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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_transportation_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_transportation_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Early transportation problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_transportation_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parish_formation_and_growing_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parish_formation_and_growing_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parish formation and growing independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parish_formation_and_growing_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_Springfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_Springfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Independence from Springfield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_Springfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads_and_industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads_and_industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Railroads and industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads_and_industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Holyoke_and_Agawam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Holyoke_and_Agawam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Creation of Holyoke and Agawam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Holyoke_and_Agawam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Highway construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstate_91_planned_for_West_Springfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_91_planned_for_West_Springfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>Interstate 91 planned for West Springfield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_91_planned_for_West_Springfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Town services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Town_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Town services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Town_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_district_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_district_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Public district schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_district_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_buildings_and_closings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_buildings_and_closings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>School buildings and closings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_buildings_and_closings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Springfield, Massachusetts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ويست سبرينغفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويست سبرينغفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="باتی اسپرینقفیلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی اسپرینقفیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(lungsod_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="West Springfield (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield" title="West Springfield – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="West Springfield" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="اسپرینگفیلد غربی، ماساچوست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپرینگفیلد غربی، ماساچوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield" title="West Springfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="West Springfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вэст Спрингфилд (Массачусетс) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вэст Спрингфилд (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вэст Спрингфилд (Массачусетс) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вэст Спрингфилд (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ويسانت سبرينجفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويسانت سبرينجفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89_(%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="ウェストスプリングフィールド (マサチューセッツ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストスプリングフィールド (マサチューセッツ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вест-Спрингфилд (Массачусетс) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вест-Спрингфилд (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вест Спрингфилд (Масачусетс) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вест Спрингфилд (Масачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield" title="West Springfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="West Springfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вест-Спрингфилд (Массачусетс) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вест-Спрингфилд (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81" title="Уэст Спрингфилд, Массачусетс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уэст Спрингфилд, Массачусетс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Вест-Спрінгфілд (Массачусетс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вест-Спрінгфілд (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88%D8%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ویسٹ سپرنگفیلڈ، میساچوسٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویسٹ سپرنگفیلڈ، میساچوسٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield (Massachusetts) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="West Springfield (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="West Springfield, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="西斯普林菲尔德 (马萨诸塞州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西斯普林菲尔德 (马萨诸塞州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&params=42_06_25_N_72_37_15_W_region:US-MA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°06′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°37′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.10694°N 72.62083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.10694; -72.62083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/West Springfield, Massachusetts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22">"West Springfield, Massachusetts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Massachusetts, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">West Springfield, Massachusetts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Town of West Springfield<sup><a href="#Government">[*]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storrowton_Green,_Eastern_States_Exposition,_West_Springfield_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Storrowton Green at the Eastern States Exposition"><img alt="Storrowton Green at the Eastern States Exposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg/250px-Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg/375px-Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg/500px-Storrowton_Green%2C_Eastern_States_Exposition%2C_West_Springfield_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Storrowton Green<br />at the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Exposition">Eastern States Exposition</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_West_Springfield,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of West Springfield, Massachusetts"><img alt="Flag of West Springfield, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="258" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_West_Springfield,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of West Springfield, Massachusetts"><img alt="Official seal of West Springfield, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Seal_of_West_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="276" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">West Side,<br />"Crossroads of New England"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts"><img alt="Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg/250px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg/375px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg/500px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_West_Springfield_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts is located in the United States"><img alt="West Springfield, Massachusetts is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.973%;left:87.179%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West Springfield, Massachusetts"><img alt="West Springfield, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>West Springfield, Massachusetts</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&params=42_06_25_N_72_37_15_W_region:US-MA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°06′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°37′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.10694°N 72.62083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.10694; -72.62083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1655<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1855_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated <small>(town)</small></th><td class="infobox-data">1774</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated <small>(city)</small></th><td class="infobox-data">2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Mayor-council city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">William Reichelt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17.54 sq mi (45.42 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">16.73 sq mi (43.33 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.81 sq mi (2.09 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">65 ft (20 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,835</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,723.55/sq mi (665.45/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ZIP code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">01089</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_413" title="Area code 413">413</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25-77850</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">0618194</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townofwestspringfield.org">townofwestspringfield<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West Springfield</b> is a city<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County, Massachusetts</a>, United States. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a> <a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a>. The population was 28,835 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 United States Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also known as "West Side", in reference to the fact that it is on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> from Springfield, a fact which played a major part in the town's early history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield,_built_1702.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png/220px-First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png/330px-First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png/440px-First_Meetinghouse_of_West_Springfield%2C_built_1702.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The First Meetinghouse of West Springfield, serving as its church and public meeting space, the 92-foot (28 m) tall structure was built on the common in 1702, and demolished in 1820<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area that became known as West Springfield was settled in 1635. The settlers fled to higher ground on the east side of the river and founded Springfield in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Colonial_Hurricane_of_1635" title="Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635">great hurricane of 1635</a>. West Springfield was good farm land, so some families did stay on the west side.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_transportation_problems">Early transportation problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early transportation problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the trade in beaver skins, economic activity in early colonial Springfield consisted largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry, with barter being the preferred medium of exchange for neighbors' crops, and locally produced goods. <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">Gristmills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saw_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw mill">saw mills</a> were also present in the early settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Connecticut River was too wide to be bridged at the time, crossings had to be made by boat. The Hay Place was created between the current town common and East School Street,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for people who farmed or mowed on land grants on the west side to leave their crops while they awaited transport back to the eastern side. </p><p>By the 1650s some English settlers had begun living full-time on the western side of the river, probably near what is now Riverdale Road, across from the Chicopee River.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in that decade, Springfield had made a provision that any able-bodied man (and his work animals) could be required to work up to six eight-hour days on local roads (the barter economy equivalent of an infrastructure tax). In 1666, the west side residents complained about having to work on east side roads while their own were not well taken care of. After considerable dispute, it was determined that the men of the settlement would tend the roads on their own sides of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parish_formation_and_growing_independence">Parish formation and growing independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parish formation and growing independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many ways, the distinction between the church and the state in the early <a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">New England town</a> form of government was fuzzy, though religious and secular meetings were held separately and generally led by different people. </p><p>For the early settlers of Springfield, attendance at both <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meetings</a> and weekly <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a> services (often both held in the town "meeting house") in the early settlement were mandatory, and this was enforced by fines.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift,_p._19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift,_p._19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several decades, West Side residents requested accommodation from the town in the form of a free ferry service to reach the Springfield meeting house on the east side of the river, but were refused by town meeting and even by arbitrators from Northampton and Hadley.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift,_p._19_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift,_p._19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1683, Reice Bedortha, his son John, John's wife Lydia, and their newborn Mercy, were drowned on the Connecticut on their way to church when their boat capsized.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west side residents renewed their complaints and began to demand their own church meeting house. On 29 May 1697, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> finally approved a separate parish and meeting house for the approximately 200 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West side parishes were also created for Agawam (1696), Feeding Hills (1800),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Holyoke ("North Parish" or "Ireland Parish" named for early Irish settlers John and Mary Riley; 1786).<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1855b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1855b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law in 1647 requiring the construction of a public school in any town with 50 or more families. In 1706 after two years of petitioning, west side residents were granted funds for the construction of a school (though west side students might have been home-schooled before that time).<sup id="cite_ref-Swift,_p._27_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift,_p._27-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1707, the west side parish was delegated from Springfield town meeting the right to grant land in its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift,_p._27_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift,_p._27-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_Springfield">Independence from Springfield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence from Springfield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_Day_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josiah_Day_House.jpg/220px-Josiah_Day_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josiah_Day_House.jpg/330px-Josiah_Day_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josiah_Day_House.jpg/440px-Josiah_Day_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Day_House" title="Josiah Day House">Josiah Day House</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1754</span>, it is believed to be the oldest <a href="/wiki/Saltbox_house" title="Saltbox house">saltbox house</a> made of brick in the United States; today tours are given by the Ramapogue Historical Society</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the continuing need to cross the Connecticut River to attend town meetings, and east–west tension over resource allocation, the west side residents petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to be incorporated as a separate town in 1756. After a particularly contentious town meeting in 1773 which bounced between meeting houses on opposite shores and nearly resulted in a year-long government shutdown, proposals for partition were eventually sent from both sides to the colonial legislature. On 23 February 1774, West Springfield was incorporated as a separate town, with territory including what is now Agawam and most of Holyoke.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another dispute was immediately created when the charter of the town prevented it from taxing the property of Springfield residents within its boundaries. This law was later changed to apply only until such property was sold, but the last such parcel did not become taxable by West Springfield until the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WSpringfield1795Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WSpringfield1795Map.png/220px-WSpringfield1795Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WSpringfield1795Map.png/330px-WSpringfield1795Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WSpringfield1795Map.png/440px-WSpringfield1795Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>A map of West Springfield as surveyed in 1795, when it still included what are now Holyoke and Agawam.</figcaption></figure> <p>West Springfield <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">minutemen</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> beginning on April 20, 1775, the day after the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1777, a major contingent of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> and British troops were captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a> and transported to Boston (for possible deportation or imprisonment). While encamped in West Springfield, some of the German mercenaries stayed and married into the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic conditions after the Revolution led to <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> in Springfield and West Springfield in 1786–1787. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Bridge,_Springfield_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg/220px-Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg/330px-Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg/440px-Memorial_Bridge%2C_Springfield_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County_Memorial_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden County Memorial Bridge">Hampden County Memorial Bridge</a>, linking West Springfield to <a href="/wiki/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts">Metro Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Technological advancements allowed the first bridge to be built across the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> in 1805. It was a toll bridge built on stone pilings; the roadway heaved up and down as it passed over six arch-shaped spans. This bridge was damaged by spring floods in 1814, and after a partial collapse under heavy traffic, was demolished. </p><p>In 1816, a replacement bridge opened at Bridge Street. It was destroyed in 1818 by spring ice, despite a valiant attempt to keep it from being washed downstream by tying it to a tree; the cable snapped. A third bridge built on the same foundations, was in use for over 100 years, and known as the "Old Toll Bridge", though tolls were removed in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Bridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Memorial Bridge (Massachusetts)">Memorial Bridge</a> was opened in 1922; it underwent a major overhaul in the 1990s. </p><p>The first North End Bridge opened 1887 with a sturdy metal box-shaped truss (the upper part of the box being suspended above the roadway). In 1923, the tar-sealed wooden decking caught fire, which was made worse by the gas mains the bridge carried. The replacement bridge at this location is still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old county records indicate a license was given to Benjamin Ashley of West Springfield to operate a ferry across the Connecticut River in 1843, in the Riverdale neighborhood at what are now Ashley Avenue and Ferry Street.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wooden toll bridge was built on this site (at the base of Wayside Avenue—formerly Bridge Street—and Ashley Avenue) in 1847, but burned down in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was evidently replaced, as the state closed a bridge to Chicopee on this site in 1972, and demolished it in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several crossings of the Westfield River were built in the 19th century, but most were destroyed by floods. Several highway bridges were also constructed in the late 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The warnings of the Agawam Indians proved true in 1647, 1767, 1801, 1804, and 1818. Civil War-era dikes held back high water in the Agawam (Westfield) River in 1878, but heavy rain flooded the town again in 1927. Both heavy rains and a large snowmelt brought an even more <a href="/wiki/1936_Northeastern_United_States_flood" title="1936 Northeastern United States flood">massive flood in 1936</a>, with 8,000 people were displaced in the town of 17,000. The area's bridges survived; the railroad bridge being weighed down by a fully loaded freight train intentionally parked across it. The <a href="/wiki/New_England_Hurricane_of_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Hurricane of 1938">New England Hurricane of 1938</a> flooded crops along Riverdale Road and severely damaged the Exposition grounds, causing the fair to close for the season. It also opened a hole in the dike at Mosley Avenue, which was repaired before the rain waters could once again flood the lower section of town.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another major flood struck in 1955 from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Connie" title="Hurricane Connie">Hurricane Connie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Diane" title="Hurricane Diane">Hurricane Diane</a> arriving five days apart, knocking out the town's drinking water facilities in Southwick and destroying Bear Hole Dam, Piper Reservoir, and Memorial Pool (all of which were rebuilt).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winter weather has also caused significant damage at times during West Springfield's history. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1888" title="Great Blizzard of 1888">Great Blizzard of 1888</a> dropped over 5 feet (1.5 m) of snow, with 20-foot (6.1 m) drifts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been more recent blizzards in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States_blizzard_of_1978" title="Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978">1978</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_1996" title="North American blizzard of 1996">1996</a>. </p><p>On June 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/2011_New_England_tornado_outbreak#The_Greater_Springfield_tornado" title="2011 New England tornado outbreak">a tornado</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (The Greater Springfield tornado) has been deleted. (2024-11-05)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> touched down in West Springfield, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, and then devastated the City of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>. It damaged densely populated parts of West Springfield, causing two fatalities in the city—including a mother who died while shielding her 15-year-old daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> declared the area surrounding West Springfield and Springfield a <a href="/wiki/Federal_disaster_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal disaster area">federal disaster area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 29, 2011, a snow storm dumped more than ten inches of wet snow on the town and the surrounding area. Snow clung to trees which still had most of their leaves. The result was the falling of trees and limbs on homes, vehicles, powerlines and roadways. It took more than one week for some homes to have power restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg/220px-Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg/330px-Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg/440px-Eastern_States_Co-op_Sunrise_FullColor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/The_Big_E" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big E">Eastern States Farmers' Exchange</a>, known today for The Big E, was founded in 1918, and merged with other cooperatives to form <a href="/wiki/Agway" title="Agway">Agway</a> in 1964. Its former headquarters now serves as West Springfield Town Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture continued to dominate the local economy when <a href="/wiki/Market_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Market gardening">market gardening</a> started in the 1830s, concentrating in the Riverdale Road area. These crops were intended to be sent to market for cash, rather than to be used by the farming family for themselves or to barter for other crops. Growing population and improved transportation links increased the size of the potential market; by 1860, West Springfield was using <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> and exporting fresh crops to Boston. Agriculture remained an important part of the West Springfield economy for many decades, but land development and economic changes led to a decline, and by the 1940s, it was a minor activity in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Exposition">Eastern States Exposition</a> started in 1917 as a reaction against the slow decline of New England agriculture. The annual fall fair is by far West Springfield's largest tourist attraction and one of the largest fairs in the country. The exposition grounds host many events on a year-round basis. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan horse</a> was bred in West Springfield in 1789–1790.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads_and_industrialization">Railroads and industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Railroads and industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Springfield_freight_house,_August_2018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG/220px-West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG/330px-West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG/440px-West_Springfield_freight_house%2C_August_2018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The former Mittineague station, built during the expansion of West Springfield's industrial base, today serves as a local church congregation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg/220px-Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg/330px-Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg/440px-Power_Plant_in_West_Springfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield_Generating_Station" title="West Springfield Generating Station">West Springfield Generating Station</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peaking_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaking unit">peaking unit</a> utility</figcaption></figure> <p>Light manufacturing began to grow in the 19th century, including tanned hides, horse carriages, gunpowder, ceramics, industrial pipes, hats, and boats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> reached Western Massachusetts in the 19th century, the region's many fast-moving rivers resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">mill town</a> boom. Early textile and paper mills were staffed by Irish famine immigrants who nearly doubled their population in the town between 1840 and 1860. Paper manufacturing became a major regional industry, including within the town limits included (mostly clustered on the Westfield River) the Southworth Paper Company (1839), the Agawam Paper Company (1859), the Agawam Canal Company, the Springfield Glazed Paper Company (1882), the Worthy Paper Company (1892), the Mittineague Paper Company (1892, later known as the Strathmore Paper Company and acquired by <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The Western Railroad opened for freight and passenger service in 1841, connecting West Springfield to Worcester, Boston, the Berkshires, and upstate New York. It would become the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad" title="Boston and Albany Railroad">Boston and Albany Railroad</a> in 1870. Travel time from Boston to Albany was considerably reduced from the over 40 hours it took by stagecoach in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The covered wooden railroad bridge across the Connecticut which opened in 1841, was replaced by the current double-track steel truss railroad bridge in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Springfield became a major transportation hub, and the railroad became one of the largest employers in the town for many decades. Repair shops were also built in West Springfield in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the peak of operations, there were two major rail yards—one in Mittineague, and one near the present-day Memorial Avenue. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecar</a> trolley, operated by the Springfield Street Railway, opened in 1877 from Main Street in Springfield to Elm and Park Streets, via Main Street and the old toll bridge at Bridge Street. It was later extended via Westfield Street to (Upper) Church Street. Electrification was completed in 1892–1893, and the river crossing was moved to the original North End Bridge. Over the years, extensions were made to the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Street_Railway" title="Holyoke Street Railway">Holyoke Street Railway</a> (via Riverdale Road, 1895), Tatham (1896) the Woronoco Street Railway (in Westfield, 1899), the Connecticut border via Riverside Park (now <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_New_England" title="Six Flags New England">Six Flags New England</a>) in Agawam (1900), Feeding Hills (1902), and eventually the Suffield Street Railway in Connecticut (making the Hartford-West Side Line possible, 1905).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of the old North End Bridge in 1923 saw relocation of the trolley crossing to the modern Memorial Bridge. But trolley passenger service was cut starting in 1924 and by 1936, eliminated. Present-day local and intercity mass transit is provided by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Transit_Authority" title="Pioneer Valley Transit Authority">Pioneer Valley Transit Authority</a> bus routes, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, and private bus carriers. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_Bus_Lines" title="Peter Pan Bus Lines">Peter Pan Bus Lines</a> is headquartered in Springfield. </p><p>Conversion from steam to diesel locomotives shut down the West Springfield repair shop in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the automobile, the West Springfield (Mittineague) passenger railroad station closed in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> service is still available to Springfield, and the central rail yard is still in active use for freight by <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a>, the present-day successor of this part of the Boston & Albany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">Rural Free Delivery</a> started delivering postal mail to residents' homes in the late 19th or early 20th century. </p><p>A major <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a> for the Western Massachusetts Electric Company (now a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Utilities">Northeast Utilities</a>) went online in West Springfield in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Holyoke_and_Agawam">Creation of Holyoke and Agawam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation of Holyoke and Agawam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even more substantial canal and mill development took place in the "North Parish" or "Ireland Parish" of West Springfield, which was favorably located near Hadley Falls. The parish was incorporated as the independent town of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, in 1850. </p><p>The area mainly south of the Westfield River, including the parishes of Agawam and Feeding Hills, was incorporated as the independent town of <a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam, Massachusetts</a>, in 1855. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_construction">Highway construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Highway construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 5 in Massachusetts">U.S. Route 5</a> (currently, also known as Riverdale Street) was modified to bypass the downtowns of Springfield and West Springfield as new segments were constructed on the West Springfield and Agawam waterfronts in 1938, 1941–1942, and 1952–1953. This resulted in some land takings and cutting off certain neighborhoods from the river, but north–south travel was speeded, and the dike system was reinforced to prevent the flooding of these neighborhoods. The approaches to the North End and Memorial Bridges were modified to accommodate the new traffic patterns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a> was constructed from 1955 to 1957. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> was constructed over a dozen years, from 1958 to 1970, following considerable controversy over whether it should be placed in West Springfield, as originally planned, or in Springfield, as that city's planners wished.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstate_91_planned_for_West_Springfield">Interstate 91 planned for West Springfield</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interstate 91 planned for West Springfield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donut_Dip,_West_Springfield,_MA_(exterior)_-_April_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg/220px-Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg/330px-Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg/440px-Donut_Dip%2C_West_Springfield%2C_MA_%28exterior%29_-_April_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2941" /></a><figcaption>Donut Dip has survived and thrived at its Route 5 (Riverdale Street) location since 1957<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The original plan for Interstate 91—detailed in the <i>1953 Master Highway Plan for the Springfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Area</i>—called for <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> to occupy an enlarged <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5" title="U.S. Route 5">U.S. Route 5</a> in West Springfield—the route which had, historically, been used to reach West Springfield and Springfield from both the north and the south. Between 1953 and 1958, Riverdale Road was widened in places, added on to, and numerous businesses were closed and moved back, or to other parts of West Springfield to make way for Interstate 91, which was planned to connect with Springfield via numerous bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original plan for I-91 would have likely benefitted West Springfield, which already had U.S. 5 passing through, causing travelers to patronize many of West Springfield's businesses. </p><p>In 1958, however, Springfield's city planners campaigned vociferously for Interstate 91 to occupy Springfield's riverfront. Their reasoning at the time was that Springfield, being a more populous city than West Springfield, should have a major highway routed through it. Indeed, Springfield's 1958 city planners advocated that the construction of I-91 on Springfield's riverfront would catalyze economic growth comparable to that experienced during the great railroad expansion of the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-chronos-historical.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronos-historical.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts highway officials decided to route the highway on the Springfield side, finding that a short existing section of US 5 through West Springfield that was built in 1952–1953 failed to meet Interstate design standards. On the east bank of the river, Springfield got an elevated highway, as opposed to the planned ground-level highway in West Springfield. </p><p>After Interstate 91 was constructed in Springfield, that city did not experience anything like the prosperity boom predicted by its city planners in 1958. I-91's construction in Springfield coincided with the beginning of that city's four decades of decline. Unlike West Springfield's U.S. 5, Springfield's I-91 was constructed in an area where there had never been highway traffic or businesses that catered to such traffic. Due to I-91's proximity to both Springfield's densely built <a href="/wiki/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts">downtown</a> and the city's riverfront, there has never been enough space in Springfield to build more than a few of these businesses. Thus Springfield never received the economic benefit that West Springfield would have, according to a 2009 assessment by the <a href="/wiki/UMass" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass">UMass</a> School of Urban Design.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 17.5 square miles (45.4 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 16.8 square miles (43.4 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 0.8 square mile (2.0 km<sup>2</sup>) (4.50%) is water. It is on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, across from Springfield, and on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Westfield_River" title="Westfield River">Westfield River</a>, above Agawam. </p><p>West Springfield is bordered on the west by linear cliffs of volcanic <a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">trap rock</a> known as <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Hampden_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mountain (Hampden County, Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a>. They are part of the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a>, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> to nearly the <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> border. Both are traversed by the 110-mile (180 km) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a>. </p><p>West Springfield is located 27 miles (43 km) away from <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, 90 miles (140 km) away from <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>, 85 miles (137 km) from <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, 48 miles (77 km) away from <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a>, 139 miles (224 km) from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and 6 miles (9.7 km) miles from <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags" title="Six Flags">Six Flags</a>. </p><p>Other major geographical features include: </p> <ul><li>Bagg Brook</li> <li>Block Brook (named after a distinctive bridge on what is now Westfield Street)</li> <li>Bear Hole – an approximately 1,700-acre (6.9 km<sup>2</sup>) wooded area that includes Bear Hole Reservoir. The reservoir, which is very shallow, supplies a minimal amount of the town's drinking water. The area supports a diversified biological environment; including Great Horned Owl, White Tailed Deer, hawk as well as vernal pools. Hiking, dog walking and nature watching are popular activities year round. The <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Railroad" title="Pioneer Valley Railroad">Pioneer Valley Railroad</a> has a railway established along the westernmost perimeter. This is a very low speed railway that hauls primarily commercial freight to local businesses. In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Audubon_Society" title="Massachusetts Audubon Society">Massachusetts Audubon Society</a> and the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Department of Conservation and Recreation">Department of Conservation and Recreation</a> purchased a permanent conservation easement for the property (which extends into Holyoke) from the Town of West Springfield, which owns the land for drinking water protection purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the name is unclear; the first known written reference is a deed showing ownership by Rufus S. Payne in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizen's_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen's-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1890 to 1906 it was home to the Bear Hole Resort, including a restaurant and a bear in a cage.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizen's_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen's-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crowfoot Brook</li> <li>Goldine Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittineague_Park" title="Mittineague Park">Mittineague Park</a></li> <li>Pawcatuck Brook – from morphemes in local Indian language: <i>pauqua</i> – clear, transparent, or <i>pegwa</i> – shallow; <i>tuck</i> – river <sup id="cite_ref-address_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-address-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Piper Brook</li> <li>Town Common – Formerly used for the town meeting house, church, and militia, the current tree-lined park was laid out in 1866 by Edward Parsons and other townspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounding streets were at this time renamed from "Broadway" to "Park Street" and "Park Avenue".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>White Church Hill – The church which still remains there replaced the Old Meeting House (which was on the Common) as the town's main church and meeting hall in 1802. It was supplemented by a second congregational church, again on the common, in 1872.</li> <li>Schoolhouse Brook</li> <li>Tannery Brook</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amostown,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amostown, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Amostown, West Springfield</a> - Named for Amos Taylor, a settler in the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashleyville,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashleyville, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Ashleyville, West Springfield</a> - Named after the Ashley family <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located near Interstate 91 and Riverdale Street</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cayenne,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cayenne, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Cayenne, West Springfield</a> - Named by resident Russell H. Pepper, as a parody of his own name<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located near Morgan Road and Riverdale Street</li> <li>Downtown West Springfield - Area surrounding Elm St, Park St, and Van Deene Ave. Also known as Center.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Memorial, West Springfield</a> - Area closest to Memorial Ave and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Exposition">Big E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick,_West_Springfield" title="Merrick, West Springfield">Merrick, West Springfield</a> - Named after the Merrick family, prominent land owners in the most densely settled part of town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittineague" title="Mittineague">Mittineague</a> - An Indian name for the same place,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located on the north bank of the Westfield River</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paucatuck,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paucatuck, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Paucatuck, West Springfield</a> (archaic) - area near Paucatuck Brook, west of Tatham</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatham,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatham, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Tatham, West Springfield</a> (Tawtum, Tattom) - An Indian name for the same place,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located northwest and west of Mittineague</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramapogue,_West_Springfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramapogue, West Springfield (page does not exist)">Ramapogue, West Springfield</a> (archaic) - the area west of the Common and east of the hills</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numbered routes passing through the town include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> (perpendicular to Route 5 after crossing from Springfield, through the northeast quadrant of town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a> (I-90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 5 in Massachusetts">U.S. Route 5</a> (Riverdale Street)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts">U.S. Route 20</a> (Westfield Street and downtown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_147" title="Massachusetts Route 147">Massachusetts Route 147</a> (Memorial Avenue)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no airports in West Springfield, the nearest airport with commercial passenger flights is <a href="/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport" title="Bradley International Airport">Bradley International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut" title="Windsor Locks, Connecticut">Windsor Locks, Connecticut</a>. The nearest general aviation airports are <a href="/wiki/Westover_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Westover Metropolitan Airport">Westover Metropolitan Airport</a> in Chicopee, and <a href="/wiki/Westfield-Barnes_Regional_Airport" title="Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport">Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport</a>, and there are <a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">helipads</a> in Agawam and Springfield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for transportation, several bus lines on the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Transit_Authority" title="Pioneer Valley Transit Authority">Pioneer Valley Transit Authority</a> bus system service West Springfield from routes crossing over from Springfield: </p> <ul><li>Red 14 – Feeding Hills/Springfield</li> <li>Red 10 – West Springfield/Westfield State University</li> <li>Purple 20 – Holyoke/Springfield via Holyoke Mall – Riverdale</li> <li>Red 24 – Essex/Appleton via Cabot/Sargent/Holyoke Hospital (Saturday only)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a><sup id="cite_ref-GR2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 2010, there were 28,391 people, 11,757 households, and 7,117 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,665.7 inhabitants per square mile (643.1/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 12,259 housing units at an average density of 731.9 per square mile (282.6/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 90.68% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 3.30% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>, 0.22% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 1.97% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 2.94% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 2.10% from two or more races. 5.75% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> of any race. </p><p>There were 11,823 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.02. </p><p> In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style></p><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,626</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,979</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−29.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,606</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,149</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+59.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,077</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,224</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,443</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">16,684</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,135</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,438</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,924</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,461</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">27,042</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,899</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,391</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,835</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022*</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">* = population estimate. <br />Source: <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> records and <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-2010_Census_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_Census-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1990_Census_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1990_Census-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1980_Census_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1980_Census-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1950_Census_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950_Census-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1920_Census_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1920_Census-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1890_Census_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1890_Census-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1870_Census_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1870_Census-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1860_Census_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860_Census-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1850_Census_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1850_Census-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Source: <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The median income for a household in the city was $40,266, and the median income for a family was $50,282. Males had a median income of $38,082 versus $28,079 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $20,982. About 8.7% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. </p> <dl><dd><i>Population table source:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations for 1800, 1810, and 1830 were not available online from this source.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Springfield was originally governed by an <a href="/wiki/Open_town_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Open town meeting">open town meeting</a>, and then a <a href="/wiki/Representative_town_meeting" title="Representative town meeting">representative town meeting</a> starting in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town meetings were presided over by the town moderator. The city is now governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">mayor and town council</a> starting on April 1, 2000. West Springfield is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, and been granted, city forms of government but wish to retain "The town of" in their official names.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mayor who held office was Edward Gibson, an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>, who stayed in office for five consecutive terms. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Greg Neffinger, was elected mayor on November 8, 2011, but lost his bid for re-election to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Edward C Sullivan in 2013. The current mayor, <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> Will Reichelt was elected to his first term in 2015. He was easily re-elected in 2017, and won a third term unopposed in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Town_services">Town services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Town services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Springfield has its own school district, police department, fire department, library, department of public works, health department, and department of parks and recreation. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield_Fire_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Springfield Fire Department (page does not exist)">West Springfield Fire Department</a> was created in 1883<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and current has 11 apparatus serving out of one fire hall. </p><p>The school district has controlled by an independent school committee since 1827<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintains a central high school, middle school, and a number of elementary schools. </p><p>The first town funds budgeted for police enforcement were in 1877; the force has gradually become professionalized, motorized, and equipped with and dedicated offices and jail facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Department of Public Works provides water utility service to the town, drawing from four wells in the Great Brook section of Barne's Aquifer, in <a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Massachusetts" title="Southwick, Massachusetts">Southwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bear_Hole_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bear Hole Reservoir (page does not exist)">Bear Hole Reservoir</a> and Bear Hole Water Treatment Plant<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are no longer used. The well-water treatment plant (at 506 Shaker Road, Westfield,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Southwick border) uses 240,000 pounds of <a href="/wiki/Granular_activated_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular activated carbon">granular activated carbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">filter</a> <a href="/wiki/PFAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PFAS">PFAS</a> and the pesticides <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_dibromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene dibromide">ethylene dibromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dichloropropane" title="Dichloropropane">dichloropropane</a> from the well water.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_annual_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_annual-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWAP_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWAP-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pesticides were used on nearby fields (currently used for tobacco and hay).<sup id="cite_ref-SWAP_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWAP-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also has two interconnections (on Piper Road and Rogers Ave) with the Springfield Water and Sewer Commission for a backup supply, fed from <a href="/wiki/Cobble_Mountain_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobble Mountain Reservoir">Cobble Mountain Reservoir</a> via a treatment facility in Westfield.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_annual_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_annual-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Springfield water tanks are located at 537 Rogers Ave, at the end of Goldenview Drive, and on Prospect Hill near 733 Bernie Ave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semi-public "subscription" libraries operated from 1775 to 1807 and 1810–1840. The current collection began in 1854, but was later made free to the public. The West Springfield Public Library was established in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It moved from the town hall to a dedicated building in 1915, constructed with a donation from <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>. An addition was opened in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fiscal year 2008, the city of West Springfield spent 0.91% ($765,760) of its budget on its public library—approximately $27 per person, per year ($35.58 adjusted for inflation to 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/West Springfield, Massachusetts">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The West Springfield Public Schools district operates nine schools. The town also has a <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">charter school</a>, a Catholic school, and two schools for special education. The town's public school athletic teams are called the "Terriers". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_district_schools">Public district schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public district schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cowing School (preschool and other students who are not able to attend regular school)</li> <li>John Ashley School (PreK-K)</li> <li>Phillip G. Coburn Elementary (K-5)</li> <li>John R. Fausey Elementary (1-5)</li> <li>Memorial Elementary (1-5)</li> <li>Mittineague Elementary (1-5)</li> <li>Tatham Elementary (1-5)</li> <li>West Springfield Middle School (6-8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="West Springfield High School (Massachusetts)">West Springfield High School</a> (9-12)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_schools">Other schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Pioneer_Valley_Educational_Collaborative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Pioneer Valley Educational Collaborative (page does not exist)">Lower Pioneer Valley Educational Collaborative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a>, jointly operated with neighboring school districts)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Thomas_the_Apostle_(West_Springfield)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Thomas the Apostle (West Springfield) (page does not exist)">St. Thomas the Apostle</a> (K-8) - <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampden_Charter_School_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampden Charter School of Science (page does not exist)">Hampden Charter School of Science</a> West (6-11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Center_School_for_Autism_and_Developmental_Disabilities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May Center School for Autism and Developmental Disabilities (page does not exist)">May Center School for Autism and Developmental Disabilities</a> (private)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_buildings_and_closings">School buildings and closings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: School buildings and closings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coburn Elementary School was built in 1923–1924 as West Springfield Junior High School and added to in 1928–1929, operating as a grade 7–8 junior high school. Cowing School was opened as the town's first stand-alone high school in 1915, and when the new high school on Piper Rd. opened in 1956 it became Cowing Junior High School, serving grades 7–8 as well. As West Springfield moved to the middle-school format, Coburn and Cowing assumed their current functions. Three elementary schools—John Ashley, Memorial, and Tatham—were opened in 1952 to accommodate the post-war baby boom. Additionally, John R. Fausey School was built in 1960 and added to in 1962. West Springfield High School was moved from the Cowing building in 1956 to Piper Road. A significant addition opened in 1966. A new West Springfield High School was built to the north of the old building and was opened in 2014. The old building was demolished. In 2019 modular buildings were added to Tatham Elementary because of increased enrollments and little space. The modulars currently hold 5th and 3rd grade classes. After the construction of the first high school on Piper Road, Cowing School was originally slated for demolition, but the new high school had been under-built for the surging student population, and 9th graders were moved to Cowing from 1960 until the high school addition opened in 1966. From 1966 to 1981, Cowing School served as a junior high school. </p><p>With the passage of the Proposition 2-1/2 referendum in 1980, the school budget was tightened, priorities were reexamined, and numerous schools were closed or consolidated in the fall of 1981. </p> <ul><li>John Ashley School closed but reopened in 1987, due to increased district enrollment, as the town-wide center for kindergarten and early childhood classes.</li> <li>Main Street School closed and was repurposed as apartments.</li> <li>Park Avenue School closed and was repurposed as an office building.</li> <li>Old Tatham School closed and was repurposed as apartments.</li> <li>Margaret C. McDonough (formerly Kings Highway) School closed and was repurposed as apartments.</li> <li>William A. Cowing Junior High School (formerly the High School from 1915 to 1956) was designated an elementary school.</li></ul> <p>Before the opening of West Springfield Middle School in 1998, the town struggled with increased enrollment. </p> <ul><li>In 1987, John Ashley School welcomed the future class of 2000, consolidating all kindergartens in one building along with the early childhood program.</li> <li>In 1990, Piper Road School opened in a wing of the high school, housing all the town's 6th graders, and creating the grade 1–5 elementary school structure that remains in most buildings. With the opening of the middle school, this space reverted to the high school.</li></ul> <p>West Springfield Middle School opened in 1998 for grades 6–8. </p> <ul><li>West Springfield Junior High School was designated an elementary school and named the Philip G. Coburn School in memory of a well-loved townsman who was a former educator and longtime editor of the West Springfield Record.</li> <li>William A. Cowing Elementary School was closed and sections of the building were used for different educational purposes until the district adopted full-day kindergarten and early childhood (Pre-K) students were assigned to Cowing School.</li> <li>In 2014, a new West Springfield High School was built and the 1956 building was demolished .</li> <li>In 2019, modular buildings were added to Tatham Elementary to increase space. The buildings are used as fifth and third grade classrooms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Springfield is considered to be part of the Springfield-Hartford <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Corridor">Knowledge Corridor</a>. </p><p>With easy access to the north–south <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a>, east–west <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a>, and various freight railroads, West Springfield is sometimes called the "crossroads of New England". </p><p>The Riverdale Road corridor is a major regional shopping center, with a number of "big box" retail stores and car dealerships. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Exposition">Eastern States Exposition</a> is a major seasonal employer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_attractions">Tourist attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Day_House" title="Josiah Day House">Josiah Day House</a>, which is believed to be the oldest known brick <a href="/wiki/Saltbox_house" title="Saltbox house">saltbox style house</a> in the United States.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Exposition">Eastern States Exposition</a> (the "Big E"), a large annual fair</li> <li>The 110-mile (180 km) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a> (a hiking trail) passes through the western part of West Springfield on the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Hampden_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mountain (Hampden County, Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provin_Mountain" title="Provin Mountain">Provin Mountain</a> ridgeline.</li></ul> <p>There are only a few parks in the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mittineague_Park" title="Mittineague Park">Mittineague Park</a></li> <li>Veterans Field – football field and two baseball diamonds</li> <li>Cook's Park</li> <li>Town Common between Park Street & Park Ave from Elm to Main Streets</li> <li>Ohio Field</li> <li>Old Tatham Field</li> <li>New Tatham Field</li> <li>Clark Field</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is only one local newspaper, the weekly (every Thursday) town newspaper <i>West Springfield Record</i> was founded in 1953 with circulation about 5,500. All other print media are regional papers such as the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Republican</a></i> of Springfield. Television and radio service originates from other cities outside of West Springfield. </p><p>West Springfield is one of the two cities (along with <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>), that inspired <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>’ hometown of <a href="/wiki/Springfield_(The_Simpsons)" title="Springfield (The Simpsons)">Springfield</a>, though the name is based on <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Oregon" title="Springfield, Oregon">Springfield, Oregon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s short-lived 2004–2005 sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Savages" title="Complete Savages">Complete Savages</a></i> used West Springfield as its setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Springfield was the longtime home of the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Indians" title="Springfield Indians">Springfield Indians</a> from 1926 to 1972 with some spurts in between including the 1940s when the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Coliseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern States Coliseum">Eastern States Coliseum</a> was used for war surplus during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the Springfield Civic Center was built downtown, the Indians relocated there for the 1972-73 AHL Season. The ice plant at the Coliseum was in use until 1990. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Twisters" title="Massachusetts Twisters">Massachusetts Twisters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Soccer_League" title="American Indoor Soccer League">American Indoor Soccer League</a> played at the Coliseum as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Bertelli" title="Angelo Bertelli">Angelo Bertelli</a>, football player, first <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> winner for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amo_Bessone" title="Amo Bessone">Amo Bessone</a>, coach, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey">Michigan State hockey</a> (1966 National Champion) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Hockey Hall of Fame">United States Hockey Hall of Fame</a> inductee, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bessone" title="Peter Bessone">Peter Bessone</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Hockey Hall of Fame">United States Hockey Hall of Fame</a> inductee, 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bourque" title="William Bourque">William Bourque</a>, Canadian auto racer living in West Springfield; died during first AAA Championship race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Capuano" title="Chris Capuano">Chris Capuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Daggett" title="Tim Daggett">Tim Daggett</a>, gymnast, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold medalist">gold medalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dalton" title="Harry Dalton">Harry Dalton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> <a href="/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)" title="General manager (baseball)">general manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Day" title="Luke Day">Luke Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> captain, leader of Shays' Rebellion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Durocher" title="Leo Durocher">Leo Durocher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Grazia" title="Eugene Grazia">Eugene Grazia</a>, member of 1960 U.S. hockey gold medal team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Moses" title="Horace A. Moses">Horace A. Moses</a>, founder of Strathmore (Mittineague) Paper Company (1892) and West Springfield Trust Company (1919), local philanthropist<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ragland" title="Joe Ragland">Joe Ragland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish League">Turkish League</a> professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Raschi" title="Vic Raschi">Vic Raschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> pitcher, six-time World Series champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Scully" title="Brian Scully">Brian Scully</a>, television writer and producer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Scully" title="Mike Scully">Mike Scully</a>, former co-producer of <i>The Simpsons</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stass_Shpanin" title="Stass Shpanin">Stass Shpanin</a>, contemporary visual artist included in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as Youngest Professional</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield_Generating_Station" title="West Springfield Generating Station">West Springfield Generating Station</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830093632/http://www.west-springfield.ma.us/Public_Documents/index">"Town of West Springfield, Massachusetts"</a>. Town of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.west-springfield.ma.us/Public_Documents/index">the original</a> on August 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+of+West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Town+of+West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.west-springfield.ma.us%2FPublic_Documents%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland1855-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1855" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/148/mode/2up"><i>History of Western Massachusetts; the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire</i></a>. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Massachusetts%3B+the+counties+of+Hampden%2C+Hampshire%2C+Franklin%2C+and+Berkshire&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Samuel+Bowles&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Josiah+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofwestern02holluoft%23page%2F148%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townofwestspringfield.org/#!mayors-office/c653">"Office of the Mayor"</a>. <i>West Springfield, Massachusetts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=Office+of+the+Mayor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townofwestspringfield.org%2F%23%21mayors-office%2Fc653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_25.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Although it is called the "Town of West Springfield," it is a statutory city of Massachusetts. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistalph.htm">Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2577890">"Census - Geography Profile: West Springfield Town city, Massachusetts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+-+Geography+Profile%3A+West+Springfield+Town+city%2C+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Fprofile%3Fg%3D1600000US2577890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UxRAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA39">"Colonial Architecture in Western Massachusetts"</a>. <i>The American Architect and Building News</i>. Vol. 47. January 26, 1895. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Architect+and+Building+News&rft.atitle=Colonial+Architecture+in+Western+Massachusetts&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1895-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UxRAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official town history book<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p.256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift,_p._19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swift,_p._19_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swift,_p._19_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agawam-history.org/agawam.htm">"History of Agawam - by Minerva J. Davis (c. 1930) - Agawam Historical Association"</a>. <i>www.agawam-history.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.agawam-history.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Agawam+-+by+Minerva+J.+Davis+%28c.+1930%29+-+Agawam+Historical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agawam-history.org%2Fagawam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland1855b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855b_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1855" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/70/mode/2up"><i>History of Western Massachusetts; the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire</i></a>. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles. p. 70. <q>On the 7th of July, 1786, the part of West Springfield now embraced in Holyoke was incorporated as the Third Parish of West Springfield, and was called 'Ireland,' and 'Ireland Parish,' from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers of the territory, though there is no record of the date of their settlement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Massachusetts%3B+the+counties+of+Hampden%2C+Hampshire%2C+Franklin%2C+and+Berkshire&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Samuel+Bowles&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Josiah+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofwestern02holluoft%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift,_p._27-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swift,_p._27_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swift,_p._27_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 29-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 34-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 96-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hampdendeeds.com/county/WSpringfieldGR.html">"West Springfield: Green Book Links"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Springfield%3A+Green+Book+Links&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampdendeeds.com%2Fcounty%2FWSpringfieldGR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the Years / West Springfield / 1774-1974. By Donald Brooks Bagg. Photo and caption on p. 22 of Riverdale section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/11/us/fish-delay-bridge-demolition.html">"Fish Delay Bridge Demolition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 1987-01-11. Section 1, p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fish+Delay+Bridge+Demolition&rft.pages=Section+1%2C+p.+30&rft.date=1987-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F01%2F11%2Fus%2Ffish-delay-bridge-demolition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p.105-109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 220-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/06/west_springfield_mom_dies_shie.html">West Springfield mother dies while shielding 15-year-old daughter from tornado</a>. masslive.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/06/president_obamas_disaster_area.html">President Obama's disaster area declaration opens door for federal aid, buoys hopes of tornado-tossed communities in Western Massachusetts</a>. masslive.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecchi2016" class="citation book cs1">Cecchi, David (2016). <i>The Big E: Eastern States Exposition</i>. 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Chronos-historical.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Ahronian2009" class="citation web cs1">David M. Ahronian; et al. 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Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1890+Census+of+the+Population&rft.pages=Pages+179+through+182.+Massachusetts+Table+5.+Population+of+States+and+Territories+by+Minor+Civil+Divisions%3A+1880+and+1890&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Census+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fdecennial%2Fdocuments%2F41084506no553ch2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1870_Census-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1870_Census_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-05.pdf">"1870 Census of the Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1870+Census+of+the+Population&rft.pages=Pages+217+through+220.+Table+IX.+Population+of+Minor+Civil+Divisions%2C+%26c.+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Census+Office&rft.date=1872&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fdecennial%2Fdocuments%2F1870e-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1860_Census-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1860_Census_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-08.pdf">"1860 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Census&rft.pages=Pages+220+through+226.+State+of+Massachusetts+Table+No.+3.+Populations+of+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+%26c.&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Census+Office&rft.date=1864&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fdecennial%2Fdocuments%2F1860a-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1850_Census-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1850_Census_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf">"1850 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1850+Census&rft.pages=Pages+338+through+393.+Populations+of+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+%26c.&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Census+Office&rft.date=1854&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fdecennial%2Fdocuments%2F1850c-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020%E2%88%922022&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">Census of Population and Housing - U.S. Census Bureau</a>. Census.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth">Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistalph.htm">"Massachusetts City and Town Incorporation and Settlement Dates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+City+and+Town+Incorporation+and+Settlement+Dates&rft.au=Massachusetts+Secretary+of+the+Commonwealth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.ma.us%2Fcis%2Fcisctlist%2Fctlistalph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Though the Years</i>, p. 1 of "Fire – Police – Postal" section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p.181-184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest_Springfield_Department_of_Public_Works" class="citation web cs1">West Springfield Department of Public Works. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townofwestspringfield.org/Business/Public-Works/Water-Division">"Water Division - Our Water Source"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Division+-+Our+Water+Source&rft.au=West+Springfield+Department+of+Public+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townofwestspringfield.org%2FBusiness%2FPublic-Works%2FWater-Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tighebond.com/project/water-and-wastewater-pumping/">Tighe & Bond Revamps Existing SCADA System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentbids.com/construction-bids/structures-facilities/Southwick-Wellfield-and-Treatment-Facility-Improve-en.jsa?id=5966049">Southwick Wellfield and Treatment Facility Improvements</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_annual-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_annual_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_annual_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTown_of_West_Springfield,_DPW_Water_Division" class="citation web cs1">Town of West Springfield, DPW Water Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1glAK6dNSfmSuLJ-wk8waV58s-5dN53AA/view">"Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, 2022 Reporting Year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Drinking+Water+Quality+Report%2C+2022+Reporting+Year&rft.au=Town+of+West+Springfield%2C+DPW+Water+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1glAK6dNSfmSuLJ-wk8waV58s-5dN53AA%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWAP-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWAP_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWAP_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Department_of_Environmental_Protection2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection">Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection</a> (May 6, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/674615/ocn979423289_western_westspringfieldwater.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) Report for West Springfield Water Department"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Source+Water+Assessment+and+Protection+%28SWAP%29+Report+for+West+Springfield+Water+Department&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft.au=Massachusetts+Department+of+Environmental+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F674615%2Focn979423289_western_westspringfieldwater.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.B. Tillinghast. The free public libraries of Massachusetts. 1st Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LusKAAAAYAAJ">Google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wspl.org/">"West Springfield Public Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Springfield+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wspl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p.195-197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">July 1, 2007, through June 30, 2008; cf. The FY2008 Municipal Pie: What's Your Share? Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Board of Library Commissioners. Boston: 2009. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mblc.state.ma.us/advisory/statistics/public/repmunicpie/index.php">Municipal Pie Reports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123010127/http://mblc.state.ma.us/advisory/statistics/public/repmunicpie/index.php">Archived</a> 2012-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, p. 132, 137</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Common references are made to: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift1969" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Esther M. (1969). <i>West Springfield Massachusetts: A Town History</i>. West Springfield Heritage Association. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69843">69843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Springfield+Massachusetts%3A+A+Town+History&rft.pub=West+Springfield+Heritage+Association&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69843&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Esther+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Springfield,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Hampden_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts"><span class="region" style="color:#ffffff">Hampden County, Massachusetts</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span style="color:#ffffff">County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts"><span style="color:#ffffff">Springfield</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Massachusetts"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Cities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="910" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Massachusetts"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Towns</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blandford,_Massachusetts" title="Blandford, Massachusetts">Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimfield,_Massachusetts" title="Brimfield, Massachusetts">Brimfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Massachusetts" title="Chester, Massachusetts">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville,_Massachusetts" title="Granville, Massachusetts">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Massachusetts" title="Holland, Massachusetts">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow,_Massachusetts" title="Ludlow, Massachusetts">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monson,_Massachusetts" title="Monson, Massachusetts">Monson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Massachusetts" title="Montgomery, Massachusetts">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell,_Massachusetts" title="Russell, Massachusetts">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Massachusetts" title="Southwick, Massachusetts">Southwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolland,_Massachusetts" title="Tolland, Massachusetts">Tolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales,_Massachusetts" title="Wales, Massachusetts">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham, Massachusetts">Wilbraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Massachusetts" title="List of census-designated places in Massachusetts"><span style="color:#ffffff;">CDPs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blandford_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Blandford (CDP), Massachusetts">Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Chester (CDP), Massachusetts">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Holland (CDP), Massachusetts">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monson_Center,_Massachusetts" title="Monson Center, Massachusetts">Monson Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Russell (CDP), Massachusetts">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbraham_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham (CDP), Massachusetts">Wilbraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Other<br />villages</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bondsville,_Massachusetts" title="Bondsville, Massachusetts">Bondsville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Palmer (CDP), Massachusetts">Depot Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_Hills,_Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts">Feeding Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_Massachusetts" title="Three Rivers, Massachusetts">Three Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Massachusetts (state)"><span style="color:#ffffff">Massachusetts portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span style="color:#ffffff">United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts" title="Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts" title="Outline of Massachusetts">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Massachusetts-related_articles" title="Index of Massachusetts-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connecticut_River_watershed" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connecticut_River" title="Template:Connecticut River"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connecticut_River" title="Template talk:Connecticut River"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut_River" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut River"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connecticut_River_watershed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River#Tributaries_2" title="Connecticut River">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Connecticut" title="List of rivers of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackledge_River" title="Blackledge River">Blackledge River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coginchaug_River" title="Coginchaug River">Coginchaug River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_(Connecticut)" title="Duck River (Connecticut)">Duck River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightmile_River" title="Eightmile River">Eightmile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls River (Connecticut River)">Falls River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_River" title="Farmington River">Farmington River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockanum_River" title="Hockanum River">Hockanum River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_River" title="Hubbard River">Hubbard River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_River" title="Jeremy River">Jeremy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_River" title="Lieutenant River">Lieutenant River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattabesset_River" title="Mattabesset River">Mattabesset River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepaug_River" title="Nepaug River">Nepaug River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pameacha_Creek" title="Pameacha Creek">Pameacha Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_River_(Connecticut)" title="Park River (Connecticut)">Park River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequabuck_River" title="Pequabuck River">Pequabuck River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Connecticut)" title="Salmon River (Connecticut)">Salmon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scantic_River" title="Scantic River">Scantic River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Massachusetts" title="List of rivers of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnshirt_River" title="Burnshirt River">Burnshirt River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Brook" title="Chapel Brook">Chapel Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee_River" title="Chicopee River">Chicopee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Cranberry River (Massachusetts)">Cranberry River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Brookfield_River" title="East Brookfield River">East Brookfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_River" title="Farmington River">Farmington River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall River (Connecticut River)">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Mile_River_(East_Brookfield_River_tributary)" title="Five Mile River (East Brookfield River tributary)">Five Mile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Deerfield River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_River" title="Hubbard River">Hubbard River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhan_River" title="Manhan River">Manhan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_River_(Northampton,_Massachusetts)" title="Mill River (Northampton, Massachusetts)">Mill River (Northampton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_River_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Mill River (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Mill River (Springfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_River" title="Millers River">Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirey_Brook" title="Mirey Brook">Mirey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Millers_River" title="North Branch Millers River">North Branch Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Westfield_River" title="North Branch Westfield River">North Branch Westfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="North River (Deerfield River tributary)">North River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Otter River (Massachusetts)">Otter River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaboag_River" title="Quaboag River">Quaboag River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scantic_River" title="Scantic River">Scantic River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mile_River_(East_Brookfield_River_tributary)" title="Seven Mile River (East Brookfield River tributary)">Seven Mile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Brook" title="Tarbell Brook">Tarbell Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_River" title="Ware River">Ware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_River" title="Westfield River">Westfield River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of rivers of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonoosuc_River" title="Ammonoosuc River">Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashuelot_River" title="Ashuelot River">Ashuelot River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-me-down_Brook" title="Blow-me-down Brook">Blow-me-down Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Branch" title="The Branch">The Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold River (Connecticut River)">Cold River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Branch_Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="East Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">East Branch Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_River" title="Gale River">Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Brook_(Cold_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Brook (Cold River)">Great Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halls_Stream" title="Halls Stream">Halls Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_Branch" title="Ham Branch">Ham Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Indian River (New Hampshire)">Indian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Stream" title="Indian Stream">Indian Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_River" title="Israel River">Israel River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Johns River (New Hampshire)">Johns River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_River" title="Knox River">Knox River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_(Ammonoosuc_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little River (Ammonoosuc River)">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sugar_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Little Sugar River (New Hampshire)">Little Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoma_River" title="Mascoma River">Mascoma River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_River" title="Millers River">Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_Brook" title="Mink Brook">Mink Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirey_Brook" title="Mirey Brook">Mirey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Stream" title="Nash Stream">Nash Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Gale_River" title="North Branch Gale River">North Branch Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Millers_River" title="North Branch Millers River">North Branch Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Sugar_River" title="North Branch Sugar River">North Branch Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River">North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliverian_Brook" title="Oliverian Brook">Oliverian Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Brook_(Ashuelot_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otter Brook (Ashuelot River)">Otter Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partridge_Brook" title="Partridge Brook">Partridge Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Stream" title="Perry Stream">Perry Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brook" title="Phillips Brook">Phillips Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simms_Stream" title="Simms Stream">Simms Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Ashuelot_River" title="South Branch Ashuelot River">South Branch Ashuelot River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Gale_River" title="South Branch Gale River">South Branch Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Israel_River" title="South Branch Israel River">South Branch Israel River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Sugar_River" title="South Branch Sugar River">South Branch Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocker_Brook" title="Stocker Brook">Stocker Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Sugar River (New Hampshire)">Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Brook" title="Tarbell Brook">Tarbell Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="Upper Ammonoosuc River">Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch_Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="West Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">West Branch Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch_Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River">West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Ammonoosuc_River" title="Wild Ammonoosuc River">Wild Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealand_River" title="Zealand River">Zealand River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Vermont" title="List of rivers of Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Connecticut_River_tributary)" title="Black River (Connecticut River tributary)">Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River_(Connecticut_River_tributary)" title="Fall River (Connecticut River tributary)">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Deerfield River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halls_Stream" title="Halls Stream">Halls Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leach_Creek" title="Leach Creek">Leach Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_River_(Vermont)" title="Moose River (Vermont)">Moose River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nulhegan_River" title="Nulhegan River">Nulhegan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ompompanoosuc_River" title="Ompompanoosuc River">Ompompanoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottauquechee_River" title="Ottauquechee River">Ottauquechee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passumpsic_River" title="Passumpsic River">Passumpsic River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(West_River_tributary)" title="Rock River (West River tributary)">Rock River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxtons_River" title="Saxtons River">Saxtons River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utley_Brook" title="Utley Brook">Utley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waits_River" title="Waits River">Waits River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River_(Vermont)" title="Wells River (Vermont)">Wells River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_River_(Vermont)" title="West River (Vermont)">West River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetstone_Brook" title="Whetstone Brook">Whetstone Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_(Vermont)" title="White River (Vermont)">White River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_River_(Vermont)" title="Williams River (Vermont)">Williams River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winhall_River" title="Winhall River">Winhall River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_United_States#Connecticut" title="List of lakes of the United States">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Dam" title="Saville Dam">Barkhamsted Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Beseck" title="Lake Beseck">Lake Beseck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hayward_(Connecticut)" title="Lake Hayward (Connecticut)">Lake Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pocotopaug,_Connecticut" title="Lake Pocotopaug, Connecticut">Lake Pocotopaug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Pond_(Massachusetts)" title="Brooks Pond (Massachusetts)">Brooks Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_Pond" title="Browning Pond">Browning Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monomonac" title="Lake Monomonac">Lake Monomonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wyola" title="Lake Wyola">Lake Wyola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashuelot_Pond" title="Ashuelot Pond">Ashuelot Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Back Lake (New Hampshire)">Back Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Street_Lake" title="Canaan Street Lake">Canaan Street Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Pond_(New_Hampshire)" title="Cedar Pond (New Hampshire)">Cedar Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Christine Lake (New Hampshire)">Christine Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comerford_Reservoir" title="Comerford Reservoir">Comerford Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Lakes" title="Connecticut Lakes">Connecticut Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake_(Enfield,_New_Hampshire)" title="Crystal Lake (Enfield, New Hampshire)">Crystal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Pond" title="Dublin Pond">Dublin Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Pond" title="Eastman Pond">Eastman Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_Lake_(Franconia_Notch)" title="Echo Lake (Franconia Notch)">Echo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Francis_(Murphy_Dam)" title="Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)">Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Pond_(New_Hampshire)" title="Goose Pond (New Hampshire)">Goose Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Pond" title="Grafton Pond">Grafton Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Granite Lake (New Hampshire)">Granite Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_the_Clouds" title="Lakes of the Clouds">Lakes of the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sunapee_Lake" title="Little Sunapee Lake">Little Sunapee Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoma_Lake" title="Mascoma Lake">Mascoma Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIndoes_Reservoir" title="McIndoes Reservoir">McIndoes Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monomonac" title="Lake Monomonac">Lake Monomonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Reservoir" title="Moore Reservoir">Moore Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearly_Lake" title="Pearly Lake">Pearly Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_(Harrisville,_New_Hampshire)" title="Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)">Silver Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spofford_Lake" title="Spofford Lake">Spofford Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sunapee" title="Lake Sunapee">Lake Sunapee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_Mountain_Lake" title="Surry Mountain Lake">Surry Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tarleton" title="Lake Tarleton">Lake Tarleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Mountain_Dam" title="Ball Mountain Dam">Ball Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comerford_Reservoir" title="Comerford Reservoir">Comerford Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriman_Dam" title="Harriman Dam">Harriman Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_Lake_(Vermont)" title="Harvey's Lake (Vermont)">Harvey's Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIndoes_Reservoir" title="McIndoes Reservoir">McIndoes Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Reservoir" title="Moore Reservoir">Moore Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hartland_Dam" title="North Hartland Dam">North Hartland Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Rescue_(Vermont)" title="Lake Rescue (Vermont)">Lake Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Dam" title="Townshend Dam">Townshend Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_on_the_Connecticut_River" title="List of populated places on the Connecticut River">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Connecticut" title="Chester, Connecticut">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut" title="Cromwell, Connecticut">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_River,_Connecticut" title="Deep River, Connecticut">Deep River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Haddam,_Connecticut" title="East Haddam, Connecticut">East Haddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampton,_Connecticut" title="East Hampton, Connecticut">East Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut" title="East Hartford, Connecticut">East Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Windsor,_Connecticut" title="East Windsor, Connecticut">East Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut" title="Enfield, Connecticut">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Connecticut" title="Essex, Connecticut">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury,_Connecticut" title="Glastonbury, Connecticut">Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddam,_Connecticut" title="Haddam, Connecticut">Haddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higganum,_Connecticut" title="Higganum, Connecticut">Higganum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Lyme, Connecticut">Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodus,_Connecticut" title="Moodus, Connecticut">Moodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Old Lyme, Connecticut">Old Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut" title="Old Saybrook, Connecticut">Old Saybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Connecticut" title="Portland, Connecticut">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Hill,_Connecticut" title="Rocky Hill, Connecticut">Rocky Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Windsor,_Connecticut" title="South Windsor, Connecticut">South Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffield,_Connecticut" title="Suffield, Connecticut">Suffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompsonville,_Connecticut" title="Thompsonville, Connecticut">Thompsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut" title="Wethersfield, Connecticut">Wethersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut" title="Windsor Locks, Connecticut">Windsor Locks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts" title="Deerfield, Massachusetts">Deerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill,_Massachusetts" title="Gill, Massachusetts">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Massachusetts" title="Hatfield, Massachusetts">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_Falls,_Massachusetts" title="Millers Falls, Massachusetts">Millers Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague,_Massachusetts" title="Montague, Massachusetts">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Massachusetts" title="Northfield, Massachusetts">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Massachusetts" title="Sunderland, Massachusetts">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners_Falls,_Massachusetts" title="Turners Falls, Massachusetts">Turners Falls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whately,_Massachusetts" title="Whately, Massachusetts">Whately</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_New_Hampshire" title="Bath, New Hampshire">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_New_Hampshire" title="Charlestown, New Hampshire">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_New_Hampshire" title="Chesterfield, New Hampshire">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont,_New_Hampshire" title="Claremont, New Hampshire">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_New_Hampshire" title="Clarksville, New Hampshire">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colebrook,_New_Hampshire" title="Colebrook, New Hampshire">Colebrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_New_Hampshire" title="Columbia, New Hampshire">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish,_New_Hampshire" title="Cornish, New Hampshire">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton,_New_Hampshire" title="Dalton, New Hampshire">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire" title="Groveton, New Hampshire">Groveton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_New_Hampshire" title="Haverhill, New Hampshire">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinsdale,_New_Hampshire" title="Hinsdale, New Hampshire">Hinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_New_Hampshire" title="Lancaster, New Hampshire">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="Lebanon, New Hampshire">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton,_New_Hampshire" title="Littleton, New Hampshire">Littleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme,_New_Hampshire" title="Lyme, New Hampshire">Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_New_Hampshire" title="Monroe, New Hampshire">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland,_New_Hampshire" title="Northumberland, New Hampshire">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orford,_New_Hampshire" title="Orford, New Hampshire">Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piermont,_New_Hampshire" title="Piermont, New Hampshire">Piermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_New_Hampshire" title="Pittsburg, New Hampshire">Pittsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Hampshire" title="Plainfield, New Hampshire">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewartstown,_New_Hampshire" title="Stewartstown, New Hampshire">Stewartstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_New_Hampshire" title="Stratford, New Hampshire">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole,_New_Hampshire" title="Walpole, New Hampshire">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="West Lebanon, New Hampshire">West Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland,_New_Hampshire" title="Westmoreland, New Hampshire">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsville,_New_Hampshire" title="Woodsville, New Hampshire">Woodsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Hereford" title="East Hereford">East Hereford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascutney,_Vermont" title="Ascutney, Vermont">Ascutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnet,_Vermont" title="Barnet, Vermont">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beecher_Falls,_Vermont" title="Beecher Falls, Vermont">Beecher Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellows_Falls,_Vermont" title="Bellows Falls, Vermont">Bellows Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Vermont" title="Bloomfield, Vermont">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Vermont" title="Bradford, Vermont">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Vermont" title="Brunswick, Vermont">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan,_Vermont" title="Canaan, Vermont">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Vermont" title="Concord, Vermont">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummerston,_Vermont" title="Dummerston, Vermont">Dummerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlee,_Vermont" title="Fairlee, Vermont">Fairlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman,_Vermont" title="Gilman, Vermont">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_Vermont" title="Guildhall, Vermont">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Vermont" title="Hartford, Vermont">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartland,_Vermont" title="Hartland, Vermont">Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemington,_Vermont" title="Lemington, Vermont">Lemington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Vermont" title="Lunenburg, Vermont">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidstone,_Vermont" title="Maidstone, Vermont">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbury_(town),_Vermont" title="Newbury (town), Vermont">Newbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Vermont" title="Norwich, Vermont">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney,_Vermont" title="Putney, Vermont">Putney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Vermont" title="Rockingham, Vermont">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryegate,_Vermont" title="Ryegate, Vermont">Ryegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Vermont" title="Springfield, Vermont">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetford,_Vermont" title="Thetford, Vermont">Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Vermont" title="Vernon, Vermont">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Vermont" title="Waterford, Vermont">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathersfield,_Vermont" title="Weathersfield, Vermont">Weathersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River,_Vermont" title="Wells River, Vermont">Wells River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_(town),_Vermont" title="Westminster (town), Vermont">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont" title="White River Junction, Vermont">White River Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder,_Vermont" title="Wilder, Vermont">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Vermont" title="Windsor, Vermont">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Connecticut_River" title="List of crossings of the Connecticut River">Crossings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Old_Saybrook_%E2%80%93_Old_Lyme_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge">Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Bridge_(Bellows_Falls)" title="Arch Bridge (Bellows Falls)">Arch Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkeley_Bridge" title="Bulkeley Bridge">Bulkeley Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_Bridge" title="Calvin Coolidge Bridge">Calvin Coolidge Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalside_Rail_Trail_Bridge" title="Canalside Rail Trail Bridge">Canalside Rail Trail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Bridge_(Connecticut_River)" title="Cheshire Bridge (Connecticut River)">Cheshire Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Bridge_(New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Bridge (New Hampshire)">Columbia Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish%E2%80%93Windsor_Covered_Bridge" title="Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge">Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Coffin_Bridge" title="Dexter Coffin Bridge">Dexter Coffin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_King_Bridge" title="French King Bridge">French King Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill%E2%80%93Montague_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill–Montague Bridge">Gill–Montague Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County_Memorial_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden County Memorial Bridge">Hampden County Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Peaslee_Bridge" title="Janice Peaslee Bridge">Janice Peaslee Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Muller_Bridge" title="Joseph E. Muller Bridge">Joseph E. Muller Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledyard_Bridge" title="Ledyard Bridge">Ledyard Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme%E2%80%93East_Thetford_Bridge" title="Lyme–East Thetford Bridge">Lyme–East Thetford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morey_Memorial_Bridge" title="Morey Memorial Bridge">Morey Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Orne_Covered_Bridge" title="Mount Orne Covered Bridge">Mount Orne Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwottuck_Rail_Trail_Bridge" title="Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge">Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piermont_Bridge" title="Piermont Bridge">Piermont Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg%E2%80%93Clarksville_Covered_Bridge" title="Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge">Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Bridge" title="Ranger Bridge">Ranger Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin_Bridge" title="Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge">Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Bridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Sunderland Bridge (Massachusetts)">Sunderland Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Memorial_Bridge" title="Vietnam Memorial Bridge">Vietnam Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River_Bridge" title="Wells River Bridge">Wells River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willimansett_Bridge" title="Willimansett Bridge">Willimansett Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2003303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2003303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2003303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138119197">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCQJrgpRQMX9CdXqgYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84189784">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557672005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c0b5ef79-ff3b-4d24-ab2c-d43ff23d0d0c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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