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Squaw - Wikipedia
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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sexual references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_rename_placenames_and_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_rename_placenames_and_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Efforts to rename placenames and terms</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Squaw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Squaw" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lderili_kad%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Kızılderili kadını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızılderili kadını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1937101#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples<br />in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_(close).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A life-sized bronze statue of an Aboriginal and eagle above him; there is a bear to his right and a wolf to his left, they are all looking upwards towards a blue and white sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/80px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/120px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/160px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_First_Nations_history" title="Timeline of First Nations history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Reconciliation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Process" title="British Columbia Treaty Process">British Columbia Treaty Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Health Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Land claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">Land title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">Specific claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Aboriginal_case_law" title="Category:Canadian Aboriginal case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_organizations_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous organizations in Canada">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_politics_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous politics in Canada">Politics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous culture in Canada">Indigenous cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian_personalities" title="Indigenous Canadian personalities">Indigenous personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Country food">Country food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a></li> <li>AB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">FN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Atlantic_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Atlantic Canada">Atlantic CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba" title="First Nations in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Ontario" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Saskatchewan" title="First Nations in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Northern_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Northern Canada">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Coast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Aboriginal_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuk_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuk Wawa">Chinuk Wawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous English Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">NAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Aboriginal syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Writing">Chinuk pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit grammar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Traditional beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Index</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit" title="Category:Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="Category:Canadian Métis people">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America_stubs" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America stubs">Stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/16px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/24px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, 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<p>The English word <b>squaw</b> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual slur">sexual slur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically used for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous North American</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary use of the term, especially by non-Natives, is considered <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of Native Americans">derogatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirschfelder_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschfelder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AICRJ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AICRJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>squaw</i> (or a close variant) is found in several <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>, primarily spoken in the northeastern United States and in eastern and central Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-Pelletier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelletier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIMsc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIMsc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these languages only make up a small minority of the Indigenous languages of North America. The word "squaw" is not used among <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, or <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in Algonquian, the words used are not the English-language word.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelletier_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelletier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2></div> <p>The term <i>squaw</i> is considered offensive by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples in America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a> due to its use for hundreds of years in a derogatory context<sup id="cite_ref-NMAI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that demeans Native American women. This has ranged from condescending images (e.g., picture postcards depicting "Indian squaw and <a href="/wiki/Papoose" title="Papoose">papoose</a>") to <a href="/wiki/Racialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialized">racialized</a> epithets.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia.2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia.2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alma Garcia has written, "It treats non-white women as if they were second-class citizens or exotic objects."<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia.2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia.2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newer editions of dictionaries such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster</a></i> online dictionaries, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> now list <i>squaw</i> as "offensive", "often offensive", and "usually disparaging".<sup id="cite_ref-AH_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOED_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOED-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some have studied the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">elements of Algonquian words</a> that might be related to the word, the consensus among Native women, and Native people in general, is that—no matter the linguistic origins—the word is too offensive,<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAI_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirschfelder_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschfelder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that any "reclamation" efforts would only apply to the small percentage of Native women from the Algonquian-language groups, and not to the vast majority of Native women who feel degraded by the term.<sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIMsc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIMsc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous women who have addressed the history and depth of this word state that this degrading usage is now too long, and too painful, for it to ever take on a positive meaning among Indigenous women or Indigenous communities as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> groups have also worked to educate and encourage the disuse of the term in normal discourse. When asked why "it never used to bother Indian women to be called squaw," and "why now?" an <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> group responded in 2006: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Were American Indian women or people ever asked? Have you ever asked an American Indian woman, man, or child how they feel about [the "s" word]? (... it has always been used to insult American Indian women.) Through communication and education American Indian people have come to understand the derogatory meaning of the word. American Indian women claim the right to define ourselves as women and we reject the offensive term squaw.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>from the web page of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>, Southern California Chapter<sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 2015, Jodi Lynn Maracle (<a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>) and Agnes Williams (<a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a>) petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Buffalo Common Council</a> to change the name of Squaw Island to <i><a href="/wiki/Deyowenoguhdoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Deyowenoguhdoh">Deyowenoguhdoh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_New_York" title="Seneca Nation of New York">Seneca Nation</a> President Maurice John Sr., and Chief G. Ava Hill of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River" title="Six Nations of the Grand River">Six Nations of the Grand River</a> wrote letters petitioning for the name change as well, with Chief Hill writing, </p> <blockquote><p>The continued use and acceptance of the word 'Squaw' only perpetuates the idea that indigenous women and culture can be deemed as impure, sexually perverse, barbaric and dirty ... Please do eliminate the slur 'Squaw' from your community.<sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Buffalo Common Council then voted unanimously to change the name to <a href="/wiki/Unity_Island" title="Unity Island">Unity Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>, headed by Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a>, declared <i>squaw</i> to be a derogatory and racist term and began formally removing the term from use on the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> (smallest units of meaning) meaning "woman" (mostly found as components in longer words) include: <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squaw#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:squaw">squàw</a></i> ("woman"), <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a> <i>-skwa</i> ("female, wife"), <a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a> <i>sqá</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> <i>iskwew</i> / ᐃᐢᑫᐧᐤ (iskeyw, "woman"), <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> <i>ikwe</i> ("woman"). Variants in other related languages are: <i>esqua</i>, <i>sqeh</i>, <i>skwe</i>, <i>que</i>, <i>kwa</i>, <i>exkwew</i>, <i>xkwe</i>. These are all derived from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa ("(young) woman").<sup id="cite_ref-Pelletier_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelletier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cutler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIMsc_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIMsc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to linguist Ives Goddard, the notion that the word originally referred to a woman’s vagina is inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the first published report of Indigenous American languages in English, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_into_the_Language_of_America" title="A Key into the Language of America">A Key into the Language of America</a></i>, written in 1643, <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> Minister <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> wrote his impressions of the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett language</a>. Williams noted <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> that he considered to be related to "squaw" and provided the definitions he felt fit them, as a learner, including: <i>squaw</i> ("woman"), <i>squawsuck</i> ("women"), <i>keegsquaw</i> ("virgin or maid"), <i>segousquaw</i> ("widower"), and <i>squausnit</i> ("woman's god").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._(10999813015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg/220px-Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg/330px-Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg/440px-Chippeway_Squaw_and_Child._%2810999813015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippeway</a> Squaw and Child", 1842 print</figcaption></figure> <p>In most colonial texts <i>squaw</i> was used as a general word for Indigenous women. </p><p>The Massachusett Bible was printed in the Massachusett language in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1663. It used the word squa in Mark 10:6 as a translation for "female". It used the plural form squaog in 1 Timothy 5:2 and 5:14 for "younger women".<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A will written in the Massachusett language by a native preacher from Martha's Vineyard uses the word squa to refer to his unmarried daughters. In the Massachusett language, squa was an ancient and thoroughly decent word.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest appearances of the term in English in print is "the squa <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachim</a>, or Massachusetts queen" in the colonial booklet <i><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a></i> (1622), one of the first chronicles of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> written by European colonists, including the story of the Pilgrims' first <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sachem or sachim is the elected chief of a Massachusett tribe, and the booklet used Pidgin Massachusett to call the chief's wife the "squa sachim".<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records accompanying sketches by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a> document mid-19th century usage of the term in the United States. Miller wrote notes in 1858-1860 for each picture, many of which included Indigenous women. These were published in the 1951 catalog of a Miller exhibition. For <i>Indian Girl reposing</i>, Miller wrote, "Before they are 16 years of age, these girls may be said to have their heyday, and even then if they become the wives or mates of Trappers, are comparatively happy, for they generally indulge them to their hearts' content; should they become however the squaws of Indians, their lives are subjected to the caprices of a tyrant too often, whose ill treatment is the rule and kindness their exception. Nothing so strikingly distinguishes civilized from savage life as the treatment of women. It is in every particular in favor of the former." For <i>"Bourgeois" Walker, & his Squaw</i>, Miller describes his depiction of the fur trader made in 1858 thusly: </p> <blockquote><p>"The sketch exhibits a certain etiquette. The Squaw's station in travelling is at a considerable distance in the rear of her liege lord, and never at the side of him. [Walker] had the kindness to present the writer a dozen pair of moccasins worked by this squaw - richly embroidered on the instep with colored porcupine quills."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Edgar Allan Poe uses the word in his 1838 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1887 Canadian novel <i>An Algonquin Maiden</i> uses the term squaw four times; twice as "squaw-snake" to refer to a female snake, and twice to refer to a woman from an Algonquin tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colville_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colville (tribe)">Colville</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan people">Okanagan</a> author <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Dove_(author)" title="Mourning Dove (author)">Mourning Dove</a>, in her 1927 novel, <i>Cogewea, the Half-Blood</i> had one of her characters say, </p> <blockquote><p>If I was to marry a white man and he would dare call me a 'squaw'—as an epithet with the sarcasm that we know so well—I believe that I would feel like killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogwea_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogwea-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a>'s 1961 story "The Years of Wonder", derived from his 1923 journal of a shipboard trip to Alaska, included, "Mr. Hubbard ... saw that Siberia was represented by a couple of dozen furry Eskimos and one squaw man; they came aboard from a skin boat as soon as the <i>Buford</i> dropped her hook."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a> author <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Pebble_in_the_Sky" title="Pebble in the Sky">Pebble in the Sky</a></i> (1950), wrote that science-fictional natives of other planets would use slurs against natives of Earth, such as, "Earthie-squaw".<sup id="cite_ref-Asimov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asimov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> social activist who spoke about empowering Native American schoolchildren in the 1960s at <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponca City">Ponca City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, recounted: </p> <blockquote><p>We tried to find out what the children found painful about school [causing a very high dropout rate]. (...) The children said that they felt humiliated almost every day by teachers calling them "squaws" and using all those other old horrible terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg/180px-William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg/270px-William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg/360px-William_Faversham_in_The_squaw_man_LCCN2014635472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Squaw_Man_(play)" title="The Squaw Man (play)">The Squaw Man</a></i> (1905)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a word referring to a woman, it was sometimes used to denigrate men, as in "squaw man," meaning either "a man who does woman's work" or "a white man married to an Indian woman and living with her people".<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge1910_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge1910-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_references">Sexual references</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r,_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_%22Bourgeois%22_W---r%2C_and_His_Squaw_-_Walters_37194078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Painting by Alfred Jacob Miller, c. 1859, titled "<i>Bourgeois</i> W—r, and His Squaw"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Just_Squaw_(1919)_-_Ad_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg/220px-Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg/330px-Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg/440px-Just_Squaw_%281919%29_-_Ad_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <i>Just Squaw</i>, a 1919 silent film.</figcaption></figure> <p>An early comment in which <i>squaw</i> appears to have a sexual meaning is from the Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/E._Pauline_Johnson" title="E. Pauline Johnson">E. Pauline Johnson</a>, who was of <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> heritage, but spent little time in that culture as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote about the title character in <i>An Algonquin Maiden</i> by G. Mercer Adam and A. Ethelwyn Wetherald: </p> <blockquote><p>Poor little Wanda! not only is she non-descript and ill-starred, but as usual the authors take away her love, her life, and last and most terrible of all, reputation; for they permit a crowd of men-friends of the hero to call her a "squaw" and neither hero nor authors deny that she is a squaw. It is almost too sad when so much prejudice exists against the Indians, that any one should write up an Indian heroine with such glaring accusations against her virtue, and no contradictory statements from either writer, hero or circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1892_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1892-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Statements that <i>squaw</i> came from a word meaning "female genitals" gained currency in the 1970s, but have since been found to be inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_to_rename_placenames_and_terms">Efforts to rename placenames and terms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System#Name_changes" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System § Name changes</a></div> <p>In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> declared <i>squaw</i> to be a derogatory term and began formally removing the term from use on the federal level, with Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo" title="Laguna Pueblo">Laguna Pueblo</a>) announcing the creation of a committee and process to review and replace derogatory names of geographic features.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a press release, Secretary Haaland announced, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Racist terms have no place in our vernacular or on our federal lands. Our nation’s lands and waters should be places to celebrate the outdoors and our shared cultural heritage – not to perpetuate the legacies of oppression. Today’s actions will accelerate an important process to reconcile derogatory place names and mark a significant step in honoring the ancestors who have stewarded our lands since time immemorial.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This follows decades of work by Indigenous activists, both locally and in more general educational efforts, to <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">rename the locations</a> across North America that have contained the word, as well as to eliminate the word from the lexicon in general.<sup id="cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Callimachi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callimachi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work follows previous actions by the Board on Geographic Names which recognized place names containing words that were widely recognized as being pejorative or derogatory for Black and Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In 1988 the <a href="/wiki/E.B._Campbell_Hydroelectric_Station" title="E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station">E.B. Campbell Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan River</a> was officially renamed; formerly it had been the Squaw Rapids Dam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioway_Creek_(Ames,_Iowa)" title="Ioway Creek (Ames, Iowa)">Ioway Creek</a> (formerly Squaw Creek), a 41-mile (66 km) long tributary of the S. Skunk River in central Iowa, known for its flooding and flash flooding of several highly developed portions of the eastern and southeastern portions of the Iowa State University campus in the city of Ames, was officially renamed by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names on February 11, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Montana Legislature</a> created an advisory group in 1999 to replace the word <i>squaw</i> in local place names and required any replacement of a sign to bear the new name.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Maine Indian Tribal-State Commission and the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a> collaborated in 2000 to pass a law eliminating the words <i>squaw</i> and <i>squa</i> from all of the state's waterways, islands, and mountains. Some of those sites have been renamed with the word <i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a></i>; others, in a nod to <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki</a> language-recovery efforts, are now being given new place-appropriate names in the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Penobscot people">Penobscot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years after the law's passage, the owner of <a href="/wiki/Big_Squaw_Mountain_Resort" title="Big Squaw Mountain Resort">Big Squaw Mountain Resort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Maine" title="Greenville, Maine">Greenville, Maine</a> refused to consider changing the resort's name, even though its namesake was changed to <a href="/wiki/Big_Moose_Mountain" title="Big Moose Mountain">Big Moose Mountain</a> following the passage of the statewide law.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a> changed the official <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> name of the <i><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_duck" title="Long-tailed duck">long-tailed duck</a></i>, (<i>Clangula hyemalis</i>) from <i>oldsquaw</i> to the long-standing <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> name, because of wildlife biologists' concerns about cooperation with Native Americans involved in conservation efforts, as well as for standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piestewa_Peak" title="Piestewa Peak">Piestewa Peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, replaced the name Squaw Peak in 2003; the new name honors <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> casualty PFC <a href="/wiki/Lori_Piestewa" title="Lori Piestewa">Lori Piestewa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>), the first Native American woman to die in combat for the U.S.</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene Tribe">Coeur d'Alene Tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> called for the removal of the word <i>squaw</i> from the names of 13 locations in that state in October 2006. Many tribal members reportedly believe the "woman's genitals" etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The British Columbian portion of a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Tatshenshini_River" title="Tatshenshini River">Tatshenshini River</a> was officially renamed <a href="/wiki/Dollis_Creek" title="Dollis Creek">Dollis Creek</a> by the <a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a> Office on January 15, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Squaw Creek had been previously rescinded on December 8, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Woman_Rock" title="Frog Woman Rock">Frog Woman Rock</a> was the name chosen to honor the cultural heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Pomo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo peoples">Pomo peoples</a> of the region between <a href="/wiki/Hopland,_California" title="Hopland, California">Hopland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_California" title="Cloverdale, California">Cloverdale</a> in the Russian River canyon. The State Office of Historic Preservation updated the name of the <a href="/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark" title="California Historical Landmark">California Historical Landmark</a>, formerly called Squaw Rock, in 2011.</li> <li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Unity_Island" title="Unity Island">Unity Island</a> (<i>Deyowenoguhdoh</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca language</a>) was officially adopted as the name for the island formerly called Squaw Island. The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Buffalo Common Council</a> voted in the name change came after being petitioned by members of the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_New_York" title="Seneca Nation of New York">Seneca Nation of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNews1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An application was made to the Nova Scotia Geographic Information Service in late 2016 to rename Squaw Island, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Negro,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Negro, Nova Scotia">Cape Negro</a>, Cape Negro Island and Negro Harbour in Shelburne County.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> renamed the Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri to <a href="/wiki/Loess_Bluffs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge">Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge</a> in 2017.</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, announced in October 2017 that it would be working alongside a local citizens' initiative to consider renaming Squaw Peak, though final authority for placenames rests with state and federal officials.<sup id="cite_ref-KingProvo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingProvo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Squaw Ridge in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> was formally renamed Hungalelti Ridge in September 2018, after a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Washoe_Tribe_of_Nevada_and_California" title="Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California">Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Washoe_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washoe-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>'s Killsquaw Lake — the site of a 19th century massacre of a group of <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> women — was renamed <i>Kikiskitotawânawak Iskêwak</i> on November 20, 2018. The new name means "we honour the women" in <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>. The renaming effort was led by Indigenous lawyer Kellie Wuttunee in consultation with Cree elders and community leaders. "To properly respect and honour First Nations women, we can no longer have degrading geographic names in Saskatchewan. ... Even if unintentional, the previous name was harmful. By changing the name, we are giving a voice to the ones who are silenced," said Wuttunee, who has worked on <a href="/wiki/Missing_and_murdered_Indigenous_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing and murdered Indigenous women">missing and murdered Indigenous women cases</a>. "Names are powerful. They inform our identity."<sup id="cite_ref-Wuttunee_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuttunee-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After similar rumours over the years, on August 20, 2020 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/An%C3%BBkath%C3%A2_%C3%8Epa" title="Anûkathâ Îpa">Squaw's Tit</a> near <a href="/wiki/Canmore,_Alberta" title="Canmore, Alberta">Canmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> would be renamed to avoid racist and misogynistic naming. Talks with the <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Stoney Nakoda</a> community to find a culturally appropriate name and a request to support the initiative were brought to the Municipal District of Bighorn in September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-RMOToday_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMOToday-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on September 29, 2020 the peak was officially renamed to <a href="/wiki/An%C3%BBkath%C3%A2_%C3%8Epa" title="Anûkathâ Îpa">Anûkathâ Îpa</a>, meaning 'Bald Eagle Peak' in the <a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney Nakoda language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20200929_rename_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200929_rename-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020, Squaw Valley Academy changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe_Preparatory_School" title="Lake Tahoe Preparatory School">Lake Tahoe Preparatory School</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisades_Tahoe" title="Palisades Tahoe">Palisades Tahoe</a> was the new name of Squaw Valley Ski Resort as of September 13, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was announced after consulting with the local <a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe Tribe</a> and extensive research into the etymology and history of the term <i>squaw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.serenitymountainretreat.org/">Serenity Mountain Retreat</a> was the new name of the Squaw Mountain Ranch nudist resort as of December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Cove">Orange Cove</a> is an agricultural community located along the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, incorporated in 1948 and has a population of 9,078. On January 27, 2021 the City Council deferred a proposal seeking to change the name of the Squaw Valley area of Fresno County to "Nim Valley", to allow the city to seek more community input.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_Valley,_California" title="Yokuts Valley, California">Yokuts Valley, California</a>, became the official name of the basin formerly named "Squaw Valley". It had been part of long process of community debate from 2020 into early 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimesSep2022_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesSep2022-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewsomPressRelease_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsomPressRelease-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> announced in 2022 that it would rename 660 mountains, rivers, and other locations "to remove derogatory terms whose expiration dates are long overdue," including the word "squaw."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2022, a list of approved names was published by the United States Geological Survey replacing 643 placenames containing "squaw".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On September 23, 2022, Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> of California signed a law directing state and local authorities to remove "squaw" from almost 100 geographic features and place names throughout the state.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesSep2022_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesSep2022-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewsomPressRelease_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsomPressRelease-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/California_State_Parks" title="California State Parks">California State Parks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation" title="California Department of Transportation">California Department of Transportation</a> announced reviews of markers and place names to be renamed or rescinded.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In January 2023, Squaw Gap in North Dakota became <a href="/wiki/Homesteaders_Gap" title="Homesteaders Gap">Homesteaders Gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Squaw Cap in New Brunswick was renamed Evergreen in January 2024, along with the nearby mountain of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The term persists in the officially sanctioned names of several places in the U.S., as well as certain businesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Squaw Lake, Minnesota">Squaw Lake (Minnesota)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Grove_Township,_DeKalb_County,_Illinois" title="Squaw Grove Township, DeKalb County, Illinois">Squaw Grove Township (DeKalb County, Illinois)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Township,_Warren_County,_Iowa" title="Squaw Township, Warren County, Iowa">Squaw Township (Iowa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Canyon_Oil_Field" title="Squaw Canyon Oil Field">Squaw Canyon Oil Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Creek_Southern_Railroad" title="Squaw Creek Southern Railroad">Squaw Creek Southern Railroad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Peak_Inn" title="Squaw Peak Inn">Squaw Peak Inn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of Native Americans">Stereotypes of Native Americans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DOI-Nov2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI-Nov2021_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-takes-action-remove-derogatory-names-federal-lands">"Secretary Haaland Takes Action to Remove Derogatory Names from Federal Lands"</a> (Press release). U.S. Department of the Interior. 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Secretarial Order 3404 formally identifies the term "squaw" as derogatory and creates a federal task force to find replacement names for geographic features on federal lands bearing the term. The term has historically been used as an offensive ethnic, racial, and sexist slur, particularly for Indigenous women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+Haaland+Takes+Action+to+Remove+Derogatory+Names+from+Federal+Lands&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fpressreleases%2Fsecretary-haaland-takes-action-remove-derogatory-names-federal-lands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vowel-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVowel2016" class="citation book cs1">Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "Just Don't Call Us Late for Supper - Names for Indigenous Peoples". <i>Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada</i>. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1553796800" title="Special:BookSources/978-1553796800"><bdi>978-1553796800</bdi></a>. <q>Let's just agree the following words are never okay to call Indigenous peoples: savage, red Indian, redskin, primitive, half-breed, squaw/brave/papoose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Just+Don%27t+Call+Us+Late+for+Supper+-+Names+for+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Writes%3A+A+Guide+to+First+Nations%2C+M%C3%A9tis+%26+Inuit+Issues+in+Canada&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba%2C+Canada&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Highwater+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1553796800&rft.aulast=Vowel&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMAI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAI_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAI_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_American_Indian2007" class="citation book cs1">National Museum of the American Indian (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061153013"><i>Do All Indians Live in Tipis?</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-115301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-115301-3"><bdi>978-0-06-115301-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+All+Indians+Live+in+Tipis%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-115301-3&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+American+Indian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061153013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIM-SC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM-SC_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathias2006" class="citation web cs1">Mathias, Fern (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020802025301/http://home.earthlink.net/~rosebud9/#squaw">"SQUAW - Facts on the Eradication of the "S" Word"</a>. <i>Western North Carolina Citizens For An End To Institutional Bigotry</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>, Southern California Chapter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.main.nc.us/wncceib/squaw.htm">the original</a> on 2002-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-04</span></span>. <q>Through communication and education American Indian people have come to understand the derogatory meaning of the word. American Indian women claim the right to define ourselves as women and we reject the offensive term squaw.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+North+Carolina+Citizens+For+An+End+To+Institutional+Bigotry&rft.atitle=SQUAW+-+Facts+on+the+Eradication+of+the+%22S%22+Word&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=Fern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.main.nc.us%2Fwncceib%2Fsquaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNews1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNews1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2015" class="citation news cs1">Schulman, Susan (16 Jan 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/2015/01/16/squaw-island-to-be-renamed-deyowenoguhdoh/">"Squaw Island to be renamed 'Deyowenoguhdoh'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>The proposed name change comes at the request of Native Americans, who say the word "squaw" is a racist, sexist term</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Squaw+Island+to+be+renamed+%27Deyowenoguhdoh%27&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fsquaw-island-to-be-renamed-deyowenoguhdoh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschfelder-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hirschfelder_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirschfelder_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfelderPaulette_Fairbanks_Molin2012" class="citation book cs1">Hirschfelder, Arlene B.; Paulette Fairbanks Molin (2012). <i>The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists</i>. Scarecrow. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7709-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7709-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7709-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Book+of+Native+American+Lists&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7709-2&rft.aulast=Hirschfelder&rft.aufirst=Arlene+B.&rft.au=Paulette+Fairbanks+Molin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AICRJ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AICRJ_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, C. Richard, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ787736">De/Scribing Squ*w: Indigenous Women and Imperial Idioms in the United States</a>" in the <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>, v27 n2 p1-16 2003. Accessed Oct. 9, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelletier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelletier_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelletier_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelletier_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Pelletier, <i>Terminology Guide: Research on Aboriginal Heritage</i>, Library and Archives, Canada, 2012. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701031831/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/aboriginal-heritage/Documents/Terminology%20Guide%20%20Aboriginal%20Heritage.pdf">PDF archived at internet archive</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docplayer.net/15682413-Terminology-guide-research-on-aboriginal-heritage.html">Available</a> on docplayer). Accessed September 24, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIMsc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIMsc_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIMsc_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIMsc_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.main.nc.us/wncceib/squaw.htm">"Squaw – Facts on the Eradication of the 'S' Word"</a>. Western North Carolina Citizens For An End To Institutional Bigotry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-10</span></span>. <q>When people argue that the word originates in American Indian language point out that: Although scholarship traces the word to the Massachusset Indians back in the 1650s, the word has different meanings (or may not exist at all) in hundreds of other American Indian languages. This claim also assumes that a European correctly translated the Massachusset language to English—that he understood the nuances of Indian speech.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squaw+%E2%80%93+Facts+on+the+Eradication+of+the+%27S%27+Word&rft.pub=Western+North+Carolina+Citizens+For+An+End+To+Institutional+Bigotry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.main.nc.us%2Fwncceib%2Fsquaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcia.2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia.2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia.2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2012" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Alma (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contestedimagesw0000unse/page/157"><i>Contested images women of color in popular culture</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Altimia Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contestedimagesw0000unse/page/157">157–168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759119635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759119635"><bdi>978-0759119635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+images+women+of+color+in+popular+culture&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=157-168&rft.pub=Altimia+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0759119635&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontestedimagesw0000unse%2Fpage%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=squaw">"squaw"</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a>.</i><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/squaw" class="extiw" title="mwod:squaw">"Squaw"</a>. Retrieved March 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOED-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOED_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. Entry: "Squaw".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil,_Harold2015" class="citation web cs1">McNeil, Harold (July 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/riverside/unity-island-becomes-official-name-of-niagara-river-plot-20150706">"Unity Island becomes official name of Niagara River plot"</a>. <i>The Buffalo News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Unity+Island+becomes+official+name+of+Niagara+River+plot&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalonews.com%2Fcity-region%2Friverside%2Funity-island-becomes-official-name-of-niagara-river-plot-20150706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutler 1994; Goddard 1996, 1997. Possibly as early as 1621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard1997-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard1997_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1997" class="citation web cs1">Goddard, Ives (April 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthropology.si.edu/goddard/squaw_1.pdf">"The True History of the Word <i>Squaw</i>. Slightly revised version of a letter, "Since the word squaw continues to be of interest", printed in <i>Indian Country News</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 17A. <q>In its historical origin, however, the word squaw is perfectly innocent ... It is as certain as any historical fact can be that the word squaw that the English settlers in Massachusetts used for "Indian woman" in the early 1600s was adopted by them from the word squa that their Massachusett-speaking neighbors used in their own language to mean "female, younger woman," and not from Mohawk ojiskwa' "vagina," which has the wrong shape, the wrong meaning, and was used by people with whom they then had no contact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+True+History+of+the+Word+Squaw.+Slightly+revised+version+of+a+letter%2C+%22Since+the+word+squaw+continues+to+be+of+interest%22%2C+printed+in+Indian+Country+News&rft.pages=17A&rft.date=1997-04-15&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.si.edu%2Fgoddard%2Fsquaw_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1936" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Roger (1936) [1643]. <i>A Key into the Language of America</i> (reprint). Baxter, Reprinted by Providence. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55709-464-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55709-464-0"><bdi>1-55709-464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Key+into+the+Language+of+America&rft.pub=Baxter%2C+Reprinted+by+Providence&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=1-55709-464-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Jacob_Miller1951" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Jacob Miller (1951). <i>The West of Alfred Jacob Miller (1837) from the notes and water colors in the Walters Art Gallery, with an account of the artist by Marvin C. Ross</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 71, 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+of+Alfred+Jacob+Miller+%281837%29+from+the+notes+and+water+colors+in+the+Walters+Art+Gallery%2C+with+an+account+of+the+artist+by+Marvin+C.+Ross&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=71%2C+78&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Alfred+Jacob+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/14801/bourgeois-w---r-and-his-squaw/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Bourgeois" W---r, and His Squaw | 37.1940.78"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Bourgeois%22+W---r%2C+and+His+Squaw+%26%23124%3B+37.1940.78&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F14801%2Fbourgeois-w---r-and-his-squaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVoto1947" class="citation book cs1">DeVoto, Bernard (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46499/page/n442/mode/1up"><i>Across The Wide Missouri</i></a>. Illustrated by Alfred Jacob Miller. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+The+Wide+Missouri&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=DeVoto&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.46499%2Fpage%2Fn442%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe,_Edgar_Allan1838" class="citation book cs1">Poe, Edgar Allan (1838). <i>The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</i>. Penguin. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043748-5"><bdi>978-0-14-043748-5</bdi></a>. <q>This man was the son of an Indian squaw of the tribe of Upsarokas, who live among the fastnesses of the Black Hills near the source of the Missouri.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrative+of+Arthur+Gordon+Pym+of+Nantucket&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1838&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043748-5&rft.au=Poe%2C+Edgar+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamWetherald1887" class="citation book cs1">Adam, G. Mercer; Wetherald, A. Ethelwyn (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924009043427/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater&q=squaw"><i>An Algonquin Maiden: A Romance of the Early Days of Upper Canada</i></a>. Montreal: John Lovell and Son. <q>Let me contrive to win the heart of this vain squaw-snake, and then with her aid I shall be able to destroy her husband ... Oh, there is no doubt that Big Bear knew all about the best way to make love, for very soon the squaw-snake began to show great discontent with her husband ... "Come, Ned, try to be entertaining for once; tell us about the pretty Indian girl you were mooning with." "What did you say?" demanded Edward, freezingly. "You heard perfectly well what I said." "What do you mean by it?" "Oh, I mean the pretty squaw you were spooning with, if that suits you better." ... "Only it was town talk in Barrie last Fall that you had become infatuated with the sweet little squaw to such an extent that your charming sister, with commendable prudence and foresight, had you put out of harm's way as speedily as possible."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Algonquin+Maiden%3A+A+Romance+of+the+Early+Days+of+Upper+Canada&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=John+Lovell+and+Son&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=G.+Mercer&rft.au=Wetherald%2C+A.+Ethelwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924009043427%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3Dsquaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogwea-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cogwea_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mourning Dove. 1927 (1981 edition). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=agtUFaocL0IC&dq=Cogewea+squaw&pg=PA112">Cogewea, the Half-Blood</a></i>, p. 112. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8110-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8110-2">0-8032-8110-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._B._White1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a> (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysofebwhite00whit/page/192">"The Years of Wonder"</a></span>. <i>Essays of E. B. White</i>. New York: Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysofebwhite00whit/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014576-5"><bdi>0-06-014576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Years+of+Wonder&rft.btitle=Essays+of+E.+B.+White&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-06-014576-5&rft.au=E.+B.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysofebwhite00whit%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asimov-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asimov_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asimov, Isaac. 1971. <i>Pebble in the Sky</i>. Fawcett, Greenwich, Conn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2000_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, LaDonna. 2000. <i>LaDonna Harris, A Comanche Life</i>, edited by H. Henrietta Stockel, p. 59, University of Nebraska Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodge1910-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodge1910_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, Frederick Webb. 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t83yREnk1jsC&dq=Hodge+handbook+Indians+squaw&pg=PA630"><i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.</i></a> Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology Bulletin 30. Retrieved Nov. 16, 2007. This was a popular literary stereotype, as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Squaw_Man_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Squaw Man (disambiguation)">The Squaw Man</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lyon, George W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/view/8124/9181">"Pauline Johnson: A Reconsideration"</a>. <i>Studies in Canadian Literature</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 136<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Canadian+Literature&rft.atitle=Pauline+Johnson%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FSCL%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8124%2F9181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1892-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1892_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Pauline. 1892. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdhe401kQL4C&dq=%22Call+her+a+squaw%22+Pauline&pg=PA119">A Strong Race Opinion on the Indian Girl in Modern Fiction</a>". Reprinted in Keller, Betty. 1987. <i>Pauline: A Biography of Pauline Johnson</i>, p. 119. Formac. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88780-151-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88780-151-X">0-88780-151-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna46531169">"From Negro Creek to Wop Draw, place names offend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 2012-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=From+Negro+Creek+to+Wop+Draw%2C+place+names+offend&rft.date=2012-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna46531169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callimachi-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callimachi_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallimachi2006" class="citation news cs1">Callimachi, Rukmini (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050921110844/http://www.sacunion.com/pages/nation/articles/3683/">"Removing 'Squaw' from the Lexicon"</a>. <i>The Sacramento Union</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacunion.com/pages/nation/articles/3683/">the original</a> on 2005-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Union&rft.atitle=Removing+%27Squaw%27+from+the+Lexicon&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Callimachi&rft.aufirst=Rukmini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacunion.com%2Fpages%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F3683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2021" class="citation news cs1">Chappell, Bill (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands">"Interior Secretary Deb Haaland moves to ban the word 'squaw' from federal lands"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Interior+Secretary+Deb+Haaland+moves+to+ban+the+word+%27squaw%27+from+federal+lands&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F11%2F19%2F1057367325%2Finterior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehr2021" class="citation news cs1">Gehr, Danielle (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amestrib.com/story/news/2021/02/16/squaw-creek-renamed-to-ioway-creek-ames-iowa/6773413002/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I am just amazed': After years of lobbying, U.S. board agrees to change the name of a central Iowa creek"</a>. <i>The Ames Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ames+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27I+am+just+amazed%27%3A+After+years+of+lobbying%2C+U.S.+board+agrees+to+change+the+name+of+a+central+Iowa+creek&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Gehr&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amestrib.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2021%2F02%2F16%2Fsquaw-creek-renamed-to-ioway-creek-ames-iowa%2F6773413002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montana Code 2-15-149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrier, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2020" class="citation news cs1">Fleming, Deirdre (August 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralmaine.com/2020/08/27/three-maine-women-launch-petition-to-remove-slur-from-ski-resorts-name/">"Owner rebuffs call to change name of ski area near Greenville"</a>. <i>Press Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Owner+rebuffs+call+to+change+name+of+ski+area+near+Greenville&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralmaine.com%2F2020%2F08%2F27%2Fthree-maine-women-launch-petition-to-remove-slur-from-ski-resorts-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Ornithologists' Union, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagengruber, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/47165.html">"Dollis Creek"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dollis+Creek&rft.pub=BCGNIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F47165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam2020" class="citation news cs1">Pam, Berman (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-negro-place-names-complaint-1.5615486">"2 years after complaint, review for Barrington communities with offensive names pending"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=2+years+after+complaint%2C+review+for+Barrington+communities+with+offensive+names+pending&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Pam&rft.aufirst=Berman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Fnova-scotia-negro-place-names-complaint-1.5615486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingProvo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingProvo_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation news cs1">King, Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214855/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865690632/Provo-explores-renaming-Squaw-Peak-but-hasnt-agreed-on-new-moniker.html">"Provo explores renaming Squaw Peak but hasn't agreed on new moniker"</a>. Deseret News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865690632/Provo-explores-renaming-Squaw-Peak-but-hasnt-agreed-on-new-moniker.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Provo+explores+renaming+Squaw+Peak+but+hasn%27t+agreed+on+new+moniker&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865690632%2FProvo-explores-renaming-Squaw-Peak-but-hasnt-agreed-on-new-moniker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washoe-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washoe_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/local/squaw-ridge-in-sierra-nevada-renamed-after-proposal-by-washoe-tribe-of-nevada-and-california/">"Squaw Ridge in Sierra Nevada renamed after proposal by Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California"</a>. <i>Tahoe Daily Tribune</i>. September 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tahoe+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=Squaw+Ridge+in+Sierra+Nevada+renamed+after+proposal+by+Washoe+Tribe+of+Nevada+and+California&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tahoedailytribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsquaw-ridge-in-sierra-nevada-renamed-after-proposal-by-washoe-tribe-of-nevada-and-california%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wuttunee-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wuttunee_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/unity-lakes-name-change-1.4912810">"Indigenous lawyer led push to rename Sask.'s Killsquaw Lake to honour Cree women who died in 19th century - New name Kikiskitotawânawak Iskêwak means 'we honour the women'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indigenous+lawyer+led+push+to+rename+Sask.%27s+Killsquaw+Lake+to+honour+Cree+women+who+died+in+19th+century+-+New+name+Kikiskitotaw%C3%A2nawak+Isk%C3%AAwak+means+%27we+honour+the+women%27&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsaskatchewan%2Funity-lakes-name-change-1.4912810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMOToday-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMOToday_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulewich2020" class="citation news cs1">Dulewich, Jenna (2020-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmotoday.com/local-news/moving-mountains-how-bow-valley-is-taking-a-stand-against-a-peak-with-a-racist-name-2649528">"Moving Mountains: How Bow Valley is taking a stand against a peak with a racist name"</a>. Canmore, AB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moving+Mountains%3A+How+Bow+Valley+is+taking+a+stand+against+a+peak+with+a+racist+name&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Dulewich&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmotoday.com%2Flocal-news%2Fmoving-mountains-how-bow-valley-is-taking-a-stand-against-a-peak-with-a-racist-name-2649528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20200929_rename-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20200929_rename_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stalberttoday.ca/beyond-local/stoney-nakoda-restores-traditional-name-to-peak-with-racist-nickname-2753724">"Beyond Local: Stoney Nakoda restores traditional name to peak with racist nickname"</a>. <i>StAlbertToday.ca</i>. September 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StAlbertToday.ca&rft.atitle=Beyond+Local%3A+Stoney+Nakoda+restores+traditional+name+to+peak+with+racist+nickname&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalberttoday.ca%2Fbeyond-local%2Fstoney-nakoda-restores-traditional-name-to-peak-with-racist-nickname-2753724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modbee.com/news/california/article254202533.html">See the tremendous history and legend of Palisades Tahoe, formerly Squaw Valley</a>," <i>Modesto Bee</i>. September 13, 2021. Accessed September 13, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826023056/https://squawalpine.com/squaw-valley-name-change">"Squaw Valley Name Change"</a>. <i>Squaw Alpine</i>. 2020-08-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://squawalpine.com/squaw-valley-name-change">the original</a> on 2020-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Squaw+Alpine&rft.atitle=Squaw+Valley+Name+Change&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsquawalpine.com%2Fsquaw-valley-name-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205090616/https://www.serenitymountainretreat.org/">Serenity Mountain Retreat</a> archived on 2021-12-05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gvwire.com/2021/01/27/controversy-arises-over-resolution-to-rename-squaw-valley-in-fresno-county">"Effort to Rename County's Squaw Valley Area Put on Hold After Complaints"</a>. 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effort+to+Rename+County%27s+Squaw+Valley+Area+Put+on+Hold+After+Complaints&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgvwire.com%2F2021%2F01%2F27%2Fcontroversy-arises-over-resolution-to-rename-squaw-valley-in-fresno-county&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2022" class="citation news cs1">Seidman, Lila (January 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-01-08/coalition-seeks-to-rename-squaw-valley-in-fresno-county">"Indigenous group goes to federal board to rename Squaw Valley"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Indigenous+group+goes+to+federal+board+to+rename+Squaw+Valley&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2022-01-08%2Fcoalition-seeks-to-rename-squaw-valley-in-fresno-county&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontalvo2021" class="citation news cs1">Montalvo, Melissa (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2021/11/squaw-valley-rename/">"Should the community of Squaw Valley change its name?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CalMatters" title="CalMatters">CalMatters</a></i>. Sacramento, California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CalMatters&rft.atitle=Should+the+community+of+Squaw+Valley+change+its+name%3F&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Montalvo&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmatters.org%2Fcalifornia-divide%2F2021%2F11%2Fsquaw-valley-rename%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimesSep2022-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesSep2022_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesSep2022_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahagún2022" class="citation news cs1">Sahagún, Louis (September 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-25/new-law-will-remove-the-word-squaw-from-california-place-names">"New law will remove the word 'squaw' from California place names"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=New+law+will+remove+the+word+%27squaw%27+from+California+place+names&rft.date=2022-09-25&rft.aulast=Sahag%C3%BAn&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2022-09-25%2Fnew-law-will-remove-the-word-squaw-from-california-place-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsomPressRelease-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewsomPressRelease_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewsomPressRelease_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/09/23/on-native-american-day-governor-newsom-signs-legislation-to-support-california-native-communities-advance-equity-and-inclusion/">"On Native American Day, Governor Newsom Signs Legislation to Support California Native Communities, Advance Equity and Inclusion"</a> (Press release). Sacramento, California: Office of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a>. September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Native+American+Day%2C+Governor+Newsom+Signs+Legislation+to+Support+California+Native+Communities%2C+Advance+Equity+and+Inclusion&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+California&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor+of+California&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ca.gov%2F2022%2F09%2F23%2Fon-native-american-day-governor-newsom-signs-legislation-to-support-california-native-communities-advance-equity-and-inclusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy" class="citation magazine cs1">McGreevy, Nora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/more-than-600-places-in-the-us-will-remove-racist-slur-from-their-names-180979733/">"U.S. Will Rename 660 Mountains, Rivers and More to Remove Racist Word"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=U.S.+Will+Rename+660+Mountains%2C+Rivers+and+More+to+Remove+Racist+Word&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fmore-than-600-places-in-the-us-will-remove-racist-slur-from-their-names-180979733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen" class="citation news cs1">Nguyen, Thao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/09/08/united-states-geographical-locations-native-american/8028282001/">"US changes names of nearly 650 places with racist Native American women term"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=US+changes+names+of+nearly+650+places+with+racist+Native+American+women+term&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Thao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2022%2F09%2F08%2Funited-states-geographical-locations-native-american%2F8028282001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/all-official-sq-names">"Official Replacement Names for Sq_"</a>. <i>Geographic Names Information System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.atitle=Official+Replacement+Names+for+Sq_&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fall-official-sq-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.ca.gov/NewsRelease/976">"State Agencies Announce Steps to Address Discriminatory Names, Inequities in State Parks and Transportation System Features"</a> (Press release). Sacramento, California: California State Parks. September 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Agencies+Announce+Steps+to+Address+Discriminatory+Names%2C+Inequities+in+State+Parks+and+Transportation+System+Features&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+California&rft.pub=California+State+Parks&rft.date=2022-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2FNewsRelease%2F976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-completes-vote-remove-derogatory-names-five-locations">"Interior Department Completes Vote to Remove Derogatory Names from Five Locations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interior+Department+Completes+Vote+to+Remove+Derogatory+Names+from+Five+Locations&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fpressreleases%2Finterior-department-completes-vote-remove-derogatory-names-five-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally2023" class="citation news cs1">McNally, Trevor (23 November 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tjnews.pressreader.com/the-tribune-new-brunswick/20231123">"Racial Slur Dropped from N.B. community's name"</a></span>. <i>The Tribune</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Racial+Slur+Dropped+from+N.B.+community%27s+name&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftjnews.pressreader.com%2Fthe-tribune-new-brunswick%2F20231123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Carrier, Paul. June 27, 2000. "'Squaw' renaming may have exception." Portland Press Herald.'</li> <li>Cutler, Charles L. 1994. <i>O Brave New Words! Native American Loanwords in Current English.</i> University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2655-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2655-8">0-8061-2655-8</a></li> <li>Green, Rayna. 1975. "The Pocahontas Perplex: The Image of Indian Women in American Culture." <i>Massachusetts Review</i> 16:698–714.</li> <li>Hagengruber, James. 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokesmanreview.com/idaho/story.asp?ID=153172&page=all">Tribe wants 'squaw' off map</a>". <i>SpokesmanReview.Com</i> (Idaho), Oct. 6, 2006. Retrieved Feb. 28, 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Laurent, Chief Joseph. 1884. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18iXQFP4pFUC">New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues.</a></i> Quebec, Leger Brousseau. Retrieved Nov. 16, 2007.</li> <li>Masta, Henry Lorne. 1932. <i>Abenaki Indian Legends, Grammar and Place Names.</i> Odanak, P.Q., Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_A._Mihesuah" title="Devon A. Mihesuah">Mihesuah, Devon Abbott</a>. 2003. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0803282869">Indigenous American Women: Decolonization, Empowerment, Activism</a></i>. University of Nebraska Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2009/07/ethnic-slurs/">Around Ethnic Slurs: Squaw</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.main.nc.us/wncceib/squaw.htm">SQUAW – Facts on the Eradication of the "S" Word</a> at Teach Respect Not Racism – Western North Carolina Citizens For An End To Institutional Bigotry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluecorncomics.com/squaw.htm">Squelching the S-Word</a> at Blue Corn Comics, collection of articles and correspondence on topic</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shqiptar#Use_in_South_Slavic_languages" title="Shqiptar">Šiptar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British#Pommy_or_Pom" title="Glossary of names for the British">Pom</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlanders</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Welsh-speaking elite</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dic_Si%C3%B4n_Dafydd" title="Dic Siôn Dafydd">Dic Siôn Dafydd</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Anglophile Welsh</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheep_shagger" title="Sheep shagger">Sheep shagger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">Cheesehead</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/China_Swede" class="mw-redirect" title="China Swede">China Swede</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnj%C3%A4vel" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnjävel">Finnjävel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Germans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hun<span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Irish Travellers</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoneenism" title="Shoneenism">Shoneen</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greaseball</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guinea</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sardegnolo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sheep shagger</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Sardinians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment#Hate_speech_and_derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbomans" title="Serbomans">Serbomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn" title="Gachupín">Gachupín</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(Mercheros)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xarnego" title="Xarnego">Xarnego</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Khokhol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarophiles" title="Bulgarophiles">Bulgarophiles</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hunky_(ethnic_slur)" title="Hunky (ethnic slur)">Hunky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>eastern and central europeans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yestonians" title="Yestonians">Yestonians</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chinese and Korean</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Twinkie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ah_Beng" title="Ah Beng">Ah Beng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas</a></i> / <i>westernized Chinese</i>)</span> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Koreans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ban-jjokbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban-jjokbari">Ban-jjokbari</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Japan-affiliated Korean people</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>also Chinese</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Benshengren" title="Benshengren">Benshengren</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized South Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali Hindus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danchi_babu" title="Danchi babu">Danchi babu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(term)" title="Mayang (term)">Mayang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink#India" title="Chink">Chinki</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Asia" title="Indian diaspora">Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistanis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipinos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raghead" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghead">Raghead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess stereotype">Jewish-American princess (JAP)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekke</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd / Zhydovka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Didicoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Didicoy">Didicoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zott" title="Zott">Zott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfella</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hori_(slur)" title="Hori (slur)">Hori</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and South<br />Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unangan">Unangan</a></i>)</span>,</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy#Controversial_terminology" title="Native American name controversy">Indian/Injun</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin/Red Indian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Squaw</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Blacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_American_princess" title="Black American princess">Black American princess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House Negro">House Negro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_(character)" title="Jim Crow (character)">Jim Crow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(term)" title="Macaca (term)">Macaca</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">Nigga</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">Queen / Queenie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schvartze" title="Schvartze">Schvartze</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conch_(people)" title="Conch (people)">Conch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamians</a> of European descent)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly / Hilljack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Yankee" title="Swamp Yankee">Swamp Yankee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trailer_trash" title="Trailer trash">Trailer trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexicans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Canadians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Cubans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">Naco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundlander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Oklahomans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia#Pindos" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexican Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chileans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudaca">Sudaca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Central and South Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank / Yankee</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Outsiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>immigrant</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jew</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-believer</i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffar</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">Reffo / Balt</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish boy or man</a></i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Shkutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish woman</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><b>Indigenous rights</b></a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights"><b>Minority rights</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐pvdvh Cached time: 20241122141253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.854 seconds Real time usage: 1.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4907/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 260816/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7015/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 201631/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.455/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9201335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 789.362 1 -total 42.59% 336.174 1 Template:Reflist 13.56% 107.068 1 Template:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada 13.55% 106.958 10 Template:Navbox 12.92% 102.006 1 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