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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="فينتا آيسينوروم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينتا آيسينوروم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venta Icenorum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venta_Icenorum&params=52.5835_N_1.2909_E_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°35′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°17′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.5835°N 1.2909°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.5835; 1.2909</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman-era capital of the Iceni tribe in Norfolk, England</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg/220px-Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg/330px-Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg/440px-Venta_Icenorum_-_Market_Place_of_the_Iceni_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The site today</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg/220px-Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg/330px-Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg/440px-Venta_Icenorum_North_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>North Wall</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Venta Icenorum</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈwɛnta<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪkeːˈnoːrũː]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally "marketplace of the Iceni")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or capital of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> tribe, located at modern-day <a href="/wiki/Caistor_St_Edmund" title="Caistor St Edmund">Caistor St Edmund</a> in the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> county of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. The Iceni inhabited the flatlands and marshes of that county and are famous for having revolted against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman rule</a> under their queen <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> in the winter of 61 CE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_town">Roman town</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman town"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town itself was probably laid out, and its first streets metalled, in approximately the first half of the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town, which is mentioned in both the <i><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a settlement near the <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> of Caistor St. Edmund, some 5 miles (8.0 km) south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, and a mile or two from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arminghall" title="Arminghall">Arminghall</a>. The site lies on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tas" title="River Tas">River Tas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, an aerial reconnaissance flight of a farm near Caistor St Edmund rediscovered the ruins of Venta Icenorum. A five-year archaeological dig soon followed, led by archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Atkinson_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Atkinson (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Donald Atkinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site subsequently remained uninvestigated until the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> reopened it in 2009 seeking Iron Age (Iceni) structures beneath the town. The evidence uncovered revealed that the site was not established on a previous Iron Age town, but was a newly built and sparsely populated frontier town focused on administration and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also revealed a partial integration of the mainly agrarian locals into Roman norms. </p><p>The embankments of Venta Icenorum can still be seen at Caistor today. The ruins (<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venta_Icenorum&params=52.582554_N_1.290179_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TG230034</a></span>) are in the care of The Norfolk Archaeological Trust and managed by <a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South Norfolk District Council">South Norfolk District Council</a>. In 2011, the Trust expanded the site by buying an additional 55 acres of land across the river opposite the West Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pye_Road" title="Pye Road">Pye Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudica%27s_Way" title="Boudica's Way">Boudica's Way</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Probably meaning "central place of the Iceni", cf. Matasović, Ranko, Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Brill, 2009, p. 413. The old idea that <i>Venta</i> was a Latin term used in Britain for "market town" has long been rejected by all place-name scholars (A. L. F. Rivet & C. Smith, <i>The place-names of Roman Britain</i>, p.262-5; R. Coates, <i>Remarks on 'pre-English' in England: with special reference to *uentā, *ciltā and *cunāco</i>, Journal of the English Place-Name Society 16 (1983-4) 1-7; T. S. Ó Máille <i>Venta, Gwenta, Finn, Guen</i>, Nomina XI (1987), 145-152).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norfarchtrust.org.uk/project/caistor-roman-town/">"Caistor Roman Town | Norfolk Archaeological Trust"</a>. <i>www.norfarchtrust.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.norfarchtrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Caistor+Roman+Town+%7C+Norfolk+Archaeological+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfarchtrust.org.uk%2Fproject%2Fcaistor-roman-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenta+Icenorum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <i>Geography</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html">2.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Urban Plan of Venta Icenorum and its Relationship with the Boudican Revolt. William Bowden. Britannia / Volume 44 / , pp. 145-169. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068113X13000184">10.1017/S0068113X13000184</a>. Published online: April 2013. "it is much more likely that the earliest metalled streets were laid out at some point in the second century, probably during its first half. We know that at least one of the main streets of the grid (the North-West Street) was not formalised until the late second century at the earliest and so it can reasonably be argued that the street plan developed more gradually. Consequently the earliest lay-out of the town was smaller than that covered by the streets at their greatest extent." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&fid=9038691&jid=BRI&volumeId=44&issueId=-1&aid=9038690">http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&fid=9038691&jid=BRI&volumeId=44&issueId=-1&aid=9038690</a> accessed 19 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/venta_icenorum/">"Roman Britain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-britain.co.uk%2Fplaces%2Fventa_icenorum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenta+Icenorum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF400-Donald-Atkinson-(1886-1963)-(Biography)">"Donald-Atkinson-(1886-1963)-(Biography) - Norfolk Heritage Explorer"</a>. <i>www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Donald-Atkinson-%281886-1963%29-%28Biography%29+-+Norfolk+Heritage+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk%2Frecord-details%3FTNF400-Donald-Atkinson-%281886-1963%29-%28Biography%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenta+Icenorum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo_Crist2017" class="citation cs2">Angelo Crist (22 October 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EparVEw0bMs&list=WL&index=12&t=0s"><i>Time Team Special 45 (2011) - Boudica's Lost Tribe</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/EparVEw0bMs">archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Team+Special+45+%282011%29+-+Boudica%27s+Lost+Tribe&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft.au=Angelo+Crist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEparVEw0bMs%26list%3DWL%26index%3D12%26t%3D0s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenta+Icenorum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, John W. M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2003_ant_890_1_1979">"Iron Age and Roman square enclosures near Venta Icenorum : Roman changes in a prehistoric ritual landscape"</a>. <i>Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité</i>. <b>890</b> (1). Besançon (France): 161–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+de+l%27Institut+des+Sciences+et+Techniques+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+and+Roman+square+enclosures+near+Venta+Icenorum+%3A+Roman+changes+in+a+prehistoric+ritual+landscape&rft.volume=890&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-184&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=John+W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fista_0000-0000_2003_ant_890_1_1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenta+Icenorum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Icenorum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.livescience.com/history/071217-roman-town.html">http://www.livescience.com/history/071217-roman-town.html</a> LiveScience - New Details of Ancient Roman Town Uncovered</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain#Town_and_country" title="Roman Britain">Major towns of Roman Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surviving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford#Early_history" title="Chelmsford">Caesaromagus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Corinium Dobunnorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durnovaria" title="Durnovaria">Durnovaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glevum" title="Glevum">Glevum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactodurum" title="Lactodurum">Lactodurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)" title="Moridunum (Carmarthen)">Moridunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire">Brough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum" title="Ratae Corieltauvorum">Ratae Corieltauvorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Belgarum" title="Venta Belgarum">Venta Belgarum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Viroconium Cornoviorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wroxeter" title="Wroxeter">Wroxeter</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wendlebury" title="Wendlebury">Wendlebury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannaventa" title="Bannaventa">Bannaventa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunetio" title="Cunetio">Cunetio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venta Icenorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain" title="List of Roman place names in Britain">List of Roman place names in Britain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman visitor sites in the UK</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/150px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/200px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum#Archaeological_remains" title="Eboracum">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output 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