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aria-controls="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_and_ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_and_ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric and ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_and_ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postclassical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postclassical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postclassical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postclassical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_understanding_(color_science)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_understanding_(color_science)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific understanding (color science)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_understanding_(color_science)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific understanding (color science) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_understanding_(color_science)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>White light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>White objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_features_in_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_features_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>White features in nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_features_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>White materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleach_and_bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleach_and_bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Bleach and bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleach_and_bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_natural_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_natural_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the natural world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_natural_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the natural world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_natural_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_national_flags_featuring_white" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_national_flags_featuring_white"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Selected national flags featuring white</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_national_flags_featuring_white-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idioms_and_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Idioms and expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Associations and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associations_and_symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associations and symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associations_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innocence_and_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innocence_and_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Innocence and sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innocence_and_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weddings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weddings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Weddings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weddings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleanliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleanliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cleanliness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleanliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghosts,_phantoms_and_two_of_the_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghosts,_phantoms_and_two_of_the_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ghosts, phantoms and two of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghosts,_phantoms_and_two_of_the_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposite_of_black" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposite_of_black"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Opposite of black</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposite_of_black-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_taken_from_white" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_taken_from_white"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Names taken from white</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_taken_from_white-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples,_churches_and_government_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples,_churches_and_government_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Temples, churches and government buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples,_churches_and_government_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>White flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vexillology_and_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vexillology_and_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Vexillology and heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vexillology_and_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">White</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit" title="Wit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%AD" title="ነጭ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ነጭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="सफ़ेद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सफ़ेद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hw%C4%ABt" title="Hwīt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hwīt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="أبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco" title="Blanco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Blanco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܚܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Ճերմակ (գոյն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճերմակ (գոյն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albu" title="Albu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Albu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancu" title="Blancu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Blancu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="उज्जर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उज्जर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morot%C4%A9" title="Morotĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Morotĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janq%27u" title="Janq'u – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Janq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F" title="Ağ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA" title="آغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petak" title="Petak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Petak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="সাদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putih" title="Putih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Putih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-sek" title="Pe̍h-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍h-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1" title="Аҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Белы колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белы колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Белы колер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Белы колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puti" title="Puti – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Puti" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Бял цвят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бял цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="དཀར་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཀར་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijela" title="Bijela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bijela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenn_(liv)" title="Gwenn (liv) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwenn (liv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Шурă тĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурă тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puti" title="Puti – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Puti" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1" title="Bílá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81%27paka" title="Á'paka – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Á'paka" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chena" title="Chena – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chena" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn" title="Gwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvid" title="Hvid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiss" title="Weiss – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Weiss" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9F" title="Weiß – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weiß" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="सेतो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सेतो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valge" title="Valge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Λευκό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Ашо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco" title="Blanco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blanco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanko" title="Blanko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blanko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancu" title="Brancu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Brancu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuri" title="Zuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyt" title="Wyt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wyt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Blanc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n" title="Bán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco" title="Branco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Branco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD" title="白 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="白" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-set" title="Pha̍k-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pha̍k-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%96%91" title="하양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fari" title="Fari – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%CA%BBoke%CA%BBo" title="Keʻokeʻo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Keʻokeʻo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Սպիտակ (գույն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ (գույն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="श्वेत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijela" title="Bijela – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijela" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka" title="Blanka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Blanka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putih" title="Putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatiqtaaq" title="Qatiqtaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qatiqtaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81" title="Урс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Урс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtur" title="Hvítur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianco" title="Bianco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bianco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="לבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putih" title="Putih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Putih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94l%C9%A9m_k%CA%8Ah%CA%8Al%CA%8Am%C9%A9%C5%8B" title="Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಿಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputi" title="Maputi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Maputi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თეთრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეთრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AF" title="سَفیٖد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَفیٖد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Ақ түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi_nyeupe" title="Rangi nyeupe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rangi nyeupe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blan" title="Blan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Blan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%AE_(reng)" title="Spî (reng) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Spî (reng)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanko" title="Blanko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Blanko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="КӀяласса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="КӀяласса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ສີຂາວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສີຂາວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albus" title="Albus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Baltā krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4iss" title="Wäiss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäiss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balta" title="Balta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C9%9B%CC%81mb%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Mpɛ́mbɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mpɛ́mbɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca" title="Blanca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Blanca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/blabi" title="blabi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="blabi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianch" title="Bianch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bianch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9r" title="Fehér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бела боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бела боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="വെളുപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെളുപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पांढरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पांढरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94" title="ჩე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="ابيض (لون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابيض (لون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87" title="اسپه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putih" title="Putih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%95" title="ꯑꯉꯧꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯉꯧꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83h-s%C3%A1ik" title="Băh-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco" title="Branco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Branco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Акша – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Акша" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အဖြူရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဖြူရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulavula" title="Vulavula – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vulavula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit" title="Wit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="सेतो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेतो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="तुयु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तुयु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD" title="白 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiangh" title="Ghiangh – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ghiangh" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="КӀайн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КӀайн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witj" title="Witj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitt" title="Hvitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvit" title="Kvit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blianc" title="Blianc – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Blianc" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blanc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oq_rang" title="Oq rang – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oq rang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚਿੱਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੱਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="چٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait" title="Wait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wait" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F" title="ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Blanc" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_bia%C5%82a" title="Barwa biała – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa biała" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco" title="Branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb" title="Alb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuraq" title="Yuraq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Белый цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белый цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5" title="Үрүҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үрүҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/salengacay" title="salengacay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="salengacay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="श्वेतः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्वेतः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱩᱸᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱸᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1hweu" title="Tšhweu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Tšhweu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra_e_bardh%C3%AB" title="Ngjyra e bardhë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra e bardhë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White" title="White – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%87%D9%88" title="اڇو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڇو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biela" title="Biela – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biela" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela" title="Bela – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjo%C5%82o_farba" title="Bjoło farba – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjoło farba" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="سپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Бело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo" title="Bijelo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bijelo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodas" title="Bodas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bodas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoinen" title="Valkoinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit" title="Vit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puti" title="Puti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="வெள்ளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Ак төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ак төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="తెలుపు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెలుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="สีขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сафед – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сафед" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz" title="Beyaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Білий колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білий колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سفید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سفید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekbieg" title="Saekbieg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saekbieg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianco" title="Bianco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bianco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauged_muju" title="Vauged muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vauged muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg%C3%B5" title="Valgõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuutolu" title="Kasuutolu – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kasuutolu" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD" title="白 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="白" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busag" title="Busag – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Busag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2" title="白色 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ווייס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווייס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD" title="白 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balta" title="Balta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Balta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2" title="白色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burak" title="Burak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Burak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handak" title="Handak – Komering" lang="kge" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lightest color</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the color. For the race, see <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/White_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="White (disambiguation)">White (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For different varieties of white and their names, see <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">Shades of white</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">White</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#FFFFFF!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:243px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/121px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/182px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/242px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14037015405).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814037015405%29.jpg/250px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814037015405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2660" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg/250px-Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:858MilanoDuomo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/858MilanoDuomo.JPG/250px-858MilanoDuomo.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/250px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/250px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise, from top left: <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whale</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> façade; <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a>, England; <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a>, Saudi Arabia; Bride at a <a href="/wiki/Shinto_wedding" title="Shinto wedding">Shinto wedding</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/20px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/40px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#FFFFFF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(255, 255, 255)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0°, 0%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(100, 0, 0°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HTML_color_names" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML color names">HTML/CSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-css3-color_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /><b>H</b>: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>White</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">lightest</a> <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is achromatic (having no <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a>). It is the color of objects such as <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>. White objects fully <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">reflect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scatter</a> all the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible wavelengths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. White on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">computer screens</a> is created by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> light. The color white can be given with white <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a> symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">monarchist France</a> from 1815 to <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">1830</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">monarchist movement</a> that opposed the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922). <a href="/wiki/Greek_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temples">Greek temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman temples">Roman temples</a> were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>, white became the most common color of new churches, capitols, and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also widely used in 20th century <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> as a symbol of modernity and simplicity. </p><p>According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White is an important color for almost all world religions. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims. In Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">wedding dresses</a>, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_2000,_p._137_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller_2000,_p._137-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white" class="extiw" title="wikt:white">white</a></i> continues <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hwīt</i></span></i>, ultimately from a <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">χ<sup>w</sup>ītaz</i></span></i> also reflected in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">OHG</a> <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">(h)wîz</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">ON</a> <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hvítr</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Goth.</a> <i><span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">ƕeits</i></span></i>. The root is ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*k<sup>w</sup>id-</span></span></i>, surviving also in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śveta</i></span></i> "to be white or bright"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Slavonic <i><span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla-Latn">světŭ</i></span></i> "light".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> word for white, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hvítur</i></span></i>, is directly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> form of the word <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hvítr</i></span></i>. Common Germanic also had the word *<i>blankaz</i> ("white, bright, blinding"), borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> as *<i>blancus</i>, which provided the source for <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> words for "white" (Catalan, Occitan and French <i>blanc</i>, Spanish <i>blanco</i>, Italian <i>bianco</i>, Galician-Portuguese <i>branco</i>, etc.). The antonym of white is black. </p><p>Some non-European languages have a wide variety of terms for white. The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> has specific words for bright white, the white of teeth, the white of <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, the white of the autumn moon, the white of silver, the white of cow's milk, the white of pearls, the white of a ray of sunlight, and the white of stars. Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarichon200511–12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarichon200511–12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_art">History and art</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_and_ancient_history">Prehistoric and ancient history</h3></div> <p>White was one of the first colors used in art. The <a href="/wiki/Lascaux_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascaux Cave">Lascaux Cave</a> in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> artists used <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, white was connected with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap <a href="/wiki/Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummies">mummies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_2000_pg._16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_2000_pg._16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the chief god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was considered a fundamental color. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i>Natural History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a> (4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment <a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">lead white</a>, made by a long and laborious process.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plain white <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>, known as a <i>toga virilis</i>, was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14–18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a <i>toga praetexta</i>, with a broad purple stripe. In the time of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, no Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga. </p><p>The ancient Romans had two words for white; <i>albus</i>, a plain white, (the source of the word <i>albino</i>); and <i>candidus,</i> a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a <i>toga candida</i>, the origin of the word <i>candidate</i>. The Latin word <i>candere</i> meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words <i>candle</i> and <i>candid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the priestesses of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a> dressed in white linen robes, a white <a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">palla</a> or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">penates</a> of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_2000_pg._16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_2000_pg._16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_(museum_replica).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prehistoric paintings in Chauvet Cave, France (30,000 to 32,000 BC)"><img alt="Prehistoric paintings in Chauvet Cave, France (30,000 to 32,000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/330px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/500px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/960px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prehistoric paintings in <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a>, France (30,000 to 32,000 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of the goddess Isis (1380–1385 BC). The priests of her cult wore white linen."><img alt="Painting of the goddess Isis (1380–1385 BC). The priests of her cult wore white linen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg/500px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg/960px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> (1380–1385 BC). The priests of her cult wore white linen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paintings of women in white from a tomb (1448–1422 BC)."><img alt="Paintings of women in white from a tomb (1448–1422 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg/407px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg/611px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg/814px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Thot_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paintings of women in white from a tomb (1448–1422 BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Vestal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of the chief Vestal Virgin, wearing a white palla and a white veil."><img alt="Statue of the chief Vestal Virgin, wearing a white palla and a white veil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chief_Vestal.jpg/190px-Chief_Vestal.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Chief_Vestal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of the chief <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a>, wearing a white <a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">palla</a> and a white veil.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postclassical_history">Postclassical history</h3></div> <p>The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during Mass, the color worn by monks of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian Order">Cistercian Order</a>, and, under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, a former monk of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, it became the official color worn by the pope himself. Monks of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a> dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence. </p><p>Postclassical history art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">lamb of God</a>, who took the sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White was also the symbolic color of the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Saint_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Saint Mark">Gospel of Saint Mark</a> describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of the transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold background</a>, placed in an almond-shaped halo.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a> was a common subject of Postclassical history manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Postclassical history, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add <i>hilaritas</i>, or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <p>Until the 16th century, white was commonly worn by widows as a color of mourning. The widows of the kings of France wore white until <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a> in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the king or Church. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodoma_-_Life_of_St_Benedict,_Scene_31_-_Benedict_Feeds_the_Monk_-_WGA21581.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The monks of the order of Saint Benedict (c. 480–542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by Sodoma on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence."><img alt="The monks of the order of Saint Benedict (c. 480–542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by Sodoma on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sodoma_-_Life_of_St_Benedict%2C_Scene_31_-_Benedict_Feeds_the_Monk_-_WGA21581.jpg/250px-Sodoma_-_Life_of_St_Benedict%2C_Scene_31_-_Benedict_Feeds_the_Monk_-_WGA21581.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sodoma_-_Life_of_St_Benedict%2C_Scene_31_-_Benedict_Feeds_the_Monk_-_WGA21581.jpg/500px-Sodoma_-_Life_of_St_Benedict%2C_Scene_31_-_Benedict_Feeds_the_Monk_-_WGA21581.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The monks of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">order of Saint Benedict</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span>–542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by <a href="/wiki/Sodoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodoma">Sodoma</a> on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Under Pope Pius V (1504–1572), a former monk of the Dominican Order, white became the official color worn by the Pope."><img alt="Under Pope Pius V (1504–1572), a former monk of the Dominican Order, white became the official color worn by the Pope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg/224px-Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg/336px-Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg/447px-Bartolomeo_Passarotti_Pope_Pius_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Under Pope Pius V (1504–1572), a former monk of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, white became the official color worn by the Pope.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The white lamb in the Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck. (1432)"><img alt="The white lamb in the Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck. (1432)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg/217px-Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg/325px-Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg/434px-Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Adoration_of_the_Lamb_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The white lamb in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>. (1432)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_(San_Marco_Cell_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Transfiguration by Fra Angelico (1440–1442)"><img alt="The Transfiguration by Fra Angelico (1440–1442)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg/255px-Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg/383px-Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg/511px-Transfiguration_by_fra_Angelico_%28San_Marco_Cell_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> (1440–1442)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Stuart wore white in mourning for her husband, King Francis II of France, who died in 1560."><img alt="Mary Stuart wore white in mourning for her husband, King Francis II of France, who died in 1560." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg/330px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg/391px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_in_mourning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a> wore white in mourning for her husband, King <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a>, who died in 1560.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h4></div> <p>White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period and especially the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style that followed it in the 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white. </p><p>White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white wigs and white <a href="/wiki/Stockings" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockings">stockings</a>, and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a more austere white (<i>blanc cassé</i>) became the most fashionable color in women's costumes which were modeled after the outfits of Ancient Greece and Republican Rome. Because of the rather revealing design of these dresses, the women wearing them were called <i>les merveilleuses</i> (the marvellous) by French men of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> under Emperor Napoléon I was modeled after the more conservative outfits of Ancient Imperial Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth considering the more severe weather conditions of northern France; in 1814 the former wife of Napoleon, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a>, caught <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and died after taking a walk in the cold night air with Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was collected and turned into high-quality paper.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th-century American painter <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> (1834–1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created a series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting <i>Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl</i>, which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A highly theatrical white Rococo interior from the 18th century, at the Basilica at Ottobeuren, in Bavaria."><img alt="A highly theatrical white Rococo interior from the 18th century, at the Basilica at Ottobeuren, in Bavaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG/400px-BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG/600px-BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG/800px-BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A highly theatrical white <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> interior from the 18th century, at the <a href="/wiki/Ottobeuren_Abbey" title="Ottobeuren Abbey">Basilica at Ottobeuren</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White gown of Marie Antoinette, painted by Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun in 1783."><img alt="White gown of Marie Antoinette, painted by Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun in 1783." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg/250px-Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg/330px-Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg/500px-Marie-Antoinette_par_Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun_-_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White gown of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun">Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun</a> in 1783.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_(Lansdowne_Portrait)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President George Washington in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions."><img alt="President George Washington in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/189px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/283px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/377px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6661" data-file-height="10582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Joséphine de Beauharnais in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by François Gérard. (The State Hermitage Museum)."><img alt="Portrait of Joséphine de Beauharnais in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by François Gérard. (The State Hermitage Museum)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg/500px-Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg/960px-Portrait_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>. (The State <i>Hermitage Museum</i>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empress Maria Leopoldina of Brazil wearing a white gown and a white pearls necklace, by Luís Schlappriz"><img alt="Empress Maria Leopoldina of Brazil wearing a white gown and a white pearls necklace, by Luís Schlappriz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Brazil</a> wearing a white gown and a white pearls necklace, by Luís Schlappriz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whistler_James_Symphony_in_White_no_1_(The_White_Girl)_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl, by James McNeill Whistler (1862)."><img alt="Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl, by James McNeill Whistler (1862)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Whistler_James_Symphony_in_White_no_1_%28The_White_Girl%29_1862.jpg/250px-Whistler_James_Symphony_in_White_no_1_%28The_White_Girl%29_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Whistler_James_Symphony_in_White_no_1_%28The_White_Girl%29_1862.jpg/330px-Whistler_James_Symphony_in_White_no_1_%28The_White_Girl%29_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10509" data-file-height="21071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl</i>, by <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> (1862).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Natalia_Obrenovic_of_Serbia_in_Paris_by_Uros_Predic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Natalie of Serbia (1890)"><img alt="Queen Natalie of Serbia (1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Natalia_Obrenovic_of_Serbia_in_Paris_by_Uros_Predic.jpg/250px-Queen_Natalia_Obrenovic_of_Serbia_in_Paris_by_Uros_Predic.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Natalia_Obrenovic_of_Serbia_in_Paris_by_Uros_Predic.jpg/500px-Queen_Natalia_Obrenovic_of_Serbia_in_Paris_by_Uros_Predic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="3184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Natalie_of_Serbia" title="Natalie of Serbia">Natalie of Serbia</a> (1890)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> was the opposition that formed against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921–22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and the United States began to produce <a href="/wiki/Titanium_white" title="Titanium white">titanium white</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Titanium_oxide" title="Titanium oxide">titanium oxide</a>. It had first been identified in the 18th century by the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Klaproth" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Klaproth">Martin Klaproth</a>, who also discovered <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a> in his 1917 painting 'the white square,' the companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>. His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors. </p><p>Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> (1887–1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for a "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meier" title="Richard Meier">Richard Meier</a>, such as his museum in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to house the ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster for the White Army during the Russian Civil War (1917–22). The poster says: "for a United Russia.""><img alt="Poster for the White Army during the Russian Civil War (1917–22). The poster says: "for a United Russia."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/187px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/280px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/373px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster for the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> during the Russian Civil War (1917–22). The poster says: "for a United Russia."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VillaSavoye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Villa Savoye (1928–31) by Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete, without color or ornament."><img alt="The Villa Savoye (1928–31) by Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete, without color or ornament." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/500px-VillaSavoye.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/600px-VillaSavoye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1928–31) by Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete, without color or ornament.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_understanding_(color_science)"><span id="Scientific_understanding_.28color_science.29"></span>Scientific understanding (color science)</h2></div> <p>Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> in the eye in roughly equal amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse way</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_light">White light</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"White light" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/White_light_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White light (disambiguation)">White light (disambiguation)</a>.</div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthese%2B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the RGB color model, used to create colors on TV and computer screens, white is made by mixing red, blue and green light at full intensity."><img alt="In the RGB color model, used to create colors on TV and computer screens, white is made by mixing red, blue and green light at full intensity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Synthese%2B.svg/330px-Synthese%2B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Synthese%2B.svg/500px-Synthese%2B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Synthese%2B.svg/630px-Synthese%2B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>, used to create colors on TV and computer screens, white is made by mixing red, blue and green light at full intensity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dispersion_prism.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White light refracted in a prism revealing the color components."><img alt="White light refracted in a prism revealing the color components." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dispersion_prism.jpg/500px-Dispersion_prism.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dispersion_prism.jpg/630px-Dispersion_prism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Dispersion_prism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Visible_radiation_(light)" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">White light</a> <a href="/wiki/Refract" class="mw-redirect" title="Refract">refracted</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> revealing the color components.</div> </li> </ul> <p>In 1666, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Visible_radiation_(light)" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">white light</a> was composed of multiple colors by passing it through a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> to break it up into components then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white was the fundamental color of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent</a> lamps, <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#White" title="Light-emitting diode">white LEDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamps">incandescent bulbs</a>. On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a> of light: red, green and blue (<a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a>) at full intensity, a process called <a href="/wiki/Additive_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive mixing">additive mixing</a> (see image above). White light can be fabricated using light with only two wavelengths, for instance by mixing light from a red and cyan laser or yellow and blue lasers. This light will however have very few practical applications since color rendering of objects will be greatly distorted. </p><p>The fact that light sources with vastly different <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distributions</a> can result in a similar sensory experience is due to the way the light is processed by the visual system. One color that arises from two different spectral power distributions is called a <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamerism</a>. </p><p>Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperatures</a>). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A range of spectral distributions of light sources can be perceived as white—there is no single, unique specification of "white light". For example, when buying a "white" light bulb, one might buy one labeled 2700K, 6000K, etc., which produce light having very different spectral distributions, and yet this will not prevent the user from identifying the color of objects that those light bulbs illuminate.<sup id="cite_ref-illuminantIndep_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illuminantIndep-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_objects">White objects</h3></div> <p>Color vision allows us to distinguish different <a href="/wiki/Color#Color_of_objects" title="Color"><i>objects</i> by their color</a>. In order to do so, <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a> can keep the perceived color of an object relatively unchanged when the illumination changes among various broad (whitish) spectral distributions of light.<sup id="cite_ref-illuminantIndep_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illuminantIndep-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same principle is used in photography and cinematography where the choice of <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</a> determines a transformation of all other color stimuli. Changes in or manipulation of the white point can be used to explain some optical illusions such as <a href="/wiki/The_dress_(viral_phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="The dress (viral phenomenon)">The dress</a>. </p><p>While there is no single, unique specification of "white light", there is indeed a unique specification of "white object", or, more specifically, "white surface". A perfectly white surface <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffusely reflects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Light scattering">scatters</a>) all visible light that strikes it, without <a href="/wiki/Light_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Light absorption">absorbing</a> any, irrespective of the light's wavelength or spectral distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-mirror1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirror1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it does not absorb any of the incident light, white is the lightest possible color. If the reflection is not diffuse but rather <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular</a>, this describes a mirror rather than a white surface.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mirror1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirror1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Chroma" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color constancy is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_adaptation" title="Chromatic adaptation">chromatic adaptation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> defines <i>white (adapted)</i> as "a color stimulus that an observer who is [chromatically] adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity. The color stimulus that is considered to be the adapted white may be different at different locations within a scene.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_features_in_nature">White features in nature</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum."><img alt="Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/400px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/600px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/800px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cumulus clouds look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors."><img alt="Cumulus clouds look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/500px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/600px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">Cumulus clouds</a> look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The White Cliffs of Dover, made of limestone"><img alt="The White Cliffs of Dover, made of limestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/500px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/960px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyams_Beach_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyams Beach, New South Wales appears white because the sunlight is reflected or scattered by the quartz or limestone sand"><img alt="Hyams Beach, New South Wales appears white because the sunlight is reflected or scattered by the quartz or limestone sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hyams_Beach_002.jpg/500px-Hyams_Beach_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hyams_Beach_002.jpg/960px-Hyams_Beach_002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyams_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyams Beach">Hyams Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> appears white because the sunlight is reflected or scattered by the quartz or limestone sand</div> </li> </ul> <p>Beaches with <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> containing high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or eroded <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it. Tropical white sand beaches may also have a high quantity of white <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> from tiny bits of seashells ground to fine sand by the action of the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a> take their white color from the large amount of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, which they contain, which reflects the sunlight. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> is a mixture of air and tiny <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> crystals. When white <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of the light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle.<sup id="cite_ref-weather.about.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather.about.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so the light scattered will be bluish.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a> are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly: <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> means <i>white mountain</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> means <i>white mountain</i> in French. <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a> literally meaning <i>perpetually white mountains</i>, marks the border between China and Korea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_materials">White materials</h4></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium(IV)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titanium white, made with titanium dioxide, is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen."><img alt="Titanium white, made with titanium dioxide, is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/500px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/616px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Titanium white, made with <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinc white is made from zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is used in paints, suntan lotion, and some foods."><img alt="Zinc white is made from zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is used in paints, suntan lotion, and some foods." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/356px-Zinc_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/534px-Zinc_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_white" title="Zinc white">Zinc white</a> is made from <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>. Zinc oxide is used in paints, suntan lotion, and some foods.</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, made of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophore</a>. It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> or calcium sulphate, a powder pressed into sticks. </p><p><i>Bianco di San Giovanni</i> is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a> in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>. It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">Lead white</a> was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> and the ancient Greek author <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>. Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into <a href="/wiki/Lead_carbonate" title="Lead carbonate">lead carbonate</a>. It was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Zinc_white" title="Zinc white">zinc white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_white" title="Titanium white">titanium white</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Titanium_white" title="Titanium white">Titanium white</a> is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It is made out of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, from the minerals <a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">brookite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zinc_white" title="Zinc white">Zinc white</a> is made from <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>. It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some foods to <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">enrich</a> them with zinc, an important <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white">Chinese white</a> is a variety of zinc white made for artists.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some materials can be made to look "whiter than white", this is achieved using <a href="/wiki/Optical_brightener" title="Optical brightener">optical brightener</a> agents (OBA). These are chemical compounds that absorb light in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and violet region (usually 340–370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420–470 nm). OBAs are often used in paper and clothing to create an impression of very bright white. This is due to the fact that the materials actually send out more visible light than they receive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bleach_and_bleaching">Bleach and bleaching</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bleaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleaching">Bleaching</a> is a process for whitening fabrics which has been practiced for thousands of years. Sometimes it was simply a matter of leaving the fabric in the sun, to be faded by the bright light. In the 18th century several scientists developed varieties of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine bleach">chlorine bleach</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> (bleaching powder).<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine most often are based on <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">sodium percarbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">sodium perborate</a>. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, a fewer number are <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing agents">reducing agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">sodium dithionite</a>. </p><p>Bleaches attack the <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophores</a>, the part of a molecule which absorbs light and causes fabrics to have different colors. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. A reducing bleach works by converting <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonds</a> in the chromophore into <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a>. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunlight acts as a bleach through a similar process. High energy <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> of light, often in the <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some detergents go one step further; they contain <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> chemicals which glow, making the fabric look literally whiter than white.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_natural_world">In the natural world</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg/250px-Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg/330px-Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Image of <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> A and Sirius B taken by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. Sirius B, a white dwarf, is the faint pinprick of light to the lower left of the much brighter Sirius A.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">stellar remnant</a> composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Electron-degenerate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-degenerate matter">electron-degenerate matter</a>. They are very <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a>; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth. Its faint <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">emission</a> of stored <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">thermal energy</a>. A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. This means that its radiation, which initially has a high <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a>, will lessen and redden with time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit significant heat or light, and it will become a cold <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rln_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rln-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since no white dwarf can be older than the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a> (approximately 13.8 billion years),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>, and no black dwarfs are thought to exist yet. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type main-sequence star</a> (A V) or A dwarf star is a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-burning) <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral classification">spectral type</a> A and <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity class">luminosity class</a> V. These stars have <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectra</a> which are defined by strong <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">hydrogen Balmer absorption lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> from 1.4 to 2.1 times the <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">surface temperatures</a> between 7600 and 11 500  <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3></div> <p>White animals use their color as a form of camouflage in winter. Animals such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> are <a href="/wiki/Countershaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Countershaded">countershaded</a> with white bellies, again as camouflage. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dove_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The dove is an international symbol of peace."><img alt="The dove is an international symbol of peace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dove_001.JPG/330px-Dove_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dove_001.JPG/500px-Dove_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dove_001.JPG/960px-Dove_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> is an international symbol of peace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_erminea_winter_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ermine, or stoat. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur."><img alt="The ermine, or stoat. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mustela_erminea_winter_cropped.jpg/330px-Mustela_erminea_winter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Mustela_erminea_winter_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a>. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Beluga whale lives in Arctic and sub-arctic waters, where its color is an effective camouflage"><img alt="The Beluga whale lives in Arctic and sub-arctic waters, where its color is an effective camouflage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/339px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/509px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg/677px-Delphinapterus_leucas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a> lives in Arctic and sub-arctic waters, where its color is an effective camouflage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Polar Bear in Alaska. Its color is a form of camouflage"><img alt="A Polar Bear in Alaska. Its color is a form of camouflage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg/337px-Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg/448px-Polar_Bear_-_Alaska_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar Bear</a> in Alaska. Its color is a form of camouflage</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_culture">Religion and culture</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astarte_with_horns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette of the goddess Astarte."><img alt="Statuette of the goddess Astarte." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Astarte_with_horns.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statuette of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thousands of pilgrims in white gather in Mecca for the beginning of their pilgrimage, or Hajj."><img alt="Thousands of pilgrims in white gather in Mecca for the beginning of their pilgrimage, or Hajj." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/500px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/960px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thousands of pilgrims in white gather in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> for the beginning of their pilgrimage, or <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14036966125).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pope Francis at the Vatican. Popes have traditionally worn white since 1566."><img alt="Pope Francis at the Vatican. Popes have traditionally worn white since 1566." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/330px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/500px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/960px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>. Popes have traditionally worn white since 1566.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwamotoji_PilgrimGirl.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A pilgrim in Japan."><img alt="A pilgrim in Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iwamotoji_PilgrimGirl.JPG/250px-Iwamotoji_PilgrimGirl.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iwamotoji_PilgrimGirl.JPG/500px-Iwamotoji_PilgrimGirl.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pilgrim in Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the Shinto religion of Japan brides traditionally wear a white wedding kimono."><img alt="In the Shinto religion of Japan brides traditionally wear a white wedding kimono." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg/250px-Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg/500px-Bride_at_meiji_shrine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> brides traditionally wear a white wedding <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisse_tara_mongolian_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddhist deity Tara is often depicted with white skin."><img alt="The Buddhist deity Tara is often depicted with white skin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Weisse_tara_mongolian_art.jpg/250px-Weisse_tara_mongolian_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Weisse_tara_mongolian_art.jpg/500px-Weisse_tara_mongolian_art.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddhist deity <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a> is often depicted with white skin.</div> </li> </ul> <p>White is an important symbolic color in most religions and cultures, usually because of its association with purity. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, white is associated with <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, innocence and sacrifice. Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, priests wear a white <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> in many of the most important ceremonies and religious services connected with events in the life of Christ. White is worn by priests at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, and during celebrations connected with the other events of the life of Christ, such as Corpus Christi Sunday, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>. It is also worn at the services dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, and to those <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a> who were not <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred</a>, as well as other special occasions, such as the ordination of priests and the installation of new bishops. Within the hierarchy of the church, lighter colors indicated higher rank; ordinary <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priests</a> wore black; <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishops</a> wore violet, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a> wore red, and outside a church, only the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> would wear white.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Popes occasionally wore white in the Middle Ages, but usually wore red. Popes have worn white regularly since 1566, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, began the practice.) White is the color of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> the color white is used as a symbol of purity, innocence, and cleanliness, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">religious ceremonies</a> such as baptism<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temple</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In temple ceremonies, white clothing is also worn by all participants, both men and women, to also symbolize unity and equality before God.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Islam, white clothing is worn during required pilgrimage to Mecca, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. Called <a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">Ihram clothing</a>, men's garments often consist of two white un-hemmed sheets (usually towelling material). The top (the <i>riḍā</i>) is draped over the torso and the bottom (the <i>izār</i>) is secured by a belt; plus a pair of sandals. Women's clothing varies considerably and reflects regional as well as religious influences. Ihram is typically worn during <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>, the last month in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>. </p><p>White also has a long history of use as a religious and political symbol in Islam, beginning with the white banner that tradition ascribes to the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, the tribe to which <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> belonged. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad dynasty</a> also used white as its dynastic color, following the personal banner of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> also chose white to highlight their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, whose color was black.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Judaism, during the rituals of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism" title="Atonement in Judaism">atonement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> dresses in white, as do the members of the congregation, to restore the bonds between God and his followers. </p><p>In the traditional Japanese religion of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, an area of white gravel or stones marks a sacred place, called a <i>niwa</i>. These places were dedicated to the <i>kami</i>, spirits which had descended from the heavens or had come across the sea. Later, temples of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> in Japan often featured a <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">Zen garden</a>, where white sand or gravel was carefully raked to resemble rivers or streams, designed as objects of meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many religions symbolize heaven by using a sky with white clouds. This phenomenon is not limited to western culture; in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, the orisha <a href="/wiki/Obatala" class="mw-redirect" title="Obatala">Obatala</a> in the <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> tradition is represented by white. Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> and similar religions, the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Brotherhood" title="Great White Brotherhood">Great White Brotherhood</a> are said to have white <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">auras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some Asian and Slavic cultures, white is considered to be a color that represents death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White also represented death in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, representing the lifeless desert that covered much of the country; black was held to be the color of life, representing the mud-covered fertile lands created by the flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and giving the country its name (<i>Kemet</i>, or "black land"). </p><p>In China, Korea, and some other Asian countries, white, or more precisely, the whitish color of undyed linen, is the color of mourning and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In traditional China, undyed linen clothing is worn at funerals. As time passes, the bereaved can gradually wear clothing dyed with colors, then with darker colors. Small sacks of <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>, one for each year of the life of the deceased are placed around the body to protect it against impurity in the next world, and white paper flowers are placed around the body.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China and other Asian countries, white is the color of reincarnation, showing that death is not a permanent separation from the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, white is associated with the masculine (the <i>yang</i> of the <i>yin</i> and <i>yang</i>); with the <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>; with the fur of an animal; with the direction of west; with the element metal; and with the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, undyed linen white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers. In the mountains, pilgrims wear costumes of undyed <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> to symbolize purity. A white kimono is often placed in the casket with the deceased for the journey to the other world, as white represents death sometimes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condolence gifts, or <i>kooden</i>, are tied with black and white ribbons and wrapped in white paper, protecting the contents from the impurities of the other world.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, it is the color of purity, divinity, detachment and serenity. In Hindi, the name Sweta means white. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, white robes were reserved for the lama of a monastery. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> and some other pastoral cultures, there is a strong connection between milk and white, which is considered the color of gratitude, esteem, joy, good fortune and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a>, it is used for peace, innocence, illumination, and purity. It can also be used to stand for any color.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White is also associated with cleansing, a Pagan practice that cleans something using the elements. In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, a white-handled knife called the <a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">boline</a> is used in rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_movements">Political movements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_(political_adjective)" title="White (political adjective)">White (political adjective)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klan-in-gainesville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Klan-in-gainesville.jpg/250px-Klan-in-gainesville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Klan-in-gainesville.jpg/330px-Klan-in-gainesville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Klan-in-gainesville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cross_burning" title="Cross burning">cross burning</a> by the white supremacist hate group <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in Florida in 1922.</figcaption></figure> <p>White is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a>. The association originally came from the white flag of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> dynasty of France. White became the banner of the royalist rebellions against the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt in the Vendée">Revolt in the Vendée</a>). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> which followed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, the White Army, a coalition of monarchists, nationalists and liberals, fought unsuccessfully against the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. A similar battle between reds and whites took place during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War in Finland">Civil War in Finland</a> in the same period. </p><p>The Ku Klux Klan is a <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a> organization which flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. They wore white robes and hoods, burned crosses and violently attacked and murdered black Americans. </p><p>In Iran, the <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a> was a series of social and political reforms launched in 1963 by the last <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> before his downfall. </p><p>White is also associated with peace and passive resistance. The <a href="/wiki/White_ribbon" title="White ribbon">white ribbon</a> is worn by movements denouncing <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> was a non-violent <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">resistance</a> group in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_national_flags_featuring_white">Selected national flags featuring white</h3></div> <p>White is a common color in national flags, though its symbolism varies widely. The white in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">flag of the United Kingdom</a> comes from traditional red <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> on a white background of the historic <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a>. The white in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">flag of France</a> represents either the monarchy or "white, the ancient French color" according to the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>. </p><p>Many flags in the Arab world use the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">flag of the Arab Revolt</a> of 1916; red, white, green and black. These include the flags of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> also use white as their symbol for unity in <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">their flag</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Bourbons, royal family of France until the French Revolution and during the restoration of the monarchy afterwards."><img alt="Flag of the Bourbons, royal family of France until the French Revolution and during the restoration of the monarchy afterwards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/120px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/250px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a>, royal family of France until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and during the restoration of the monarchy afterwards.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vatican_City_(2023%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flag of Vatican City (1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by Jesus Christ to Saint Peter: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century."><img alt="The Flag of Vatican City (1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by Jesus Christ to Saint Peter: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag of Vatican City</a> (1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of the Netherlands (1572) was the first red, white and blue national flag. Peter the Great adopted the colors for the flag of Russia."><img alt="The flag of the Netherlands (1572) was the first red, white and blue national flag. Peter the Great adopted the colors for the flag of Russia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">flag of the Netherlands</a> (1572) was the first red, white and blue national flag. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> adopted the colors for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">flag of Russia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of India (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth".[75]"><img alt="The flag of India (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/120px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/180px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/240px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag of India</a> (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of Ireland. According to the Irish government press office, citing Thomas Francis Meagher, "The green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green".[76]"><img alt="The flag of Ireland. According to the Irish government press office, citing Thomas Francis Meagher, "The green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green".[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">flag of Ireland</a>. According to the Irish government press office, citing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Thomas Francis Meagher</a>, "The green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idioms_and_expressions">Idioms and expressions</h3></div> <ul><li>To <i>whitewash</i> something is to conceal an unpleasant reality.</li> <li>A <i>white lie</i> is an innocent lie told out of politeness.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">White noise</a></i> is the noise of all the frequencies of sound combined. It is used to cover up unwanted noise.</li> <li>A <i>white knight</i> in finance is a friendly investor who steps in to rescue a company from a hostile takeover.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar workers</a></i> are those who work in offices, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a>, who work with their hands in factories or workshops.</li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a></i> is an authoritative report on a major issue by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers. Associating a paper with white may signify clean facts and unbiased information.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/White_feather" title="White feather">white feather</a></i> is a symbol of cowardice, particularly in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Etym_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etym-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It supposedly comes from <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a> and the belief that a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cockerel</a> sporting a white feather in its tail is likely to be a poor fighter. At the beginning of the First World War, women in England were encouraged to give white feathers to men who had not enlisted in the British Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the US, a <i><a href="/wiki/White_shoe_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="White shoe firm">white shoe firm</a></i> is an older, conservative firm, usually in a field such as banking or law. The phrase derives from the "white bucks", laced suede or buckskin shoes with red soles, long popular in the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-safire_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safire-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Russia, the nobility are sometimes described as <i>white bone</i> (белая кость, bélaya kost'), commoners as <i>black bone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_and_symbolism">Associations and symbolism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innocence_and_sacrifice">Innocence and sacrifice</h3></div> <p>In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence, or purity.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and in Temple Judaism, white animals such as lambs were <a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">sacrificed to expiate sins</a>. The white <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a> is considered the flower of purity and innocence, and is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3></div> <p>White is the color in Western culture most often associated with beginnings. In Christianity, children are baptized and first take <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> wearing white. Christ after <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">the Resurrection</a> is traditionally portrayed dressed in white. </p><p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> wore white when she opened each session of British Parliament. In high society, <a href="/wiki/Debutantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Debutantes">debutantes</a> traditionally wear white for their first ball. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weddings">Weddings</h3></div> <p>White has long been the traditional color worn by brides at royal weddings, but the white wedding gown for ordinary people appeared in the 19th century. Before that time, most brides wore their best Sunday clothing, of whatever color.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white lace wedding gown of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1840 had a large impact on the color and fashion of wedding dresses in both Europe and America down to the present day. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wedding dress of Queen Victoria (1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the Victorian era and for the 20th century."><img alt="The wedding dress of Queen Victoria (1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the Victorian era and for the 20th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg/92px-Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg/139px-Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg/185px-Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="3454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wedding dress of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the Victorian era and for the 20th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barong_Tagalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The barong tagalog is a traditional folk costume of the Philippines; this attire is worn on formal gatherings and weddings."><img alt="The barong tagalog is a traditional folk costume of the Philippines; this attire is worn on formal gatherings and weddings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barong_Tagalog.jpg/87px-Barong_Tagalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barong_Tagalog.jpg/131px-Barong_Tagalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barong_Tagalog.jpg/174px-Barong_Tagalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costume</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; this attire is worn on formal gatherings and weddings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_kimono.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese formal wedding dress still used today."><img alt="Japanese formal wedding dress still used today." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wedding_kimono.jpg/72px-Wedding_kimono.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wedding_kimono.jpg/108px-Wedding_kimono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wedding_kimono.jpg/144px-Wedding_kimono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese formal wedding dress still used today.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</h3></div> <p>White is the color most associated with cleanliness. Objects which are expected to be clean, such as refrigerators and dishes, toilets and sinks, bed linen and towels, are traditionally white. White was the traditional color of the coats of doctors, nurses, scientists and laboratory technicians, though nowadays a pale blue or green is often used. White is also the color most often worn by chefs, bakers, and butchers, and the color of the aprons of waiters in French restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghosts,_phantoms_and_two_of_the_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse"><span id="Ghosts.2C_phantoms_and_two_of_the_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse"></span>Ghosts, phantoms and two of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparition_DB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Apparition_DB.JPG/220px-Apparition_DB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Apparition_DB.JPG/330px-Apparition_DB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Apparition_DB.JPG/440px-Apparition_DB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The woman in white, a familiar figure in European ghost stories</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg/220px-Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg/330px-Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg/440px-Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The biblical <i>Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</i>. Conquest, with a bow, rides a white horse. Death rides a pale or light green horse (painting by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>, 1887).</figcaption></figure> <p>White is the color associated with <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a> and phantoms. In the past the dead were traditionally buried in a white shroud. Ghosts are said to be the spirits of the dead who, for various reasons, are unable to rest or enter heaven, and so walk the earth in their white shrouds. White is also connected with the paleness of death. A common expression in English is "pale as a ghost."<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_2000,_p._137_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller_2000,_p._137-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/White_Lady" title="White Lady">White Lady</a>, Weiße Frau, or <i>dame blanche</i> is a familiar figure in English, German and French ghost stories. She is a spectral apparition of a female clad in white, in most cases the ghost of an ancestor, sometimes giving warning about death and disaster. The most notable Weiße Frau is the legendary ghost of the German <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> dynasty. </p><p>Seeing a white horse in a dream is said to be presentiment of death.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the last book in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a> are supposed to announce the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a>. The man on a <a href="/wiki/White_horse_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="White horse (mythology)">white horse</a> with a bow and arrow, according to different interpretations, represents either War and Conquest, the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, or Christ himself, cleansing the world of sin. Death rides a horse whose color is described in ancient Greek as <i>khlōros</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:χλωρός">χλωρός</a>) in the original <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can mean either green/greenish-yellow or pale/pallid.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposite_of_black">Opposite of black</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/220px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/330px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/440px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, white represents the <i>yang</i> or male energy, one of the two complementary natures of the universe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Black and white often represent the contrast between light and darkness, day and night, male and female, good and evil. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">taoism</a>, the two complementary natures of the universe, <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>, are often symbolized in black and white, Ancient games of strategy, such as <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">go</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, use black and white to represent the two sides. </p><p>In the French monarchy, white symbolized the King and his power <i>par la grâce de Dieu</i> ("by the grace of God") and in contrast black was the color of the queen who according to the Salic Law which excluded women from the throne (and thus from power) could never become the ruling monarch. </p><p>Black and white also often represent formality and seriousness, as in the costumes of judges and priests, business suits, of formal evening dress. Monks of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> wear a black cloak over a white habit. Until 1972, agents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> were informally required by FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> to wear white shirts with their suits, to project the correct image of the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_taken_from_white">Names taken from white</h3></div> <p>White is the source of more names for women in western countries than any other color.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names taken from white include Alba, Albine (Latin). Blandine, Blanche and Blanchette (French); Bianca (Italian); Jennifer (Celt); Genevieve, Candice (from Latin Candida); Fenela, Fiona and Finola (Irish); Gwendoline, Gwenael, Nol(g)wen (<i>white woman</i>) (Celt), Nives (Spanish) and Zuria (Basque).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller2000133–34_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller2000133–34-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition many names come from white flowers: Camille, Daisy, Lily, Lili, Magnolie, Jasmine, Yasemine, Leila, Marguerite, Rosalba, and others. </p><p>Other names come from the white <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>; Pearl, Margarita (Latin), Margaret, Margarethe, Marga, Grete, Rita, Gitta, Marjorie, Margot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples,_churches_and_government_buildings"><span id="Temples.2C_churches_and_government_buildings"></span>Temples, churches and government buildings</h3></div> <p>Since ancient times, temples, churches, and many government buildings in many countries have traditionally been white, the color associated with religious and civic virtue. The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> and other ancient temples of Greece, and the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> were mostly made of or clad in white marble, though it is now known that some of these ancient buildings were actually brightly painted.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman tradition of using white stone for government buildings and churches was revived in the Renaissance and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassic style">neoclassic style</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries. White stone became the material of choice for government buildings in Washington, D.C., and other American cities. European cathedrals were also usually built of white or light-colored stone, though many darkened over the centuries from smoke and soot. </p><p>The Renaissance architect and scholar <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> wrote in 1452 that churches should be plastered white on the inside, since white was the only appropriate color for reflection and meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a> also places a high emphasis on white for similar reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Reformation, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> churches in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were whitewashed and sober inside, a tradition that was also followed in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches of New England, such as <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Although the Parthenon in Athens (5th century BC) is white today, it was originally painted with many colors"><img alt="Although the Parthenon in Athens (5th century BC) is white today, it was originally painted with many colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Parthenon.jpg/400px-Parthenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Parthenon.jpg/600px-Parthenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Parthenon.jpg/800px-Parthenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Although the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens (5th century BC) is white today, it was originally painted with many colors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:858MilanoDuomo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cathedral of Milan (1386–1965)"><img alt="The Cathedral of Milan (1386–1965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/858MilanoDuomo.JPG/250px-858MilanoDuomo.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/858MilanoDuomo.JPG/500px-858MilanoDuomo.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Milan">Cathedral of Milan</a> (1386–1965)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch Reformed Church interior in Delft, the Netherlands (16th century)"><img alt="Dutch Reformed Church interior in Delft, the Netherlands (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg/250px-Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg/338px-Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Delft_interieur_Waalse_Kerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> interior in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, the Netherlands (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006Boston007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Old North Church, Boston (1723)"><img alt="Interior of Old North Church, Boston (1723)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2006Boston007.jpg/500px-2006Boston007.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2006Boston007.jpg/960px-2006Boston007.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>, Boston (1723)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The White House (1801), Washington, D.C."><img alt="The White House (1801), Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG/500px-WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG/960px-WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (1801), Washington, D.C.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h3></div> <p>People of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a> are often referred to simply as white. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> defines <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported "white" or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish."<sup id="cite_ref-Census_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White people constitute the majority of the U.S. population, with a total of 204,277,273 or 61.6% of the population in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 United States Census</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_flag">White flag</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> has long been used to represent either surrender or a request for a truce. It is believed to have originated in the 15th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> between France and England, when multicolored flags, as well as firearms, came into common use by European armies. The white flag was officially recognized as a request to cease hostilities by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> of 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vexillology_and_heraldry">Vexillology and heraldry</h3></div> <p>In English <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, white or <a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">silver</a> signified brightness, purity, virtue, and innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of white">Variations of white</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-css3-color_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">"CSS Color Module Level 3"</a>. 19 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129235005/http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSS+Color+Module+Level+3&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcss3-color%2F%23html4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/are-black-and-white-colors">"Are Black and White Colors? | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CVPR 2001</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCVPR.2001.990528">10.1109/CVPR.2001.990528</a> "the perceived colour of an object is more or less independent of the illuminant; a white paper appears white both outdoors under bluish daylight and indoors under yellow tungsten light, though the responses of the eyes' colour receptors ... will be quite different for the two cases."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mirror1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mirror1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mirror1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Program of Color Science / Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, <i>Complete Color FAQ</i>. "A perfect mirror reflects all of the light that strikes it... A perfect white also reflects all the light incident on it, but reflects that light diffusely. In other words, the white scatters the incident light in all directions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold, Richard W. "An Introduction to Appearance Analysis". IN: <i>GATFWorld, the magazine of the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation</i>, SS Number 84. "The typical reference is a white standard that has been calibrated relative to the perfect white reflecting diffuser (100% reflectance at all wavelengths)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWyszecki_&_Stiles" class="citation book cs1">Wyszecki & Stiles. <i>Color Science</i> (Second ed.). <q>Regular reflection (or specular, or mirrorr reflection) follows the laws of optical reflection without diffusion (scattering), as exemplified by mirrors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Science&rft.edition=Second&rft.au=Wyszecki+%26+Stiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Does hue affect the perception of grayness?", R Shamey, W Sawatwarakul, Sha Fu, 13 May 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.21894">10.1002/col.21894</a>, <i>Color Research & Application</i>, Volume <b>40</b>, Issue 4, p. 374. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.21894/pdf">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.21894/pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231827/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.21894/pdf">Archived</a> 8 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The usual definition of achromatic color is 'a perceived color without hue.' The colorimetric definition is that of an object with a flat reflectance function at a given level of reflectance, or one of its metamers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014640/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/11">"17-11 achromatic color"</a>. International Commission on Illumination (CIE). 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/11">the original</a> on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>in the perceptual sense: perceived colour devoid of hue</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17-11+achromatic+color&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Illumination+%28CIE%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feilv.cie.co.at%2Fterm%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203153456/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/12">"17-12 achromatic stimulus"</a>. International Commission on Illumination (CIE). 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17-1427+white%2C+adapted&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Illumination+%28CIE%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feilv.cie.co.at%2Fterm%2F1427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livescience.com_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/38163-where-beach-sand-comes-from.html">"Science of summer – where does beach sand come from?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527172752/http://www.livescience.com/38163-where-beach-sand-comes-from.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Livescience.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather.about.com-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weather.about.com_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017214007/http://weather.about.com/od/winterweather/a/snow_white.htm">"Why Snow is White (Even Though Water is Clear)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weather.about.com/od/winterweather/a/snow_white.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Glacier+Studies&rft.aulast=Survey&rft.aufirst=U.S.+Geological&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fak.water.usgs.gov%2Fglaciology%2FFAQ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906125636/http://www.weather.com/news/science/why-are-clouds-white-20131013">"Why Are Clouds White?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pigments+through+the+Ages+%E2%80%93+Overview+%E2%80%93+Lime+white&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Findiv%2Foverview%2Flimewhite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, Philip (2000). <i>Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour</i>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/titaniumwhite.html">"Pigments through the Ages – Overview – Titanium white"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014210747/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/titaniumwhite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pigments+through+the+Ages+%E2%80%93+Overview+%E2%80%93+Titanium+white&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Findiv%2Foverview%2Ftitaniumwhite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurdock1997" class="citation book cs1">Burdock, George A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NtaR9i3hYCYC&q=%22zinc+white%22+food&pg=PA2991"><i>Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 2991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849394140" title="Special:BookSources/9780849394140"><bdi>9780849394140</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317174149/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtaR9i3hYCYC&q=%22zinc+white%22+food&pg=PA2991#v=snippet&q=%22zinc%20white%22%20food&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Color+Additives&rft.pages=2991&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780849394140&rft.aulast=Burdock&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtaR9i3hYCYC%26q%3D%2522zinc%2Bwhite%2522%2Bfood%26pg%3DPA2991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kassia St. Clair (2016) <i>The Secret Lives of Color</i>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html">"Bleaching"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902) ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524111017/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Toys&rft.atitle=Ingredients+%E2%80%93+Bleach&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Field%2C+Simon+Q&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci-toys.com%2Fingredients%2Fbleach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield,_Louis_A.2006" class="citation web cs1">Bloomfield, Louis A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511065317/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150">"Sunlight"</a>. <i>How Things Work</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+National+Flag&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ie%2Fpdf%2F%3Ffile%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fassets.gov.ie%2F283710%2F6dcf4d37-c716-478d-bc60-b47a5067de7c.pdf%23page%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etym-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etym_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=white+feather&searchmode=none">"White Feather"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Feather&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dwhite%2Bfeather%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/first-world-war-white-feather-cowardice">Guardian review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106070719/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/first-world-war-white-feather-cowardice">Archived</a> 6 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <i>We Will Not Fight...: The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors</i> by Will Ellsworth-Jones</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safire-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-safire_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (9 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/magazine/on-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html">"On Language; Gimme the Ol' White Shoe"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527080456/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/magazine/on-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Language%3B+Gimme+the+Ol%27+White+Shoe&rft.date=1997-11-09&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Fon-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Douglas (2 October 2012). <i>Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-2775-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-2775-2"><bdi>978-1-4668-2775-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Former+People%3A+The+Final+Days+of+the+Russian+Aristocracy&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-2775-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heller (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heller (2000), pp. 144–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heller (2000), pp. 135–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuffi, Stefano (2012). <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/manuscript.aspx?book=59&chapter=6&lid=en&side=r&verse=8&zoomSlider=0">Codex Sinaiticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011038/http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/manuscript.aspx?book=59&chapter=6&lid=en&side=r&verse=8&zoomslider=0">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rev 6:8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxlwro%2Fs">A Greek-English Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406225630/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxlwro%2Fs">Archived</a> 6 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>: χλωρός.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lydon, Christopher, "J. Edgar Hoover Made the FBI Formidable With Politics, Publicity and Results", <i>The New York Times</i> obituary, 3 May 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heller (2000), p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller2000133–34-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller2000133–34_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2000">Heller 2000</a>, pp. 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gage (1993), <i>Couleur et Culture</i>, pp. 11–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, <i>Color in Art</i> (2012), p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2018" class="citation web cs1">Sternberg, Maximillian (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0257.xml">"Cistercian Architecture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142443/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0257.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cistercian+Architecture&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Maximillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396584%2Fobo-9780195396584-0257.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf">"The White Population: 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050625025215/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+White+Population%3A+2000&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2001pubs%2Fc2kbr01-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi (2012), <i>Color in Art</i>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Girls Handy Book: How to Amuse Yourself and Others</i>, by Adelia Beard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-666-3">978-0-87923-666-3</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Philip (2001). <i>Bright Earth – Art and the Invention of Colour</i>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3"><bdi>978-2-7541-0503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth+%E2%80%93+Art+and+the+Invention+of+Colour&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGage2009" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (2009). <i>La Couleur dans l'art</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-325-9"><bdi>978-2-87811-325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Couleur+dans+l%27art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-87811-325-9&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeller2000" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Eva (2000). <i>Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques</i>. Pyramyd (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2"><bdi>978-2-35017-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur+%E2%80%93+Effets+et+symboliques&rft.pub=Pyramyd+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau2005" class="citation book cs1">Pastoureau, Michel (2005). <i>Le petit livre des couleurs</i>. Editions du Panama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-0310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-0310-3"><bdi>978-2-7578-0310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+petit+livre+des+couleurs&rft.pub=Editions+du+Panama&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varichon, Anne (2005). <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i> (in French). Editions de Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs+%E2%80%93+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.pub=Editions+de+Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuffi2012" class="citation book cs1">Zuffi, Stefano (2012). <i>Color in Art</i>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4197-0111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4197-0111-5"><bdi>978-1-4197-0111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+in+Art&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5&rft.aulast=Zuffi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Cream (colour)">Cream</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Cultured_Pearl" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Cultured pearl</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white#Dutch_white" title="Shades of white">Dutch white</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Eggshell_(color)" title="Eggshell (color)">Eggshell</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Extra_Light_Almond" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Extra light almond</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Flax_(color)" title="Flax (color)">Flax</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Floral_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral white">Floral white</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFF8DC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DDEBEC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFF8E7!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFDD0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5F5F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EFDFBB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F0EAD6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EEE6CF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EEDC82!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFAF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost white">Ghost white</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeydew (color)">Honeydew</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(colour)" title="Isabelline (colour)">Isabelline</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_(color)" title="Ivory (color)">Ivory</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_blush" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender blush">Lavender blush</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lemon_chiffon" title="Lemon chiffon">Lemon chiffon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Linen_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Linen (color)">Linen</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_(color)" title="Magnolia (color)">Magnolia</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_green#Mint_cream" title="Spring green">Mint cream</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#Misty_rose" title="Rose (color)">Misty rose</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#F8F8FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F0FFF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4F0EC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFFF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFF0F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFACD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FAF0E6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F3ECE4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5FFFA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE4E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_white" title="Navajo white">Navajo white</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chartreuse_(color)#Nyanza" title="Chartreuse (color)">Nyanza</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Old_lace_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old lace (color)">Old lace</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Papaya_whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Papaya whip">Papaya whip</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white#Parchment" title="Shades of white">Parchment</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Peach_(color)" title="Peach (color)">Peach</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_(color)" title="Pearl (color)">Pearl</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_(color)" title="Platinum (color)">Platinum</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Seasalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasalt">Seasalt</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Seashell_(color)" title="Seashell (color)">Seashell</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFDEAD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E9FFDB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDF5E6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFEFD5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F1E9D2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE5B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EAE0C8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E5E4E2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7F7F7!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFF5EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Snow_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow (color)">Snow</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Snow_drift" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Snow drift</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_(color)" title="Vanilla (color)">Vanilla</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Very_Light_Rose" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Very light rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/White_smoke_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="White smoke (color)">White smoke</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFFAFA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F3F3F3!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F3E5AB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7E1E3!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5F5F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 white;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_gray235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9A9A9A; color:black; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shades of gray"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Shades of gray"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_gray" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of gray"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_gray235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of gray</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#English_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">English lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Gray (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white#White_smoke" title="Shades of white">White smoke</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_gray" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#lightslategray" title="Shades of gray">Light slate gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_(color)" title="Platinum (color)">Platinum</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Standard_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Timberwolf</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">Silver</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/French_gray" title="French gray">French grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Ash_gray" title="Shades of gray">Ash grey</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#B48395!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B8680!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5F5F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C4C3D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#778899!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E5E4E2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DBD7D2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C0C0C0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BEBFC5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B2BEB5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">Rose quartz</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cinereous" title="Cinereous">Cinereous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cadet_grey" title="Cadet grey">Cadet grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Cool_gray" title="Shades of gray">Cool grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Taupe#Taupe_gray" title="Taupe">Taupe grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Battleship_gray" title="Shades of gray">Battleship grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Slate_gray" title="Slate gray">Slate grey</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AA98A9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#98817B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#91A3B0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9090C0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B8589!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#848482!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#808080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFFFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#708090!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Manatee" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Manatee</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Nardo_gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Nardo gray">Nardo grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Oatmeal" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Oatmeal</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Pink_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">Pink lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Purple_Mountain_Majesty" title="Lavender (color)">Purple mountain majesty</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Dim_gray" title="Shades of gray">Dim grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Davy's_gray" title="Shades of gray">Davy's grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Payne%27s_grey" title="Payne's grey">Payne's grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">Glaucous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Gunmetal" title="Shades of gray">Gunmetal</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#8D90A1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#686A6C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D9DAD2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DBB2D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9678B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#696969!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#555555!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#536878!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6082B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2A3439!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Feldgrau" title="Feldgrau">Feldgrau</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Slate_grey#Dark_slate_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate grey">Dark slate grey</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Old_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">Old lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Silver_Swirls" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Quick Silver</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#4D5D53!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2F4F4F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#796878!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A6A6A6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #9A9A9A;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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