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</li> <li id="toc-The_swing_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_swing_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The swing era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_swing_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_big_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_big_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern big bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_big_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بيغ باند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيغ باند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Биг бенд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биг бенд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigband" title="Bigband – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bigband" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Band" title="Big Band – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Big Band" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigb%C3%A4nd" title="Bigbänd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bigbänd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4azbandego" title="Ĵazbandego – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵazbandego" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گروه بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigband" title="Bigband – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bigband" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Band" title="Big Band – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Big Band" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%EB%B0%B4%EB%93%9C" title="빅밴드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅밴드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ביג בנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביג בנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigband" title="Bigband – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bigband" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigbendas" title="Bigbendas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bigbendas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بيج باند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيج باند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigband" title="Bigband – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bigband" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ビッグバンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビッグバンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storband" title="Storband – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storband" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storband" title="Storband – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storband" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-band" title="Big-band – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Big-band" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Биг-бенд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биг-бенд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storband" title="Storband – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storband" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="บิกแบนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิกแบนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Big band" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Біг-бенд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біг-бенд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="大樂團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大樂團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207378#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music ensemble associated with jazz music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the albums, see <a href="/wiki/Big_Band_(Joe_Henderson_album)" title="Big Band (Joe Henderson album)"><i>Big Band</i> (Joe Henderson album)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Band_(Charlie_Parker_album)" title="Big Band (Charlie Parker album)"><i>Big Band</i> (Charlie Parker album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Big band</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitemanband1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitemanband1921.jpg/220px-Whitemanband1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitemanband1921.jpg/330px-Whitemanband1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitemanband1921.jpg/440px-Whitemanband1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Paul Whiteman and his orchestra in 1921</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_march_music" title="American march music">American marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a></li> <li>various rhythmic social dances</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1910s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (genre)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_age_pop" title="Space age pop">space age pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lounge_music" title="Lounge music">lounge</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_071210-N-9860Y-002_Navy_Band_Northwest_(NBNW)_Big_Band,_%22Cascade%22,_plays_%22Holly_and_the_Ivy_-_God_Rest_Ye_Merry_Gentlemen%22_at_the_%22Holly,_Jolly_Holiday%22_concert_held_in_Parker_Hall_of_Oak_Harbor_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_071210-N-9860Y-002_Navy_Band_Northwest_%28NBNW%29_Big_Band%2C_%22Cascade%22%2C_plays_%22Holly_and_the_Ivy_-_God_Rest_Ye_Merry_Gentlemen%22_at_the_%22Holly%2C_Jolly_Holiday%22_concert_held_in_Parker_Hall_of_Oak_Harbor_High_School.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_071210-N-9860Y-002_Navy_Band_Northwest_%28NBNW%29_Big_Band%2C_%22Cascade%22%2C_plays_%22Holly_and_the_Ivy_-_God_Rest_Ye_Merry_Gentlemen%22_at_the_%22Holly%2C_Jolly_Holiday%22_concert_held_in_Parker_Hall_of_Oak_Harbor_High_School.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_071210-N-9860Y-002_Navy_Band_Northwest_%28NBNW%29_Big_Band%2C_%22Cascade%22%2C_plays_%22Holly_and_the_Ivy_-_God_Rest_Ye_Merry_Gentlemen%22_at_the_%22Holly%2C_Jolly_Holiday%22_concert_held_in_Parker_Hall_of_Oak_Harbor_High_School.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The United States Navy Band Northwest Big Band plays at a concert held in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Harbor_High_School_(Washington)" title="Oak Harbor High School (Washington)">Oak Harbor High School</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>big band</b> or <b>jazz orchestra</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz music</a> that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> in the early 1940s when <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a> was most popular. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. </p><p>Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing the <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg/400px-Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg/600px-Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg/800px-Jazz_ensemble_-_seating_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Most common seating arrangement for a 17-piece big band</figcaption></figure> <p>Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, drums and sometimes vibraphone.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redlands_symphony_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redlands_symphony-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a>'s band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three <a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">bass trombones</a>), five saxophones (two <a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophones</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophones</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophone" title="Baritone saxophone">baritone saxophone</a>), and a rhythm section. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> at one time used six trumpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Uptown_Conversation_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uptown_Conversation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from <a href="/wiki/Swinging_Suites_by_Edward_E._and_Edward_G." title="Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.">Swinging Suites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Raeburn" title="Boyd Raeburn">Boyd Raeburn</a> drew from <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestras</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a>, strings, and <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> to his band.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> incorporated a solo accordion, <a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">temple blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Violins">violins</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Big_Bands_-_4th_Edition_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Big_Bands_-_4th_Edition-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jazz ensembles numbering eight (<a href="/wiki/Octet_(music)" title="Octet (music)">octet</a>), nine (<a href="/wiki/Nonet_(music)" title="Nonet (music)">nonet</a>) or ten (<a href="/wiki/Decet_(music)" title="Decet (music)">tentet</a>) voices are sometimes called "little big bands".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm <a href="/wiki/Sextet" title="Sextet">sextet</a>". These ensembles typically featured three or more <a href="/wiki/Accordions" class="mw-redirect" title="Accordions">accordions</a> accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with <a href="/wiki/Vibes_(percussion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibes (percussion)">vibes</a> and were popularized by recording artists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Magnante" title="Charles Magnante">Charles Magnante</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Biviano<sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1946_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1946-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1946_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1946-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1956_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1956-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BillboardSqueezePlay_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillboardSqueezePlay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50.<sup id="cite_ref-JazzTimes_10:_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JazzTimes_10:-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seating_and_arrangements">Seating and arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seating and arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the most common seating for a 17-piece big band, each section is carefully set-up in a way to optimize the bands sound. For the wind players, there are 3 different types of parts: lead parts (including first trumpet, first trombone, and first alto sax), solo parts (including second or fourth trumpet, second trombone, and the first tenor sax), and section members (which include the rest of the band). The band is generally configured so lead parts are seated in the middle of their sections and solo parts are seated closest to the rhythm section. The fourth trombone part is generally played by a bass trombone. In some pieces the trumpets may double on <a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, and saxophone players frequently double on other woodwinds such as <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">soprano saxophone</a>. </p><p>It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the music's dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first prominent big band arrangers was <a href="/wiki/Ferde_Grof%C3%A9" title="Ferde Grofé">Ferde Grofé</a>, who was hired by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> to write for his “symphonic jazz orchestra”.<sup id="cite_ref-redlands_symphony_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redlands_symphony-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of bandleaders established long-term relationships with certain arrangers, such as the collaboration between leader Count Basie and arranger <a href="/wiki/Neil_Hefti" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil Hefti">Neil Hefti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bandleaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a>, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Lombardo" title="Carmen Lombardo">Carmen</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Studwell_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studwell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Schneider_(musician)" title="Maria Schneider (musician)">Maria Schneider</a>, take on all three roles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn" title="Billy Strayhorn">Billy Strayhorn</a>, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg/220px-OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg/330px-OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg/440px-OckbrookBandPridePark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Ockbrook Big Band at <a href="/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium" title="Pride Park Stadium">Pride Park Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Typical big band <a href="/wiki/Head_arrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="Head arrangement">arrangements</a> from the swing era were written in <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic form</a> with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows <a href="/wiki/Twelve_bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve bar blues">twelve bar blues</a> form or <a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form</a>. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "<a href="/wiki/Shout_chorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout chorus">shout choruses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16,_Solos_and_Backgrounds_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16,_Solos_and_Backgrounds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_Dennis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler_Dennis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some big ensembles, like <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver" title="King Oliver">King Oliver</a>'s, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>'s band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in."<sup id="cite_ref-Kernfeld_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kernfeld-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behrens2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz:_The_First_100_Years_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz:_The_First_100_Years-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.31">: p.31 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_music">Dance music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dance music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1910s_Pop_Trend_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1910s_Pop_Trend-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As jazz migrated from its <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> origin to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the <a href="/wiki/Jitterbug" title="Jitterbug">jitterbug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>. The dance duo <a href="/wiki/Vernon_and_Irene_Castle" title="Vernon and Irene Castle">Vernon and Irene Castle</a> popularized the <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot" title="Foxtrot">foxtrot</a> while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by <a href="/wiki/James_Reese_Europe" title="James Reese Europe">James Reese Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, <a href="/wiki/Art_Hickman" title="Art Hickman">Art Hickman</a>, in San Francisco in 1916. Hickman's arranger, <a href="/wiki/Ferde_Grof%C3%A9" title="Ferde Grofé">Ferde Grofé</a>, wrote <a href="/wiki/Head_arrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="Head arrangement">arrangements</a> in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> hired Grofé to use similar techniques for his band. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a>, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> led his band at the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> in Harlem. <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a>'s career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland Ballroom</a>. At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. Hickman relied on Ferde Grofé, Whiteman on <a href="/wiki/Bill_Challis" title="Bill Challis">Bill Challis</a>. Henderson and arranger <a href="/wiki/Don_Redman" title="Don Redman">Don Redman</a> followed the template of <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver" title="King Oliver">King Oliver</a>, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. They were assisted by a band full of talent: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> on tenor saxophone, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a>, whose career lasted into the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_swing_era">The swing era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The swing era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Big_band" title="Special:EditPage/Big band">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg/240px-BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg/360px-BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/BennyGoodmanandBandStageDoorCanteen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> (age 34) and <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a> (age 23) from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen" title="Stage Door Canteen">Stage Door Canteen</a></i> (1943).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_miller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glen_miller.jpg/200px-Glen_miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glen_miller.jpg/300px-Glen_miller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glen_miller.jpg/400px-Glen_miller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a>, a major in the U.S. Army Air Forces during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, led a 50-piece military band that specialized in swing music.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg/220px-Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg/330px-Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg/440px-Grand_Central_Big_Band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Central Big Band (2005).</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing music</a> began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal <a href="/wiki/4/4_time" class="mw-redirect" title="4/4 time"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a> of early jazz. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Page" title="Walter Page">Walter Page</a> is often credited with developing the <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although earlier examples exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Wellman_Braud" title="Wellman Braud">Wellman Braud</a> on Ellington's <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Washington Wabble</a></i> (1927).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and sometimes looked upon as a menace.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_J._Bindas_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_J._Bindas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A considerable range of styles evolved among the hundreds of popular bands. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> played a relaxed, propulsive swing, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Crosby" title="Bob Crosby">Bob Crosby</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing</a>), more of a dixieland style,<sup id="cite_ref-jeremy_wilson_bob_crosby_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeremy_wilson_bob_crosby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a>, the trombone of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Teagarden" title="Jack Teagarden">Jack Teagarden</a>, the trumpet of <a href="/wiki/Harry_James" title="Harry James">Harry James</a>, the drums of <a href="/wiki/Gene_Krupa" title="Gene Krupa">Gene Krupa</a>, and the vibes of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Haines" title="Connie Haines">Connie Haines</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey" title="Tommy Dorsey">Tommy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_O%27Connell" title="Helen O'Connell">Helen O'Connell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Eberly" title="Bob Eberly">Bob Eberly</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey" title="Jimmy Dorsey">Jimmy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing" title="Jimmy Rushing">Jimmy Rushing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Starr" title="Kay Starr">Kay Starr</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Barnet" title="Charlie Barnet">Charlie Barnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bea_Wain" title="Bea Wain">Bea Wain</a> with <a href="/wiki/Larry_Clinton" title="Larry Clinton">Larry Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Haymes" title="Dick Haymes">Dick Haymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kallen" title="Kitty Kallen">Kitty Kallen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Forrest" title="Helen Forrest">Helen Forrest</a> with <a href="/wiki/Harry_James" title="Harry James">Harry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran_Warren" title="Fran Warren">Fran Warren</a> with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Thornhill" title="Claude Thornhill">Claude Thornhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> with <a href="/wiki/Les_Brown_(bandleader)" title="Les Brown (bandleader)">Les Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Tilton" title="Martha Tilton">Martha Tilton</a> with <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the bands of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a> and Paul Whiteman.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Orchestra" title="Glenn Miller Orchestra">Glenn Miller Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> Rippling Rhythm Orchestra<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a> led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Dicaire_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Dicaire-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, many of the most popular big bands of the swing era cultivated small groups within the larger ensemble: e.g. Benny Goodman developed both a trio and a quartet, Artie Shaw formed the Gramercy Five, Count Basie developed the Kansas City Six and Tommy Dorsey the Clambake Seven.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex_Stewart_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Stewart-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's, and Calloway's, those of <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford" title="Jimmie Lunceford">Jimmie Lunceford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a>, and Count Basie. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma_Orchestra" title="Casa Loma Orchestra">Casa Loma Orchestra</a> and Benny Goodman's early band. The contrast in commercial popularity between "black" and "white" bands was striking: between 1935 and 1945 the top four "white" bands had 292 top ten records, of which 65 were number one hits, while the top four "black" bands had only 32 top ten hits, with only three reaching number one.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_J._Bindas_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_J._Bindas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (<a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Big bands raised morale during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Matheson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Matheson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many musicians served in the military and toured with <a href="/wiki/USO" class="mw-redirect" title="USO">USO</a> troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel during the war years, and, as a result, women replaced men who had been inducted, while all-female bands began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Matheson_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Matheson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1942%E2%80%9344_musicians%27_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1942–44 musicians' strike">1942–44 musicians' strike</a> worsened the situation. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_band" title="Ghost band">ghost bands</a>", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_big_bands">Modern big bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern big bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Big_band" title="Special:EditPage/Big band">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Bandleader <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Barnet" title="Charlie Barnet">Charlie Barnet</a>'s recording of "<a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Ray_Noble_song)" title="Cherokee (Ray Noble song)">Cherokee</a>" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a>'s first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a> referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. During the 1960s and '70s, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a> and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioia_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rich" title="Buddy Rich">Buddy Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Krupa" title="Gene Krupa">Gene Krupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Brown_(bandleader)" title="Les Brown (bandleader)">Les Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doc_Severinsen" title="Doc Severinsen">Doc Severinsen</a>. Progressive bands were led by <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Evans" title="Gil Evans">Gil Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bley" title="Carla Bley">Carla Bley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi_%E2%80%93_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band" title="Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band">Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Ellis" title="Don Ellis">Don Ellis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Braxton" title="Anthony Braxton">Anthony Braxton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock experimentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, and the horn choirs often used in blues and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, with some of the most prominent groups including <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_and_Tears" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood, Sweat and Tears">Blood, Sweat and Tears</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Power" title="Tower of Power">Tower of Power</a>; and, from Canada, <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_(band)" title="Lighthouse (band)">Lighthouse</a>. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a> and the jazz rock sector.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bandleaders used <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban</a> music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a> (on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Ascension_(John_Coltrane_album)" title="Ascension (John Coltrane album)">Ascension</a></i> from 1965) and bass guitarist <a href="/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius" title="Jaco Pastorius">Jaco Pastorius</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">cool jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a> using the instrumentation of the big bands. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Art_Orchestra" title="Vienna Art Orchestra">Vienna Art Orchestra</a>, founded in 1977, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Instabile_Orchestra" title="Italian Instabile Orchestra">Italian Instabile Orchestra</a>, active in the 1990s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HONK!_2022_performers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg/220px-HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg/330px-HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg/440px-HONK%21_2022_performers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HONK!" title="HONK!">HONK!</a> 2022 performers in <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1990s, there was a <a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">swing revival</a> in the U.S. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. </p><p>Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as <a href="/wiki/House_band" title="House band">house accompaniment</a>. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. </p><p>Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_College_Jazz_Bands_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_College_Jazz_Bands-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Big_band" title="Special:EditPage/Big band">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a> and his band broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Cafe" title="Sunset Cafe">the Grand Terrace</a> in Chicago every night across America.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Moten" title="Bennie Moten">Bennie Moten</a> and, later, by <a href="/wiki/Jay_McShann" title="Jay McShann">Jay McShann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Stone_(musician)" title="Jesse Stone (musician)">Jesse Stone</a>. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> was also featured over the airways on the <a href="/wiki/NBC_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC radio">NBC radio</a> network in his <i>Rippling Rhythm Revue,</i> which also showcased a young <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> as the announcer.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Big_band_remote" title="Big band remote">Big band remotes</a> on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(NBC_Radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor (NBC Radio)">Monitor</a></i>. Radio increased the fame of <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, the "Pied Piper of Swing". Others challenged him, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_bands" title="Battle of the bands">battle of the bands</a> became a regular feature of theater performances. </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a> and his Royal Canadians Orchestra also achieved widespread notoriety for nearly half a century as a result of their broadcasts on the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> networks of the annual New Year's Eve celebrations from the Roosevelt Grill at New York's <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hotel_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Hotel (New York)">Roosevelt Hotel</a> (1929-1959) and the Ballroom at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Astoria Hotel">Waldorf Astoria Hotel</a> (1959-1976) .<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Parker" title="Gloria Parker">Gloria Parker</a> had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spitalny" title="Phil Spitalny">Phil Spitalny</a>, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His <a href="/wiki/Hour_of_Charm_Orchestra" title="Hour of Charm Orchestra">Hour of Charm Orchestra</a>, named for his radio show, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hour_of_Charm" title="The Hour of Charm">The Hour of Charm</a></i>, during the 1930s and 1940s. Other female bands were led by trumpeter <a href="/wiki/B._A._Rolfe" title="B. A. Rolfe">B. A. Rolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mae_Winburn" title="Anna Mae Winburn">Anna Mae Winburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ina_Ray_Hutton" title="Ina Ray Hutton">Ina Ray Hutton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens2011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movies">Movies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.<a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Broadcast_of_1938" title="The Big Broadcast of 1938">The Big Broadcast of 1938</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-big_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fictionalized biographical films of <a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Miller_Story" title="The Glenn Miller Story">Glenn Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gene_Krupa_Story" title="The Gene Krupa Story">Gene Krupa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Benny_Goodman_Story" title="The Benny Goodman Story">Benny Goodman</a> were made in the 1950s. </p><p>The bands led by Helen Lewis, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernie" title="Ben Bernie">Ben Bernie</a>, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> film collection.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big_bands" title="List of big bands">List of big bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing (jazz performance style)</a>, a term of praise for playing that has a strong rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">"groove"</a> or drive</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gioia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gioia_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGioia2011" class="citation book cs1">Gioia, Ted (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/100"><i>The History of Jazz</i></a> (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/100">100—</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539970-7"><bdi>978-0-19-539970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100%E2%80%94&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539970-7&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjazz00gioia%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AM_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/big-band-ma0000002461">"Big Band Music Genre Overview"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Big+Band+Music+Genre+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fbig-band-ma0000002461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redlands_symphony-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redlands_symphony_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redlands_symphony_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034913/https://www.redlandssymphony.com/articles/history-of-big-band-jazz#:~:text=Just%20as%20an%20orchestra%20is,%2C%20bass%2C%20and%20drums).">"How We Got the Big Sound of Big Band Jazz"</a>. <i>Redlands Symphony</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redlandssymphony.com/articles/history-of-big-band-jazz#:~:text=Just%20as%20an%20orchestra%20is,%2C%20bass%2C%20and%20drums).">the original</a> on June 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redlands+Symphony&rft.atitle=How+We+Got+the+Big+Sound+of+Big+Band+Jazz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redlandssymphony.com%2Farticles%2Fhistory-of-big-band-jazz%23%3A~%3Atext%3DJust%2520as%2520an%2520orchestra%2520is%2C%252C%2520bass%252C%2520and%2520drums%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2002" class="citation book cs1">Collier, James (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6"><bdi>1-56159-284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56159-284-6&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uptown_Conversation-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uptown_Conversation_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'MeallyEdwardsGriffin2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Meally, Robert G.; Edwards, Brent Hayes; Griffin, Farah Jasmine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVnKSEjK-kMC&dq=Duke+Ellington+%22six+trumpets%22&pg=PT562"><i>Uptown Conversation: The New Jazz Studies</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50836-0"><bdi>978-0-231-50836-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(May 15, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/15/arts/pop-jazz-ellingtonians-salute-swing-era-clarinets.html">"Ellingtonians salute swing era clarinets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. NYTco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ellingtonians+salute+swing+era+clarinets&rft.date=1981-05-15&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F05%2F15%2Farts%2Fpop-jazz-ellingtonians-salute-swing-era-clarinets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/24/obituaries/shep-fields-leader-of-big-band-knowen-for-rippling-rythem.html">"Shep Fields, Leader of Big Band Known for Rippling Rhythm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 24, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shep+Fields%2C+Leader+of+Big+Band+Known+for+Rippling+Rhythm&rft.date=1981-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F02%2F24%2Fobituaries%2Fshep-fields-leader-of-big-band-knowen-for-rippling-rythem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Big_Bands_-_4th_Edition-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Big_Bands_-_4th_Edition_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4DAwAAQBAJ&q=Shep+Fields&pg=PT325"><i>The Big Bands - 4th Edition</i></a> George T. Simon. Schirmer Trade Books, London, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-812-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-812-6">978-0-85712-812-6</a> "Shep Fields Biography" on Books.google.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAzGNogQmM4C&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA289"><i>A Passion for Polka: Old-TIme Ethnic Music in America</i>. Greene, Victor. University of California Press, 1992 p. 124 Paul Whiteman featured the accordion on Google Books.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3"><i>Music Around The World: A Global Encyclopedia</i> . Andrew Martin & Matthew Mihalka editors. "Accordion (Americas) p. 3 Paul Whiteman Orchestra, accordion on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1981" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Robert (April 5, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/05/arts/two-little-big-bands-offer-new-jazz.html">"Two "Little Big Bands" offer new jazz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+%22Little+Big+Bands%22+offer+new+jazz&rft.date=1981-04-05&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F04%2F05%2Farts%2Ftwo-little-big-bands-offer-new-jazz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3"><i>Music Around The World: A Global Encyclopedia</i>. Andrew Martin & Matthew Mihalka editors. "Accordion (Americas) p. 3 Charles Magnanate & accordion on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/110803/Magnante_Charles">Discography of American Historical Recordings: Charles Magnante's Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1946-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1946_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1946_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA124">"Record Reviews"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. April 27, 1946. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Record+Reviews&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1946-04-27&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BkEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_BivianoTom_DelaneyJohn_Serry" class="citation web cs1">Joe Biviano, his Accordion and Rhythm Sextette; Tom Delaney; John Serry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/78_swing-low-sweet-chariot_joe-biviano-his-accordion-and-rhythm-sextette-john-serry_gbia0037324">"Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes"</a>. <i>Archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 8, 1956. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Dot+into+Pkgs&rft.pages=22-&rft.date=1956-09-08&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkUEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BillboardSqueezePlay-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BillboardSqueezePlay_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">Review of album <i>Squeeze Play</i>, p. 22</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">The Billboard</a></i>, 1 December 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPhXe_qNy5QC&q=Magnante+Accordion+Band"><i>Squeeze The: A Cultural History of the Accordion in America</i>. Jacobson, Marion. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, Il. 2012, P. 39 "Advent of the Piano Accordion - Charles Magnante Accordion and Big Band jazz recordings on GoogleBooks.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3"><i>Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars and Stories that Shaped Our Culture.</i> Edmondson, Jacqueline. ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 3. "Accordion" - Charles Magnante, jazz bands, recordings on GoogleBooks.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JazzTimes_10:-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JazzTimes_10:_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest" class="citation web cs1">West, Michael J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jazztimes.com/features/lists/jazztimes-10-great-modern-big-band-recordings/nggallery/image/fire-orchestra_ritual/#view">"JazzTimes 10: Great Modern Big-Band Recordings"</a>. <i>JazzTimes</i>. Madavor Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-8302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-8302-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-8302-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto: York University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-612-15541-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-612-15541-1"><bdi>978-0-612-15541-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+question+of+improvisation+and+head+arrangement+in+King+Oliver%27s+Creole+Jazz+Band&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=M.F.A.+thesis&rft.pub=York+University&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-612-15541-1&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.virginia.edu/~skd9r/MUSI212_new/materials/definitions1.html#headarrangement">"Definitions: Timbre, Ostinato, Stride"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions%3A+Timbre%2C+Ostinato%2C+Stride&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.virginia.edu%2F~skd9r%2FMUSI212_new%2Fmaterials%2Fdefinitions1.html%23headarrangement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kernfeld-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kernfeld_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernfeld1995" class="citation book cs1">Kernfeld, Barry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattolistenfori00kern/page/90"><i>What to Listen to in Jazz</i></a>. New Haven [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattolistenfori00kern/page/90">90–91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05902-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05902-7"><bdi>0-300-05902-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+to+Listen+to+in+Jazz&rft.place=New+Haven+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Yale+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-300-05902-7&rft.aulast=Kernfeld&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhattolistenfori00kern%2Fpage%2F90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrens2011_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrens2011_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Behrens2011" class="citation book cs1">John Behrens (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKgJNIaWn1IC&pg=PA36"><i>America's Music Makers: Big Bands & Ballrooms 1912–2011</i></a>. AuthorHouse. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-2952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-2952-3"><bdi>978-1-4567-2952-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Music+Makers%3A+Big+Bands+%26+Ballrooms+1912%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-2952-3&rft.au=John+Behrens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKgJNIaWn1IC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazz:_The_First_100_Years-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jazz:_The_First_100_Years_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Henry and Keith Waters (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcewFVEyG6oC"><i>Jazz: The First 100 Years</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-382-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-382-6"><bdi>978-1-57806-382-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Daniel Whitesell, Paquito D'Rivera. Herndon: Smithsonian. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-547-9"><bdi>978-1-58834-547-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cubano+Be%2C+Cubano+Bop%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+Jazz+in+Cuba&rft.place=Herndon&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-547-9&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2005" class="citation web cs1">Young, William H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NO26n13V2YC&dq=Sweet+Bands+Shep+Fields&pg=PA120">"Music of the Great Depression"</a>. <i>Shep Fields' Sweet Band on Google Books</i>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shep+Fields%27+Sweet+Band+on+Google+Books&rft.atitle=Music+of+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=120&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4NO26n13V2YC%26dq%3DSweet%2BBands%2BShep%2BFields%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens2006" class="citation web cs1">Behrens, Jack (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIEccuYpSL0C&dq=Sweet+Bands+Shep+Fields&pg=PA23">"Big Bands and Great Ballrooms"</a>. <i>Shep Fields' Sweet Band on Google Books</i>. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shep+Fields%27+Sweet+Band+on+Google+Books&rft.atitle=Big+Bands+and+Great+Ballrooms&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Behrens&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIEccuYpSL0C%26dq%3DSweet%2BBands%2BShep%2BFields%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/colorado.edu/history-of-jazz-swing-era/competency-1">"Jazz Music: The Swing Era"</a>. <i>University of Colorado Boulder</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jefferson NC: McFarland. pp. 18, 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8556-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-8556-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Musicians+of+the+Early+Years%2C+to+1945&rft.place=Jefferson+NC&rft.pages=18%2C+35&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8556-7&rft.aulast=Dicaire&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dug9FPHAvcbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex_Stewart-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alex_Stewart_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Alex (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oab9cmHKvWIC"><i>Making the Scene: Contemporary New York City Big Band Jazz</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24953-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24953-0"><bdi>978-0-520-24953-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CBC News. November 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=B.C.+music+instructor+says+touring+swing+bands+lifted+military+spirits+during+WW+II&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fswing-bands-lifted-military-spirits-during-wwii-1.4399192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1986" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Benjamin (July 18, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-18-ca-25515-story.html">"Sounds of Hot Jazz Stay Warm : Harry James Band to Play at the Mission"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sounds+of+Hot+Jazz+Stay+Warm+%3A+Harry+James+Band+to+Play+at+the+Mission&rft.date=1986-07-18&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-07-18-ca-25515-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosin.com/beatbegins/projects/boyd.html">"Stan Kenton: Progressive Concepts in Jazz"</a>. <i>plosin.com</i>. Peter Losin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plosin.com&rft.atitle=Stan+Kenton%3A+Progressive+Concepts+in+Jazz&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosin.com%2Fbeatbegins%2Fprojects%2Fboyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jazzmusicarchives.com/subgenre/progressive-big-band">"Progressive Big Band"</a>. <i>JAZZMUSICARCHIVES.COM (JMA)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Where+The+Jazz+Was+Super-hot&rft.date=1985-03-26&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Dempsey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1985%2F03%2F26%2Fwhere-the-jazz-was-super-hot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqhoAgAAQBAJ"><i>On the Air: the Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqhoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977078-6"><bdi>978-0-19-977078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Air%3A+the+Encyclopedia+of+Old-Time+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977078-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqhoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrait2016" class="citation book cs1">Strait, Raymond (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ffiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">"Chapter 11. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ffiDAAAQBAJ"><i>Bob Hope: A Tribute</i></a>. Crossroad Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11.+Bob+Hope%2C+Shep+Fields+and+The+Rippling+Rhythm+Revue&rft.btitle=Bob+Hope%3A+A+Tribute&rft.pub=Crossroad+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Strait&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ffiDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.ie/detail/news-photo/british-born-american-comedian-bob-hope-master-of-news-photo/79750132">Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2008" class="citation book cs1">Crump, William D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide</i></a>. London: McFarland & Co. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3393-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3393-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-3393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Year%27s+Holidays+Worldwide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3393-3&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujTfCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-big-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-big_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Green_and_Elaine_Schmidt2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Green_(historian)" title="Stanley Green (historian)">Stanley Green</a> and Elaine Schmidt (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD2xNKSN3E8C&dq=Big+Broadcast+of+1938+Shep+fields&pg=PA80"><i>Hollywood musicals year by year</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-00765-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-00765-3"><bdi>0-634-00765-3</bdi></a>. <q>Shep Fields and His Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in The Big Broadcaste of 1938</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+musicals+year+by+year&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-634-00765-3&rft.au=Stanley+Green+and+Elaine+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD2xNKSN3E8C%26dq%3DBig%2BBroadcast%2Bof%2B1938%2BShep%2Bfields%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeduld1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Geduld" title="Harry M. Geduld">Geduld, Harry M.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bS0AAAAIAAJ&q=Roger+Wolfe+Kahn+de+Forest"><i>The Birth of the Talkies: From Edison to Jolson</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10743-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10743-5"><bdi>978-0-253-10743-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Talkies%3A+From+Edison+to+Jolson&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-253-10743-5&rft.aulast=Geduld&rft.aufirst=Harry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bS0AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DRoger%2BWolfe%2BKahn%2Bde%2BForest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1981" class="citation book cs1">Page, Drew (1981). <i>Drew’s Blues: A Sideman’s Life with the Big Bands</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0686-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-0686-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drew%E2%80%99s+Blues%3A+A+Sideman%E2%80%99s+Life+with+the+Big+Bands&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0686-0&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso1973" class="citation book cs1">Russo, William (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/composingforjazz00russ"><i>Composing for the Jazz Orchestra</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73209-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73209-6"><bdi>0-226-73209-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61-8642">61-8642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composing+for+the+Jazz+Orchestra&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61-8642&rft.isbn=0-226-73209-6&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomposingforjazz00russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1967" class="citation book cs1">Simon, George T. (1967). <i>The Big Bands</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-26643">67-26643</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1169701">1169701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Bands&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1169701&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-26643&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+band" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_band&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigbanddirectory.org">International Big Band Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205032210/http://www.fredonia.edu/rac/bigband.asp">State University of New York, Fredonia. Rockefeller Arts Center. Jazz Big Band Arrangements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigbandlibrary.com">Christopher Popa's Big Band Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosaicrecords.com/big-band/">Big Bands After The Big Band Era</a> – Bill Kirchner, faculty at <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music" title="Manhattan School of Music">Manhattan School of Music</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhRc8u00h-w">6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke.</a> – YouTube video.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Detroit International Jazz Festival">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_China" title="Jazz in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_jazz" title="Russian jazz">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Jazz" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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