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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كوزموغرافيا رافينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوزموغرافيا رافينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmografia_de_Ravenna" title="Cosmografia de Ravenna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cosmografia de Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmografien_fra_Ravenna" title="Kosmografien fra Ravenna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kosmografien fra Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmograf%C3%ADa_de_R%C3%A1vena" title="Cosmografía de Rávena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cosmografía de Rávena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena_Kosmografio" title="Ravena Kosmografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ravena Kosmografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenako_kosmografia" title="Ravenako kosmografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ravenako kosmografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographie_de_Ravenne" title="Cosmographie de Ravenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cosmographie de Ravenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmograf%C3%ADa_de_Ravenna" title="Cosmografía de Ravenna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cosmografía de Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmografia_ravennate" title="Cosmografia ravennate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cosmografia ravennate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Равенна космографиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Равенна космографиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmografien_fra_Ravenna" title="Kosmografien fra Ravenna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosmografien fra Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmografia_de_Ravena" title="Cosmografia de Ravena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cosmografia de Ravena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Равеннская космография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Равеннская космография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmografia_e_Raven%C3%ABs" title="Kozmografia e Ravenës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kozmografia e Ravenës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenska_kozmografija" title="Ravenska kozmografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ravenska kozmografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Равенатова космографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Равенатова космографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennan_kosmografia" title="Ravennan kosmografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravennan kosmografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennatis_Anonymi_Cosmographia" title="Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q982671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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href="/wiki/File:Karte_Ravennat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Karte_Ravennat.jpg/220px-Karte_Ravennat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Karte_Ravennat.jpg/330px-Karte_Ravennat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Karte_Ravennat.jpg/440px-Karte_Ravennat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Map based on <i>Ravenna Cosmography</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Ravenna Cosmography</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia</i>, <abbr title="Literally">lit.</abbr> "The <a href="/wiki/Cosmography" title="Cosmography">Cosmography</a> of the Unknown <a href="/wiki/Ravennese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravennese">Ravennese</a>") is a list of place-names covering the world from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, compiled by an anonymous cleric in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> around 700 AD. Textual evidence indicates that the author frequently used maps as his source. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_text">The text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three extant copies of the Cosmography. The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> holds a 14th-century copy, there is a 13th-century copy in Paris at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>, and the library at <a href="/wiki/Basle_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Basle University">Basle University</a> has another 14th-century copy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican copy was used as the source for the first publication of the manuscript in 1688 by Porcheron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German scholar Joseph Schnetz published the text in 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> basing it on the Vatican and Paris editions, which he believed to be more reliable than the Basle edition. Parts of the text, notably that covering Britain, have been published by others, including <a href="/wiki/Ian_Richmond" title="Ian Richmond">Richmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/O._G._S._Crawford" title="O. G. S. Crawford">Crawford</a> in 1949, but their document showed little regard for which of the manuscripts provided the information. However, it contained photographs of the relevant sections from all three manuscripts, which enabled Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews to reconstruct the text from scratch in 2013 (revised in 2020) for his reassessment of its importance for British geography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work by Schnetz covered the whole document, and was republished in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the three main manuscripts, the Vatican Library also holds a document containing excerpts from the Cosmography made by Riccobaldus Ferrariensis, and there is a copy of the Paris manuscript held in Leiden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab197627_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab197627-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surviving texts are quite challenging. They consist of commentary and lists of names. The Vatican manuscript presents the text in two columns, with placenames being capitalised and terminated by a stop. A small number of the words have been abbreviated. The Paris manuscript also uses two columns, capitalisation and stops, but has many more abbreviations than either of the other two. The text is divided into sections by paragraph marks. The Basle manuscript only has a single column, and is more difficult to read than the others. It has more abbreviations than the Vatican copy, but fewer than the Paris copy. There is some evidence that the author has tried to correct or clarify words which were not clear in the original, and there are no stops to separate the place names in the lists, but there are underlined headings to divide up the sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20206_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20206-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an indication of the problems of dealing with the text, there are a total of 315 names in the section covering Britain. All three manuscripts agree on the spelling of 200 of these. The Basle and Vatican documents agree on the spelling of a further 50, there are 33 more common to the Basle and Paris documents, and 17 more which appear in the Paris and Vatican documents. There are 8 names for which there is no agreement between the three sources, and 7 names missing from the Paris copy where the other two agree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a paper by Franz Staab, published in 1976, he noted that the original author claimed to have used works by three others, Athanarid, Heldebald and Marcomir, in the compilation of his own work. Stolte, writing in 1956, argued that the cosmography was finished around 732.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab197628–30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab197628–30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_section">British section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The naming of places in Roman Britain has traditionally relied on Ptolemy’s <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Peutinger Table</a>, as the Cosmography was seen as full of corruptions, with the ordering of the lists of placenames being haphazard. However, there are more entries in the Cosmography than in the other documents, and so it has been studied more recently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antiquary <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gale_(antiquary)" title="Roger Gale (antiquary)">Roger Gale</a>, writing in 1709, was the first to attempt to use it as a source for Romano-British place names, but early attempts relied on the similarity between ancient and modern names, and this method was seen to be suspect by the mid-19th century. Archaeological investigations were uncovering sites that had evidence of occupation in the Roman period, and this correlation became important. The Antonine Itinerary and <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cirencester" title="Richard of Cirencester">Richard of Cirencester</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Description_of_Britain" title="The Description of Britain"><i>de Situ Britanniae</i></a> were increasingly used to corroborate entries, until Richard's work was found to be an 18th-century hoax by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertram" title="Charles Bertram">Charles Bertram</a>. The Cosmography remained relatively impenetrable until the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ian_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ian Richmond">Sir Ian Richmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/O_G_S_Crawford" class="mw-redirect" title="O G S Crawford">O G S Crawford</a> published a paper they had originally submitted to <i><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London#Archaeologia" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Archaeologia</a></i>, which suggested that the sources for the document had included maps or road books, and that many place names described geographical features. The book was seen as a significant advance in the study both of the document and of Romano-British placenames.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Dillemann's work, which was translated by Professor Colin Smith and published in <i>Archaeologia</i> in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first time that the theories of J Schnetz had been summarised for an English-speaking audience, while <a href="/wiki/A._L._F._Rivet" title="A. L. F. Rivet">A. L. F. Rivet</a> and Colin Smith used their study of the document to publish <i>The Place-Names of Roman Britain</i> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the difficulty with the text is its corruption, which probably results from the author failing to understand his sources, or not appreciating the purpose for which they were written. His original sources may have been of poor quality, resulting in many curious-looking names appearing in the lists. Equally, there are some obvious omissions, although the author was not attempting to produce a complete list of places, as his introduction states: "<i>In that Britain we read that there were many civitates and forts, of which we wish to name a few.</i>" The suggestion that he was using maps is bolstered by phrases such as "next to" which occur frequently, and at one point he states: "<i>where that same Britain is seen to be narrowest from Ocean to Ocean.</i>" Richmond and Crawford were the first to argue that rather than being random, the named places are often clustered around a central point, or spread out along a single road. For most of England, the order seems to follow a series of zig-zags, but this arrangement is less obvious for the south-west and for Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20203–4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20203–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Pisa" title="Guido of Pisa">Guido of Pisa</a>'s <i>Geographica</i></li> <li>Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cosmographia">The <i>Cosmographia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Cosmographia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ravennatisanony02ravegoog"><i>Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia et Gvidonis Geographica</i></a> (full text in Latin) at <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites_dealing_with_the_British_section">Sites dealing with the British section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sites dealing with the British section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4175080">"Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: A Reassessment (Revised 2020)"</a>. Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Britannia+in+the+Ravenna+Cosmography%3A+A+Reassessment+%28Revised+2020%29&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick-Matthews&rft.aufirst=Keith+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4175080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna+Cosmography" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites_dealing_with_the_Iberian_section">Sites dealing with the Iberian section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sites dealing with the Iberian section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113156/http://www.arkeotavira.com/fontes/Ravenate/index.htm"><i>Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia</i></a>. Introduction in Portuguese and link to an edition of the Latin original.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20202_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20205_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnetz1940" class="citation book cs1">Schnetz, Joseph (1940) [1990]. <i>Itineraria Romana. Volumen Alterum, Ravennatis Anonymi cosmographia et Guidonis geographica</i>. Stuttgart: Teubner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1560510">1560510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Romana.+Volumen+Alterum%2C+Ravennatis+Anonymi+cosmographia+et+Guidonis+geographica&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1560510&rft.aulast=Schnetz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna+Cosmography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab197627-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab197627_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaab1976">Staab 1976</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20206-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20206_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20204–6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab197628–30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab197628–30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaab1976">Staab 1976</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1951" class="citation journal cs1">Burn, A R (June 1951). "Review of The British Section of the Ravenna Cosmography". <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00174852">10.1017/S0009840X00174852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162817548">162817548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+British+Section+of+the+Ravenna+Cosmography&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1951-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00174852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162817548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=A+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna+Cosmography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/observations-on-chapter-v-31-britannia-in-the-ravenna-cosmography/author/dillemann-louis/">"Observations on Chapter V 31 Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography"</a>. Abe Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023141633/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/observations-on-chapter-v-31-britannia-in-the-ravenna-cosmography/author/dillemann-louis/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observations+on+Chapter+V+31+Britannia+in+the+Ravenna+Cosmography&rft.pub=Abe+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.co.uk%2Fbook-search%2Ftitle%2Fobservations-on-chapter-v-31-britannia-in-the-ravenna-cosmography%2Fauthor%2Fdillemann-louis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna+Cosmography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20203–4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick-Matthews20203–4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2020">Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2020</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Cosmography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaab1976" class="citation book cs1">Staab, Franz (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwiqxJbBqHIC&pg=PA30">"A study of some sources of the Anonymous Cosmographer of Ravenna"</a>. <i>Viator (Medieval and Renaissance Studies)</i>. Vol. 7. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03136-4"><bdi>978-0-520-03136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+study+of+some+sources+of+the+Anonymous+Cosmographer+of+Ravenna&rft.btitle=Viator+%28Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03136-4&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwiqxJbBqHIC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna+Cosmography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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