CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Content delivery network - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c2870c71-214e-4030-9c7f-d022758a9d1d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Content_delivery_network","wgTitle":"Content delivery network","wgCurRevisionId":1258454500,"wgRevisionId":1258454500,"wgArticleId":880860,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2024","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2024","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Articles needing additional references from June 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles needing cleanup from June 2024","Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2024","Computer networks engineering","Content delivery networks","Applications of distributed computing","Cloud storage","Digital television","Distributed algorithms","Distributed data storage","Distributed data storage systems","File sharing","File sharing networks","Film and video technology","Internet broadcasting","Internet radio","Streaming television","Multimedia","Online content distribution","Peer-to-peer computing","Peercasting","Streaming","Streaming media systems","Video hosting","Video on demand"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Content_delivery_network","wgRelevantArticleId":880860,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q72588","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/1200px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="484"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/800px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="322"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/640px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="258"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Content delivery network - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Content_delivery_network rootpage-Content_delivery_network skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Content+delivery+network" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Content+delivery+network" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Content+delivery+network" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Content+delivery+network" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Security and privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_networking_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_networking_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content networking techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_networking_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content networking techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_networking_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_service_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_service_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Content service protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_service_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-to-peer_CDNs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-to-peer_CDNs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peer-to-peer CDNs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-to-peer_CDNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_CDNs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_CDNs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Private CDNs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_CDNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CDN_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDN_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>CDN trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CDN_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle CDN trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-CDN_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_telco_CDNs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_telco_CDNs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Emergence of telco CDNs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_telco_CDNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telco_CDN_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telco_CDN_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Telco CDN advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telco_CDN_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federated_CDNs_and_Open_Caching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federated_CDNs_and_Open_Caching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Federated CDNs and Open Caching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federated_CDNs_and_Open_Caching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_CDN_performance_using_Extension_Mechanisms_for_DNS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_CDN_performance_using_Extension_Mechanisms_for_DNS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Improving CDN performance using Extension Mechanisms for DNS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_CDN_performance_using_Extension_Mechanisms_for_DNS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_CDN_(vCDN)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_CDN_(vCDN)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Virtual CDN (vCDN)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_CDN_(vCDN)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_Optimization_and_Delivery_(Image_CDNs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_Optimization_and_Delivery_(Image_CDNs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Image Optimization and Delivery (Image CDNs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_Optimization_and_Delivery_(Image_CDNs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_content_delivery_service_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_content_delivery_service_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable content delivery service providers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_content_delivery_service_providers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable content delivery service providers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_content_delivery_service_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Free</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Traditional commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telco_CDNs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telco_CDNs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Telco CDNs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telco_CDNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_using_P2P_for_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_using_P2P_for_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Commercial using P2P for delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_using_P2P_for_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Multi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In-house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Content delivery network</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89" title="شبكة توصيل محتوى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة توصيل محتوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99zmun_%C3%A7atd%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99si" title="Məzmun çatdırılma şəbəkəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məzmun çatdırılma şəbəkəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Мрежа за доставка на съдържание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мрежа за доставка на съдържание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_de_lliurament_de_continguts" title="Xarxa de lliurament de continguts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa de lliurament de continguts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Content delivery network" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indholdsleveringsnetv%C3%A6rk" title="Indholdsleveringsnetværk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indholdsleveringsnetværk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Delivery_Network" title="Content Delivery Network – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Content Delivery Network" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisuedastusv%C3%B5rk" title="Sisuedastusvõrk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisuedastusvõrk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_de_distribuci%C3%B3n_de_contenidos" title="Red de distribución de contenidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red de distribución de contenidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukien_banaketarako_sarea" title="Edukien banaketarako sarea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edukien banaketarako sarea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شبکه تحویل محتوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه تحویل محتوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_diffusion_de_contenu" title="Réseau de diffusion de contenu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau de diffusion de contenu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%84%EC%86%A1_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="콘텐츠 전송 네트워크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘텐츠 전송 네트워크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_pengiriman_konten" title="Jaringan pengiriman konten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan pengiriman konten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Delivery_Network" title="Content Delivery Network – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Content Delivery Network" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мазмун жеткирүүчү тармак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мазмун жеткирүүчү тармак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkaian_penyerahan_kandungan" title="Rangkaian penyerahan kandungan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rangkaian penyerahan kandungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Content delivery network" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="コンテンツデリバリネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンテンツデリバリネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_dostarczania_zawarto%C5%9Bci" title="Sieć dostarczania zawartości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć dostarczania zawartości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_de_fornecimento_de_conte%C3%BAdo" title="Rede de fornecimento de conteúdo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede de fornecimento de conteúdo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_de_distribu%C8%9Bie_de_con%C8%9Binut" title="Rețea de distribuție de conținut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rețea de distribuție de conținut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Delivery_Network" title="Content Delivery Network – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Content Delivery Network" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мреже за доставу садржаја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мреже за доставу садржаја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4ll%C3%B6njakeluverkko" title="Sisällönjakeluverkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisällönjakeluverkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneh%C3%A5llsleveransn%C3%A4tverk" title="Innehållsleveransnätverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Innehållsleveransnätverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7erik_da%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m_a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İçerik dağıtım ağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İçerik dağıtım ağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Content delivery network" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کانٹینٹ ڈلیوری نیٹ ورک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کانٹینٹ ڈلیوری نیٹ ورک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="內容傳遞網路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="內容傳遞網路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Content_delivery_network" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Content_delivery_network" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Content_delivery_network" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&oldid=1258454500" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Content_delivery_network&id=1258454500&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FContent_delivery_network"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FContent_delivery_network"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Content_delivery_network&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72588" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Layer in the internet ecosystem addressing bottlenecks</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCDN_-_CDN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/220px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/330px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/NCDN_-_CDN.svg/440px-NCDN_-_CDN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>(Left) Single server distribution <br />(Right) CDN scheme of distribution</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. The reason given is: <b>History of CDNs</b></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>content delivery network</b> or <b>content distribution network</b> (<b>CDN</b>) is a geographically distributed network of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>. The goal is to provide high <a href="/wiki/Availability_(system)" title="Availability (system)">availability</a> and performance ("speed") by distributing the service spatially relative to <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end users</a>. CDNs came into existence in the late 1990s as a means for alleviating the performance bottlenecks of the Internet<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Internet was starting to become a mission-critical medium for people and enterprises. Since then, CDNs have grown to serve a large portion of the Internet content today, including web objects (text, graphics and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (<a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">portals</a>), <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a> media, on-demand streaming media, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDNs are a <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">layer</a> in the internet ecosystem. Content owners such as media companies and e-commerce vendors pay CDN operators to deliver their content to their end users. In turn, a CDN pays <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs), carriers, and network operators for hosting its servers in their data centers. </p><p>CDN is an umbrella term spanning different types of content delivery services: <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming">video streaming</a>, software downloads, web and mobile content acceleration, licensed/managed CDN, transparent caching, and services to measure CDN performance, <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>, Multi CDN switching and analytics and cloud intelligence. CDN vendors may cross over into other industries like security, <a href="/wiki/DDoS" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS">DDoS</a> protection and <a href="/wiki/Web_application_firewall" title="Web application firewall">web application firewalls</a> (WAF), and WAN optimization. </p><p>Notable content delivery service providers include <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgio" title="Edgio">Edgio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">Amazon CloudFront</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud CDN</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDN nodes are usually deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbones</a>. Benefits include reducing bandwidth costs, improving page load times, and increasing the global availability of content. The number of nodes and servers making up a CDN varies, depending on the architecture, some reaching thousands of nodes with tens of thousands of servers on many remote <a href="/wiki/Points_of_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Points of presence">points of presence</a> (PoPs). Others build a global network and have a small number of geographical PoPs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Requests for content are typically algorithmically directed to nodes that are optimal in some way. When optimizing for performance, locations that are best for serving content to the user may be chosen. This may be measured by choosing locations that are the fewest <a href="/wiki/Hop_(networking)" title="Hop (networking)">hops</a>, the lowest number of network seconds away from the requesting client, or the highest availability in terms of server performance (both current and historical), to optimize delivery across local networks. When optimizing for cost, locations that are the least expensive may be chosen instead. In an optimal scenario, these two goals tend to align, as <b>edge servers</b> that are close to the end user at the edge of the network may have an advantage in performance or cost. </p><p>Most CDN providers will provide their services over a varying, defined, set of PoPs, depending on the coverage desired, such as United States, International or Global, Asia-Pacific, etc. These sets of PoPs can be called "edges", "edge nodes", "edge servers", or "edge networks" as they would be the closest edge of CDN assets to the end user.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_privacy">Security and privacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Security and privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDN providers profit either from direct fees paid by <a href="/wiki/Content_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Content provider">content providers</a> using their network, or profit from the user analytics and tracking data collected as their scripts are being loaded onto customers' websites inside their <a href="/wiki/Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">browser origin</a>. As such these services are being pointed out as potential privacy intrusions for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">behavioral targeting</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and solutions are being created to restore single-origin serving and caching of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, a website using a CDN may violate the EU's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR). For example, in 2021 a German court forbade the use of a CDN on a university website, because this caused the transmission of the user's IP address to the CDN, which violated the GDPR.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDNs serving JavaScript have also been targeted as a way to inject malicious content into pages using them. <a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">Subresource Integrity</a> mechanism was created in response to ensure that the page loads a script whose content is known and constrained to a hash referenced by the website author.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_networking_techniques">Content networking techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content networking techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet was designed according to the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle keeps the core network relatively simple and moves the intelligence as much as possible to the network end-points: the hosts and clients. As a result, the core network is specialized, simplified, and optimized to only forward data packets. </p><p>Content Delivery Networks augment the end-to-end transport network by distributing on it a variety of intelligent applications employing techniques designed to optimize content delivery. The resulting tightly integrated overlay uses web caching, server-load balancing, request routing, and content services.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web caches</a> store popular content on servers that have the greatest demand for the content requested. These shared network appliances reduce bandwidth requirements, reduce server load, and improve the client response times for content stored in the cache. Web caches are populated based on requests from users (pull caching) or based on preloaded content disseminated from content servers (push caching).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Server-load balancing uses one or more techniques including service-based (global load balancing) or hardware-based (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">layer 4–7 switches</a>, also known as a web switch, content switch, or multilayer switch) to share traffic among a number of servers or web caches. Here the switch is assigned a single virtual <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>. Traffic arriving at the switch is then directed to one of the real <a href="/wiki/Web_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web servers">web servers</a> attached to the switch. This has the advantage of balancing load, increasing total capacity, improving scalability, and providing increased reliability by redistributing the load of a failed web server and providing server health checks. </p><p>A content cluster or service node can be formed using a layer 4–7 switch to balance load across a number of servers or a number of web caches within the network. </p><p>Request routing directs client requests to the content source best able to serve the request. This may involve directing a client request to the service node that is closest to the client, or to the one with the most capacity. A variety of algorithms are used to route the request. These include Global Server Load Balancing, DNS-based request routing, Dynamic metafile generation, HTML rewriting,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anycast" title="Anycast">anycasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proximity—choosing the closest service node—is estimated using a variety of techniques including reactive probing, proactive probing, and connection monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDNs use a variety of methods of content delivery including, but not limited to, manual asset copying, active web caches, and global hardware load balancers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_service_protocols">Content service protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content service protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several protocol suites are designed to provide access to a wide variety of content services distributed throughout a content network. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Content_Adaptation_Protocol" title="Internet Content Adaptation Protocol">Internet Content Adaptation Protocol</a> (ICAP) was developed in the late 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide an open standard for connecting application servers. A more recently defined and robust solution is provided by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Pluggable_Edge_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Pluggable Edge Services (page does not exist)">Open Pluggable Edge Services</a> (OPES) protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This architecture defines OPES service applications that can reside on the OPES processor itself or be executed remotely on a Callout Server. <a href="/wiki/Edge_Side_Includes" title="Edge Side Includes">Edge Side Includes</a> or ESI is a small markup language for edge-level dynamic web content assembly. It is fairly common for websites to have generated content. It could be because of changing content like catalogs or forums, or because of the personalization. This creates a problem for caching systems. To overcome this problem, a group of companies created ESI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer-to-peer_CDNs">Peer-to-peer CDNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peer-to-peer CDNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer network">Peer-to-peer network</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P)</i> content-delivery networks, clients provide resources as well as use them. This means that, unlike <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> systems, the content-centric networks can actually perform better as more users begin to access the content (especially with protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Bittorrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bittorrent">Bittorrent</a> that require users to share). This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_CDNs">Private CDNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Private CDNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If content owners are not satisfied with the options or costs of a commercial CDN service, they can create their own CDN. This is called a private CDN. A private CDN consists of PoPs (points of presence) that are only serving content for their owner. These PoPs can be caching servers,<sup id="cite_ref-blog.unixy.net_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog.unixy.net-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse proxies">reverse proxies</a> or application delivery controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be as simple as two caching servers,<sup id="cite_ref-blog.unixy.net_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog.unixy.net-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or large enough to serve petabytes of content.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large content distribution networks may even build and set up their own private network to distribute copies of content across cache locations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such private networks are usually used in conjunction with public networks as a backup option in case the capacity of the private network is not enough or there is a failure which leads to capacity reduction. Since the same content has to be distributed across many locations, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicasting</a> techniques may be used to reduce bandwidth consumption. Over private networks, it has also been proposed to select multicast trees according to network load conditions to more efficiently utilize available network capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CDN_trends">CDN trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CDN trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_telco_CDNs">Emergence of telco CDNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emergence of telco CDNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video">streaming video</a> traffic<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses large <a href="/wiki/Capital_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital expenditures">capital expenditures</a> by broadband providers<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to meet this demand and retain subscribers by delivering a sufficiently good <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_experience" title="Quality of experience">quality of experience</a>. </p><p>To address this, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications service provider">telecommunications service providers</a> have begun to launch their own content delivery networks as a means to lessen the demands on the <a href="/wiki/Network_backbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Network backbone">network backbone</a> and reduce infrastructure investments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telco_CDN_advantages">Telco CDN advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Telco CDN advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because they own the networks over which video content is transmitted, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telco</a> CDNs have advantages over traditional CDNs. They own the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a> and can deliver content closer to the end-user because it can be cached deep in their networks. This deep caching minimizes the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_distance" title="Administrative distance">distance</a> that video data travels over the general Internet and delivers it more quickly and reliably. </p><p>Telco CDNs also have a built-in cost advantage since traditional CDNs must lease bandwidth from them and build the operator's margin into their own cost model. In addition, by operating their own content delivery infrastructure, telco operators have better control over the utilization of their resources. Content management operations performed by CDNs are usually applied without (or with very limited) information about the network (e.g., topology, utilization etc.) of the telco-operators with which they interact or have business relationships. These pose a number of challenges for the telco-operators who have a limited sphere of action in face of the impact of these operations on the utilization of their resources. </p><p>In contrast, the deployment of telco-CDNs allows operators to implement their own content management operations,<sup id="cite_ref-Tuncer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuncer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claeys_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enables them to have a better control over the utilization of their resources and, as such, provide better quality of service and experience to their end users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federated_CDNs_and_Open_Caching">Federated CDNs and Open Caching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federated CDNs and Open Caching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Content_delivery_network" title="Special:EditPage/Content delivery network">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In June 2011, StreamingMedia.com reported that a group of TSPs had founded an Operator Carrier Exchange (OCX)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to interconnect their networks and compete more directly against large traditional CDNs like <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limelight_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Networks">Limelight Networks</a>, which have extensive PoPs worldwide. This way, telcos are building a Federated CDN offering, which is more interesting for a <a href="/wiki/Content_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Content provider">content provider</a> willing to deliver its content to the aggregated audience of this federation. </p><p>It is likely that in a near future, other telco CDN federations will be created. They will grow by enrollment of new telcos joining the federation and bringing network presence and their Internet subscriber bases to the existing ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Open Caching specification by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_Media_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streaming Media Alliance (page does not exist)">Streaming Media Alliance</a> defines a set of <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> that allows a Content Provider to deliver its content using several CDNs in a consistent way, seeing each CDN provider the same way through these APIs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_CDN_performance_using_Extension_Mechanisms_for_DNS">Improving CDN performance using Extension Mechanisms for DNS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Improving CDN performance using Extension Mechanisms for DNS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf/page1-220px-The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf/page1-330px-The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf/page1-440px-The_effect_of_end-user_mapping_on_daily_mean_round_trip_times.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>The latency (RTT) experienced by clients with non-local resolvers ("high") reduced drastically when a CDN rolled-out the EDNS0 extension in April 2014, while the latency of clients with local resolvers are unimpacted by the change ("low").<sup id="cite_ref-eum_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, CDNs have used the IP of the client's recursive DNS resolver to geo-locate the client. While this is a sound approach in many situations, this leads to poor client performance if the client uses a non-local recursive DNS resolver that is far away. For instance, a CDN may route requests from a client in India to its edge server in Singapore, if that client uses a public DNS resolver in Singapore, causing poor performance for that client. Indeed, a recent study<sup id="cite_ref-eum_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that in many countries where public DNS resolvers are in popular use, the median distance between the clients and their recursive DNS resolvers can be as high as a thousand miles. In August 2011, a global consortium of leading Internet service providers led by Google announced their official implementation of the edns-client-subnet <a href="/wiki/IETF_Internet_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF Internet Draft">IETF Internet Draft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is intended to accurately localize DNS resolution responses. The initiative involves a limited number of leading DNS service providers, such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Google Public DNS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and CDN service providers as well. With the edns-client-subnet <a href="/wiki/Extension_Mechanisms_for_DNS" title="Extension Mechanisms for DNS">EDNS0 option</a>, CDNs can now utilize the IP address of the requesting client's subnet when resolving DNS requests. This approach, called end-user mapping,<sup id="cite_ref-eum_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been adopted by CDNs and it has been shown to drastically reduce the round-trip latencies and improve performance for clients who use public DNS or other non-local resolvers. However, the use of EDNS0 also has drawbacks as it decreases the effectiveness of caching resolutions at the recursive resolvers,<sup id="cite_ref-eum_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increases the total DNS resolution traffic,<sup id="cite_ref-eum_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raises a privacy concern of exposing the client's subnet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_CDN_(vCDN)"><span id="Virtual_CDN_.28vCDN.29"></span>Virtual CDN (vCDN)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Virtual CDN (vCDN)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtualization technologies are being used to deploy virtual CDNs (vCDNs) with the goal to reduce <a href="/wiki/Content_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Content provider">content provider</a> costs, and at the same time, increase elasticity and decrease service delay. With vCDNs, it is possible to avoid traditional CDN limitations, such as performance, reliability and availability since virtual caches are deployed dynamically (as virtual machines or containers) in physical servers distributed across the provider's geographical coverage. As the virtual cache placement is based on both the content type and server or end-user geographic location, the vCDNs have a significant impact on service delivery and network congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_Optimization_and_Delivery_(Image_CDNs)"><span id="Image_Optimization_and_Delivery_.28Image_CDNs.29"></span>Image Optimization and Delivery (Image CDNs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Image Optimization and Delivery (Image CDNs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, Addy Osmani of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> started referring to software solutions that could integrate naturally with the <a href="/wiki/Responsive_Web_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsive Web Design">Responsive Web Design</a> paradigm (with particular reference to the <picture> element) as <b>Image CDN</b>s.<sup id="cite_ref-addyosmany_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addyosmany-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression referred to the ability of a web architecture to serve multiple versions of the same image through HTTP, depending on the properties of the browser requesting it, as determined by either the browser or the server-side logic. The purpose of Image CDNs was, in Google's vision, to serve high-quality images (or, better, images perceived as high-quality by the human eye) while preserving download speed, thus contributing to a great <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a> (UX).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arguably, the <i>Image CDN</i> term was originally a misnomer, as neither <a href="/wiki/Cloudinary" title="Cloudinary">Cloudinary</a> nor Imgix (the examples quoted by Google in the 2017 guide by Addy Osmani) were, at the time, a CDN in the classical sense of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-addyosmany_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addyosmany-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, though, several companies offered solutions that allowed developers to serve different versions of their graphical assets according to several strategies. Many of these solutions were built on top of traditional CDNs, such as <a href="/wiki/Akamai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamai">Akamai</a>, <a href="/wiki/CloudFront" class="mw-redirect" title="CloudFront">CloudFront</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgecast" title="Edgecast">Edgecast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a>. At the same time, other solutions that already provided an image multi-serving service joined the Image CDN definition by either offering CDN functionality natively (ImageEngine)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or integrating with one of the existing CDNs (Cloudinary/Akamai, Imgix/Fastly). </p><p>While providing a universally agreed-on definition of what an Image CDN is may not be possible, generally speaking, an Image CDN supports the following three components:<sup id="cite_ref-webdev_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webdev-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the fast serving of images.</li> <li>Image manipulation and optimization, either on-the-fly through <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> directives, in batch mode (through manual upload of images) or fully automatic (or a combination of these).</li> <li>Device Detection (also known as Device Intelligence), i.e. the ability to determine the properties of the requesting browser and/or device through analysis of the <a href="/wiki/User-Agent" class="mw-redirect" title="User-Agent">User-Agent</a> string, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> Accept headers, Client-Hints or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-webdev_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webdev-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following table summarizes the current situation with the main software CDNs in this space:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main Image CDNs on the market </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>CDN </th> <th>Image Optimization </th> <th>Device Detection </th></tr> <tr> <td>Akamai ImageManager </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Batch mode </td> <td>based on HTTP Accept header </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cloudflare Polish </td> <td>Y </td> <td>fully-automatic </td> <td>based on HTTP Accept header </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cloudinary </td> <td>Through Akamai </td> <td>Batch, URL directives </td> <td>Accept header, Client-Hints </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fastly IO </td> <td>Y </td> <td>URL directives </td> <td>based on HTTP Accept header </td></tr> <tr> <td>ImageEngine </td> <td>Y </td> <td>fully-automatic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WURFL" title="WURFL">WURFL</a>, Client-Hints, Accept header </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imgix </td> <td>Through Fastly </td> <td>fully-automatic </td> <td>Accept header / Client-Hints </td></tr> <tr> <td>PageCDN </td> <td>Y </td> <td>URL directives </td> <td>based on HTTP Accept header </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tinify CDN </td> <td>Multiple </td> <td>fully-automatic </td> <td>based on HTTP Accept header </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_content_delivery_service_providers">Notable content delivery service providers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable content delivery service providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free">Free</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Free"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cdnjs" title="Cdnjs">cdnjs</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSDelivr" title="JSDelivr">JSDelivr</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_commercial">Traditional commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">Amazon CloudFront</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdn_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaka" title="Aryaka">Aryaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateme" title="Ateme">Ateme CDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Services_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Services Platform">Azure CDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CacheFly" title="CacheFly">CacheFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDNetworks" title="CDNetworks">CDNetworks</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdn_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenterServ_International,_Ltd" title="CenterServ International, Ltd">CenterServ</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdn_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaCache" title="ChinaCache">ChinaCache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotendo" title="Cotendo">Cotendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgio" title="Edgio">Edgio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gcore" title="Gcore">Gcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_CDN" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Cloud CDN">Google Cloud CDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Cloud_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Cloud Services">HP Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapsula" title="Incapsula">Incapsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instart" title="Instart">Instart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internap" title="Internap">Internap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeaseWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="LeaseWeb">LeaseWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaCDN" title="MetaCDN">MetaCDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACEVI" title="NACEVI">NACEVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnApp" title="OnApp">OnApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVHcloud" title="OVHcloud">OVHcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Cloud" title="Rackspace Cloud">Rackspace Cloud Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedera_Networks" title="Speedera Networks">Speedera Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StreamZilla" title="StreamZilla">StreamZilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangsu_Science_%26_Technology" title="Wangsu Science & Technology">Wangsu Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yottaa" title="Yottaa">Yottaa</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telco_CDNs">Telco CDNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Telco CDNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunghwa_Telecom" title="Chunghwa Telecom">Chunghwa Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megafon" class="mw-redirect" title="Megafon">Megafon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacnet" title="Pacnet">Pacnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Broadband" title="SK Broadband">SK Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Communications" title="Tata Communications">Tata Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Argentina" title="Telecom Argentina">Telecom Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefonica">Telefonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telin" title="Telin">Telin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_TIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo TIM">TIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" title="Türk Telekom">Türk Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_using_P2P_for_delivery">Commercial using P2P for delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commercial using P2P for delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent, Inc.">BitTorrent, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internap" title="Internap">Internap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawflow" title="Rawflow">Rawflow</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi">Multi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MetaCDN" title="MetaCDN">MetaCDN</a></li> <li>Warpcache<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-house">In-house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In-house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Application software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_Air_Circuit" title="Bel Air Circuit">Bel Air Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_streaming_media_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of streaming media systems">Comparison of streaming media systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of video services">Comparison of video services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network_interconnection" title="Content delivery network interconnection">Content delivery network interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_platform" title="Content delivery platform">Content delivery platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_site_acceleration" title="Dynamic site acceleration">Dynamic site acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_streaming_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of music streaming services">List of music streaming services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_systems" title="List of streaming media systems">List of streaming media systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">Multicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetMind" title="NetMind">NetMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Music_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Music Model">Open Music Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-top content">Over-the-top content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty" title="Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty">Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/DMPPSW02.pdf">"Globally Distributed Content Delivery, by J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman and B. Weihl, IEEE Internet Computing, Volume 6, Issue 5, November 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809231307/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/DMPPSW02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globally+Distributed+Content+Delivery%2C+by+J.+Dilley%2C+B.+Maggs%2C+J.+Parikh%2C+H.+Prokop%2C+R.+Sitaraman+and+B.+Weihl%2C+IEEE+Internet+Computing%2C+Volume+6%2C+Issue+5%2C+November+2002.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.cs.umass.edu%2F~ramesh%2FSite%2FPUBLICATIONS_files%2FDMPPSW02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygren.,_E.Sitaraman_R._K.Sun,_J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nygren., E.; Sitaraman R. K.; Sun, J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/network_overview_osr.pdf">"The Akamai Network: A Platform for High-Performance Internet Applications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 2–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1842733.1842736">10.1145/1842733.1842736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207181702">207181702</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913205810/http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/network_overview_osr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGOPS+Operating+Systems+Review&rft.atitle=The+Akamai+Network%3A+A+Platform+for+High-Performance+Internet+Applications&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-19&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1842733.1842736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207181702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nygren.%2C+E.&rft.au=Sitaraman+R.+K.&rft.au=Sun%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akamai.com%2Fdl%2Ftechnical_publications%2Fnetwork_overview_osr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvi2018" class="citation book cs1">Evi, Nemeth (2018). "Chapter 19, Web hosting, Content delivery networks". <i>UNIX and Linux system administration handbook</i> (Fifth ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780134277554" title="Special:BookSources/9780134277554"><bdi>9780134277554</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005898086">1005898086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%2C+Web+hosting%2C+Content+delivery+networks&rft.btitle=UNIX+and+Linux+system+administration+handbook&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=690&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005898086&rft.isbn=9780134277554&rft.aulast=Evi&rft.aufirst=Nemeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdnetworks.com/blog/how-content-delivery-networks-work/">"How Content Delivery Networks Work"</a>. <i>CDNetworks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054800/http://www.cdnetworks.com/blog/how-content-delivery-networks-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDNetworks&rft.atitle=How+Content+Delivery+Networks+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdnetworks.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-content-delivery-networks-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nczonline.net/blog/2011/11/29/how-content-delivery-networks-cdns-work/">"How Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Work"</a>. <i>NCZOnline</i>. 29 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201192626/https://www.nczonline.net/blog/2011/11/29/how-content-delivery-networks-cdns-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCZOnline&rft.atitle=How+Content+Delivery+Networks+%28CDNs%29+Work&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nczonline.net%2Fblog%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fhow-content-delivery-networks-cdns-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecurity2014" class="citation web cs1">Security, Help Net (2014-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2014/08/27/470-million-sites-exist-for-24-hours-22-are-malicious/">"470 million sites exist for 24 hours, 22% are malicious"</a>. <i>Help Net Security</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701144907/https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2014/08/27/470-million-sites-exist-for-24-hours-22-are-malicious/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Help+Net+Security&rft.atitle=470+million+sites+exist+for+24+hours%2C+22%25+are+malicious&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Security&rft.aufirst=Help+Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helpnetsecurity.com%2F2014%2F08%2F27%2F470-million-sites-exist-for-24-hours-22-are-malicious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collinmbarrett.com/decentraleyes-block-cdn-tracking/">"Decentraleyes: Block CDN Tracking"</a>. <i>Collin M. Barrett</i>. 2016-02-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701144909/https://collinmbarrett.com/decentraleyes-block-cdn-tracking/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collin+M.+Barrett&rft.atitle=Decentraleyes%3A+Block+CDN+Tracking&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollinmbarrett.com%2Fdecentraleyes-block-cdn-tracking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorwessing.com/de/insights-and-events/insights/2021/12/vg-wiesbaden-prohibits-use-of-content-delivery-networks">"VG Wiesbaden verbietet die Nutzung von Content Delivery Networks"</a>. <i>www.taylorwessing.com</i> (in German). 2021-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.taylorwessing.com&rft.atitle=VG+Wiesbaden+verbietet+die+Nutzung+von+Content+Delivery+Networks&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorwessing.com%2Fde%2Finsights-and-events%2Finsights%2F2021%2F12%2Fvg-wiesbaden-prohibits-use-of-content-delivery-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Subresource_Integrity">"Subresource Integrity"</a>. <i>MDN Web Docs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626162740/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Subresource_Integrity">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDN+Web+Docs&rft.atitle=Subresource+Integrity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FSecurity%2FSubresource_Integrity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._H._SaltzerD._P._ReedD._D._Clark1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">J. H. Saltzer</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">D. P. Reed</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">D. D. Clark</a> (1 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.pdf">"End-to-end arguments in system design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Transactions_on_Computer_Systems" title="ACM Transactions on Computer Systems">ACM Transactions on Computer Systems</a></i>. <b>2</b> (4): 277–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F357401.357402">10.1145/357401.357402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-2071">0734-2071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215746877">215746877</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56503280" class="extiw" title="d:Q56503280">Q56503280</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Computer+Systems&rft.atitle=End-to-end+arguments+in+system+design&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=277-288&rft.date=1984-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215746877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0734-2071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F357401.357402&rft.au=J.+H.+Saltzer&rft.au=D.+P.+Reed&rft.au=D.+D.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2FSaltzer%2Fwww%2Fpublications%2Fendtoend%2Fendtoend.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofmann_2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_2005_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_2005_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmannBeaumont2005" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Markus; Beaumont, Leland R. (2005). <i>Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and Practice</i>. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-834-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-834-6"><bdi>1-55860-834-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Content+Networking%3A+Architecture%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publisher&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55860-834-6&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Leland+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestavros1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bestavros, Azer (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.bu.edu/fac/best/res/papers/icde96.pdf">"Speculative Data Dissemination and Service to Reduce Server Load, Network Traffic and Service Time for Distributed Information Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of ICDE'96: The 1996 International Conference on Data Engineering</i>. <b>1996</b>: 180–189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703110758/http://www.cs.bu.edu/fac/best/res/papers/icde96.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+ICDE%2796%3A+The+1996+International+Conference+on+Data+Engineering&rft.atitle=Speculative+Data+Dissemination+and+Service+to+Reduce+Server+Load%2C+Network+Traffic+and+Service+Time+for+Distributed+Information+Systems&rft.volume=1996&rft.pages=180-189&rft.date=1996-03&rft.aulast=Bestavros&rft.aufirst=Azer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.bu.edu%2Ffac%2Fbest%2Fres%2Fpapers%2Ficde96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3568">3568</a> Barbir, A., Cain, B., Nair, R., Spatscheck, O.: "Known Content Network (CN) Request-Routing Mechanisms," July 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1546">1546</a> Partridge, C., Mendez, T., Milliken, W.: "Host Anycasting Services," November 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3507">3507</a> Elson, J., Cerpa, A.: "Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP)," April 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000510190454/http://www.i-cap.org/">ICAP Forum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3835">3835</a> Barbir, A., Penno, R., Chen, R., Hofmann, M., and Orman, H.: "An Architecture for Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES)," August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi,_Jin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.land.ufrj.br/~classes/coppe-redes-2008/biblio/P2P-content-delivery.pdf">"On peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 45–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12083-007-0003-1">10.1007/s12083-007-0003-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16438304">16438304</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234834/http://www.land.ufrj.br/~classes/coppe-redes-2008/biblio/P2P-content-delivery.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peer-to-Peer+Networking+and+Applications&rft.atitle=On+peer-to-peer+%28P2P%29+content+delivery&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12083-007-0003-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16438304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Li%2C+Jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.land.ufrj.br%2F~classes%2Fcoppe-redes-2008%2Fbiblio%2FP2P-content-delivery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutzbach,_Daniel2005" class="citation book cs1">Stutzbach, Daniel; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~reza/PUB/networking05.pdf">"The scalability of swarming peer-to-peer content delivery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Boutaba, Raouf; et al. (eds.). <i>NETWORKING 2005 -- Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems</i>. Springer. pp. 15–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-25809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-25809-4"><bdi>978-3-540-25809-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+scalability+of+swarming+peer-to-peer+content+delivery&rft.btitle=NETWORKING+2005+--+Networking+Technologies%2C+Services%2C+and+Protocols%3B+Performance+of+Computer+and+Communication+Networks%3B+Mobile+and+Wireless+Communications+Systems&rft.pages=15-26&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-540-25809-4&rft.au=Stutzbach%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fix.cs.uoregon.edu%2F~reza%2FPUB%2Fnetworking05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog.unixy.net-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blog.unixy.net_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blog.unixy.net_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.unixy.net/2010/07/how-to-build-your-own-cdn-using-bind-geoip-nginx-and-varnish/">"How to build your own CDN using BIND, GeoIP, Nginx, Varnish - UNIXy"</a>. 2010-07-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721233202/http://blog.unixy.net/2010/07/how-to-build-your-own-cdn-using-bind-geoip-nginx-and-varnish/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+build+your+own+CDN+using+BIND%2C+GeoIP%2C+Nginx%2C+Varnish+-+UNIXy&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.unixy.net%2F2010%2F07%2Fhow-to-build-your-own-cdn-using-bind-geoip-nginx-and-varnish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aiscaler.com/private-cdn">"How to Create Your Content Delivery Network With aiScaler"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006053304/http://aiscaler.com/private-cdn">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Create+Your+Content+Delivery+Network+With+aiScaler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faiscaler.com%2Fprivate-cdn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/06/05/netflix-shifts-traffic-to-its-own-cdn-akamai-limelight-shrs-hit/">"Netflix Shifts Traffic To Its Own CDN; Akamai, Limelight Shrs Hit"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 5 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170431/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/06/05/netflix-shifts-traffic-to-its-own-cdn-akamai-limelight-shrs-hit/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Netflix+Shifts+Traffic+To+Its+Own+CDN%3B+Akamai%2C+Limelight+Shrs+Hit&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fericsavitz%2F2012%2F06%2F05%2Fnetflix-shifts-traffic-to-its-own-cdn-akamai-limelight-shrs-hit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikel_Jimenez2017" class="citation web cs1">Mikel Jimenez; et al. (May 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.facebook.com/posts/1782709872057497/building-express-backbone-facebook-s-new-long-haul-network/">"Building Express Backbone: Facebook's new long-haul network"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184408/https://code.facebook.com/posts/1782709872057497/building-express-backbone-facebook-s-new-long-haul-network/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+Express+Backbone%3A+Facebook%27s+new+long-haul+network&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.au=Mikel+Jimenez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.facebook.com%2Fposts%2F1782709872057497%2Fbuilding-express-backbone-facebook-s-new-long-haul-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opennetworking.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cs-googlesdn.pdf">"Inter-Datacenter WAN with centralized TE using SDN and OpenFlow"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145718/https://www.opennetworking.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cs-googlesdn.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inter-Datacenter+WAN+with+centralized+TE+using+SDN+and+OpenFlow&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opennetworking.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2Fcs-googlesdn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Noormohammadpour2017" class="citation web cs1">M. Noormohammadpour; et al. (July 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316921061">"DCCast: Efficient Point to Multipoint Transfers Across Datacenters"</a>. USENIX<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DCCast%3A+Efficient+Point+to+Multipoint+Transfers+Across+Datacenters&rft.pub=USENIX&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.au=M.+Noormohammadpour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316921061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Noormohammadpour2018" class="citation web cs1">M. Noormohammadpour; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322243498">"QuickCast: Fast and Efficient Inter-Datacenter Transfers using Forwarding Tree Cohorts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickCast%3A+Fast+and+Efficient+Inter-Datacenter+Transfers+using+Forwarding+Tree+Cohorts&rft.date=2018&rft.au=M.+Noormohammadpour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322243498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/03/03/online-video-sees-tremendous-growth-spurs-some-major-updates/">"Online Video Sees Tremendous Growth, Spurs some Major Updates"</a>. <i>SiliconANGLE</i>. 2011-03-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830150509/http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/03/03/online-video-sees-tremendous-growth-spurs-some-major-updates/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SiliconANGLE&rft.atitle=Online+Video+Sees+Tremendous+Growth%2C+Spurs+some+Major+Updates&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiliconangle.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F03%2F03%2Fonline-video-sees-tremendous-growth-spurs-some-major-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellular-news.com/story/46986.php">"Overall Telecom CAPEX to Rise in 2011 Due to Video, 3G, LTE Investments"</a>. <i>cellular-news</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325134129/http://www.cellular-news.com/story/46986.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cellular-news&rft.atitle=Overall+Telecom+CAPEX+to+Rise+in+2011+Due+to+Video%2C+3G%2C+LTE+Investments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellular-news.com%2Fstory%2F46986.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuncer-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuncer_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Tuncer, M. Charalambides, R. Landa, G. Pavlou, "More Control Over Network Resources: an ISP Caching Perspective", proceedings of IEEE/IFIP Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Zurich, Switzerland, October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claeys-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claeys_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Claeys, D. Tuncer, J. Famaey, M. Charalambides, S. Latre, F. De Turck, G. Pavlou, "Proactive Multi-tenant Cache Management for Virtualized ISP Networks", proceedings of IEEE/IFIP Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720092704/http://blog.streamingmedia.com/the_business_of_online_vi/2011/06/telco-and-carriers-forming-new-federated-cdn-group-called-ocx-operator-carrier-exchange.html">"Telcos and Carriers Forming New Federated CDN Group Called OCX (Operator Carrier Exchange)"</a>. <i>Dan Rayburn – StreamingMediaBlog.com</i>. 2017-12-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.streamingmedia.com/the_business_of_online_vi/2011/06/telco-and-carriers-forming-new-federated-cdn-group-called-ocx-operator-carrier-exchange.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dan+Rayburn+%E2%80%93+StreamingMediaBlog.com&rft.atitle=Telcos+and+Carriers+Forming+New+Federated+CDN+Group+Called+OCX+%28Operator+Carrier+Exchange%29&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.streamingmedia.com%2Fthe_business_of_online_vi%2F2011%2F06%2Ftelco-and-carriers-forming-new-federated-cdn-group-called-ocx-operator-carrier-exchange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eum-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eum_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eum_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eum_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eum_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eum_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf">"End-User Mapping: Next Generation Request Routing for Content Delivery, by F. Chen, R. Sitaraman, and M. Torres, ACM SIGCOMM conference, Aug 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812155713/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=End-User+Mapping%3A+Next+Generation+Request+Routing+for+Content+Delivery%2C+by+F.+Chen%2C+R.+Sitaraman%2C+and+M.+Torres%2C+ACM+SIGCOMM+conference%2C+Aug+2015.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.cs.umass.edu%2F~ramesh%2FSite%2FPUBLICATIONS_files%2Feum_embedded.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-vandergaast-edns-client-subnet">"Client Subnet in DNS Requests"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Client+Subnet+in+DNS+Requests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fid%2Fdraft-vandergaast-edns-client-subnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/faq#locations">"Where are your servers currently located?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040155/https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/faq#locations">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+are+your+servers+currently+located%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fspeed%2Fpublic-dns%2Ffaq%23locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilelis-PapadopoulosGiannoutakisGravvanisEndo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Svorobej, Sergej; Lynn, Theo (2019-04-01). "Simulating large vCDN networks: A parallel approach". <i>Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory</i>. <b>92</b>: 100–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.simpat.2019.01.001">10.1016/j.simpat.2019.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-190X">1569-190X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67752426">67752426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Simulation+Modelling+Practice+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Simulating+large+vCDN+networks%3A+A+parallel+approach&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=100-114&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67752426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1569-190X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.simpat.2019.01.001&rft.aulast=Filelis-Papadopoulos&rft.aufirst=Christos+K.&rft.au=Giannoutakis%2C+Konstantinos+M.&rft.au=Gravvanis%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Endo%2C+Patricia+Takako&rft.au=Tzovaras%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Svorobej%2C+Sergej&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilelis-PapadopoulosEndoBendechacheSvorobej2020" class="citation journal cs1">Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Bendechache, Malika; Svorobej, Sergej; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Byrne, James; Lynn, Theo (2020-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jocs.2019.101052">"Towards simulation and optimization of cache placement on large virtual content distribution networks"</a>. <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. <b>39</b>: 101052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jocs.2019.101052">10.1016/j.jocs.2019.101052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7503">1877-7503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+Science&rft.atitle=Towards+simulation+and+optimization+of+cache+placement+on+large+virtual+content+distribution+networks&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=101052&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jocs.2019.101052&rft.issn=1877-7503&rft.aulast=Filelis-Papadopoulos&rft.aufirst=Christos+K.&rft.au=Endo%2C+Patricia+Takako&rft.au=Bendechache%2C+Malika&rft.au=Svorobej%2C+Sergej&rft.au=Giannoutakis%2C+Konstantinos+M.&rft.au=Gravvanis%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Tzovaras%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Byrne%2C+James&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jocs.2019.101052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn-KhedherAbd-ElrahmanKamalAfifi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ibn-Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Kamal, Ahmed E.; Afifi, Hossam (2017-06-19). "OPAC: An optimal placement algorithm for virtual CDN". <i>Computer Networks</i>. <b>120</b>: 12–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2017.04.009">10.1016/j.comnet.2017.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1389-1286">1389-1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Networks&rft.atitle=OPAC%3A+An+optimal+placement+algorithm+for+virtual+CDN&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=12-27&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2017.04.009&rft.issn=1389-1286&rft.aulast=Ibn-Khedher&rft.aufirst=Hatem&rft.au=Abd-Elrahman%2C+Emad&rft.au=Kamal%2C+Ahmed+E.&rft.au=Afifi%2C+Hossam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhedherAbd-ElrahmanAfifiMarot2017" class="citation book cs1">Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Afifi, Hossam; Marot, Michel (October 2017). "Optimal and Cost Efficient Algorithm for Virtual CDN Orchestration". <i>2017 IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)</i>. Singapore: IEEE. pp. 61–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLCN.2017.115">10.1109/LCN.2017.115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6523-3"><bdi>978-1-5090-6523-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44243386">44243386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Optimal+and+Cost+Efficient+Algorithm+for+Virtual+CDN+Orchestration&rft.btitle=2017+IEEE+42nd+Conference+on+Local+Computer+Networks+%28LCN%29&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=61-69&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44243386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FLCN.2017.115&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-6523-3&rft.aulast=Khedher&rft.aufirst=Hatem&rft.au=Abd-Elrahman%2C+Emad&rft.au=Afifi%2C+Hossam&rft.au=Marot%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-addyosmany-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-addyosmany_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addyosmany_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmani" class="citation web cs1">Osmani, Addy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.guide/">"Essential Image Optimization"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essential+Image+Optimization&rft.aulast=Osmani&rft.aufirst=Addy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Arne_Sæterås2017" class="citation web cs1">Jon Arne Sæterås (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2017/04/content-delivery-network-optimize-images/">"Let The Content Delivery Network Optimize Your Images"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let+The+Content+Delivery+Network+Optimize+Your+Images&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.au=Jon+Arne+S%C3%A6ter%C3%A5s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smashingmagazine.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fcontent-delivery-network-optimize-images%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webdev-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webdev_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webdev_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Hempenius" class="citation web cs1">Katie Hempenius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.dev/image-cdns/">"Use image CDNs to optimize images"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+image+CDNs+to+optimize+images&rft.au=Katie+Hempenius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.dev%2Fimage-cdns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximiliano_Firtman2019" class="citation web cs1">Maximiliano Firtman (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@firt/faster-paint-metrics-with-responsive-image-optimization-cdns-d43340d4a48c">"Faster Paint Metrics with Responsive Image Optimization CDNs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faster+Paint+Metrics+with+Responsive+Image+Optimization+CDNs&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.au=Maximiliano+Firtman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40firt%2Ffaster-paint-metrics-with-responsive-image-optimization-cdns-d43340d4a48c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.com/article/17/4/top-cdn-services">"Top 4 CDN services for hosting open source libraries | opensource.com"</a>. opensource.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418125456/https://opensource.com/article/17/4/top-cdn-services">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+4+CDN+services+for+hosting+open+source+libraries+%7C+opensource.com&rft.pub=opensource.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.com%2Farticle%2F17%2F4%2Ftop-cdn-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_delivery/all">"Usage Statistics and Market Share of JavaScript Content Delivery Networks for Websites"</a>. W3Techs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412221536/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_delivery/all">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usage+Statistics+and+Market+Share+of+JavaScript+Content+Delivery+Networks+for+Websites&rft.pub=W3Techs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Foverview%2Fcontent_delivery%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdn-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdn_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdn_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdn_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdn_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-cdn-and-international-servers-networking-facilitate_us_57cf4ed0e4b0eb9a57b68b9c">"How CDN and International Servers Networking Facilitate Globalization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. Delarno Delvix. 2016-09-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919161838/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-cdn-and-international-servers-networking-facilitate_us_57cf4ed0e4b0eb9a57b68b9c">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=How+CDN+and+International+Servers+Networking+Facilitate+Globalization&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhow-cdn-and-international-servers-networking-facilitate_us_57cf4ed0e4b0eb9a57b68b9c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realviewpoint.com/cloud-content-delivery-network-cdn-market-investigation-report-by-industry-application-product-type-and-future-technology/">"Cloud Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Investigation Report"</a>. 2019-10-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007045608/http://www.realviewpoint.com/cloud-content-delivery-network-cdn-market-investigation-report-by-industry-application-product-type-and-future-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cloud+Content+Delivery+Network+%28CDN%29+Market+Investigation+Report&rft.date=2019-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realviewpoint.com%2Fcloud-content-delivery-network-cdn-market-investigation-report-by-industry-application-product-type-and-future-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerwoche.de/a/was-sie-ueber-content-delivery-networks-wissen-muessen,3328318">"CDN: Was Sie über Content Delivery Networks wissen müssen"</a>. <i>www.computerwoche.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321192244/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/was-sie-ueber-content-delivery-networks-wissen-muessen,3328318">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computerwoche.de&rft.atitle=CDN%3A+Was+Sie+%C3%BCber+Content+Delivery+Networks+wissen+m%C3%BCssen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerwoche.de%2Fa%2Fwas-sie-ueber-content-delivery-networks-wissen-muessen%2C3328318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams_2017-08-22T18:00:09.233ZUtilities2017" class="citation web cs1">Williams 2017-08-22T18:00:09.233ZUtilities, Mike (22 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/reviews/warpcache">"Warpcache review"</a>. <i>TechRadar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321192244/https://www.techradar.com/reviews/warpcache">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Warpcache+review&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft.aulast=Williams+2017-08-22T18%3A00%3A09.233ZUtilities&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Freviews%2Fwarpcache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/refraction-tech-everything/how-netflix-works-the-hugely-simplified-complex-stuff-that-happens-every-time-you-hit-play-3a40c9be254b">How Netflix works: the (hugely simplified) complex stuff that happens every time you hit Play</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuyya,_R.Pathan,_M.Vakali,_A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Buyya, R.; Pathan, M.; <a href="/wiki/Athena_Vakali" title="Athena Vakali">Vakali, A.</a> (2008). "Content Delivery Networks: State of the Art, Insights, and Imperatives". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927070358/http://www.gridbus.org/cdn/book/"><i>Content Delivery Networks</i></a>. Lecture Notes Electrical Engineering. Vol. 9. Springer. pp. 3–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-77887-5_1">10.1007/978-3-540-77887-5_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540778868" title="Special:BookSources/9783540778868"><bdi>9783540778868</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gridbus.org/cdn/book/">the original</a> on 2017-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Content+Delivery+Networks%3A+State+of+the+Art%2C+Insights%2C+and+Imperatives&rft.btitle=Content+Delivery+Networks&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+Electrical+Engineering&rft.pages=3-32&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-77887-5_1&rft.isbn=9783540778868&rft.au=Buyya%2C+R.&rft.au=Pathan%2C+M.&rft.au=Vakali%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gridbus.org%2Fcdn%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHau,_T.Burghardt,_D.Brenner,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hau, T.; Burghardt, D.; Brenner, W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895901">"Multihoming, Content Delivery Networks, and the Market for Internet Connectivity"</a>. <i>Telecommunications Policy</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 532–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2011.04.002">10.1016/j.telpol.2011.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telecommunications+Policy&rft.atitle=Multihoming%2C+Content+Delivery+Networks%2C+and+the+Market+for+Internet+Connectivity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=532-542&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2011.04.002&rft.au=Hau%2C+T.&rft.au=Burghardt%2C+D.&rft.au=Brenner%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar,_S.Kulkarni,_D.Ravishankar,_C.2007" class="citation conference cs1">Majumdar, S.; Kulkarni, D.; Ravishankar, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~ravi/Papers/NWConf/clickfraud.pdf">"Addressing Click Fraud in Content Delivery Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Infocom</i>. IEEE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FINFCOM.2007.36">10.1109/INFCOM.2007.36</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Addressing+Click+Fraud+in+Content+Delivery+Systems&rft.btitle=Infocom&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FINFCOM.2007.36&rft.au=Majumdar%2C+S.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+D.&rft.au=Ravishankar%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ucr.edu%2F~ravi%2FPapers%2FNWConf%2Fclickfraud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygren.,_E.Sitaraman_R._K.Sun,_J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nygren., E.; Sitaraman R. K.; Sun, J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/network_overview_osr.pdf">"The Akamai Network: A Platform for High-Performance Internet Applications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 2–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1842733.1842736">10.1145/1842733.1842736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207181702">207181702</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGOPS+Operating+Systems+Review&rft.atitle=The+Akamai+Network%3A+A+Platform+for+High-Performance+Internet+Applications&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-19&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1842733.1842736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207181702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nygren.%2C+E.&rft.au=Sitaraman+R.+K.&rft.au=Sun%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akamai.com%2Fdl%2Ftechnical_publications%2Fnetwork_overview_osr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakali,_A.Pallis,_G.2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athena_Vakali" title="Athena Vakali">Vakali, A.</a>; Pallis, G. (2003). "Content Delivery Networks: Status and Trends". <i>IEEE Internet Computing</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 68–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2003.1250586">10.1109/MIC.2003.1250586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2861167">2861167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+Computing&rft.atitle=Content+Delivery+Networks%3A+Status+and+Trends&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=68-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIC.2003.1250586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2861167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Vakali%2C+A.&rft.au=Pallis%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContent+delivery+network" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM.com" title="DMM.com">DMM.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokomari.com" title="Rokomari.com">Rokomari.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NoiseTrade" title="NoiseTrade">NoiseTrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OkadaBooks" title="OkadaBooks">OkadaBooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_(publishing_platform)" title="Pronoun (publishing platform)">Pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7digital" title="7digital">7digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8tracks.com" title="8tracks.com">8tracks.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuse_(music_company)" title="Amuse (music company)">Amuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anghami" title="Anghami">Anghami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audacy" title="Audacy">Audacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandcamp" title="Bandcamp">Bandcamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatport" title="Beatport">Beatport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believe_Music" title="Believe Music">Believe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleep.com">Bleep.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomplay_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomplay Music">Boomplay Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Baby" title="CD Baby">CD Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Archives" title="Classical Archives">Classical Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DI.FM" title="DI.FM">Digitally Imported</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DistroKid" title="DistroKid">DistroKid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditto_Music" title="Ditto Music">Ditto Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Djshop">Djshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmuBands" title="EmuBands">EmuBands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMusic" title="EMusic">eMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDtracks" title="HDtracks">HDtracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icecast" title="Icecast">Icecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHeartRadio" title="IHeartRadio">iHeartRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamendo" title="Jamendo">Jamendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Records" title="Juno Records">Juno Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANDR" title="LANDR">LANDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Music" title="Line Music">Line Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live365" title="Live365">Live365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveOne" title="LiveOne">LiveOne (Live X Live / Slacker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_Solutions" title="MAD Solutions">MAD Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnatune" title="Magnatune">Magnatune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_(online_music_service)" title="Melon (online music service)">Melon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcloud" title="Mixcloud">Mixcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moov" title="Moov">MOOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Glue" title="Music Glue">Music Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napster_(streaming_service)" title="Napster (streaming service)">Napster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Music" title="Nintendo Music">Nintendo Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONErpm" title="ONErpm">ONErpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (streaming service)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patari_(service)" title="Patari (service)">Patari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qobuz" title="Qobuz">Qobuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RockMyRun" title="RockMyRun">RockMyRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROXi" title="ROXi">ROXi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinlet" title="Spinlet">Spinlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundCloud" title="SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Distribution" title="Symphonic Distribution">Symphonic Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_(service)" title="Tidal (service)">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TuneCore" title="TuneCore">TuneCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnitedMasters" title="UnitedMasters">UnitedMasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Music" title="Yandex Music">Yandex Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Radio" title="AOL Radio">AOL Radio/Radio@AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AllOfMP3" title="AllOfMP3">AllOfMP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amie_Street" title="Amie Street">Amie Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupeo" title="Aupeo">Aupeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandit.fm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandit.fm">Bandit.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BuyMusic" title="BuyMusic">BuyMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Jukebox" title="Electric Jukebox">Electric Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GhostTunes" title="GhostTunes">GhostTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoMusicNow" title="GoMusicNow">GoMusicNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooveshark" title="Grooveshark">Grooveshark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Underground_Music_Archive" title="Internet Underground Music Archive">Internet Underground Music Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">imeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMesh" title="IMesh">iMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcrate" title="Mixcrate">Mixcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOG_(online_music)" title="MOG (online music)">Mog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3.com" title="MP3.com">MP3.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Music" title="MSN Music">MSN Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfie" title="Murfie">Murfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Music Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia)" title="Ovi (Nokia)">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixRadio" title="MixRadio">MixRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusicStation" title="MusicStation">MusicStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbit" title="Nimbit">Nimbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoiseTrade" title="NoiseTrade">NoiseTrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten.co.uk" title="Rakuten.co.uk">Play.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pono_(digital_music_service)" title="Pono (digital music service)">Pono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PressPlay" title="PressPlay">PressPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretracks" title="Puretracks">Puretracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical.fm" title="Radical.fm">Radical.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionomy" title="Radionomy">Radionomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_(service)" title="Rara (service)">rara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simfy" title="Simfy">Simfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(website)" title="Spinner (website)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpiralFrog" title="SpiralFrog">SpiralFrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamwaves" title="Streamwaves">Streamwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Jukebox" title="Style Jukebox">Style Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taazi" title="Taazi">Taazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TuneTribe" title="TuneTribe">TuneTribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMP" title="WiMP">WiMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowloud" title="Wowloud">Wowloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Music_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Music Radio">Yahoo! Music Radio / LAUNCHcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Music_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Music Unlimited">Yahoo! Music Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_software" title="Zune software">Zune Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> digital distribution <a class="mw-selflink selflink">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">App store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_update" title="Over-the-air update">Over-the-air update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_app_stores" title="List of Android app stores">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal <br /> computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Amazon Digital Game Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_Games" title="Big Fish Games">Big Fish Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_River" title="Digital River">Digital River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2Drive" title="Direct2Drive">Direct2Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Gear" title="KDE Gear">Discover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="DMM Games">DMM Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA_(service)" title="EA (service)">EA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathub" class="mw-redirect" title="Flathub">Flathub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamesplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesplanet">Gamesplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Jolt" title="Game Jolt">Game Jolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Humble Store">Humble Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieGala" title="IndieGala">IndieGala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">itch.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Mac_Games" title="Inside Mac Games">MacGameStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacUpdate" title="MacUpdate">MacUpdate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Games" title="MSN Games">MSN Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo.com" title="Pogo.com">Pogo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokki" title="Pokki">Pokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Cache" title="Robot Cache">Robot Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games_Social_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockstar Games Social Club">Rockstar Games Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap Store">Snap Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Connect" title="Ubisoft Connect">Ubisoft Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeGame" title="WeGame">WeGame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildTangent" title="WildTangent">WildTangent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile <br /> devices</a> §</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">Apple App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appland" title="Appland">Appland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydia" title="Cydia">Cydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Store" title="Galaxy Store">Galaxy Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiKandi" title="MiKandi">MiKandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">OpenStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TapTap" title="TapTap">TapTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Technology" title="Arcade video game">Arcade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NESiCAxLive" title="NESiCAxLive">NESiCAxLive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nokia" title="Club Nokia">Club Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desura" title="Desura">Desura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download!" title="Download!">Download!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameAgent" title="GameAgent">GameAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameShadow" title="GameShadow">GameShadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTap" title="GameTap">GameTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Games for Windows Marketplace">Games for Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(software)" title="Impulse (software)">Impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartridge">Kartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">N-Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Store">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Ubuntu Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_live!" title="Vodafone live!">Vodafone live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Shop_Channel" title="Wii Shop Channel">Wii Shop Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile" title="Windows Marketplace for Mobile">Windows Marketplace for Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store" title="Windows Phone Store">Windows Phone Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Games_Store" title="Xbox Games Store">Xbox Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Games">Yahoo! Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zune Marketplace">Zune Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>§ Also includes <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TVs</a> and standalone <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">VR headsets</a> <br /></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software" title="Category:Software">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video</a> and sharing platforms</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/56.com" title="56.com">56.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Amazon Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">Apple TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AcFun" title="AcFun">AcFun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfreecaTV" class="mw-redirect" title="AfreecaTV">AfreecaTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightcove" title="Brightcove">Brightcove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzznet" title="Buzznet">Buzznet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZZK" title="CHZZK">CHZZK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daum_(web_portal)" title="Daum (web portal)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Streaming" title="Endeavor Streaming">Endeavor Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Film_Detective" title="The Film Detective">The Film Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmOn" title="FilmOn">FilmOn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotki" title="Fotki">Fotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc.#History" title="Adobe Inc.">Frame.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funny_or_Die" title="Funny or Die">Funny or Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funshion" title="Funshion">Funshion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan#Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">GyaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQIYI" title="IQIYI">iQIYI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanopy" title="Kanopy">Kanopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le.com" title="Le.com">Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_TV" title="Mango TV">Mango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici.tv" title="Medici.tv">Medici.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWATCH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeWATCH">meWATCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niconico" title="Niconico">Niconico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a>/Odysee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PictureBox_Films" title="PictureBox Films">PictureBox Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutube" title="Rutube">Rutube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SchoolTube" title="SchoolTube">SchoolTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showroom_(streaming_service)" title="Showroom (streaming service)">Showroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeacherTube" title="TeacherTube">TeacherTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Channel" title="Teaching Channel">Teaching Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telly_Inc." title="Telly Inc.">Telly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThePlatform" title="ThePlatform">thePlatform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudou" title="Tudou">Tudou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBOX7" title="VBOX7">VBOX7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Video" title="Tencent Video">WeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xigua_Video" title="Xigua Video">Xigua Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunlei" title="Xunlei">Xunlei Kankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zattoo" title="Zattoo">Zattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rental and <br />purchase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aha_(streaming_service)" title="Aha (streaming service)">Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_at_Home" title="Fandango at Home">Fandango at Home</a></li></ul></li> <li>Google <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube Movies & TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Microsoft Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movies_Anywhere" title="Movies Anywhere">Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_TV" title="Rakuten TV">Rakuten TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adober_Studios" title="Adober Studios">Chicken Pork Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azubu" title="Azubu">Azubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blip.tv" title="Blip.tv">Blip.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break.com" title="Break.com">Break.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CinemaNow" title="CinemaNow">CinemaNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisuki_(website)" title="Daisuki (website)">Daisuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Movies Anywhere">Disney Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearnet" title="Fearnet">Fearnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flixster" title="Flixster">Flixster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Network" title="Global Wrestling Network">Global Wrestling Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Google Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitbox_(service)" title="Hitbox (service)">Hitbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">imeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMesh" title="IMesh">iMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In2TV" title="In2TV">In2TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost" title="Joost">Joost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveLeak" title="LiveLeak">LiveLeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoveFilm" title="LoveFilm">LoveFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaupload" title="Megaupload">Megaupload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUZU.TV" title="MUZU.TV">MUZU.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacafe" title="Metacafe">Metacafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyVideo" title="MyVideo">MyVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Menu#Nintendo_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Menu">Nintendo Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Video" title="Nintendo Video">Nintendo Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia)" title="Ovi (Nokia)">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfilm" title="Openfilm">Openfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openload" title="Openload">Openload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_TV" title="Pandora TV">Pandora TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7plus" title="7plus">PLUS7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(streaming_company)" title="Presto (streaming company)">Presto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickflix" title="Quickflix">Quickflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revver" title="Revver">Revver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashcast" title="Smashcast">Smashcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage6" title="Stage6">Stage6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Networks" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamworks_International" title="Streamworks International">Streamworks International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Deluxe" title="Super Deluxe">Super Deluxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Top_TV" title="Tank Top TV">Tank Top TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchVision" title="TouchVision">TouchVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilulilu" title="Trilulilu">Trilulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TroopTube" title="TroopTube">TroopTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toons.TV" title="Toons.TV">Toons.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twango" title="Twango">Twango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraViolet_(website)" title="UltraViolet (website)">UltraViolet</a></li> <li>Total Access <a href="/wiki/Impact_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Wrestling">Impact Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vdio" title="Vdio">Vdio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_(website)" title="Vessel (website)">Vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viddler" title="Viddler">Viddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidme" title="Vidme">Vidme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vongo_(video_on_demand_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vongo (video on demand service)">Vongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection" title="Warner Archive Collection">Warner Archive Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeShow" title="WeShow">WeShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Classics_on_Demand" title="WWE Classics on Demand">WWE Classics on Demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&oldid=1258454500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&oldid=1258454500</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_networks_engineering" title="Category:Computer networks engineering">Computer networks engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Content_delivery_networks" title="Category:Content delivery networks">Content delivery networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applications_of_distributed_computing" title="Category:Applications of distributed computing">Applications of distributed computing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cloud_storage" title="Category:Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_television" title="Category:Digital television">Digital television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_algorithms" title="Category:Distributed algorithms">Distributed algorithms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_data_storage" title="Category:Distributed data storage">Distributed data storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_data_storage_systems" title="Category:Distributed data storage systems">Distributed data storage systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">File sharing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing_networks" title="Category:File sharing networks">File sharing networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technology" title="Category:Film and video technology">Film and video technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_broadcasting" title="Category:Internet broadcasting">Internet broadcasting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_radio" title="Category:Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streaming_television" title="Category:Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multimedia" title="Category:Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Online_content_distribution" title="Category:Online content distribution">Online content distribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peer-to-peer_computing" title="Category:Peer-to-peer computing">Peer-to-peer computing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peercasting" title="Category:Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streaming" title="Category:Streaming">Streaming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streaming_media_systems" title="Category:Streaming media systems">Streaming media systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_hosting" title="Category:Video hosting">Video hosting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_on_demand" title="Category:Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2024">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2024">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2021">Articles needing additional references from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from June 2024">Articles needing cleanup from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sections_that_need_to_be_turned_into_prose_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2024">Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 20:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz5zt","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.104","walltime":"2.810","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4551,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":179808,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2648,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":219598,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2416.368 1 -total"," 50.57% 1222.055 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.13% 510.489 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 17.14% 414.114 6 Template:Navbox"," 16.40% 396.206 29 Template:Cite_web"," 14.76% 356.558 1 Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms"," 9.00% 217.433 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.06% 170.661 4 Template:IETF_RFC"," 6.95% 167.852 2 Template:Cn"," 6.92% 167.261 4 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.690","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8085404,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"1 1 J. H. Saltzer\n2 2 D. P. Reed\n3 3 D. D. Clark\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mhn25","timestamp":"20241122142546","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Content delivery network","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_delivery_network","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72588","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72588","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-06T03:44:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T20:46:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/NCDN_-_CDN.svg","headline":"layer in the Internet ecosystem addressing bottlenecks"}</script> </body> </html>