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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese historian, poet, and politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)" title="Li (surname 李)">Li</a></i>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Bi,_WuShuangPu_(1694,_1996).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg/220px-Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg/330px-Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg/440px-Li_Bi%2C_WuShuangPu_%281694%2C_1996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Li Bi as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Wu_Shuang_Pu" title="Wu Shuang Pu">Wu Shuang Pu</a> (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Li Bi</b> or <b>Li Mi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李泌</span>; 722 – April 1, 789<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Changyuan</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">長源</span></span>), formally the <b>Marquess of Ye County</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鄴縣侯</span></span>), was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Li was a trusted advisor and close friend to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang">Emperor Suzong of Tang</a>, whom he aided in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a>, and later served as chancellor and chief civil official under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong</a>. An accomplished <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">man of letters</a>, Li was a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> practitioner who cut an unusual figure at court, disentangling himself from political intrigue by leading an <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">eremitic lifestyle</a> and often eschewing high office to serve as personal counsellor to Emperor Suzong and his successors, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Daizong of Tang">Emperor Daizong</a> and Emperor Dezong. Li's strategies helped stabilize the Tang state during a chaotic era marked by rebellion, warfare, and tension with foreign powers, though his influence and perceived eccentricity drew criticism from contemporary rivals and some <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">traditional historians</a>. Li is one of the 40 prominent figures memorialized in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shuang_Pu" title="Wu Shuang Pu">Wu Shuang Pu</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jin_Guliang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Guliang">Jin Guliang</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li Bi was born in 722, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>. His family was from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, but his ancestors claimed order from <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> and further claimed ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> state <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> (the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>) official Li Tan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李曇</span></span>) and Li Tan's son, the <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> prime minister Li Qi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李齊</span></span>). Their traceable ancestry included officials of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a>. Li Bi's father Li Chengxiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李承休</span></span>) was a county magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Xuanzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Xuanzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Xuanzong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: During Emperor Xuanzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was said that Li Bi could read and write by age six, and that in his youth, he was known for his intelligence and dexterity. That year, when Emperor Xuanzong put out a general order requesting people to recommend those well-versed in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, the officials all recommended those whom they knew. An eight-year-old named Yuan Chu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">員俶</span></span>), a grandson of the great scholar Yuan Banqian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">員半千</span></span>) and a cousin to Li Bi (Yuan Chu's mother was a sister to Li Chengxiu), particularly impressed Emperor Xuanzong. When Emperor Xuanzong asked Yuan Chu whether he knew anyone else like him, Yuan Chu replied that Li Bi was one. Emperor Xuanzong thus summoned Li Bi. When Li Bi arrived, Emperor Xuanzong was playing <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> with the high-level official <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yue_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Shuo</a> the Duke of Yan, and Zhang, wanting to test the child, asked to make up a poem comparing Go to life and recite it. Zhang then recited the poem that he thought of on the spot, and Li Bi immediately followed with one of his own. Both Emperor Xuanzong and Zhang were amazed, and Zhang congratulated Emperor Xuanzong on finding a divine child. Emperor Xuanzong gave Li Bi an award and honored his household.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had Li Bi associate with his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang">Li Jun</a> the Prince of Zhong.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li Bi became learned in the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian classics">Confucian classics</a> and the histories, but was particularly well-learned in the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i>. He was also a talented writer and wrote poems well, and he had great ambitions to assist emperors. He was honored by officials such as <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a>, Wei Xuxin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋虛心</span></span>), and Zhang Tinggui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張廷珪</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-BT130_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang Jiuling, in particular, treated him as a friend notwithstanding the age and position differences. Li Bi, however, did not like to be restricted by governmental regulations, and as he grew older often journeyed among <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a>, seeking out for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">alchemist arts</a> that could lead to longevity.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the middle of Emperor Xuanzong's <i>Tianbao</i> era (742–756), Li Bi submitted a petition from Mount Song discussing the affairs of state. Emperor Xuanzong, remembering the meetings when he was young, summoned him to Chang'an and made Li Bi an attendant to Li Jun – whose name had been changed to Li Heng by that point and who had become <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT130_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after Li Bi wrote some poems satirizing such powerful figures as <a href="/wiki/Yang_Guozhong" title="Yang Guozhong">Yang Guozhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a>, Yang became displeased and requested that Li Bi be exiled to Qichun Commandery (蘄春, in modern <a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only after a pardon was Li Bi allowed to return to Chang'an. Thereafter, he took no governmental positions and became a hermit at Yingyang (潁陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Suzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Suzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Suzong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Emperor Suzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 755, An Lushan <a href="/wiki/Anshi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshi Rebellion">rebelled</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fanyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanyang">Fanyang</a>, and by summer 756, forces of his new state of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(Anshi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan (Anshi)">Yan</a> reached Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to flee to <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. Li Heng, however, did not follow Emperor Xuanzong to Chengdu, but instead fled to <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a>, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong). He summoned Li Bi to Lingwu to serve as an advisor, and Li Bi did so. It was said that they spent so much together discussing the affairs of the military and the state that they often slept in the same bedroom, just like the times when Emperor Suzong was just a prince. It was said that Emperor Suzong consulted Li Bi on every matter, including military commissions. He wanted to make Li Bi <i>Zhongshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書令</span></span>) – the head of the legislative bureau of government (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書省</span></span>) and a post considered one for a chancellor – but Li Bi declined, stating, "I find it much more honored that Your Imperial Majesty treats me as a guest and a friend, than as a chancellor. Why do you want me to take an inferior position?"<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, when Emperor Suzong wanted to make his son <a href="/wiki/Li_Tan" title="Li Tan">Li Tan</a> the Prince of Jianning, who was known for his military talent, the supreme commander of the armed forces, Li Bi pointed out that awkwardness would then come to the issue of imperial succession given that Li Tan was younger than his brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Daizong of Tang">Li Chu</a> the Prince of Guangping. Emperor Suzong agreed and gave the title of supreme commander to Li Chu instead. Li Tan, however, did not resent Li Bi for this and thanked Li Bi for his suggestion. It was said that at that time, the soldiers, whenever they saw Emperor Suzong and Li Bi surveying the troops together, the soldiers would comment: "The one who wears the yellow robe is the holy one [(i.e., emperor)]. The one who wears the white robe is the mystical one." Emperor Suzong, hearing this, told Li Bi to put on the purple robe of a high-level official, and Li Bi reluctantly agreed. Subsequently, Emperor Suzong gave him the title of imperial advisor (侍謀軍國, <i>Shimou Junguo</i>) as well as Li Chu's secretary general. From that point on, he and Li Chu would rotate to be on duty at the army headquarters, ready to act on the generals' reports; when Li Chu was attending to Emperor Suzong, Li Bi would be at headquarters, and when Li Bi was attending to Emperor Suzong, Li Chu would be at headquarters. Emperor Suzong also gave the keys to the makeshift palace to Li Chu and Li Bi. Whenever there were generals' requests that needed immediate action, Li Chu and Li Bi would act on them, and whenever further approval from Emperor Suzong were necessary, they would take them to the palace and submit to Emperor Suzong through a slot in the door. In fall 756, at Li Bi's suggestion, Emperor Suzong moved his headquarters from Lingwu to Pengyuan (彭原, in modern <a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>), to better coordinate the troops coming to his aid.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in fall 756, however, Li Bi and Li Tan both offended Emperor Suzong's favorite <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Empress Zhang (Tang dynasty)">Consort Zhang</a>. Emperor Suzong had been considering creating Consort Zhang empress, but, as Li Bi advised him that it was inappropriate to do so before he had a chance to seek the approval of Emperor Xuanzong (whom he honored as <i><a href="/wiki/Taishang_Huang" title="Taishang Huang">Taishang Huang</a></i> (retired emperor)), he decided to wait. Meanwhile, however, around this time Emperor Xuanzong sent Consort Zhang a saddle with seven kinds of jewels studded on it as a gift. Li Bi opined that in the difficult times, it would be inappropriate for her to use such a luxurious item, and therefore suggested instead that the jewels be removed and rewarded to those soldiers with accomplishments. Emperor Suzong agreed – and Li Tan publicly praised the decision, causing Consort Zhang to thereafter bear much resentment toward Li Bi and Li Tan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in winter 756, after the chancellor <a href="/wiki/Fang_Guan" title="Fang Guan">Fang Guan</a> failed to recapture Chang'an and suffered heavy losses, Emperor Suzong initially wanted to punish Fang, but at Li Bi's intercession, did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Li Bi also suggested to Emperor Suzong his plan of destroying Yan:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>That the major generals <a href="/wiki/Li_Guangbi" title="Li Guangbi">Li Guangbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a> be sent to the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> to engage the Yan generals <a href="/wiki/Shi_Siming" title="Shi Siming">Shi Siming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Baochen" title="Li Baochen">Zhang Zhongzhi</a>, so that Shi and Zhang would be unable to move south.</li> <li>That meanwhile, Emperor Suzong himself not attack, but continue to stay close to Chang'an, so that the Yan generals An Shouzhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安守忠</span></span>) and Tian Qianzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">田乾真</span></span>), then at Chang'an, would be unable to move east.</li> <li>That Li Guangbi and Guo then launch periodic attacks against Yan troops, such that the Yan forces would be forced to constantly move and become worn out.</li> <li>That in spring 757, Li Tan be sent to join Li Guangbi to capture Fanyang, and then the Tang armies could then converge toward An Lushan's capital at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and attack it.</li></ul> <p>Emperor Suzong was happy about the plan. Meanwhile, however, Consort Zhang entered into an alliance with Emperor Suzong's trusted <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuguo" title="Li Fuguo">Li Fuguo</a>, and together the two became powerful inside the palace, purportedly carrying out much misdeeds. Li Tan considered trying to kill them, and despite Li Bi's advice to the contrary, Li Tan did not stop his planning. In 757, Consort Zhang and Li Fuguo struck first, accusing Li Tan of plotting to kill Li Chu, and Emperor Suzong, believing their accusation, forced Li Tan to commit suicide. This caused Li Chu and Li Bi to be fearful of her as well, although at Li Bi's urging, Li Chu did not himself try to kill them. Around this time, Emperor Suzong also consulted Li Bi on what his thoughts were on how to reward the generals after Yan's destruction, and Li Bi advocated that the generals be given <a href="/wiki/Fiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdoms">fiefdoms</a> so that they would want to pass them to their descendants. (Emperor Suzong initially agreed, but the plan was never actually implemented in Emperor Suzong's reign or after.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in spring 757, Emperor Suzong advanced to Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>). Aid troops from Anxi Circuit (安西, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Xiyu</a> states, were arriving, and Li Bi, as he had previously suggested, advocated that the troops be sent to attack Fanyang first, to root out Yan's power base, before attempts should be made to recapture Chang'an and Luoyang. This time, however, Emperor Suzong overruled him, stating that he wanted to capture Chang'an as soon as possible to welcome Emperor Xuanzong back to the capital, despite Li Bi's objections that doing so would prolong the rebellion in that the Anxi and Xiyu troops could not bear the heat and would be worn out after recapturing Chang'an and Luoyang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As it turned out, whether it was due to Emperor Suzong's decision to overrule Li Bi or not, the rebellion would not be completely put down until 763.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ222_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In summer 757, with major aid from <a href="/wiki/Huige" class="mw-redirect" title="Huige">Huige</a>, Tang forces commanded by Li Chu recaptured Chang'an. Emperor Suzong entered Chang'an and sent messengers to bring Li Bi to Chang'an. Upon Li Bi's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Suzong informed Li Bi that he had sent messengers to Emperor Xuanzong requesting that he return to Chang'an and offering the throne back to Emperor Xuanzong. Li Bi pointed out that this would cause Emperor Xuanzong to be apprehensive as to Emperor Suzong's sincerity, and as Li Bi predicted, Emperor Xuanzong initially not only declined but further requested to remain in Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu). Only after Emperor Suzong, at Li Bi's suggestion, had the government officials make a joint submission to Emperor Xuanzong no longer mentioning the return of the throne, did Emperor Xuanzong agree to depart Jiannan to return to Chang'an.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ220_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ220-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, Li Bi requested to resign his positions and return to the mountains as a hermit. Emperor Suzong was surprised and stated to Li Bi that this was time for him to be rewarded. Li Bi stated that if he stayed, he would die because people (apparently referring to Consort Zhang and Li Fuguo, although his biography in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> also referred to the chancellor <a href="/wiki/Cui_Yuan_(705%E2%80%93768)" title="Cui Yuan (705–768)">Cui Yuan</a><sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) would be jealous of him for five reasons – that he had too long of an association with Emperor Suzong; that Emperor Suzong trusted him too much; that Emperor Suzong treated him too well; that he had too much accomplishments; and that their friendship was too legendary. Emperor Suzong initially guessed that the real reason for his wanting to leave was Emperor Suzong's refusal to follow his advice on attacking Fanyang first, but Li Bi then stated that it was because of Li Tan's death. He argued to Emperor Suzong that Li Tan was innocent, and that by this point, there would surely be false accusations against Li Chu as well, and that he should not listen to them. With Li Bi insisting on resigning, Emperor Suzong allowed him to return to hermit life at Mount Heng, and had the local government there build him a hermitage and supply him with supplies due a high-level official (of the third rank).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ220_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ220-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was at his hermitage, he got into the habit of using pine branches to make back supports, and on one occasion, when he saw one in the shape of a dragon, he sent it to Emperor Suzong as a gift.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Daizong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Daizong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Daizong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During Emperor Daizong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Suzong died in 762 and was succeeded by Li Chu (as Emperor Daizong), whose name had been changed to Li Yu by this point.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ222_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Bi remained a hermit at Mount Heng, but later, Emperor Daizong sent eunuchs to Mount Heng to summon him to Chang'an. When Li Bi arrived, Emperor Daizong built him a study next to the palace, and, while he gave Li Bi a purple robe to wear again, he and Li Bi often met in civilian clothes, and he consulted Li Bi on major decisions. He also had the powerful eunuch <a href="/wiki/Yu_Chao%27en" title="Yu Chao'en">Yu Chao'en</a> build Li Bi a vacation home. He wanted to make Li Bi a chancellor, but Li Bi declined. At one <a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu Festival</a>, however, when officials were offering gifts to Emperor Daizong, Emperor Daizong demanded a gift from Li Bi – himself. He wanted Li Bi, who had been a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a> and also abstained from alcohol, to marry, observe a normal diet, and become an official. Under persuasion from Emperor Daizong, Li Bi agreed and married a Lady Lu, a niece of the deceased general Li Wei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李暐</span></span>). Emperor Daizong further bestowed him a mansion and but continued to have him live part of the time in the palace. In 768, after consulting with Li Bi, he posthumously honored Li Tan an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ224_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 770, Emperor Daizong, in conjunction with the chancellor <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zai" title="Yuan Zai">Yuan Zai</a>, killed Yu. Thereafter, Yuan became jealous of Li Bi's close association with the emperor and accused Li Bi of having been Yu's associate. Emperor Daizong, not wanting to be in a confrontation with Yuan, sent Li Bi to Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>) to serve as the secretary to Jiangxi's governor Wei Shaoyou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魏少遊</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ224_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Yuan was executed in 777 for corruption, Emperor Daizong recalled Li Bi to the capital. However, soon, the new chancellor <a href="/wiki/Chang_Gun" title="Chang Gun">Chang Gun</a>, also jealous of Li Bi, requested to have Li Bi sent out to be a prefectural prefect – arguing that if Li Bi were to become a chancellor in the future, he should have administrative experience. Emperor Daizong agreed, and in 779 sent Li Bi out to be the prefect of Li Prefecture (澧州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), as well as serving as the commander of the prefectural militia of two neighboring prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Dezong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Dezong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Dezong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During Emperor Dezong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_chancellorship">Prior to chancellorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prior to chancellorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Bi had previously taught Emperor Dezong, who was then the Prince of Fengjie, when Emperor Suzong was at Lingwu. However, Emperor Dezong did not recall Li Bi initially. By 784, when rebellions by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ci" title="Zhu Ci">Zhu Ci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Huaiguang" title="Li Huaiguang">Li Huaiguang</a> forced Emperor Dezong to flee to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), Li Bi was serving as the prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>). Emperor Dezong summoned Li Bi; Li Bi and Du Ya (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">杜亞</span></span>), the prefect of neighboring Mu Prefecture (睦州, also in modern Hangzhou), thus reported to Liang Prefecture. After Zhu's rebellion was destroyed later in the year, allowing Emperor Dezong to return to Chang'an, Emperor Dezong made Li Bi <i>Zuo Sanqi Changshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">左散騎常侍</span></span>), a high level consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, <i>Menxia Sheng</i>). It was said that other officials and the public were all piqued and ready to see what Li Bi would advise the emperor about. At that time, Emperor Dezong was concerned that Li Huaiguang, who was then controlling the region of Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng,_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuncheng, Shanxi">Yuncheng, Shanxi</a>), would continue to create problems for the imperial government, but Li Bi pointed out that Li Huaiguang himself lacked powerful messages to keep his subordinates obedient to him, apparently alleviating some of Emperor Dezong's concerns. Li Bi further spoke on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a>, the military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i>) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), whom Emperor Dezong had been suspicious of, and subsequently, Emperor Dezong sent messengers, including Han Huang's son Han Gao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">韓皐</span></span>), to Zhenhai to show that he had no further apprehensions of Han Huang. Han Huang, in gratitude, sent the imperial government a large supply of rice, allowing the Chang'an region to recover from a major famine.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ231_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ231-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 785, after Zhang Quan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張勸</span></span>), the military governor of Shanguo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), was assassinated by his subordinate Daxi Baohui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">達奚抱暉</span></span>) and Daxi took over the circuit, Emperor Dezong, concerned that Daxi Baohui would join Li Huaiguang, sent Li Bi to Shanguo to try to calm the situation. Li Bi, initially claiming that he was only there to make sure that the food supplies would continue to flow through the circuit to Chang'an, initially promised that he would recommend Daxi to succeed Zhang. However, after he settled the situation down, he secretly persuaded Daxi that the only way for him to save himself was to flee. Daxi did so, and Li Bi took over the circuit. Emperor Dezong gave him the title of defender (防禦使, <i>Fangyushi</i>) rather than military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ231_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ231-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 786, Li Bi built a new road to allow supply shipment over land, to avoid the rapids where the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. In 787, when soldiers sent from Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) to join the defense against <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tufan</a> in the west suddenly mutinied and tried to head back to Huaixi, pillaging on the way, Li Bi intercepted them and crushed them.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellorship">Chancellorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chancellorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in 787, Emperor Dezong summoned Li Bi back to Chang'an and made him <i>Zhongshu Shilang</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書侍郎</span></span>), the deputy head of the legislative bureau. He also gave Li Bi the designation <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>), making him a chancellor <i>de facto</i>, and created him the Marquess of Ye.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their first meeting with Li Bi as chancellor, and with other chancellors <a href="/wiki/Li_Sheng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Li Sheng (Tang dynasty)">Li Sheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Sui" title="Ma Sui">Ma Sui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Hun" title="Liu Hun">Liu Hun</a> present as well, Emperor Dezong wanted Li Bi to promise not to carry past grudges against those who had harmed him, and Li Bi, after stating that he had no real enemies and that such persons who had been jealous of him as Li Fuguo and Yuan Zai had already died, in turn wanted Emperor Dezong to promise the safety of both Li Sheng and Ma Sui – both of whom had been instrumental in ending the rebellions and restoring his rule, against any false accusations that might be made against them. Emperor Dezong agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li Bi immediately presented to Emperor Dezong the proposal to reverse cuts in the ranks of the governmental officials that fellow chancellor <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yanshang" title="Zhang Yanshang">Zhang Yanshang</a> had carried out, pointing out that the reduced ranks were unable to carry out the affairs of government. He also refused Emperor Dezong's attempts to divide governmental responsibilities between chancellors – pointing out that chancellors should oversee all government affairs. Emperor Dezong agreed to both of his proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Zhang, who had a grudge against Li Shuming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李叔明</span></span>) the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), discovered that Li Shuming's son Li Shēng (李昇, note different tone than the famous general), along with several other young officials, were often secretly visiting Emperor Dezong's aunt Princess Gao, whose daughter was the wife and crown princess of Emperor Dezong's son and <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shunzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Shunzong of Tang">Li Song</a>. He informed this to Emperor Dezong, intimating that Li Shēng was having an affair with Princess Gao. When Emperor Dezong asked Li Bi to investigate this, however, Li Bi correctly guessed that it was Zhang who informed Emperor Dezong of this and suggested no investigation, pointing out that Zhang's accusations also appeared to be intended to endanger Li Song. Emperor Dezong agreed, and thereafter moved Li Shēng to the position of head of Li Song's household, away from Princess Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, with the public owing much tax debt, Li Bi suggested the granting of a general <a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">tax amnesty</a> if the people would admit to what they owed and paid a fraction thereof. Emperor Dezong agreed, and it was said that the amnesty helped the treasury to recover much of its losses. He also required the emissaries from foreign states – who had stayed in Chang'an ever since An Lushan's rebellion but who continued to receive stipends from the Tang government – to make an election whether to return home or to become Tang citizens and not receive the diplomat stipends. The emissaries all decided to stay despite the lack of stipends; they largely became military officers and soldiers, strengthening the imperial guard corps while reducing public expense.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Dezong and Li Bi discussed the return to the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> conscription system – which had been used early in Tang history but had been abolished by the time of Emperor Xuanzong. Li Bi, who had initially advocated for its return, by that point was pointing out that the treasury could not afford paying the expenses of such a system. He instead proposed using various measures, including the offers of free land, to encourage soldiers to settle on the borders with Tufan and become farmer-soldiers. Emperor Dezong agreed, and with the offers of free land, it was said that some 50% to 60% of soldiers sent to the Tufan frontier decided to stay in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Liu was removed in late 787, Li Bi was effectively the sole chancellor, with no other civilian officials carrying chancellor title. (Ma, Li Shèng, and <a href="/wiki/Hun_Jian" title="Hun Jian">Hun Jian</a> carried chancellor titles but were generals.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 787, the matters with Princess Guo flared up, as she continued her affairs with Li Shēng and the other young officers, but was exposed in her affairs by other nobles. She was also accused of using witchcraft against Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong, in anger, imprisoned her, and further suspected Li Song of being complicit. Li Song, in fear, divorced Princess Guo's daughter Crown Princess Xiao, but Emperor Dezong continued to be incensed, considering deposing Li Song and replacing Li Song with another son Li Yi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李誼</span></span>) the Prince of Shu – who was actually his biological nephew, whom he adopted after Li Yi's biological father, his brother Li Biao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李邈</span></span>) the Prince of Zheng, died early. Li Bi earnestly protested Li Song's innocence, and at one point appeared to be at the risk of being the object of Emperor Dezong's wrath himself. Eventually, Emperor Dezong's wrath subsided, particularly after Li Bi pointed out the example of what happened to Li Tan, and Li Song was spared.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong complained that he had insufficient funds for use in the palace. Li Bi instituted a new system where a part of the tax revenues were designated for the emperor's personal use, to try to stop Emperor Dezong from personally extracting tributes from local governments – as that was causing the local officials to in turn extract them from the people, above and beyond the regular tax burden. However, even with Li Bi's new budgeting, Emperor Dezong continued to demand tributes from local governments and further instructed them not to inform Li Bi. When Li Bi found out, he was upset, but chose not to try to stop Emperor Dezong again.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in late 787, Li Bi finally proposed his plan for counterattacks against Tufan – enter alliances with Huige, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, with the alliance with Huige being the most urgent. However, Emperor Dezong hated the Huige, ever since several of his attendants were tortured and killed by Huige's <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Maoyu Khan</a> Yaoluoge Yidijian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">藥羅葛移地健</span></span>) in 762 while he was still a prince, and therefore refused. Only after repeated attempts by Li Bi that that grudge should not be borne against the current khan, the <a href="/wiki/Tun_Baga_Tarkhan" title="Tun Baga Tarkhan">Hegu Khan</a> Yaoluoge Dunmohe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">藥羅葛頓莫賀</span></span>) as well as repeated analyses of how crucial the Huige alliance would be did Emperor Dezong agree – particularly after Li Bi, who had strong friendships with both Yaoluoge Dunmohe and the Huige chancellor Baipodi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白婆帝</span></span>), extracted promises from Yaoluoge Dunmohe to submit to Tang as a subject, as a matter of formality. Emperor Dezong was pleased, and subsequently, the treaty was cemented with the betrothal of Emperor Dezong's daughter Princess Xian'an to Yaoluoge Dunmohe. Meanwhile, Li Bi requested to have another chancellor named, but Emperor Dezong declined, pointing out that he could not find another person with the same talent.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 789, Li Bi was seriously ill, and only then did Emperor Dezong agree to name more chancellors. At Li Bi's recommendation, Emperor Dezong made <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jin" title="Dong Jin">Dong Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dou_Can" title="Dou Can">Dou Can</a> chancellors as well. Li Bi died soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historians'_views_of_Li_Bi"><span id="Historians.27_views_of_Li_Bi"></span>Historians' views of Li Bi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historians' views of Li Bi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historians' views on Li Bi were highly mixed. The editors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> did not view Li Bi's chancellorship highly, believing that he lacked contributions while serving as chancellor and criticizing him for his Taoist cultivation and frequent discussions of Taoism, although it referred to Li Bi as highly intelligent with good ideas. The lead editor, the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xu" title="Liu Xu">Liu Xu</a>, commented:<sup id="cite_ref-BT130_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Li Bi had clear understanding and high intelligence, knowing that it is easier to advance in position than to retreat. However, when he served as a chancellor, he spent much time talking about gods and ghosts. This showed how he was frivolous and senseless. The <i>Royal Regulations</i> [(a component of the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of Rites">Classic of Rites</a></i>)] stated, "One who disturbs government with sorcery should be killed." Did he have no fear of this?</p></blockquote> <p>The lead editor of the <i>New Book of Tang</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>, was more complimentary, although he was also critical of Li Bi, believing that he became chancellor in Emperor Dezong's reign only because Emperor Dezong became more superstitious as his reign went on:<sup id="cite_ref-NBT139_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Li Bi's behavior was most unusual. His advice were faithful; his departures were frivolous; his self-protections were intelligent; and his accomplishments as chancellor were like those with great contributions. I see that when Emperor Suzong established his temporary court in the wilderness, even those who made a single good suggestion was entrusted with power. At that time, Li Bi made many suggestions that were accepted, and he also aided Emperor Daizong in recapturing the two capitals. He refused to be entered into the official registers at the time, however. Is it really that the two emperors were unwilling to make him chancellor? Late in Emperor Dezong's reign, the emperor became attached to matters of gods and ghosts, and Li Bi became powerful. That was because Emperor Dezong thought that he was the only one who could get Li Bi to help him.</p></blockquote> <p>Contrary to the <i>Old Book of Tang</i> and the <i>New Book of Tang</i>, which had relatively short records of Li Bi's deeds, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, also of the Song dynasty, included extensive records of Li Bi's contributions in his <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i> – but personally wrote only a short comment about Li Bi, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Li Bi had many strategies, but he liked to talk about gods and ghosts, and those things sounded ridiculous. Therefore, he was looked on lightly by others.</p></blockquote> <p>The commentator to the <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sanxing" title="Hu Sanxing">Hu Sanxing</a>, toward the end of the Song dynasty, was in turn very complimentary of Li Bi, believing that his devotion in Taoism was a way to avoid getting in danger, while making exceptional contributions during the reigns of three emperors. His view was shared by the modern historian <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a>, who even ranked Li Bi to be the most talented Chinese chancellor since <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a>. Bo was particularly complimentary of Li Bi's suggestions that led to the gradual alleviation of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tufan</a> attacks against Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li Bi is a main character in the 2019 Chinese television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_in_Chang%27an" title="The Longest Day in Chang'an">The Longest Day in Chang'an</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Period_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Period drama">period</a> <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> set early in <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tianbao_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianbao era">Tianbao</a></i> era (742–756). Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Yee" title="Jackson Yee">Jackson Yee</a>, Li is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> adept attired in <i><a href="/wiki/Daojiao_fushi" title="Daojiao fushi">daojiao fushi</a></i>, an ambitious government official, and a trusted confidant of Crown Prince Li Yu, a fictional character modeled after a young Emperor Suzong. In the series, Li serves as chief of Chang'an's Peacekeeper Corps, an imperial intelligence agency presided under the supervision of He Zhizheng, a senior government official and poet modeled after the historical figure <a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%BCw%A9v&reign=%ADs%A4%B8&yy=5&ycanzi=&mm=3&dd=&dcanzi=%A5%D2%A8%B0">"中央研究院"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinica.edu.tw%2Fftms-bin%2Fkiwi1%2Fluso.sh%3Flstype%3D2%26dyna%3D%25AD%25F0%26king%3D%25BCw%25A9v%26reign%3D%25ADs%25A4%25B8%26yy%3D5%26ycanzi%3D%26mm%3D3%26dd%3D%26dcanzi%3D%25A5%25D2%25A8%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Bi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, vol. 72.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085821/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm">"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm">the original</a> on 2008-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%B7%9D%E8%8D%89%E5%BB%AC-%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2-%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8-%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E2%80%A7%E8%A1%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyluo.net%2Fa%2Fa17%2F072.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Bi" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form53.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBT139-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT139_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Book of Tang</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/139.htm">vol. 139</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226123339/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/139.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ218-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ218_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7218" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷218">vol. 218</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT130-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT130_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT130_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT130_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/130.htm">vol. 130</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621162047/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/130.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ219-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ219_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7219" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷219">vol. 219</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ222-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ222_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ222_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7222" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷222">vol. 222</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ220-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ220_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ220_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7220" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷220">vol. 220</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ224-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ224_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ224_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7224" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷224">vol. 224</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7225" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷225">vol. 225</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ231-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ231_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ231_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7231" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷231">vol. 231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ232-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ232_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7232" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷232">vol. 232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ233-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ233_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7233" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷233">vol. 233</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian</i>, vol. 56 [789].</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621162047/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/130.htm">vol. 130</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226123339/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/139.htm">vol. 139</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7218" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷218">218</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7219" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷219">219</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7220" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷220">220</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7224" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷224">224</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7225" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷225">225</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7231" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷231">231</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7232" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷232">232</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7233" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷233">233</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/21px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/42px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China/Categories" title="Portal:China/Categories">China/Categories</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Li Bi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Li_Bi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Li Bi">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538969" class="extiw" title="d:Q6538969">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_historians27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_historians" title="Template:Tang dynasty historians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_historians" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty historians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_historians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty historians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_historians27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> historians</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Que" title="Cao Que">Cao Que</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Wenben" title="Cen Wenben">Cen Wenben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Xi" title="Cen Xi">Cen Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixing" title="Chen Yixing">Chen Yixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Suiliang" title="Chu Suiliang">Chu Suiliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Guicong" title="Cui Guicong">Cui Guicong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Renshi" title="Cui Renshi">Cui Renshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Shenyou" title="Cui Shenyou">Cui Shenyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_L%C3%BCbing" title="Fan Lübing">Fan Lübing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Bo" title="Guan Bo">Guan Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Su" title="Jia Su">Jia Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shen" title="Jiang Shen">Jiang Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jifu" title="Li Jifu">Li Jifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Linfu" title="Li Linfu">Li Linfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shen" title="Li Shen">Li Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Anqi" title="Li Anqi">Li Anqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dashi" title="Li Dashi">Li Dashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(chancellor)" title="Li Kui (chancellor)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xian_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Xian (prince)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yifu" title="Li Yifu">Li Yifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Tao" title="Linghu Tao">Linghu Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Youqiu" title="Liu Youqiu">Liu Youqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Congyi" title="Liu Congyi">Liu Congyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(historian)" title="Liu Zhi (historian)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiji" title="Liu Zhiji">Liu Zhiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sui" title="Lu Sui">Lu Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiangxian" title="Lu Xiangxian">Lu Xiangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Sengru" title="Niu Sengru">Niu Sengru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Ji_(Late_Tang)" title="Pei Ji (Late Tang)">Pei Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Xiu_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Pei Xiu (Tang dynasty)">Pei Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Yanling" title="Pei Yanling">Pei Yanling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Kang_(official)" title="Qi Kang (official)">Qi Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_Deyu" title="Quan Deyu">Quan Deyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Zhen" title="Sima Zhen">Sima Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Gui" title="Su Gui">Su Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chengqing" title="Wei Chengqing">Wei Chengqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chuhou" title="Wei Chuhou">Wei Chuhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Mo" title="Wei Mo">Wei Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhigu" title="Wei Zhigu">Wei Zhigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhiyi" title="Wei Zhiyi">Wei Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Sansi" title="Wu Sansi">Wu Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Xiao Hua (Tang dynasty)">Xiao Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Song" title="Xiao Song">Xiao Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zhizhong" title="Xiao Zhizhong">Xiao Zhizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Yang Yan (Tang dynasty)">Yang Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wan" title="Yang Wan">Yang Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zai" title="Yuan Zai">Yuan Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Xi (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yanyuan" title="Zhang Yanyuan">Zhang Yanyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Yi (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yue_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yanzhao" title="Zhao Yanzhao">Zhao Yanzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Lang" title="Zheng Lang">Zheng Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Su" title="Zheng Su">Zheng Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Tan" title="Zheng Tan">Zheng Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yin_(Middle_Tang)" title="Zheng Yin (Middle Tang)">Zheng Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Chi" title="Zhou Chi">Zhou Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Jingze" title="Zhu Jingze">Zhu Jingze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Qinming" title="Zhu Qinming">Zhu Qinming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_(Timeline)175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Chengde (Tang dynasty)">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Weibo (Tang dynasty)">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Zhaoyi" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Zhaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Pinglu" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Pinglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Bian-song_(Xuanwu)" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Bian-song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Huaixi_(Zhangyi)" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Huaixi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_and_technology175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592–672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a> 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