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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postclassical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postclassical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Postclassical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postclassical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-12th_and_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_and_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>12th and 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_and_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_and_15th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>14th and 15th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_and_17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>16th and 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Pigments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Inks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Why_the_night_sky_and_space_are_black_–_Olbers'_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Why_the_night_sky_and_space_are_black_–_Olbers'_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Why the night sky and space are black – Olbers' paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Why_the_night_sky_and_space_are_black_–_Olbers'_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriotic_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriotic_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Patriotic resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriotic_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idioms_and_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Idioms and expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associations and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 169 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart" title="Swart – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD" title="ጥቁር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="काला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweart" title="Sweart – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sweart" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="أسود (لون) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسود (لون)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro" title="Negro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Negro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܐܘܟܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܟܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negru" title="Negru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Negru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prietu" title="Prietu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prietu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="करिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="करिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%A9" title="Hũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27iyara" title="Ch'iyara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ch'iyara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara" title="Qara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="قارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireng" title="Ireng – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ireng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="কালো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirang" title="Hirang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hirang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-sek" title="O͘-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%AB" title="Ҡара төҫ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара төҫ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чорны колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорны колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom" title="Itom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Itom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Черен цвят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черен цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ནག་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནག་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna" title="Crna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_(liv)" title="Du (liv) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Du (liv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negre" title="Negre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хура тĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom" title="Itom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Itom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1" title="Černá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ttilong" title="Áttilong – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Áttilong" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_(ruvara)" title="Tema (ruvara) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tema (ruvara)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du" title="Du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort" title="Sort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwatz" title="Schwatz – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schwatz" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz" title="Schwarz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="कालो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कालो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must" title="Must – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Μαύρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negher" title="Negher – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Negher" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Раужо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Раужо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_(color)" title="Negro (color) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negro (color)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigro" title="Nigro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negru" title="Negru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Negru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltz" title="Beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir" title="Noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart" title="Swart – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swart" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neri" title="Neri – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Neri" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubh" title="Dubh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_(cor)" title="Negro (cor) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Negro (cor)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F" title="烏 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="烏" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B" title="કાળો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-set" title="Vû-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3" title="Хар өңг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хар өңг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%80%EC%A0%95" title="검정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baki_(Black)" title="Baki (Black) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baki (Black)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ele%CA%BBele" title="Eleʻele – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Eleʻele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87" title="Սև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="काला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna" title="Crna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitam" title="Hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri" title="Nigri – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Сау – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartur" title="Svartur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="שחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireng" title="Ireng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9kp%C9%9B%C9%9Bd%C9%A9m" title="Kɩkpɛɛdɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩkpɛɛdɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಪ್ಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matuling" title="Matuling – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matuling" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="შავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF)" title="کُرٛہُن (رنٛگ) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کُرٛہُن (رنٛگ)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Қара түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeusi" title="Nyeusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwa_(koul%C3%A8)" title="Nwa (koulè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nwa (koulè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%9F" title="Reş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="ЛухӀисса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛухӀисса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_(color)" title="Niger (color) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Niger (color)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Melnā krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juoda" title="Juoda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juoda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%ADndo" title="Moíndo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moíndo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negra" title="Negra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negher" title="Negher – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete" title="Fekete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celleng" title="Celleng – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Celleng" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црна боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="കറുപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കറുപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswed" title="Iswed – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iswed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="काळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90" title="უჩა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="اسود (لون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسود (لون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سیو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitam" title="Hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95" title="ꯑꯃꯨꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯃꯨꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-s%C3%A1ik" title="Ŭ-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro" title="Negro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Negro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Равжа – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Равжа" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အနက်ရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနက်ရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaloa" title="Loaloa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Loaloa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwart_(kleur)" title="Zwart (kleur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwart (kleur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="कालो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="हाकु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92" title="黒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ӏаьржа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart" title="Suart – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart" title="Svart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart" title="Svart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8r" title="Nièr – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nièr" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negre" title="Negre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Negre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7" title="کاݪا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preto" title="Preto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Preto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="تور (رنگ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak" title="Blak – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85" title="ពណ៌ខ្មៅ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពណ៌ខ្មៅ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9rt" title="Noért – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Noért" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_czarna" title="Barwa czarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa czarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preto" title="Preto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaaz" title="Schwaaz – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schwaaz" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negru" title="Negru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Negru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana" title="Yana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_(%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82)" title="Чорный (цвіт) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорный (цвіт)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чёрный цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрный цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D2%A5" title="Хара өҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара өҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lumeni%E2%80%99ay" title="lumeni’ay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lumeni’ay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="कृष्ण वर्णः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कृष्ण वर्णः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" title="Black – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntsho" title="Ntsho – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ntsho" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra_e_zez%C3%AB" title="Ngjyra e zezë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra e zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACuru" title="Nìuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nìuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" title="Black – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ڪارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna" title="Čierna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna" title="Črna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoow" title="Madoow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Madoow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="ڕەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Црно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno" title="Crno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideung" title="Hideung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hideung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta" title="Musta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart" title="Svart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itim" title="Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கருப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asggan" title="Asggan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asggan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberkan" title="Aberkan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aberkan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Кара төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="నలుపు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నలుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="สีดำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Сиёҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyah" title="Siyah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotong" title="Lotong – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Lotong" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Чорний колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорний колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="سیاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekndaem" title="Saekndaem – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saekndaem" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro" title="Negro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Negro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_muju" title="Must muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Must muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90en" title="Đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must" title="Must – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noer_(coleur)" title="Noer (coleur) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noer (coleur)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsia" title="Mutsia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mutsia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91" title="黑 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom" 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id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Darkest color due to absence or absorption of light</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the color. For the race, see <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black (disambiguation)">Black (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blacks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blacks (disambiguation)">Blacks (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Black</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#000000!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_jackal_(blacked).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png/124px-Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png/186px-Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png/248px-Tutankhamun_jackal_%28blacked%29.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg/124px-Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg/186px-Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg/248px-Yellowstone-black-bear-07895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1336" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg/250px-Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_Night_Sky_Black_Rock_Desert_Nevada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milky_Way_Night_Sky_Black_Rock_Desert_Nevada.jpg/250px-Milky_Way_Night_Sky_Black_Rock_Desert_Nevada.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4078" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg/250px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg/500px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise, from top left: <a href="/wiki/Anubis_Shrine" title="Anubis Shrine">Anubis statue</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>; <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milky Way Galaxy">Milky Way Galaxy</a>; The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in October 2022; Portrait painting of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/20px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/40px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#000000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0, 0, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0°, 0%, 0%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0, 0, 0°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HTML_color_names" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML color names">HTML/CSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-css3-color_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /><b>H</b>: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that results from the absence or complete <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a> <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. It is an achromatic color, without <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Chroma" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a>, like <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">grey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often used <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Figurative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurative language">figuratively</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">darkness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">good</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black was one of the first colors used by artists in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> cave paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016262_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016262-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, evil, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black is the most common <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the darkest material is made by <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> engineers from vertically aligned <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>black</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>blæc</i> ("black, dark", <i>also</i>, "ink"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>blakkaz</i> ("burned"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>bhleg-</i> ("to burn, gleam, shine, flash"), from base *<i>bhel-</i> ("to shine"), related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saxon language">Old Saxon</a> <i>blak</i> ("ink"), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>blach</i> ("black"), <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <i>blakkr</i> ("dark"), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>blaken</i> ("to burn"), and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <i>bläck</i> ("ink"). More distant cognates include <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>flagrare</i> ("to blaze, glow, burn"), and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>phlegein</i> ("to burn, scorch"). The Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. <i>Kuanos</i> could mean both dark blue and black.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ancient Romans had two words for black: <i>ater</i> was a flat, dull black, while <i>niger</i> was a brilliant, saturated black. <i>Ater</i> has vanished from the vocabulary, but <i>niger</i> was the source of the country name <i>Nigeria,</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English word <i>Negro</i>, and the word for "black" in most modern <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>noir</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>negro</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i>nero</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i>negru</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> also had two words for black: <i>swartz</i> for dull black and <i>blach</i> for a luminous black. These are parallelled in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> by the terms <i>swart</i> for dull black and <i>blaek</i> for luminous black. <i>Swart</i> still survives as the word <i>swarthy</i>, while <i>blaek</i> became the modern English <i>black</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the words used for black in most modern <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> aside from English (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>schwarz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>zwart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i>svart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i>sort</i>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i>svartr</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In heraldry, the word used for the black color is <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">sable</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named for the black fur of the <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a>, an animal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux,_Megaloceros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/250px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/330px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/500px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megaloceros" title="Megaloceros">Megaloceros</a> cave art at Lascaux</figcaption></figure> <p>Black was one of the first colors used in art. The <a href="/wiki/Lascaux_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascaux Cave">Lascaux Cave</a> in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and later achieved darker pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg/180px-Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg/270px-Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg/360px-Tutankhamun_jackal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anubis_Shrine" title="Anubis Shrine">Statue of Anubis</a>, guardian of the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations; being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a>, and offered protection against evil to the dead. To ancient Greeks, black represented the underworld, separated from the living by the river <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a>, whose water ran black. Those who had committed the worst sins were sent to <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, the king of the underworld, where he was seated upon a black <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> throne. Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Red_figure_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Red figure pottery">red figure pottery</a>, using a highly original technique. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a glossy clay <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a> on a red clay pot. When the pot was fired, the figures painted with the slip would turn black, against a red background. Later they reversed the process, painting the spaces between the figures with slip. This created magnificent red figures against a glossy black background.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/330px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/500px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> playing a game, about 540–530 BC. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the social hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, purple was reserved for the emperor; red was the color worn by soldiers (red cloaks for the officers, red tunics for the soldiers); white the color worn by the priests, and black was worn by craftsmen and artisans. The black they wore was not deep and rich; the vegetable dyes used to make black were not solid or lasting, so the blacks often faded to gray or brown.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the word for black, <i>ater</i> and to darken, <i>atere</i>, were associated with cruelty, brutality and evil. They were the root of the English words "atrocious" and "atrocity".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Romans, black symbolized death and mourning. In the 2nd century BC Roman magistrates wore a dark toga, called a <i>toga pulla</i>, to funeral ceremonies. Later, under the Empire, the family of the deceased also wore dark colors for a long period; then, after a banquet to mark the end of mourning, exchanged the black for a white toga. In Roman poetry, death was called the <i>hora nigra</i>, the black hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German and Scandinavian peoples worshipped their own goddess of the night, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a>, who crossed the sky in a chariot drawn by a black horse. They also feared <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>, the goddess of the kingdom of the dead, whose skin was black on one side and red on the other. They also held sacred the <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">raven</a>. They believed that <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, the king of the Nordic pantheon, had two black ravens, Huginn and Muninn, who served as his agents, traveling the world for him, watching and listening.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postclassical">Postclassical</h3></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages, black was commonly associated with darkness and evil. In Medieval paintings, the devil was usually depicted as having human form, but with wings and black skin or hair.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="12th_and_13th_centuries">12th and 13th centuries</h4></div> <p>In fashion, black did not have the prestige of red, the color of the nobility. It was worn by <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks as a sign of humility and penitence. In the 12th century a famous theological dispute broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monks, who wore white, and the Benedictines, who wore black. A Benedictine abbot, Pierre the Venerable, accused the Cistercians of excessive pride in wearing white instead of black. Saint <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, the founder of the Cistercians responded that black was the color of the devil, hell, "of death and sin", while white represented "purity, innocence and all the virtues".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black symbolized both power and secrecy in the medieval world. The emblem of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany was a black eagle. The <a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">black knight</a> in the poetry of the Middle Ages was an enigmatic figure, hiding his identity, usually wrapped in secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, invented in China, was traditionally used in the Middle Ages for writing, for the simple reason that black was the darkest color and therefore provided the greatest contrast with white paper or parchment, making it the easiest color to read. It became even more important in the 15th century, with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>. A new kind of ink, printer's ink, was created out of <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">walnut oil</a>. The new ink made it possible to spread ideas to a mass audience through printed books, and to popularize art through black and white prints. Because of its contrast and clarity, black ink on white paper continued to be the standard for printing books, newspapers and documents; and for the same reason black text on a white background is the most common format used on computer screens.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_-_The_Temptation_on_the_Mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna showed Christ expelling the Devil, shown covered with bristly black hair (1308–11)."><img alt="The Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna showed Christ expelling the Devil, shown covered with bristly black hair (1308–11)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Duccio_-_The_Temptation_on_the_Mount.jpg/250px-Duccio_-_The_Temptation_on_the_Mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Duccio_-_The_Temptation_on_the_Mount.jpg/500px-Duccio_-_The_Temptation_on_the_Mount.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6249" data-file-height="5874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a> showed <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> expelling the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>, shown covered with bristly black hair (1308–11).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 15th-century painting of the Last Judgement by Fra Angelico (1395–1455) depicted hell with a vivid black devil devouring sinners."><img alt="The 15th-century painting of the Last Judgement by Fra Angelico (1395–1455) depicted hell with a vivid black devil devouring sinners." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/250px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/500px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 15th-century painting of the <i>Last Judgement</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> (1395–1455) depicted hell with a vivid black devil devouring sinners.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portretbenedykty324skiegomnich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a monk of the Benedictine Order (1484)"><img alt="Portrait of a monk of the Benedictine Order (1484)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Portretbenedykty324skiegomnich.jpg/250px-Portretbenedykty324skiegomnich.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Portretbenedykty324skiegomnich.jpg/330px-Portretbenedykty324skiegomnich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Order">Benedictine Order</a> (1484)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Livre_du_c%C5%93ur_d%27amour_%C3%A9pris1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The black knight in a miniature painting of a medieval romance,Le Livre du cœur d'amour épris (about 1460)"><img alt="The black knight in a miniature painting of a medieval romance,Le Livre du cœur d'amour épris (about 1460)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Le_Livre_du_c%C5%93ur_d%27amour_%C3%A9pris1.jpg/500px-Le_Livre_du_c%C5%93ur_d%27amour_%C3%A9pris1.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Le_Livre_du_c%C5%93ur_d%27amour_%C3%A9pris1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The black knight in a miniature painting of a medieval romance,<i>Le Livre du cœur d'amour épris</i> (about 1460)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gutenberg Bible (1451–1452). Black ink was used for printing books, because it provided the greatest contrast with the white paper and was the clearest and easiest color to read."><img alt="Gutenberg Bible (1451–1452). Black ink was used for printing books, because it provided the greatest contrast with the white paper and was the clearest and easiest color to read." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg/250px-Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg/330px-Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="2877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> (1451–1452). Black ink was used for printing books, because it provided the greatest contrast with the white paper and was the clearest and easiest color to read.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="14th_and_15th_centuries">14th and 15th centuries</h4></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages, princes, nobles and the wealthy usually wore bright colors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">scarlet</a> cloaks from Italy. Black was rarely part of the wardrobe of a noble family. The one exception was the fur of the <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a>. This glossy black fur, from an animal of the <a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">marten</a> family, was the finest and most expensive fur in Europe. It was imported from Russia and Poland and used to trim the robes and gowns of royalty. </p><p>In the 14th century, the status of black began to change. First, high-quality black dyes began to arrive on the market, allowing garments of a deep, rich black. Magistrates and government officials began to wear black robes, as a sign of the importance and seriousness of their positions. A third reason was the passage of <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumptuary laws">sumptuary laws</a> in some parts of Europe which prohibited the wearing of costly clothes and certain colors by anyone except members of the nobility. The famous bright scarlet cloaks from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and the peacock blue fabrics from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> were restricted to the nobility. The wealthy bankers and merchants of northern Italy responded by changing to black robes and gowns, made with the most expensive fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change to the more austere but elegant black was quickly picked up by the kings and nobility. It began in northern Italy, where the Duke of Milan and the Count of Savoy and the rulers of Mantua, Ferrara, Rimini and Urbino began to dress in black. It then spread to France, led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis I, Duke of Orleans">Louis I, Duke of Orleans</a>, younger brother of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>. It moved to England at the end of the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> (1377–1399), where all the court began to wear black. In 1419–20, black became the color of the powerful Duke of Burgundy, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>. It moved to Spain, where it became the color of the Spanish Habsburgs, of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and of his son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (1527–1598). European rulers saw it as the color of power, dignity, humility and temperance. By the end of the 16th century, it was the color worn by almost all the monarchs of Europe and their courts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_the_good.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Philip the Good, Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1450"><img alt="Portrait of Philip the Good, Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1450" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_the_good.jpg/128px-Philip_the_good.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_the_good.jpg/191px-Philip_the_good.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_the_good.jpg/255px-Philip_the_good.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Good_(van_der_Weyden)" title="Portrait of Philip the Good (van der Weyden)">Portrait of Philip the Good</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, c. 1450</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus_Christus_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Young Girl, Petrus Christus, between 1465 and 1470"><img alt="Portrait of a Young Girl, Petrus Christus, between 1465 and 1470" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Petrus_Christus_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Petrus_Christus_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Petrus_Christus_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Petrus_Christus_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7603" data-file-height="9912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl_(Christus)" title="Portrait of a Young Girl (Christus)">Portrait of a Young Girl</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Christus" title="Petrus Christus">Petrus Christus</a>, between 1465 and 1470</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Titian, c.1500–1558"><img alt="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Titian, c.1500–1558" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/106px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/159px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/212px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, c.1500–1558</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)"><img alt="Portrait of Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/146px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/219px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/293px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (1527–1598)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_cat_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_cat_eyes.jpg/250px-Black_cat_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_cat_eyes.jpg/270px-Black_cat_eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Black_cat_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cats</a> have been accused for centuries of being the <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirits</a> of witches or of bringing bad luck.</figcaption></figure> <p>While black was the color worn by the Catholic rulers of Europe, it was also the emblematic color of the Protestant Reformation in Europe and the Puritans in England and America. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> and other Protestant theologians denounced the richly colored and decorated interiors of Roman Catholic churches. They saw the color red, worn by the pope and his cardinals, as the color of luxury, sin, and human folly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some northern European cities, mobs attacked churches and cathedrals, smashed the stained glass windows and defaced the statues and decoration. In Protestant doctrine, clothing was required to be sober, simple and discreet. Bright colors were banished and replaced by blacks, browns and grays; women and children were recommended to wear white.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Protestant Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> used this sober new palette of blacks and browns to create portraits whose faces emerged from the shadows expressing the deepest human emotions. The Catholic painters of the Counter-Reformation, like <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, went in the opposite direction; they filled their paintings with bright and rich colors. The new <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> churches of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> were usually shining white inside and filled with statues, frescoes, marble, gold and colorful paintings, to appeal to the public. But European Catholics of all classes, like Protestants, eventually adopted a sober wardrobe that was mostly black, brown and gray.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Increase_Mather.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Increase Mather, an American Puritan clergyman (1688)."><img alt="Increase Mather, an American Puritan clergyman (1688)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Increase_Mather.jpg/250px-Increase_Mather.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Increase_Mather.jpg/330px-Increase_Mather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a>, an American Puritan clergyman (1688).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rembrandt, Self-portrait (1659)"><img alt="Rembrandt, Self-portrait (1659)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12243" data-file-height="15859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <i>Self-portrait</i> (1659)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John,_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_(The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw).png" class="mw-file-description" title="John, Duke of Braganza, later King John IV of Portugal (1628)"><img alt="John, Duke of Braganza, later King John IV of Portugal (1628)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/117px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/175px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/233px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John, Duke of Braganza, later King <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a> (1628)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_Armor_MET_DP277181.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black painted suit of German armor crafted circa 1600.[27]"><img alt="Black painted suit of German armor crafted circa 1600.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Infantry_Armor_MET_DP277181.jpg/250px-Infantry_Armor_MET_DP277181.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Infantry_Armor_MET_DP277181.jpg/330px-Infantry_Armor_MET_DP277181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="3880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black painted suit of German armor crafted circa 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthewhopkins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Matthewhopkins.png/250px-Matthewhopkins.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Matthewhopkins.png/330px-Matthewhopkins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Matthewhopkins.png/360px-Matthewhopkins.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>An English manual on witch-hunting (1647), showing a witch with her <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirits</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the second part of the 17th century, Europe and America experienced an epidemic of fear of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. People widely believed that the devil appeared at midnight in a ceremony called a <a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a> or black sabbath, usually in the form of a black animal, often a goat, a dog, a wolf, a bear, a deer or a rooster, accompanied by their <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirits</a>, black cats, serpents and other black creatures. This was the origin of the widespread superstition about black cats and other black animals. In medieval <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, in a ceremony called <i>Kattenstoet,</i> black cats were thrown from the belfry of the Cloth Hall of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> to ward off witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witch trials were common in both Europe and America during this period. During the notorious <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> in New England in 1692–93, one of those on trial was accused of being able turn into a "black thing with a blue cap," and others of having familiars in the form of a black dog, a black cat and a black bird.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen women and men were hanged as witches.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h4></div> <p>In the 18th century, during the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, black receded as a fashion color. Paris became the fashion capital, and pastels, blues, greens, yellow and white became the colors of the nobility and upper classes. But after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, black again became the dominant color. Black was the color of the industrial revolution, largely fueled by coal, and later by oil. Thanks to coal <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, the buildings of the large cities of Europe and America gradually turned <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black</a>. By 1846 the industrial area of the West Midlands of England was "commonly called 'the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and other writers described the dark streets and smoky skies of London, and they were vividly illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Wood-engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-engraving">wood-engravings</a> of French artist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg/260px-George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg/390px-George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg/520px-George-Henry-Boughton-Pilgrims-Going-To-Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption><i>American Pilgrims in New England going to church</i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Boughton" title="George Henry Boughton">George Henry Boughton</a>, 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>A different kind of black was an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">romantic movement</a> in literature. Black was the color of <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a>, the dominant theme of romanticism. The novels of the period were filled with castles, ruins, dungeons, storms, and meetings at midnight. The leading poets of the movement were usually portrayed dressed in black, usually with a white shirt and open collar, and a scarf carelessly over their shoulder, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and Lord Byron helped create the enduring stereotype of the romantic poet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_(1853-1890)_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg/260px-Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg/390px-Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg/520px-Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_Wheat_Field_with_Crows_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption> <i>Wheat Field with Crows</i> (1890), one of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s last paintings</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of inexpensive synthetic black dyes and the industrialization of the textile industry meant that high-quality black clothes were available for the first time to the general population. In the 19th century black gradually became the most popular color of business dress of the upper and middle classes in England, the Continent, and America. Black dominated literature and fashion in the 19th century, and played a large role in painting. <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> made the color the subject of his most famous painting, <i>Arrangement in grey and black number one</i> (1871), better known as <i><a href="/wiki/Whistler%27s_Mother" title="Whistler's Mother">Whistler's Mother</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 19th-century French painters had a low opinion of black: "Reject black," <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> said, "and that mix of black and white they call gray. Nothing is black, nothing is gray."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> used blacks for their strength and dramatic effect. Manet's portrait of painter <a href="/wiki/Berthe_Morisot" title="Berthe Morisot">Berthe Morisot</a> was a study in black which perfectly captured her spirit of independence. The black gave the painting power and immediacy; he even changed her eyes, which were green, to black to strengthen the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> quoted the French impressionist <a href="/wiki/Pissarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pissarro">Pissarro</a> telling him, "Manet is stronger than us all – he made light with black."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> used luminous blacks, especially in his portraits. When someone told him that black was not a color, Renoir replied: "What makes you think that? Black is the queen of colors. I always detested Prussian blue. I tried to replace black with a mixture of red and blue, I tried using cobalt blue or ultramarine, but I always came back to ivory black."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> used black lines to outline many of the objects in his paintings, such as the bed in the famous painting of his bedroom. making them stand apart. His painting of black crows over a cornfield, painted shortly before he died, was particularly agitated and haunting. In the late 19th century, black also became the color of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. (See the section <a href="#Political_movements">political movements</a>.) </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carneiro_e_Gaspar,_J._Courtois_-_Imperatriz_Teresa_Cristina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil (circa 1870)"><img alt="Portrait of Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil (circa 1870)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Carneiro_e_Gaspar%2C_J._Courtois_-_Imperatriz_Teresa_Cristina.jpg/250px-Carneiro_e_Gaspar%2C_J._Courtois_-_Imperatriz_Teresa_Cristina.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Carneiro_e_Gaspar%2C_J._Courtois_-_Imperatriz_Teresa_Cristina.jpg/330px-Carneiro_e_Gaspar%2C_J._Courtois_-_Imperatriz_Teresa_Cristina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Empress <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina of Brazil</a> (circa 1870)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1 (1871) by James McNeill Whistler better known as Whistler's Mother."><img alt="Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1 (1871) by James McNeill Whistler better known as Whistler's Mother." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg/250px-Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg/330px-Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg/500px-Whistlers_Mother_high_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5897" data-file-height="5247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1</i> (1871) by <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> better known as <i><a href="/wiki/Whistler%27s_Mother" title="Whistler's Mother">Whistler's Mother</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets, by Édouard Manet (1872)."><img alt="Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets, by Édouard Manet (1872)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/132px-Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/199px-Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/265px-Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Berthe_Morisot_with_a_Bouquet_of_Violets" title="Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets">Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> (1872).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Theater Box (1874) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, captured the luminosity of black fabric in the light."><img alt="The Theater Box (1874) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, captured the luminosity of black fabric in the light." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg/250px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg/330px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Loge" title="La Loge">The Theater Box</a></i> (1874) by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, captured the luminosity of black fabric in the light.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h4></div> <p>In the 20th century, black was utilised by Italian and German <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. (See the section <a href="#Political_movements">political movements</a>). In art, the colour regained some of the territory that it had lost during the 19th century. The Russian painter <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Malevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasimir Malevich">Kasimir Malevich</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Suprematist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprematist">Suprematist</a> movement, created the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Square (painting)">Black Square</a></i> in 1915, is widely considered the first purely abstract painting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016263_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016263-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote, "The painted work is no longer simply the imitation of reality, but is this very reality ... It is not a demonstration of ability, but the materialization of an idea."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black was appreciated by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>. "When I didn't know what color to put down, I put down black," he said in 1945. "Black is a force: I used black as ballast to simplify the construction ... Since the impressionists it seems to have made continuous progress, taking a more and more important part in color orchestration, comparable to that of the double bass as a solo instrument."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, black came to be a symbol of individuality and intellectual and social rebellion, the color of those who did not accept established norms and values. In Paris, it was worn by Left-Bank intellectuals and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co" title="Juliette Gréco">Juliette Gréco</a>, and by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat Movement">Beat Movement</a> in New York and San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_pg_120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black leather jackets were worn by motorcycle gangs such as the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Angels" title="Hells Angels">Hells Angels</a> and street gangs on the fringes of society in the United States. Black as a color of rebellion was celebrated in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_One" title="The Wild One">The Wild One</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>. By the end of the 20th century, black was the emblematic color of <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">punk fashion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth subculture</a>. Goth fashion, which emerged in England in the 1980s, was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> mourning dress. </p><p>In men's fashion, black gradually ceded its dominance to navy blue, particularly in business suits. Black evening dress and formal dress in general were worn less and less. In 1960, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was the last American President to be inaugurated wearing formal dress; <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> and his successors were inaugurated wearing business suits. </p><p>Women's fashion was revolutionized and simplified in 1926 by the French designer <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a>, who published a drawing of a simple black dress in <i>Vogue</i> magazine. She famously said, "A woman needs just three things; a black dress, a black sweater, and, on her arm, a man she loves."<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_pg_120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French designer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patou" title="Jean Patou">Jean Patou</a> also followed suit by creating a black collection in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other designers contributed to the trend of the <a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black dress</a>. The Italian designer <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Versace" title="Gianni Versace">Gianni Versace</a> said, "Black is the quintessence of simplicity and elegance," and French designer <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> said, "black is the liaison which connects art and fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Heller_pg_120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous black dresses of the century was designed by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy" title="Hubert de Givenchy">Hubert de Givenchy</a> and was worn by <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> in the 1961 film <i><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)" title="Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)">Breakfast at Tiffany's</a></i>. </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1950s was a struggle for the political equality of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. It developed into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> in the early 1960s until the late 1980s, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement in the 2010s and 2020s. It also popularized the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Black_is_Beautiful" class="mw-redirect" title="Black is Beautiful">Black is Beautiful</a>". </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimir_Malevich,_1915,_Black_Suprematic_Square,_oil_on_linen_canvas,_79.5_x_79.5_cm,_Tretyakov_Gallery,_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Square, Kazimir Malevich, 1915"><img alt="Black Square, Kazimir Malevich, 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/250px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/330px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Pascali_-_Regina_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Marie of Romania, Constantin Pascali, early 1920s"><img alt="Queen Marie of Romania, Constantin Pascali, early 1920s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Constantin_Pascali_-_Regina_Maria.jpg/120px-Constantin_Pascali_-_Regina_Maria.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Constantin_Pascali_-_Regina_Maria.jpg/250px-Constantin_Pascali_-_Regina_Maria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie of Romania</a>, Constantin Pascali, early 1920s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Amaranth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 21st-century goth fashion model Lady Amaranth, in a style inspired by British Victorian mourning costumes"><img alt="The 21st-century goth fashion model Lady Amaranth, in a style inspired by British Victorian mourning costumes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lady_Amaranth.jpg/250px-Lady_Amaranth.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Goth_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Goth fashion">goth fashion</a> model Lady Amaranth, in a style inspired by British <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian mourning costumes</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)</a></div> <p>Black can be defined as the color perceived when no <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> reaches the eye. <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> that absorb almost all light rather than reflect it back to the eye look black. A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all wavelengths of visible light. If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called black. This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the color produced by the absorption of all wavelengths of visible light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vantablack_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/250px-Vantablack_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/330px-Vantablack_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/500px-Vantablack_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack">Vantablack</a> was the blackest substance known until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In physics, a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> is a perfect absorber of light, but, by a thermodynamic rule, it is also the best emitter. Thus, the best radiative cooling, out of sunlight, is by using black paint, though it is important that it be black (a nearly perfect absorber) in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> as well. In elementary science, far <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light is called "<a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black light</a>" because, while itself unseen, it causes many minerals and other substances to <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">fluoresce</a>. </p><p>Absorption of light is contrasted by <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffusion</a>, where the light is only redirected, causing objects to appear transparent, reflective or white respectively. A material is said to be black if most incoming light is <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> equally in the material. Light (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>) <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">interacts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, which causes the energy of the light to be converted into other forms of energy, usually heat. This means that black surfaces can act as thermal collectors, absorbing light and generating heat (see <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">Solar thermal collector</a>). </p><p>As of September 2019, the darkest material is made from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. The material was grown by MIT engineers and was reported to have a <a href="/wiki/Optical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Optical properties of carbon nanotubes">99.995% absorption</a> rate of any incoming light.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This surpasses any former darkest materials including <a href="/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack">Vantablack</a>, which has a peak absorption rate of 99.965% in the visible spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCNews_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pigments">Pigments</h4></div> <p>The earliest pigments used by Neolithic man were <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_ocher" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ocher">red ocher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_ocher" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow ocher">yellow ocher</a>. The black lines of cave art were drawn with the tips of burnt torches made of a wood with <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_pg._256_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_pg._256-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different charcoal pigments were made by burning different woods and animal products, each of which produced a different tone. The charcoal would be ground and then mixed with animal fat to make the pigment. </p> <ul><li><i>Vine black</i> was produced in Roman times by burning the cut branches of grapevines. It could also be produced by burning the remains of the crushed grapes, which were collected and dried in an oven. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, the deepness and richness of the black produced corresponded to the quality of the wine. The finest wines produced a black with a bluish tinge the color of <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>.</li></ul> <p>The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini described how this pigment was made during the Renaissance in his famous handbook for artists: "...there is a black which is made from the tendrils of vines. And these tendrils need to be burned. And when they have been burned, throw some water onto them and put them out and then mull them in the same way as the other black. And this is a lean and black pigment and is one of the perfect pigments that we use."<sup id="cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cennini also noted that "There is another black which is made from burnt almond shells or peaches and this is a perfect, fine black."<sup id="cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar fine blacks were made by burning the pits of the peach, cherry or apricot. The powdered charcoal was then mixed with <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> or the yellow of an egg to make a paint. </p><p>Different civilizations burned different plants to produce their charcoal pigments. The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of Alaska used wood charcoal mixed with the blood of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> to paint masks and wooden objects. The Polynesians burned coconuts to produce their pigment. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamp_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp black">Lamp black</a></i> was used as a pigment for painting and frescoes, as a dye for fabrics, and in some societies for making tattoos. The 15th century Florentine painter Cennino Cennini described how it was made during the Renaissance: "... take a lamp full of linseed oil and fill the lamp with the oil and light the lamp. Then place it, lit, under a thoroughly clean pan and make sure that the flame from the lamp is two or three fingers from the bottom of the pan. The smoke that comes off the flame will hit the bottom of the pan and gather, becoming thick. Wait a bit. take the pan and brush this pigment (that is, this smoke) onto paper or into a pot with something. And it is not necessary to mull or grind it because it is a very fine pigment. Re-fill the lamp with the oil and put it under the pan like this several times and, in this way, make as much of it as is necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same pigment was used by Indian artists to paint the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>, and as dye in ancient Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_pg._256_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_pg._256-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivory_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory black">Ivory black</a></i>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>, was originally produced by burning ivory and mixing the resulting charcoal powder with oil. The color is still made today, but ordinary animal bones are substituted for ivory.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Black_(pigment)" title="Mars Black (pigment)">Mars black</a></i> is a black pigment made of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron oxides">iron oxides</a>. It is commonly used in water-colors and oil painting. It takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, the god of war and patron of iron.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyes">Dyes</h4></div> <p>Good-quality black <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> were not known until the middle of the 14th century. The most common early dyes were made from bark, roots or fruits of different trees; usually walnuts, chestnuts, or certain oak trees. The blacks produced were often more gray, brown or bluish. The cloth had to be dyed several times to darken the color. One solution used by dyers was add to the dye some iron filings, rich in iron oxide, which gave a deeper black. Another was to first dye the fabric dark blue, and then to dye it black. </p><p>A much richer and deeper black dye was eventually found made from the <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">oak apple</a> or "gall-nut". The gall-nut is a small round tumor which grows on oak and other varieties of trees. They range in size from 2–5 cm, and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasp</a> in the family Cynipidae.<sup id="cite_ref-cranshaw_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cranshaw-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dye was very expensive; a great quantity of gall-nuts were needed for a very small amount of dye. The gall-nuts which made the best dye came from Poland, eastern Europe, the near east and North Africa. Beginning in about the 14th century, dye from gall-nuts was used for clothes of the kings and princes of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important source of natural black dyes from the 17th century onwards was the <a href="/wiki/Logwood_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Logwood tree">logwood tree</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Haematoxylum campechianum</a>, which also produced reddish and bluish dyes. It is a species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering</a> tree in the <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern nation of Belize grew from 17th century English logwood logging camps. </p><p>Since the mid-19th century, synthetic black dyes have largely replaced natural dyes. One of the important synthetic blacks is <a href="/wiki/Nigrosin" title="Nigrosin">Nigrosin</a>, a mixture of synthetic black dyes (CI 50415, Solvent black 5) made by heating a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> and aniline hydrochloride in the presence of a copper or iron <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>. Its main industrial uses are as a colorant for lacquers and varnishes and in marker-pen inks.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inks">Inks</h4></div> <p>The first known inks were made by the Chinese, and date back to the 23rd century B.C. They used natural plant dyes and minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> ground with water and applied with an <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a>. Early Chinese inks similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Inkstick" title="Inkstick">inkstick</a> have been found dating to about 256 BC at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. They were produced from <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>, usually produced by burning pine wood, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>. To make ink from an inkstick, the stick is continuously ground against an <a href="/wiki/Inkstone" title="Inkstone">inkstone</a> with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a>. Artists and calligraphists could vary the thickness of the resulting ink by reducing or increasing the intensity and time of ink grinding. These inks produced the delicate shading and subtle or dramatic effects of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_brush_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese brush painting">Chinese brush painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> (or "Indian ink" in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a black ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing, especially when inking comic books and comic strips. The technique of making it probably came from China. India ink has been in use in India since at least the 4th century BC, where it was called <a href="/wiki/Masi_(india_ink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masi (india ink)"><i>masi</i></a>. In India, the black color of the ink came from <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>, tar, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> and other substances.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gottsege_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottsege-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Romans had a black writing ink they called <i><a href="/wiki/Atramentum" title="Atramentum">atramentum</a> librarium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name came from the Latin word <i>atrare</i>, which meant to make something black. (This was the same root as the English word <i>atrocious</i>.) It was usually made, like India ink, from soot, although one variety, called <i>atramentum elephantinum</i>, was made by burning the ivory of elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gall-nuts were also used for making fine black writing ink. <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall ink</a> (also known as iron gall nut ink or oak gall ink) was a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acids</a> from gall nut. It was the standard writing and drawing ink in Europe, from about the 12th century to the 19th century, and remained in use well into the 20th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sticks of vine charcoal and compressed charcoal. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man."><img alt="Sticks of vine charcoal and compressed charcoal. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/330px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/500px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/960px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sticks of vine charcoal and compressed charcoal. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inkstick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chinese inkstick, in the form of lotus flowers and blossoms. Inksticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting."><img alt="A Chinese inkstick, in the form of lotus flowers and blossoms. Inksticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/250px-Inkstick.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/330px-Inkstick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/500px-Inkstick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Inkstick" title="Inkstick">inkstick</a>, in the form of lotus flowers and blossoms. Inksticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_(Carbocit).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory black or bone char, a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones."><img alt="Ivory black or bone char, a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg/300px-%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg/451px-%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg/600px-%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory black or <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>, a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The oak apple or gall-nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th century until the 19th century."><img alt="The oak apple or gall-nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th century until the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Oak_apple.jpg/500px-Oak_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Oak_apple.jpg/528px-Oak_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Oak_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">oak apple</a> or gall-nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th century until the 19th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noir_de_fumee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The industrial production of lamp black, made by producing, collecting and refining soot, in 1906."><img alt="The industrial production of lamp black, made by producing, collecting and refining soot, in 1906." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Noir_de_fumee.jpg/250px-Noir_de_fumee.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Noir_de_fumee.jpg/330px-Noir_de_fumee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Noir_de_fumee.jpg/500px-Noir_de_fumee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Lamp_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp black">lamp black</a>, made by producing, collecting and refining soot, in 1906.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> is a region of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> where gravity prevents anything, including <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> predicts that a sufficiently compact <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Around a black hole there is a mathematically defined boundary called an <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> that marks the point of no return. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> of millions of solar masses may form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>. Although a black hole itself is black, infalling material forms an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a>, one of the brightest types of object in the universe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a> refers to the radiation coming from a body at a given temperature where all incoming energy (light) is converted to heat.</li> <li>Black sky refers to the appearance of space as one emerges from Earth's atmosphere.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of the NGC 406 galaxy from the Hubble Space Telescope"><img alt="Image of the NGC 406 galaxy from the Hubble Space Telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/250px-NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/330px-NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/500px-NGC_406_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of the NGC 406 galaxy from the Hubble Space Telescope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The night sky seen from Mars, with the two moons of Mars visible, taken by the NASA Spirit Rover."><img alt="The night sky seen from Mars, with the two moons of Mars visible, taken by the NASA Spirit Rover." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg/250px-Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg/330px-Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg/500px-Spirit_Rover-Mars_Night_Sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The night sky seen from Mars, with the two moons of Mars visible, taken by the NASA Spirit Rover.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outside Earth's atmosphere, the sky is black day and night."><img alt="Outside Earth's atmosphere, the sky is black day and night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/500px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/960px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Outside Earth's atmosphere, the sky is black day and night.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration of Olbers' paradox (see below)"><img alt="An illustration of Olbers' paradox (see below)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif/250px-Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif/338px-Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Olbers%27_Paradox_-_All_Points.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An illustration of <a href="/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbers' paradox">Olbers' paradox</a> (see below)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of the central black hole of Messier 87 taken by the Event Horizon Telescope."><img alt="Image of the central black hole of Messier 87 taken by the Event Horizon Telescope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/250px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/500px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of the central black hole of Messier 87 taken by the Event Horizon Telescope.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Why_the_night_sky_and_space_are_black_–_Olbers'_paradox"><span id="Why_the_night_sky_and_space_are_black_.E2.80.93_Olbers.27_paradox"></span>Why the night sky and space are black – Olbers' paradox</h4></div> <p>The fact that <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> is black is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbers' paradox">Olbers' paradox</a>. In theory, because the universe is full of stars, and is believed to be infinitely large, it would be expected that the light of an infinite number of stars would be enough to brilliantly light the whole universe all the time. However, the background color of outer space is black. This contradiction was first noted in 1823 by German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matthias_Olbers" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers">Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers</a>, who posed the question of why the night sky was black. </p><p>The current accepted answer is that, although the universe may be infinitely large, it is not infinitely old. It is thought to be about 13.8 billion years old, so we can only see objects as far away as the distance light can travel in 13.8 billion years. Light from stars farther away has not reached Earth, and cannot contribute to making the sky bright. Furthermore, as the universe is expanding, many stars are moving away from Earth. As they move, the wavelength of their light becomes longer, through the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>, and shifts toward red, or even becomes invisible. As a result of these two phenomena, there is not enough starlight to make space anything but black.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The daytime sky on Earth is blue because light from the Sun strikes molecules in Earth's atmosphere scattering light in all directions. Blue light is scattered more than other colors, and reaches the eye in greater quantities, making the daytime sky appear blue. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>. </p><p>The nighttime sky on Earth is black because the part of Earth experiencing night is facing away from the Sun, the light of the Sun is blocked by Earth itself, and there is no other bright nighttime source of light in the vicinity. Thus, there is not enough light to undergo Rayleigh scattering and make the sky blue. On the Moon, on the other hand, because there is virtually no atmosphere to scatter the light, the sky is black both day and night. This also holds true for other locations without an atmosphere, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The American crow is one of the most intelligent of all animals.[59]"><img alt="The American crow is one of the most intelligent of all animals.[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/330px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/500px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/960px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The American <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a> is one of the most intelligent of all animals.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Schwarzb%C3%A4r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American black bear (Ursus americanus) near Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba, Canada"><img alt="American black bear (Ursus americanus) near Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/01_Schwarzb%C3%A4r.jpg/250px-01_Schwarzb%C3%A4r.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/01_Schwarzb%C3%A4r.jpg/332px-01_Schwarzb%C3%A4r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American black bear (Ursus americanus) near Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The black mamba of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes, as well as the fastest-moving snake in the world."><img alt="The black mamba of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes, as well as the fastest-moving snake in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg/159px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg/239px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg/319px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Black_mamba" title="Black mamba">black mamba</a> of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes, as well as the fastest-moving snake in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Widow_11-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The black widow spider, or latrodectus, The females frequently eat their male partners after mating. The female's venom is at least three times more potent than that of the males, making a male's self-defense bite ineffective."><img alt="The black widow spider, or latrodectus, The females frequently eat their male partners after mating. The female's venom is at least three times more potent than that of the males, making a male's self-defense bite ineffective." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_Widow_11-06.jpg/300px-Black_Widow_11-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Black_Widow_11-06.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The black widow spider, or <a href="/wiki/Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">latrodectus</a>, The females frequently eat their male partners after mating. The female's venom is at least three times more potent than that of the males, making a male's self-defense bite ineffective.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackleopard.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A black panther is actually a melanistic leopard or jaguar, the result of an excess of melanin in their skin caused by a recessive gene."><img alt="A black panther is actually a melanistic leopard or jaguar, the result of an excess of melanin in their skin caused by a recessive gene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackleopard.JPG/380px-Blackleopard.JPG" decoding="async" width="254" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Blackleopard.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">black panther</a> is actually a <a href="/wiki/Melanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanistic">melanistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, the result of an excess of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> in their skin caused by a <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a> gene.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>In China, the color black is associated with water, one of the five fundamental elements believed to compose all things; and with winter, cold, and the direction north, usually symbolized by a black tortoise. It is also associated with disorder, including the positive disorder which leads to change and new life. When the first emperor of China <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> seized power from the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, he changed the Imperial color from red to black, saying that black extinguished red. Only when the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> appeared in 206 BC was red restored as the imperial color.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg/330px-Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg/500px-Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg/520px-Japanese_Wedding_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption> Japanese men traditionally wear a black kimono with some white decoration on their wedding day</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, black is associated with mystery, the night, the unknown, the supernatural, the invisible and death. Combined with white, it can symbolize intuition.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 10th- and 11th-century Japan, it was believed that wearing black could bring misfortune. It was worn at court by those who wanted to set themselves apart from the established powers or who had renounced material possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan black can also symbolize experience, as opposed to white, which symbolizes naiveté. The black belt in martial arts symbolizes experience, while a white belt is worn by novices.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese men traditionally wear a black kimono with some white decoration on their wedding day. </p><p>Black is associated with depth in Indonesia, as well as the subterranean world, demons, disaster, and the left hand. When combined with white, however, it symbolizes harmony and equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_movements">Political movements</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h4></div> <p>Anarchism is a political philosophy, most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which holds that governments and capitalism are harmful and undesirable. The <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">symbols of anarchism</a> was usually either a black flag or a black letter A. More recently it is usually represented with a bisected red and black flag, to emphasise the movement's socialist roots in the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a>. Anarchism was most popular in Spain, France, Italy, Ukraine and Argentina. There were also small but influential movements in the United States, Russia and many other countries all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-blackflame_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackflame-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascism">Fascism</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">camicie nere, 'CCNN</i>) were <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy_as_a_monarchy_and_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars">Italy</a> during the period immediately following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Blackshirts were officially known as the Voluntary Militia for National Security (<i>Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale</i>, or MVSN). </p><p>Inspired by the black uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a>, Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as the military tool of his political movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents. The emblem of the Italian fascists was a black flag with <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, an axe in a bundle of sticks, an ancient Roman symbol of authority. Mussolini came to power in 1922 through his <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> with the blackshirts. </p><p>Black was also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> in Germany. Red, white and black were the colors of the flag of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918. In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." Hitler also wrote that "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The black <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> was meant to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race, which, according to the Nazis, "was always anti-Semitic and will always be anti-Semitic."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black became the color of the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, the <i>Schutzstaffel</i> or "defense corps", the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, and was worn by SS officers from 1932 until the end of World War II. </p><p>The Nazis used a <a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">black triangle</a> to symbolize anti-social elements. The symbol originates from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camps</a>, where every prisoner had to wear one of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">Nazi concentration camp badges</a> on their jacket, the color of which categorized them according to "their kind". Many Black Triangle prisoners were either mentally disabled or mentally ill. The homeless were also included, as were alcoholics, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, the habitually "work-shy", prostitutes, draft dodgers and pacifists.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently the black triangle has been adopted as a symbol in <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian culture">lesbian culture</a> and by disabled activists. </p><p>Black shirts were also worn by the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> before World War II, and members of fascist movements in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriotic_resistance">Patriotic resistance</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>, composed of volunteer German students and academics fighting against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1813, could not afford to make special uniforms and therefore adopted black, as the only color that could be used to dye their civilian clothing without the original color showing. In 1815 the students began to carry a red, black and gold flag, which they believed (incorrectly) had been the colors of the Holy Roman Empire (the imperial flag had actually been gold and black). In 1848, this banner became the flag of the <a href="/wiki/German_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="German confederation">German confederation</a>. In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> unified Germany under its rule, and imposed the red, white and black of its own flag, which remained the colors of the German flag until the end of the Second World War. In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany returned to the original flag and colors of the students and professors of 1815, which is the flag of Germany today.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flag used by the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine during the Russian Civil War. It says, "Power begets parasites. Long live Anarchy!""><img alt="A flag used by the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine during the Russian Civil War. It says, "Power begets parasites. Long live Anarchy!"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/500px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/960px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Makhnovshchina" title="Flags of the Makhnovshchina">flag used by</a> the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. It says, "Power begets parasites. Long live Anarchy!"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benito Mussolini and his blackshirt followers during his March on Rome in 1922."><img alt="Benito Mussolini and his blackshirt followers during his March on Rome in 1922." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/330px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/500px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/960px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Blackshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackshirt">blackshirt</a> followers during his <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99621,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black uniform of Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, the military wing of the Nazi Party (1938)."><img alt="Black uniform of Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, the military wing of the Nazi Party (1938)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99621%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99621%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99621%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99621%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black uniform of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1938).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg/220px-Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg/330px-Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Knoe02_von_Reutsch_Husaren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Hussar from Husaren-Regiment Nr.5 (von Ruesch) in 1744 with the <a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">Totenkopf</a> on the mirliton (ger. Flügelmütze).</figcaption></figure> <p>Black has been a traditional color of cavalry and armoured or mechanized troops. German armoured troops (<a href="/wiki/Panzerwaffe" title="Panzerwaffe">Panzerwaffe</a>) traditionally wore black uniforms, and even in others, a <a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black beret</a> is common. In Finland, black is the symbolic color for both armoured troops and combat engineers, and military units of these specialities have black flags and unit insignia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black beret</a> and the color black is also a symbol of special forces in many countries. Soviet and Russian <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> special police and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Infantry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Infantry (Russia)">Russian naval infantry</a> wear a black beret. A black beret is also worn by military police in the Canadian, Czech, Croatian, Portuguese, Spanish and Serbian armies. </p><p>The silver-on-black skull and crossbones symbol or <a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">Totenkopf</a> and a black uniform were used by <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Panzerwaffe" title="Panzerwaffe">Panzerwaffe</a> and the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>, and U.S. <a href="/wiki/400th_Missile_Squadron" title="400th Missile Squadron">400th Missile Squadron</a> (crossed missiles), and continues in use with the Estonian <a href="/wiki/Kuperjanov_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuperjanov Battalion">Kuperjanov Battalion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> theology, black was the color of the universe before God created light. In many religious cultures, from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> to India and Japan, the world was created out of a primordial darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> the light of faith and Christianity is often contrasted with the darkness of ignorance and paganism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenedictineVespers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BenedictineVespers.jpg/250px-BenedictineVespers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BenedictineVespers.jpg/330px-BenedictineVespers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BenedictineVespers.jpg/500px-BenedictineVespers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day monks of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a> in New Jersey</figcaption></figure> <p>In Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">devil</a> is often called the "prince of darkness". The term was used in <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, published in 1667, referring to <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, who is viewed as the embodiment of evil. It is an English translation of the Latin phrase <i>princeps tenebrarum</i>, which occurs in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Pilate">Acts of Pilate</a></i>, written in the fourth century, in the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> <i>Rhythmus de die mortis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Damiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Damiani">Pietro Damiani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a sermon by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the 12th century. The phrase also occurs in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1606</span>), Act III, Scene IV, l. 14: 'The prince of darkness is a gentleman." </p><p>Priests and pastors of the Roman Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches commonly wear black, as do <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Order">Benedictine Order</a>, who consider it the color of humility and penitence. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, black, along with green, plays an important symbolic role. It is the color of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a>, the banner that is said to have been carried by the soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. It is also used as a symbol in <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> (heralding the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>), and the flag of followers of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, goddess of time and change, is portrayed with black or dark blue skin. wearing a necklace adorned with severed heads and hands. Her name means "The black one". She destroys anger and passion according to Hindu mythology and her devotees are supposed to abstain from meat or intoxication.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali does not eat meat, but it is the śāstra's injunction that those who are unable to give up meat-eating, they may sacrifice one goat, not cow, one small animal before the goddess Kali, on amāvāsya (new moon) day, night, not day, and they can eat it.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a>, black represents dignity, force, stability, and protection. The color is often used to banish and release negative energies,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or binding. An <a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">athame</a> is a ceremonial blade often having a black handle, which is used in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <ul><li>The national <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team of New Zealand is called the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">All Blacks</a></i>, in reference to their black outfits, and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Caps">Black Caps</a> (cricket) and the <a href="/wiki/Kiwis_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwis (rugby league)">Kiwis</a> (rugby league).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referee_(association_football)" title="Referee (association football)">Association football (soccer) referees</a> traditionally wear all-black uniforms, however nowadays other uniform colors may also be worn.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Racing_flags" title="Racing flags">black flag</a> signals a driver to go into the pits.</li> <li>In baseball, "the black" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Batter%27s_eye" title="Batter's eye">batter's eye</a>, a blacked out area around the center-field bleachers, painted black to give hitters a decent background for pitched balls.</li> <li>A large number of teams have uniforms designed with black colors even when the team does not normally feature that color. Many feel the color sometimes imparts a psychological advantage in its wearers. Black is used by numerous professional and <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">collegiate sports</a> teams</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idioms_and_expressions">Idioms and expressions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebridean_ram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hebridean_ram.jpg/220px-Hebridean_ram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hebridean_ram.jpg/330px-Hebridean_ram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hebridean_ram.jpg/440px-Hebridean_ram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Namesake of the idiom "black sheep"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In general, the <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> of African origin is called "Black", while the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a> of European origin is called "<a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a>".</li> <li>In the United States, "<a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a>" (the day after <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanksgiving Day">Thanksgiving Day</a>, the fourth Thursday in November) is traditionally the busiest shopping day of the year. Many Americans are on holiday because of Thanksgiving, and many retailers open earlier and close later than normal, and offer special prices. The day's name originated in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> sometime before 1961, and originally was used to describe the heavy and disruptive downtown pedestrian and vehicle traffic which would occur on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linguistlist239_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistlist239-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later an alternative explanation began to be offered: that "Black Friday" indicates the point in the year that retailers begin to turn a profit, or are "in the black", because of the large volume of sales on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"In the black" means profitable. Accountants originally used black ink in ledgers to indicate profit, and red ink to indicate a loss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Fridays" title="List of Black Fridays">Black Friday</a> also refers to any particularly disastrous day on financial markets. The first <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a>, 24 September 1869, was caused by the efforts of two speculators, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Fisk_(financier)" title="James Fisk (financier)">James Fisk</a>, to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklist</a> is a list of undesirable persons or entities (to be placed on the list is to be "blacklisted").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a> is a form of comedy dealing with morbid and serious topics. The expression is similar to <a href="/wiki/Black_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Black humor">black humor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Black humour">black humour</a>.</li> <li>A black mark against a person relates to something bad they have done.</li> <li>A black mood is a bad one (cf <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s clinical depression, which he called "my black dog").<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> is used to denote the trade of illegal goods, or alternatively the illegal trade of otherwise legal items at considerably higher prices, e.g. to evade <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a> is the use of known falsehoods, partial truths, or masquerades in propaganda to confuse an opponent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a> is the act of threatening someone to do something that would hurt them in some way, such as by revealing sensitive information about them, in order to force the threatened party to fulfill certain demands. Ordinarily, such a threat is illegal.</li> <li>If the black eight-ball, in <a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">billiards</a>, is sunk before all others are out of play, the player loses.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Black_sheep" title="Black sheep">black sheep</a> of the family is the ne'er-do-well.</li> <li>To <a href="/wiki/Blackball_(blacklist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackball (blacklist)">blackball</a> someone is to block their entry into a club or some such institution. In the traditional English <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's club</a>, members vote on the admission of a candidate by secretly placing a white or black ball in a hat. If upon the completion of voting, there was even one black ball amongst the white, the candidate would be denied membership, and he would never know who had "blackballed" him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a> in the Western culture is known as "crimson tea" in Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culturally</a> influenced languages (<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8C%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="紅茶">紅茶</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8C%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:紅茶">zh</a>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <i>hóngchá</i>; Japanese <i>kōcha</i>; Korean <i>hongcha</i>).</li> <li>"The black" is a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">wildfire suppression</a> term referring to a burned area on a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> capable of acting as a safety zone.</li> <li>Black coffee refers to coffee without sugar or cream.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_and_symbolism">Associations and symbolism</h2></div> <p>In the West, black is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> and bereavement,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually worn at funerals and memorial services. In some traditional societies, for example in Greece and Italy, some widows wear black for the rest of their lives. In contrast, across much of Africa and parts of Asia like Vietnam, white is a color of mourning. </p><p>A "black day" (or week or month) usually refers to tragic date. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> marked <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">fasti</a></i> days with white stones and <i>nefasti</i> days with black. The term is often used to remember massacres. Black months include the <a href="/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September in Jordan">Black September in Jordan</a>, when large numbers of Palestinians were killed, and <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the killing of members of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> population by the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> government. In the financial world, the term often refers to a dramatic drop in the stock market. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> on 29 October 1929, which marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, is nicknamed Black Tuesday, and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on 24 October the previous week. </p><p>In western popular culture, black has long been associated with <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">darkness</a>. It is the traditional color of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black is frequently used as a color of power, law and authority. In many countries judges and magistrates wear black robes. That custom began in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Jurists, magistrates and certain other court officials in France began to wear long black robes during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> (1285–1314), and in England from the time of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> (1271–1307). The custom spread to the cities of Italy at about the same time, between 1300 and 1320. The robes of judges resembled those worn by the clergy, and represented the law and authority of the King, while those of the clergy represented the law of God and authority of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 20th century most police uniforms were black, until they were largely replaced by blue in France, the U.S. and other countries. In the United States, police cars are frequently <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white_(police_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white (police vehicle)">Black and white</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> units of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Autonomous Police">Basque Autonomous Police</a> in Spain are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Beltzak" title="Beltzak">beltzak</a></i> ("blacks") after their uniform. </p><p>Black formal attire is still worn at many solemn occasions or ceremonies, from graduations to formal balls. Graduation gowns are copied from the gowns worn by university professors in the Middle Ages, which in turn were copied from the robes worn by judges and priests, who often taught at the early universities. The <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a> hat worn by graduates is adapted from a square cap called a <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> worn by Medieval professors and clerics. </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, many machines and devices, large and small, were painted black, to stress their functionality. These included telephones, sewing machines, steamships, railroad locomotives, and automobiles. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, the first mass-produced car, was available only in black from 1914 to 1926. Of means of transportation, only airplanes were rarely ever painted black.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Black" is often used in the West to describe people whose skin is darker. In the United States, it is particularly used to describe <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. Black is also commonly used as a racial description in the United Kingdom, since ethnicity was first measured in the 2001 census.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, census respondents can identify themselves as Black.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) asks people to identify themselves as <i>branco</i> (white), <i>pardo</i> (brown), <i>preto</i> (black), or <i>amarelo</i> (yellow).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/250px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/330px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG/500px-Lone_ranger_silver_1965.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Heroes in American <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">westerns</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">Lone Ranger</a>, traditionally wore a white hat, while the villains wore black hats.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black and white</a> have often been used to describe opposites, particularly light and darkness and good and evil. In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knight_(stock_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight (stock character)">white knight</a> usually represented virtue, the <a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">black knight</a> something mysterious and sinister. In American <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">westerns</a>, the hero often wore a white hat, the villain a black hat. In philosophy and arguments, the issue is often described as <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>, meaning that the issue at hand is <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomized</a> (having two clear, opposing sides with no middle ground). Black is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Chamber" title="Black Chamber">Black Chamber</a> was a term given to an office which secretly opened and read diplomatic mail and broke codes. Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> had such an office, headed by her Secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, which successfully broke the Spanish codes and broke up several plots against the Queen. In France a <i>cabinet noir</i> was established inside the French post office by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> to open diplomatic mail. It was closed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> but re-opened under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> I. The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had similar black chambers.</li> <li>The United States created a secret peacetime <a href="/wiki/Black_Chamber" title="Black Chamber">Black Chamber</a>, called the Cipher Bureau, in 1919. It was funded by the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> and Army and disguised as a commercial company in New York. It successfully broke a number of diplomatic codes, including the code of the Japanese government. It was closed down in 1929 after the State Department withdrew funding, when the new Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>, stated that "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." The Cipher Bureau was the ancestor of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSAtimeline_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSAtimeline-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Black_project" title="Black project">black project</a> is a secret unacknowledged military project, such as <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma Decryption</a> during World War II, or a secret counter-narcotics or police <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ops" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ops">Black ops</a> are covert operations carried out by a government, government agency or military.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Black_budget" title="Black budget">black budget</a> is a government budget that is allocated for classified or other secret operations of a nation. The black budget is an account expenses and spending related to military research and covert operations. The black budget is mostly classified due to security reasons.</li></ul> <p>Black is the color most commonly associated with elegance in Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black first became a fashionable color for men in Europe in the 17th century, in the courts of Italy and Spain. In the 19th century, it was the fashion for men both in business and for evening wear.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women's fashion, the defining moment was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">simple black dress</a> by <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a> in 1926. Thereafter, a long black gown was used for formal occasions, while the simple black dress could be used for everything else.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "X is the new black" is a reference to the latest trend or fad that is considered a wardrobe basic for the duration of the trend, on the basis that black is always fashionable. The phrase has taken on a life of its own and has become a <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black">Black</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Black" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Black">Black</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Black Rose (disambiguation)">Black Rose (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_black" title="Rich black">Rich black</a>, which is different from using black ink alone, in printing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-css3-color_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">"CSS Color Module Level 3"</a>. 19 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129235005/http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSS+Color+Module+Level+3&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcss3-color%2F%23html4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/are-black-and-white-colors">"Are Black and White Colors? | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Are+Black+and+White+Colors%3F+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fare-black-and-white-colors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/achromatic+color">"Definition of <i>achromatic</i>"</a>. Free Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817155015/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/achromatic+color">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+achromatic&rft.pub=Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fachromatic%2Bcolor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_2009_pp._105–26_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, pp. 105–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016262-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016262_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair2016">St. Clair 2016</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0"><i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05120-7"><bdi>978-0-500-05120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05120-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegodsgodd00wilk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016261_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair2016">St. Clair 2016</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller (2000) <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, pp. 105–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller,_Eva_2009_p._126_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT_2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_2019_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer2019" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer, Chu (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mit.edu/2019/blackest-black-material-cnt-0913">"MIT engineers develop "blackest black" material to date"</a>. <i>MIT News Office</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030226/http://news.mit.edu/2019/blackest-black-material-cnt-0913">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+News+Office&rft.atitle=MIT+engineers+develop+%22blackest+black%22+material+to+date&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Jennifer&rft.aufirst=Chu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2019%2Fblackest-black-material-cnt-0913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_Pastoureau_pg._34_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." (Online Etymological Dictionary)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkeat2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Skeat" title="Walter William Skeat">Skeat, Walter William</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeeGAAAAQBAJ&q=schwartz+zwart+etymology&pg=PA621">"Swart, Swarthy"</a>. <i>An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mineola,_New_York" title="Mineola, New York">Mineola, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-44052-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-44052-4"><bdi>0-486-44052-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110154409/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeeGAAAAQBAJ&q=schwartz+zwart+etymology&pg=PA621">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swart%2C+Swarthy&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-486-44052-4&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeeGAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dschwartz%2Bzwart%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriar1987" class="citation book cs1">Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). <i>A New Dictionary of Heraldry</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">Alphabooks/A&C Black</a>. pp. 294, 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906670-44-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-906670-44-6"><bdi>0-906670-44-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=294%2C+343&rft.pub=Alphabooks%2FA%26C+Black&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-906670-44-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2017" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Kelly (8 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315678887"><i>Masculinity and Dress in Roman Antiquity</i></a>. Routledge monographs in classical studies. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315678887">10.4324/9781315678887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67888-7"><bdi>978-1-315-67888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinity+and+Dress+in+Roman+Antiquity&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+monographs+in+classical+studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315678887&rft.isbn=978-1-315-67888-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315678887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language</i>, New York: World Publishing Company (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 34–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 86–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 93–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 121–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 146–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 152–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau, <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 150–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/22279?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=infantry&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=5">"Infantry Armor | German, Nuremberg | the Met"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222006/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/22279?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=infantry&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infantry+Armor+%26%23124%3B+German%2C+Nuremberg+%26%23124%3B+the+Met&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F22279%3F%26searchField%3DAll%26sortBy%3DRelevance%26ft%3Dinfantry%26offset%3D0%26rpp%3D80%26pos%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinder" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Prof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/SALEM.HTM">"The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218225227/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/salem.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Salem+Witchcraft+Trials+of+1692&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Prof.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fsalem%2FSALEM.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/calef/calef.html">"More Wonders of the Invisible World"</a>. Salem.lib.virginia.edu. 14 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003044/http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/calef/calef.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Wonders+of+the+Invisible+World&rft.pub=Salem.lib.virginia.edu&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalem.lib.virginia.edu%2Fspeccol%2Fcalef%2Fcalef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpton2011" class="citation news cs1">Upton, Chris (18 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/lifestyle/came-pass-3920518">"And so it came to pass..."</a> <i>Birmingham Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203073139/http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/lifestyle/came-pass-3920518">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Guerin, Paris, 1974, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steffano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Flam, <i>Matisse on Art</i>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016263-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016263_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair2016">St. Clair 2016</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Flam, <i>Matisse on Art</i>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eva_Heller_pg_120-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Heller_pg_120_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la Couleur – effets et symboliques</i>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palm Beach Post, 24 December 1929 – pictures and caption <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=8751014&fcfToken=524f6e6c6364666b597579496447716846416d6b37783633634453626d65756671567636512b594b494c4d6f3166366b7052544c56333979374d344250754946">'That's the black art of being Chic'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044402/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=8751014&fcfToken=524f6e6c6364666b597579496447716846416d6b37783633634453626d65756671567636512b594b494c4d6f3166366b7052544c56333979374d344250754946">Archived</a> 10 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCMP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1554903/vantablack-worlds-darkest-material-unveiled-uk-firm">"Vantablack, the world's darkest material, is unveiled by UK firm"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post – World</i>. 15 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701140136/http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1554903/vantablack-worlds-darkest-material-unveiled-uk-firm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post+%E2%80%93+World&rft.atitle=Vantablack%2C+the+world%27s+darkest+material%2C+is+unveiled+by+UK+firm&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F1554903%2Fvantablack-worlds-darkest-material-unveiled-uk-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBCNews-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/vantablack-u-k-firm-shows-worlds-darkest-material-n155581">"Vantablack: U.K. Firm Shows Off 'World's Darkest Material'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. NBC News. 15 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209071525/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/vantablack-u-k-firm-shows-worlds-darkest-material-n155581">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vantablack%3A+U.K.+Firm+Shows+Off+%27World%27s+Darkest+Material%27&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Fvantablack-u-k-firm-shows-worlds-darkest-material-n155581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anne_Varichon_pg._256-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_pg._256_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_pg._256_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Varichon, <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lara_Broecke_2015,_p._60_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cranshaw-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cranshaw_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCranshaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Cranshaw, Whitney (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardeninsectsofn0000cran"><i>Garden Insects of North America</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09560-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09560-4"><bdi>0-691-09560-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+Insects+of+North+America&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-09560-4&rft.aulast=Cranshaw&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardeninsectsofn0000cran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Pastoureau (2008), <i>Noir – Histoire d'une couleur</i>, pp. 112–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=18172">"<i>Haematoxylum campechianum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Haematoxylum+campechianum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D18172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green F. J. (1990), <i>The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Indicators</i>, pp. 513–15. Milwaukee: Aldrich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941633-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-941633-22-5">0-941633-22-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF蔡" class="citation cs2">蔡, 玫芬, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041126130717/http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm"><i>二、墨的發展史</i></a> [<i>Second, the ink history of the development</i>], National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm">the original</a> on 26 November 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E5%A2%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=National+Chang-Hua+Hall+of+Social+Education&rft.aulast=%E8%94%A1&rft.aufirst=%E7%8E%AB%E8%8A%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chcsec.gov.tw%2Fpcsec%2Fresearch%2Ffour_treasure%2Fbooks%2Fink%2Findex_ink.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"India ink." in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gottsege-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gottsege_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGottsegen2006" class="citation book cs1">Gottsegen, Mark (2006). <i>The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference</i>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8"><bdi>0-8230-3496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Painter%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Complete+Reference&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8230-3496-8&rft.aulast=Gottsegen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith (editor) <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a>, 1870 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115000918/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/index.html">(text).</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, <i>Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments</i>, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWald1984" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Robert M. (1984). <i>General relativity</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87032-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87032-4"><bdi>0-226-87032-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10018614">10018614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+relativity&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10018614&rft.isbn=0-226-87032-4&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchutz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schutz, Bernard F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC"><i>Gravity from the ground up</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45506-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45506-5"><bdi>0-521-45506-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202222711/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravity+from+the+ground+up&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-45506-5&rft.aulast=Schutz&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_T0xxhDcsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1978" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, P. C. W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184530/http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf">"Thermodynamics of Black Holes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reports_on_Progress_in_Physics" title="Reports on Progress in Physics">Reports on Progress in Physics</a></i>. <b>41</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1313–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978RPPh...41.1313D">1978RPPh...41.1313D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F41%2F8%2F004">10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4885">0034-4885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250916407">250916407</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Thermodynamics+of+Black+Holes&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1313-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F41%2F8%2F004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250916407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-4885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978RPPh...41.1313D&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=P.+C.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmos.asu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2FThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%252034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question52.html">"Why is space black?"</a>. <i>starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231214621/http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question52.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Why+is+space+black%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarchild.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2FStarChild%2Fquestions%2Fquestion52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826/#">"A Murder of Crows"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. PBS video. 24 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029100556/http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2011</span>. <q><i>New research indicates that crows are among the brightest animals in the world.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Murder+of+Crows&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F1621910826%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Varichon, <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>, pp. 223–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322054855/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/japanese-art-and-design-colour/">"Japanese art & design: colour"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/japanese-art-and-design-colour/">the original</a> on 22 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+art+%26+design%3A+colour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fj%2Fjapanese-art-and-design-colour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span> Exhibit at the Victoria and Albert Museum on color in Japanese art and design</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Varichon, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/blacks.html">"Intro to the blacks"</a>. <i>Webexhibits.org</i>. Pigments through the ages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405233904/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/blacks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webexhibits.org&rft.atitle=Intro+to+the+blacks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Fintro%2Fblacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Varichon, pp. 224–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackflame-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blackflame_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Schmidt and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_van_der_Walt" title="Lucien van der Walt">Lucien van der Walt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Flame:_The_Revolutionary_Class_Politics_of_Anarchism_and_Syndicalism_(Counter-Power_vol._1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol. 1)">Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism</a></i>. 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Calvin.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007075549/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Sermones+in+Cantica+canticorum%2C+I%E2%80%93XVII%22+%E2%80%93+Bernardus+Claraevallensis&rft.pub=Binetti.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binetti.ru%2Fbernardus%2F86_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Goddess_Kali_never_accepts_nonvegetarian_food_because_she_is_the_chaste_wife_of_Lord_Siva">"Goddess Kali never accepts nonvegetarian food because she is the chaste wife of Lord Siva"</a>. Vani Quotes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121455/http://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Goddess_Kali_never_accepts_nonvegetarian_food_because_she_is_the_chaste_wife_of_Lord_Siva">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goddess+Kali+never+accepts+nonvegetarian+food+because+she+is+the+chaste+wife+of+Lord+Siva&rft.pub=Vani+Quotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaniquotes.org%2Fwiki%2FGoddess_Kali_never_accepts_nonvegetarian_food_because_she_is_the_chaste_wife_of_Lord_Siva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shreemaa.org/questions-answers-goddess-kali/">"Kali FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209162730/http://www.shreemaa.org/questions-answers-goddess-kali/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kali+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shreemaa.org%2Fquestions-answers-goddess-kali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiccaliving.com/magical-properties-colors/">"Magical Properties of Colors"</a>. <i>Wicca Living</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Canada. 2 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522203458/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/eth-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origin+and+visible+minorities&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Frt-td%2Feth-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBGE. 2008 PNAD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99">População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122321/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSAtimeline-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSAtimeline_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/center_crypt_history/pre_1952_timeline/index.shtml">"Pre-1952 Historical Timeline"</a>. <i>National Security Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607015640/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/center_crypt_history/pre_1952_timeline/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Agency&rft.atitle=Pre-1952+Historical+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fabout%2Fcryptologic_heritage%2Fcenter_crypt_history%2Fpre_1952_timeline%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques</i>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 308.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau2008" class="citation book cs1">Pastoureau, Michael (2008). <i>Black: The History of a Color</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691139302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691139302"><bdi>978-0691139302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%3A+The+History+of+a+Color&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0691139302&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeller2009" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Eva (2009). <i>Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques</i>. Pyramyd (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2"><bdi>978-2-35017-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur+%E2%80%93+Effets+et+symboliques&rft.pub=Pyramyd+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuffi2012" class="citation book cs1">Zuffi, Stefano (2012). <i>Color in Art</i>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4197-0111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4197-0111-5"><bdi>978-1-4197-0111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+in+Art&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5&rft.aulast=Zuffi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGage2009" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (2009). <i>La Couleur dans l'art</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-325-9"><bdi>978-2-87811-325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Couleur+dans+l%27art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-87811-325-9&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlam1995" class="citation book cs1">Flam, Jack (1995). <i>Matisse on Art</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20037-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20037-3"><bdi>0-520-20037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matisse+on+Art&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-20037-3&rft.aulast=Flam&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCranshaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Cranshaw, Whitney (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardeninsectsofn0000cran"><i>Garden Insects of North America</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09560-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09560-4"><bdi>0-691-09560-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+Insects+of+North+America&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-09560-4&rft.aulast=Cranshaw&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardeninsectsofn0000cran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGottsegen2006" class="citation book cs1">Gottsegen, Mark (2006). <i>The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference</i>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8"><bdi>0-8230-3496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Painter%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Complete+Reference&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8230-3496-8&rft.aulast=Gottsegen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2000" class="citation book cs1">Varichon, Anne (2000). <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>. Paris: Editions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs+%E2%80%93+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJalland2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Jalland" title="Pat Jalland">Jalland, Patricia</a> (2000). <i>Death in the Victorian Family</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198208327" title="Special:BookSources/9780198208327"><bdi>9780198208327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Victorian+Family&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198208327&rft.aulast=Jalland&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroecke2015" class="citation book cs1">Broecke, Lara (2015). <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8"><bdi>978-1-909492-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cennino+Cennini%27s+Il+Libro+dell%27Arte%3A+a+New+English+Translation+and+Commentary+with+Italian+Transcription&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909492-28-8&rft.aulast=Broecke&rft.aufirst=Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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<a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)" title="Fuchsia (color)">Fuchsia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">Magenta</a> <div style="background:fuchsia; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">Silver</a> <div style="background:silver; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a> <div style="background:black; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a> <div style="background:maroon; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive</a> <div style="background:olive; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> <div style="background:green; color:inherit; border:1px solid black"><br /></div></div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">Teal</a> <div 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style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bistre" title="Bistre">Bistre</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Black_bean_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bean (color)">Black bean</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Pearl_Brite_Crayons" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Black Coral Pearl</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)#Black_olive" title="Olive (color)">Black olive</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">Black Shadows</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Charcoal" title="Shades of gray">Charcoal</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Charleston_green" title="Shades of black">Charleston green</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Cool_plack" title="Shades of black">Cool black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Davy's_gray" title="Shades of black">Davy's gray</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#3D2B1F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3D0C02!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#54626F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3B3C36!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BFAFB2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#36454F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#232B2B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002E63!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#555555!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Dim_gray" title="Shades of black">Dim gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Ebony" title="Shades of black">Ebony</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Eerie_black" title="Shades of black">Eerie black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Eggplant</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Jet" title="Shades of black">Jet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Jungle_green#Jungle_green" title="Jungle green">Jungle green</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Licorice" title="Shades of black">Licorice</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">Midnight blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Midnight_blue" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Midnight blue (Crayola)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#696969!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#555D50!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1B1B1B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#614051!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#808080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#343434!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1A2421!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1A1110!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000040!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#003366!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Milky_Way" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Milky way</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Onyx" title="Shades of black">Onyx</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black#Outer_Space" title="Shades of black">Outer space</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Raisin_black" title="Raisin black">Raisin black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rich_black" title="Rich black">Rich black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet#Russian_violet" title="Shades of violet">Russian violet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Smoky_black" title="Smoky black">Smoky black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Super_black" title="Super black">Super black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Taupe" title="Taupe">Taupe</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#070707!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#808000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#353839!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#414A4C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#242124!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#010B13!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#32174D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#100C08!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#100B10!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#483C32!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack">Vantablack</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#000020!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 black;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_gray235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9A9A9A; color:black; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shades of gray"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Shades of gray"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_gray" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of gray"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_gray235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of gray</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#English_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">English lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Gray (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white#White_smoke" title="Shades of white">White smoke</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_gray" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#lightslategray" title="Shades of gray">Light slate gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_(color)" title="Platinum (color)">Platinum</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Standard_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Timberwolf</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">Silver</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/French_gray" title="French gray">French grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Ash_gray" title="Shades of gray">Ash grey</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#B48395!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B8680!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5F5F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C4C3D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#778899!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E5E4E2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DBD7D2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C0C0C0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BEBFC5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B2BEB5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">Rose quartz</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cinereous" title="Cinereous">Cinereous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cadet_grey" title="Cadet grey">Cadet grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Cool_gray" title="Shades of gray">Cool grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Taupe#Taupe_gray" title="Taupe">Taupe grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Battleship_gray" title="Shades of gray">Battleship grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Slate_gray" title="Slate gray">Slate grey</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AA98A9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#98817B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#91A3B0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9090C0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B8589!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#848482!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#808080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#708090!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Manatee" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Manatee</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Nardo_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Nardo gray">Nardo grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Oatmeal" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Oatmeal</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Pink_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">Pink lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Purple_Mountain_Majesty" title="Lavender (color)">Purple mountain majesty</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Dim_gray" title="Shades of gray">Dim grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Davy's_gray" title="Shades of gray">Davy's grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Payne%27s_grey" title="Payne's grey">Payne's grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">Glaucous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Gunmetal" title="Shades of gray">Gunmetal</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#8D90A1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#686A6C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D9DAD2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DBB2D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9678B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#696969!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#555555!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#536878!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6082B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2A3439!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Feldgrau" title="Feldgrau">Feldgrau</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Slate_grey#Dark_slate_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate grey">Dark slate grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Old_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">Old lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Silver_Swirls" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Quick Silver</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#4D5D53!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2F4F4F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#796878!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A6A6A6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #9A9A9A;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Goth_subculture224" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goth_subculture" title="Template talk:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Goth_subculture224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture"><span style="color:white">Goth subculture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Associated music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Coldwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_wave" title="Ethereal wave">Ethereal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_darkwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical darkwave">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">The Sisters of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Sex_Fiend" title="Alien Sex Fiend">Alien Sex Fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocteau_Twins" title="Cocteau Twins">Cocteau Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_rock_artists" title="List of gothic rock artists">List of gothic rock artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)" title="Peter Murphy (musician)">Peter Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch" title="Andrew Eldritch">Andrew Eldritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson/Elvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_O" title="Eva O">Eva O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah_Cancer" title="Dinah Cancer">Dinah Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Richards" title="Monica Richards">Monica Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hammer" title="Lisa Hammer">Lisa Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozz_Williams" title="Rozz Williams">Rozz Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane_DeMone" title="Gitane DeMone">Gitane DeMone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Morrison" title="Patricia Morrison">Patricia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_McCoy" title="Carl McCoy">Carl McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fraser" title="Elizabeth Fraser">Elizabeth Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Hammer" title="Doc Hammer">Doc Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Perry" title="Brendan Perry">Brendan Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Black" title="Bethany Black">Bethany Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Mourning" title="Wednesday Mourning">Wednesday Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)" title="Neo (nightclub)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Theater" title="Phantasy Theater">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dark_Alternative_Movement" title="Singapore Dark Alternative Movement">Singapore Dark Alternative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_goth_scene" title="Toronto goth scene">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable club nights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Club" title="F Club">F Club (1977–1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Phonographique" title="Le Phonographique">Le Phonographique (1979–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">Batcave (1982–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowerkz#Slimelight" title="Electrowerkz">Slimelight (1987–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Guild" title="Death Guild">Death Guild (1993–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmortis" title="Xmortis">Xmortis (2004–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna_Festival" title="M'era Luna Festival">M'era Luna Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Festival" title="Drop Dead Festival">Drop Dead Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumous_Gothic_Festival" title="Lumous Gothic Festival">Lumous Gothic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(goth_festival)" title="Convergence (goth festival)">Convergence (goth festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_Day_in_the_Fun_Park" title="Bats Day in the Fun Park">Bats Day in the Fun Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Goth_Day" title="World Goth Day">World Goth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Art and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic" title="New Gothic">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Bernstein" title="Drew Bernstein">Lip Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Beauty" title="Gothic Beauty">Gothic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mortem" title="Rose Mortem">Rose Mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathhawk">Deathhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcombing" title="Backcombing">Backcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winklepickers">Winklepickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Film and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triana_Orpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triana Orpheus">Triana Orpheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Family" title="The Goodbye Family">The Goodbye Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)" title="The Sandman (comic book)">The Sandman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_83" title="Gypsy 83">Gypsy 83</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_goth" title="Mall goth">Mall goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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