title="Template talk:Louisiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Louisiana500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Louisiana" title="Outline of Louisiana">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Louisiana-related_articles" title="Index of Louisiana-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Louisiana" title="Fauna of Louisiana">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Louisiana" title="List of people from Louisiana">Louisianians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Louisiana" title="Constitution of Louisiana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of governors of Louisiana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_hurricanes_(2000-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000-present)">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts#Louisiana" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_symbols" title="List of Louisiana state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Louisiana">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Louisiana" title="Abortion in Louisiana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Louisiana" title="Climate change in Louisiana">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Louisiana" title="Culture of Louisiana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Louisiana" title="Crime in Louisiana">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Louisiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Louisiana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Louisiana" title="Gun laws in Louisiana">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Louisiana">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Louisiana">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Mass media in Louisiana">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Louisiana" title="List of newspapers in Louisiana">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Louisiana" title="List of radio stations in Louisiana">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Louisiana" title="List of television stations in Louisiana">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Politics of Louisiana">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Louisiana" title="Central Louisiana">Central Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Louisiana">Northwest Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">North Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Louisiana" title="Southwest Louisiana">Southwest Louisiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns,_and_villages_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana" title="Bossier City, Louisiana">Bossier City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Iberia,_Louisiana" title="New Iberia, Louisiana">New Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas,_Louisiana" title="Opelousas, Louisiana">Opelousas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponchatoula,_Louisiana" title="Ponchatoula, Louisiana">Ponchatoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruston,_Louisiana" title="Ruston, Louisiana">Ruston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana" title="Slidell, Louisiana">Slidell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur,_Louisiana" title="Sulphur, Louisiana">Sulphur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Louisiana" title="Harvey, Louisiana">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaPlace,_Louisiana" title="LaPlace, Louisiana">LaPlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrero,_Louisiana" title="Marrero, Louisiana">Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Bluff,_Louisiana" title="Moss Bluff, Louisiana">Moss Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytown,_Louisiana" title="Terrytown, Louisiana">Terrytown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana metropolitan areas">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bayou_Cane,_Louisiana" title="Bayou Cane, Louisiana">Bayou Cane</a>–<a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana" title="Bossier City, Louisiana">Bossier City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Acadia Parish, Louisiana">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Allen Parish, Louisiana">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ascension Parish, Louisiana">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Assumption Parish, Louisiana">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana">Avoyelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauregard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Beauregard Parish, Louisiana">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bienville Parish, Louisiana">Bienville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bossier Parish, Louisiana">Bossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana">Calcasieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caldwell Parish, Louisiana">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Cameron Parish, Louisiana">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Catahoula Parish, Louisiana">Catahoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Claiborne Parish, Louisiana">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Concordia Parish, Louisiana">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Parish,_Louisiana" title="DeSoto Parish, Louisiana">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Carroll Parish, Louisiana">East Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">East Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Evangeline Parish, Louisiana">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Franklin Parish, Louisiana">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Grant Parish, Louisiana">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberia Parish, Louisiana">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberville Parish, Louisiana">Iberville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jackson Parish, Louisiana">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette Parish, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafourche Parish, Louisiana">Lafourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Parish,_Louisiana" title="LaSalle Parish, Louisiana">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lincoln Parish, Louisiana">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Livingston Parish, Louisiana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Madison Parish, Louisiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Morehouse Parish, Louisiana">Morehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans Parish, Louisiana">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ouachita Parish, Louisiana">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coupee_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana">Pointe Coupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Rapides Parish, Louisiana">Rapides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Red River Parish, Louisiana">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Richland Parish, Louisiana">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Sabine Parish, Louisiana">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Helena_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Helena Parish, Louisiana">St. Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. James Parish, Louisiana">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Landry_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Landry Parish, Louisiana">St. Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Martin Parish, Louisiana">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Mary Parish, Louisiana">St. Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensas_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tensas Parish, Louisiana">Tensas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Union Parish, Louisiana">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vermilion Parish, Louisiana">Vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vernon Parish, Louisiana">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Washington Parish, Louisiana">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Webster Parish, Louisiana">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">West Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Carroll Parish, Louisiana">West Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winn_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Winn Parish, Louisiana">Winn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Louisiana341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;background:#abdb75"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Louisiana" title="Template:Protected areas of Louisiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Louisiana" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Louisiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Louisiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Louisiana341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Park">National Historical Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_River_Creole_National_Historical_Park" title="Cane River Creole National Historical Park">Cane River Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Jean Lafitte NHP and Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_National_Historical_Park" title="New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park">New Orleans Jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="National Marine Sanctuary">National Marine Sanctuary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Garden_Banks_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary">Flower Garden Banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kisatchie_National_Forest" title="Kisatchie National Forest">Kisatchie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National wild and scenic rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saline_Bayou" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline Bayou">Saline Bayou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge">Atchafalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Cocodrie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge">Bayou Cocodrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Sauvage_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge">Bayou Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bayou Teche National Wildlife Refuge">Bayou Teche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Branch_Marsh_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge">Big Branch Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bayou_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Black Bayou Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Black Bayou Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogue_Chitto_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge">Bogue Chitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Breton National Wildlife Refuge">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prairie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge">Cameron Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge">Cat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catahoula_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Catahoula National Wildlife Refuge">Catahoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arbonne_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="D'Arbonne National Wildlife Refuge">D'Arbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Delta National Wildlife Refuge">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cove_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="East Cove National Wildlife Refuge">East Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cote_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Grand Cote National Wildlife Refuge">Grand Cote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handy_Brake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Handy Brake National Wildlife Refuge">Handy Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacassine_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge">Lacassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ophelia_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Ophelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Red River National Wildlife Refuge">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sabine National Wildlife Refuge">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Keys_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge">Shell Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensas_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge">Tensas River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Ouachita_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge">Upper Ouachita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Louisiana">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_parks" title="List of Louisiana state parks">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Segnette_State_Park" title="Bayou Segnette State Park">Bayou Segnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogue_Chitto_State_Park" title="Bogue Chitto State Park">Bogue Chitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemin-A-Haut_State_Park" title="Chemin-A-Haut State Park">Chemin-A-Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicot_State_Park" title="Chicot State Park">Chicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypremort_Point_State_Park" title="Cypremort Point State Park">Cypremort Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview-Riverside_State_Park" title="Fairview-Riverside State Park">Fairview-Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_State_Park" title="Fontainebleau State Park">Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_State_Park_(Louisiana)" title="Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)">Grand Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodges_Gardens_State_Park" title="Hodges Gardens State Park">Hodges Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis_State_Park" title="Jimmie Davis State Park">Jimmie Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bistineau_State_Park" title="Lake Bistineau State Park">Lake Bistineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bruin_State_Park" title="Lake Bruin State Park">Lake Bruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Claiborne_State_Park" title="Lake Claiborne State Park">Lake Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_D%27Arbonne_State_Park" title="Lake D'Arbonne State Park">Lake D-Arbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Fausse_Pointe_State_Park" title="Lake Fausse Pointe State Park">Lake Fausse Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Toledo_Bend_State_Park" title="North Toledo Bend State Park">North Toledo Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Island_State_Park" title="Palmetto Island State Park">Palmetto Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_Reservoir_State_Park" title="Poverty Point Reservoir State Park">Poverty Point Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_State_Park" title="St. Bernard State Park">St. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Jones_State_Park" title="Sam Houston Jones State Park">Sam Houston Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Toledo_Bend_State_Park" title="South Toledo Bend State Park">South Toledo Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickfaw_State_Park" title="Tickfaw State Park">Tickfaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_historic_sites" title="List of Louisiana state historic sites">State Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_State_Historic_Site" title="Audubon State Historic Site">Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_College_of_Louisiana_at_Jackson" title="Centenary College of Louisiana at Jackson">Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesup" title="Fort Jesup">Fort Jesup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pike" title="Fort Pike">Fort Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Jean_Baptiste_State_Historic_Site" title="Fort St. Jean Baptiste State Historic Site">Fort St. Jean Baptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forts_Randolph_and_Buhlow_State_Historic_Site" title="Forts Randolph and Buhlow State Historic Site">Forts Randolph & Buhlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_Grove_State_Historic_Site" title="Locust Grove State Historic Site">Locust Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow-Evangeline_State_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site">Longfellow-Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_State_Historic_Site" title="Mansfield State Historic Site">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_Lock_State_Historic_Site" title="Plaquemine Lock State Historic Site">Plaquemine Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hudson_State_Historic_Site" title="Port Hudson State Historic Site">Port Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_State_Historic_Site" title="Rebel State Historic Site">Rebel State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedown_Plantation" title="Rosedown Plantation">Rosedown Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Quarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Winter Quarters State Historic Site">Winter Quarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">State Preservation Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Arboretum" title="Louisiana State Arboretum">Louisiana State Arboretum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">State Forests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_State_Forest" title="Alexander State Forest">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_Recreation_Area" title="Indian Creek Recreation Area">Indian Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">State Wildlife Refuges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Elmer's Island</li> <li>Marsh Island</li> <li>Rockefeller</li> <li>St. Tammany</li> <li>State</li> <li>Terrebonne Barrier Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lake_Wetlands_Conservation_Area" title="White Lake Wetlands Conservation Area">White Lake Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Wildlife management areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadiana Conservation Corridor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Complex_Wildlife_Management_Area#Atchafalaya_Delta_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Sherburne Complex Wildlife Management Area">Atchafalaya Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakapas_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Attakapas Wildlife Management Area">Attakapas</a></li> <li>Barataria Preserve</li> <li>Bayou Macon</li> <li>Bayou Pierre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Lilly_Conservation_Area" title="Ben Lilly Conservation Area">Ben Lilly Conservation Area</a></li> <li>Ben's Creek</li> <li>Big Colewa Bayou</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Big Lake Wildlife Management Area">Big Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Biloxi Wildlife Management Area">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodcau_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Bodcau Wildlife Management Area">Bodcau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeuf_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Boeuf Wildlife Management Area">Boeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_Carr%C3%A9_Spillway" title="Bonnet Carré Spillway">Bonnet Carré Spillway</a></li> <li>Buckhorn</li> <li>Camp Beauregard</li> <li>Catahoula Lake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Clear Creek Wildlife Management Area">Clear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_W._Wills_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Dewey W. Wills Wildlife Management Area">Dewey Wills</a></li> <li>Elbow Slough</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Hall_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Elm Hall Wildlife Management Area">Elm Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esler_Field_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Esler Field Wildlife Management Area">Esler Field</a></li> <li>Floy Ward McElroy</li> <li>Fort Polk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassy_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Grassy Lake Wildlife Management Area">Grassy Lake</a></li> <li>Hutchinson Creek</li> <li>Indian Bayou</li> <li>Jackson Bienville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._%22Sonny%22_Gilbert_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="J. C. "Sonny" Gilbert Wildlife Management Area">J. C. "Sonny" Gilbert Wildlife Management Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Joyce Wildlife Management Area">Joyce</a></li> <li>Lake Boeuf</li> <li>Lake Ramsey Savannah</li> <li>Little River</li> <li>Loggy Bayou</li> <li>Manchac</li> <li>Marsh Bayou</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurepas_Swamp_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area">Maurepas Swamp</a></li> <li>Old River Control</li> <li>Ouachita</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_a_Loutre_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area">Pass A Loutre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pearl River Wildlife Management Area">Pearl River</a></li> <li>Peason Ridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-aux-Chenes_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pointe-aux-Chenes Wildlife Management Area">Pointe-aux-Chenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomme_de_Terre_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pomme de Terre Wildlife Management Area">Pomme de Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Yancey_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Richard K. Yancey Wildlife Management Area">Richard K. Yancey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Sage_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Russell Sage Wildlife Management Area">Russell Sage</a></li> <li>Sabine</li> <li>Sabine Island</li> <li>Salvador/Timken</li> <li>Sandy Hollow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Complex_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Sherburne Complex Wildlife Management Area">Sherburne</a> (See: Atchafalaya Delta)</li> <li>Soda Lake</li> <li>Spring Bayou</li> <li>Tangipahoa Parish School Board</li> <li>Thistlethwaite</li> <li>Three Rivers</li> <li>Tunica Hills</li> <li>Union</li> <li>Walnut Hill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bay_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="West Bay Wildlife Management Area">West Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_City_(wildfowl_refuge)" title="Bird City (wildfowl refuge)">Bird City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Rainey_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Sanctuary">Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_Swamp_Nature_Center" title="Bluebonnet Swamp Nature Center">Bluebonnet Swamp Nature Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Agriculture_and_Forestry" title="Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry">Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Culture,_Recreation_%26_Tourism" title="Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism">Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Wildlife_and_Fisheries" title="Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries">Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law%27s_Company" title="John Law's Company">John Law's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indies_Company" title="French Indies Company">French Indies Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central government and administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (also reigned after Louis I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable cities, provinces, and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers, adventurers and conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers, priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li>2 Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406251951">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107909338">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135467069">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207035/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMfGD6vC6PfXqvVQHjYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036394-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138970">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864769s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864769s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629427">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129873&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451093">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046299">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555083305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514725506706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fc68ecf5-507e-4012-b60b-d93747a3cfa7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02913988?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026391252">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045323">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=59071">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Louisiana&params=31_N_92_W_dim:300000_region:US-LA_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Louisiana">31°N 92°W / 31°N 92°W / 31; -92 (State of Louisiana)</a> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana&oldid=1278360800">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana&oldid=1278360800</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louisiana" title="Category:Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1812_establishments_in_the_United_States" 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