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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sv.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:S%C3%B6k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Sök</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Sök på Wikipedia" aria-label="Sök på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Referens&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Referens&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Referens&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Referens&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Varianter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varianter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Varianter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varianter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Varianter</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varianter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tecken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tecken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tecken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tecken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Det_betecknade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Det_betecknade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Det betecknade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Det_betecknade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mening_och_betydelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mening_och_betydelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mening och betydelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mening_och_betydelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bas_vid_jämförelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bas_vid_jämförelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Bas vid jämförelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bas_vid_jämförelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensperson_eller_källhänvisning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensperson_eller_källhänvisning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Referensperson eller källhänvisning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensperson_eller_källhänvisning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referens_och_fiktioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referens_och_fiktioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referens och fiktioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referens_och_fiktioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allmänna_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allmänna_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Allmänna källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allmänna_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Referens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 33 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9" title="مرجع – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرجع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তথ্যসূত্র – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তথ্যসূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chham-chi%C3%A0u" title="Chham-chiàu – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chham-chiàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ncia" title="Referència – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Referència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" title="Reference – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reference" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osutamine" title="Osutamine – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osutamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" title="Reference – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reference" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencia" title="Referencia – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referenco" title="Referenco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Referenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9" title="مرجع – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرجع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EA%B3%A0" title="참고 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manazarta" title="Manazarta – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Manazarta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refero" title="Refero – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Refero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujukan" title="Rujukan – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rujukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referentia" title="Referentia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Referentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaphatho" title="Amaphatho – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amaphatho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" title="Reference – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reference" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Референт – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Референт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujukan" title="Rujukan – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rujukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referanseverk" title="Referanseverk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Referanseverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Referință – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Referință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Референс – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Референс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="حوالو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حوالو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixraac" title="Tixraac – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tixraac" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95)" title="سەرچاوە (ئاماژە) – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرچاوە (ئاماژە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggunian" title="Sanggunian – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sanggunian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="การอ้างอิง – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การอ้างอิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Референс (значення) – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Референс (значення)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_kh%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tham khảo – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tham khảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahoucaedje_(documint%C3%A5cion)" title="Rahoucaedje (documintåcion) – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rahoucaedje (documintåcion)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="רעפערענץ – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפערענץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83" title="參考 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="參考" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83" title="參考 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="參考" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Referens" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Referens" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Referens"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Referens"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Referens" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Referens" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&oldid=54327548" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Referens&id=54327548&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DReferens%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DReferens%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Referens"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Referens&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reference" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121769" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas"> <dl><dd><i>För Wikipedias riktlinje om referenser, se <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar</a>.  </i></dd></dl></div> <div class="floatright metadata"> <table style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; border-spacing: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/30px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/45px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/60px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle;">Wiktionary har en ordboksartikel om <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 1.1em;"><i><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/referens" class="extiw" title="wikt:referens">referens</a></i>.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="interProject wiktionary" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/referens" class="extiw" title="wikt:referens">Ordbok</a></div> <p><b>Referens</b> är <a href="/wiki/Relation" class="mw-disambig" title="Relation">relationen</a> mellan två objekt, där det ena utgör eller anger någon form av koppling till det andra. Ett sådant objekt kan till exempel vara en <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisning" title="Källhänvisning">källhänvisning</a><sup id="cite_ref-NE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i en <a href="/wiki/Text_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Text (språk)">text</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Referat" title="Referat">referat</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Citat" title="Citat">citat</a> av en annan text. Även en <a href="/wiki/Individ" title="Individ">person</a> kan fungera som referens, vid styrkandet av ett förhållande.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varianter">Varianter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Varianter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Varianter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relationen har vanligtvis en riktning som går från ett ord till ett objekt, och referens i den riktningen kallas <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordet denoterar objektet. Men relationen kan även gå i båda riktningarna och kallas <a href="/wiki/Exemplifiering" title="Exemplifiering">exemplifiering</a>. Till exempel ett grönt färgprov exemplifierar vad ordet "grönt" denoterar. Ibland används relationen i en cirkulär riktning, reflexivt, och kallas <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvreferens" title="Självreferens">självreferens</a>. Till exempel när ordet "ord" refererar till sig själv. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tecken">Tecken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tecken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tecken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nästan vad som helst kan användas för att referera till någonting annat: ljud, ljus, färger, saker, händelser, gester, mönster, bilder, inskriptioner, ord, beskrivningar, filmer, känslor, tankar med mera. När något används som referens används det som <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">tecken</a>, och ett teckens primära funktion är identifiering av vad det står för.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>För att olika individer ska kunna identifiera, eller förstå, vad ett tecken står för brukar gemensamma konventioner eller teckensystem etableras. Detta kan inkludera verbala språk, bildspråk med mera. Vissa tecken är naturliga, till exempel, röda prickar i ansiktet som står för mässlingen; andra tecken är artificiella, som när ordet "häst" står för ett slags djur. Vi lär oss eller kommer överens om vad olika tecken står för. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Det_betecknade">Det betecknade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Det betecknade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Det betecknade"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vad ett tecken står för, det betecknade, är <a href="/wiki/Objekt_(satsdel)" title="Objekt (satsdel)">objektet</a>; deras egenskaper och relationer. Självklart kan även tecken användas som objekt, till exempel, när vi som här använder ord för att referera till andra ord och så vidare. </p><p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofin</a> brukar det betecknade delas upp i extension och <a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">intension</a>. Ett teckens extension är alla aktuella objekt som tecknet denoterar, och som även kallas begreppsomfång. Ett teckens intension är alla meningar eller karaktärer det beskriver eller konnoterar (se <a href="/wiki/Konnotation" title="Konnotation">konnotation</a>), och som även kallas begreppsinnehåll. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mening_och_betydelse">Mening och betydelse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mening och betydelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mening och betydelse"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beroende på <i>hur</i> ett tecken uttrycks (ordval, stil, karaktär etc.) kan vi få meningar som skiljer sig från vad tecknet står för. Filosofen <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Freges</a> exempel är "Morgonstjärnan" och "Aftonstjärnan", som var för sig ger olika meningar, men eftersom båda refererar till samma planet (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>) står de för samma betydelse. Det är således skillnad mellan mening och betydelse (den bör dock inte jämställas uppdelningen intension och extension). Istället för ordet "betydelse" används ibland ordet "referens". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bas_vid_jämförelse"><span id="Bas_vid_j.C3.A4mf.C3.B6relse"></span>Bas vid jämförelse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bas vid jämförelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bas vid jämförelse"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I samband med tester och experiment fungerar <i>referens</i> som en bas att jämföra det testade med. Detta syftar då på en <i>referensgrupp</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kontrollgrupp" title="Kontrollgrupp">kontrollgrupp</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), för att undersökningsresultatet av en avgränsad och påverkad del av verkligheten kan relateras till en jämförbar med opåverkad grupp.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referensperson_eller_källhänvisning"><span id="Referensperson_eller_k.C3.A4llh.C3.A4nvisning"></span>Referensperson eller källhänvisning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referensperson eller källhänvisning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referensperson eller källhänvisning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <i>referens</i> eller <i>referensperson</i> är någon som kan berätta om (<i>referera</i> till) en viss persons bakgrund och beteenden. Ordet används i samband med ansökan till <a href="/wiki/Arbete" title="Arbete">arbete</a>, för att kunna få en annan persons <a href="/wiki/Omd%C3%B6me" title="Omdöme">omdöme</a> om ens person och <a href="/wiki/Merit" title="Merit">meriter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I detta sammanhang är tanken att personen ska fungera som en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5d_(%C3%A5sikt)" title="Råd (åsikt)">rekommendation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På liknande sätt kan en referens syfta på en <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisning" title="Källhänvisning">hänvisning till en källa</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som styrker informationen i en text eller annan utsaga.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På engelska används det motsvarande <i>reference</i> i sådana sammanhang ofta som en synonym till [<i>käll</i>]<i>hänvisning</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – ofta i betydelsen "lista på källor"; detta skiljs från <i>footnotes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fotnot" title="Fotnot">fotnoter</a>) som förtydligar delar av texten via siffror i texten som återupprepas i <a href="/wiki/Sidfot" title="Sidfot">sidfoten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referens_och_fiktioner">Referens och fiktioner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referens och fiktioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referens och fiktioner"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fiktioner, till exempel spökhistorier, kan uppfattas meningsfulla om meningen ges av det sätt (ordval, stil, karaktär med mera) på vilket de uttrycks. Om vi skiljer på mening och betydelse, så verkar de sakna betydelse, eftersom spöken som objekt är påhittade och saknar referens i verkligheten. </p><p>Men en spökhistoria kan ju uppfattas som ett tecken som inte refererar till spöken utan till befintliga exemplar av spökhistorier som exemplifierar tecknet. Till exempel, spöket Laban är en tecknad seriefigur som refererar till aktuella teckningar som finns i verkligheten och som exemplifierar figuren och gör den igenkännbar. Teckningarna delar dessutom egenskaper med andra bilder eller beskrivningar, vilka tillsammans formar genren spökhistorier. En fiktion som refererar till aktuella objekt som exemplifierar fiktionen kan sålunda uppfattas ha betydelse, eller referens, i verkligheten. </p><p>Med hjälp av liknande <i>referensvägar</i> kan man även förstå hur <a href="/wiki/Metafor" title="Metafor">metaforer</a>, antydningar, variationer och andra uttryck fungerar inom olika konstarter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodnamn1976_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodnamn1976-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exemplifiering" title="Exemplifiering">Exemplifiering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostension" title="Ostension">Ostension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referenslitteratur" title="Referenslitteratur">Referenslitteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(filosofi)" title="Extension (filosofi)">Extension (filosofi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NE-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_1-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/referens">”referens (ordbok)”</a>. <i><span>ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/referens">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/referens</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=referens+%28ordbok%29&rft.atitle=ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fordbok%2Fsvensk%2Freferens&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(i-spr%C3%A5kliga-sammanhang)">”referens - Uppslagsverk (i språkliga sammanhang)”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(i-spr%C3%A5kliga-sammanhang)">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(i-spr%C3%A5kliga-sammanhang)</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=referens+-+Uppslagsverk+%28i+spr%C3%A5kliga+sammanhang%29&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Freferens-%28i-spr%25C3%25A5kliga-sammanhang%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(kontroll-vid-experiment)">”referens - Uppslagsverk (kontroll-vid-experiment)”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(kontroll-vid-experiment)">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/referens-(kontroll-vid-experiment)</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=referens+-+Uppslagsverk+%28kontroll-vid-experiment%29&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Freferens-%28kontroll-vid-experiment%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/enkel/referens">”referens - Uppslagsverk”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/enkel/referens">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/enkel/referens</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=referens+-+Uppslagsverk&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fenkel%2Freferens&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umu.se/bibliotek/soka-skriva-studera/skriva-referenser/harvard-skriva-referenslista/">”Harvard - skriva referenslista”</a>. <i><span>www.umu.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.umu.se/bibliotek/soka-skriva-studera/skriva-referenser/harvard-skriva-referenslista/">https://www.umu.se/bibliotek/soka-skriva-studera/skriva-referenser/harvard-skriva-referenslista/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Harvard+-+skriva+referenslista&rft.atitle=www.umu.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umu.se%2Fbibliotek%2Fsoka-skriva-studera%2Fskriva-referenser%2Fharvard-skriva-referenslista%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/ordb%C3%B6cker/search?d=ne_en_pro&s=reference">”reference”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se / Norstedts engelsk-svenska ordbok</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/ordb%C3%B6cker/search?d=ne_en_pro&s=reference">https://www.ne.se/ordb%C3%B6cker/search?d=ne_en_pro&s=reference</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=reference&rft.atitle=www.ne.se+%2F+Norstedts+engelsk-svenska+ordbok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fordb%25C3%25B6cker%2Fsearch%3Fd%3Dne_en_pro%26s%3Dreference&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchexperts.in/difference-between-references-and-footnotes/">”Difference between references and footnotes - Research Experts”</a> (på amerikansk engelska). <i><span>Research Experts - Plagiarism Check and Removal</span></i>. 14 januari 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchexperts.in/difference-between-references-and-footnotes/">https://www.researchexperts.in/difference-between-references-and-footnotes/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Difference+between+references+and+footnotes+-+Research+Experts&rft.atitle=Research+Experts+-+Plagiarism+Check+and+Removal&rft.date=14+januari+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchexperts.in%2Fdifference-between-references-and-footnotes%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Referens"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodnamn1976-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodnamn1976_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodnamn1976">Goodnamn 1976</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allmänna_källor"><span id="Allm.C3.A4nna_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Allmänna källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Allmänna källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referens&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Allmänna källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goodman, Nelson, 1976, <i>Languages of Art; An Approach to a Theory of Symbols</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(engelska)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; 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