CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Trachea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f058b60b-808a-420e-99bf-0dc65638858c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Trachea","wgTitle":"Trachea","wgCurRevisionId":1258807617,"wgRevisionId":1258807617,"wgArticleId":70289,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2017","Good articles","Trachea","Arthropod anatomy","Invertebrate respiratory system","Human head and neck","Thorax (human anatomy)","Respiratory system"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Trachea","wgRelevantArticleId":70289,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q175449","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","ext.3d.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.3d.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/1200px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1544"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/800px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1029"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/640px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Trachea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Trachea rootpage-Trachea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trachea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trachea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trachea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trachea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nearby_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nearby structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_and_lymphatic_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_and_lymphatic_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Blood and lymphatic supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_and_lymphatic_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflammation_and_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation_and_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inflammation and infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation_and_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Narrowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intubation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intubation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Intubation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intubation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congenital_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Congenital disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Replacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trage%C3%AB" title="Trageë – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trageë" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B6hre" title="Luftröhre – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Luftröhre" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قصبة هوائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصبة هوائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traquia" title="Traquia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Traquia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܪܘܫܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܪܘܫܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunquri" title="Tunquri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tunquri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99f%C9%99s_borusu" title="Nəfəs borusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəfəs borusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="শ্বাসনালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বাসনালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-k%C5%84g" title="Khì-kńg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khì-kńg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Трахея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трахея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Трахея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трахея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дихателна тръба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дихателна тръба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="གློ་ཡུའི་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློ་ཡུའི་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1nik" title="Dušnik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dušnik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0quea" title="Tràquea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tràquea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%AFdu%C5%A1nice" title="Průdušnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Průdušnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracea" title="Tracea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tracea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B8r" title="Luftrør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftrør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B6hre" title="Luftröhre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftröhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8_%DE%82%DE%AE%DE%85%DE%A8" title="ވައި ނޮޅި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވައި ނޮޅި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingetoru" title="Hingetoru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hingetoru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τραχεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραχεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1quea" title="Tráquea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tráquea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C4%A5eo" title="Traĥeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traĥeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakea" title="Trakea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trakea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trach%C3%A9e" title="Trachée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trachée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtpiip" title="Luchtpiip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Luchtpiip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADob%C3%A1n" title="Píobán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Píobán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aahjioogh" title="Aahjioogh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aahjioogh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traquea_(vertebrados)" title="Traquea (vertebrados) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Traquea (vertebrados)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80_(%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%84)" title="기관 (기도) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기관 (기도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Շնչափող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնչափող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्वास नलिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वास नलिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1nik" title="Dušnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dušnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakeo" title="Trakeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trakeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakea" title="Trakea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trakea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trachea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="קנה הנשימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנה הנשימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trak%C3%A9a" title="Trakéa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Trakéa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ტრაქეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაქეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кеңірдек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеңірдек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trache" title="Trache – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Trache" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borr%C3%AEhewa" title="Borrîhewa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Borrîhewa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trachea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpvads" title="Elpvads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elpvads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B6re" title="Luftröre – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Luftröre" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trach%C4%97ja" title="Trachėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trachėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3chpiep" title="Lóchpiep – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lóchpiep" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gcs%C5%91" title="Légcső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légcső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Дишник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дишник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്വാസനാളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വാസനാളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakea_vertebrat" title="Trakea vertebrat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trakea vertebrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtpijp" title="Luchtpijp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtpijp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E7%AE%A1" title="気管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B8r" title="Luftrør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftrør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B8yr" title="Luftrøyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luftrøyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekirdak" title="Kekirdak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kekirdak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftr%C3%B6hr" title="Luftröhr – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Luftröhr" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchawica" title="Tchawica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tchawica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traqueia" title="Traqueia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traqueia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trahee" title="Trahee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trahee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_tunqur" title="Hatun tunqur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun tunqur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Трахея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трахея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannarozzu_f%C3%A0usu" title="Cannarozzu fàusu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cannarozzu fàusu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trachea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ساھ جي نالي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساھ جي نالي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priedu%C5%A1nica" title="Priedušnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priedušnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapnik" title="Sapnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sapnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunguriga_neefta" title="Hunguriga neefta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hunguriga neefta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بۆڕیی ھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆڕیی ھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Душник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Душник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1nik" title="Dušnik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dušnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkitorvi" title="Henkitorvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkitorvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstrupe" title="Luftstrupe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftstrupe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakeya_ng_bertebrado" title="Trakeya ng bertebrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trakeya ng bertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF)" title="மூச்சுக்குழாய் (முதுகுநாணி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூச்சுக்குழாய் (முதுகுநாணி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Трахея – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Трахея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0)" title="ท่อลม (อวัยวะ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ท่อลม (อวัยวะ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%B4_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏃᎴ ᏧᎶᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏃᎴ ᏧᎶᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluk_borusu" title="Soluk borusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soluk borusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Трахея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трахея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="كاناي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاناي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozgyongx" title="Hozgyongx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hozgyongx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_qu%E1%BA%A3n" title="Khí quản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí quản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchen%C3%A5le_a_l%27_air" title="Tchenåle a l' air – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchenåle a l' air" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakya" title="Trakya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trakya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1" title="气管 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="气管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לופטרער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לופטרער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="氣管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氣管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gule_(anatomiye)" title="Gule (anatomiye) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gule (anatomiye)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="氣管 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣管" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Trachea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trachea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trachea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Trachea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Trachea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&oldid=1258807617" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trachea&id=1258807617&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrachea"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrachea"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trachea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trachea_(anatomy)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175449" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus of moth, see <a href="/wiki/Trachea_(moth)" title="Trachea (moth)"><i>Trachea</i> (moth)</a>. For the cup-shaped Byzantine coins, see <a href="/wiki/Trachy_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachy (currency)">Trachy (currency)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Trachea/Windpipe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_conducting_passages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/250px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/375px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/500px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human trachea</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_conducting_passages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/250px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/375px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg/500px-Illu_conducting_passages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Windpipe</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_branches_of_inferior_thyroid_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery">Tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein" title="Brachiocephalic vein">Brachiocephalic vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos vein</a> <a href="/wiki/Accessory_hemiazygos_vein" title="Accessory hemiazygos vein">accessory hemiazygos vein</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>trachea</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014132">D014132</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/06.3.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A06.3.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3213">3213</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7394">7394</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175449" class="extiw" title="d:Q175449">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>trachea</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>tracheae</b> or <b>tracheas</b>), also known as the <b>windpipe</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous">cartilaginous</a> tube that connects the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, allowing the passage of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, and so is present in almost all <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea, the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying <a href="/wiki/Annular_ligaments_of_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Annular ligaments of trachea">ligaments</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Trachealis_muscle" title="Trachealis muscle">trachealis muscle</a> at their ends. The <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing. </p><p>The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. Its <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> is lined with <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelium">column-shaped cells</a> that have hair-like extensions called <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a>, with scattered <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a> that produce protective <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a>. The trachea can be affected by inflammation or infection, usually as a result of a viral illness affecting other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>, such as the larynx and bronchi, called <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a>, that can result in a cough. Infection with <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> usually affects the trachea only and can cause narrowing or even obstruction. As a major part of the respiratory tract, when obstructed the trachea prevents air entering the lungs and so a <a href="/wiki/Tracheostomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheostomy">tracheostomy</a> may be required if the trachea is obstructed. Additionally, during surgery if <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> is required when a person is sedated, <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">a tube</a> is inserted into the trachea, called <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a>. </p><p>The word <i>trachea</i> is used to define a very different organ in <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a> have an open <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">respiratory system</a> made up of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>, tracheae, and <a href="/wiki/Tracheole" title="Tracheole">tracheoles</a> to transport <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> gases to and from tissues. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png/220px-Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png/330px-Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png/440px-Blausen_0865_TracheaAnatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>An adult's trachea has an inner diameter of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.5 to 2 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) and a length of about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10 to 11 cm (4 to <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in), wider in males than females.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trachea begins at the lower edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> of the larynx<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the level of sixth <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebra</a> (C6)<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into left and right main bronchi.,<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebra</a> (T4),<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its position may change with <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trachea is surrounded by 16–20 rings of <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a>; these 'rings' are 4 millimetres high in the adult, incomplete and C-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ligaments connect the rings.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trachealis_muscle" title="Trachealis muscle">trachealis muscle</a> connects the ends of the incomplete rings and runs along the back wall of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also adventitia, which is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the hyaline cartilage, contributes to the trachea's ability to bend and stretch with movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although trachea is a midline structure, it can be displaced normally to the right by the aortic arch.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8462036_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8462036-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_structures">Nearby structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nearby structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trachea passes by many structures of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> and chest (<a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>) along its course. </p><p>In front of the upper trachea lies connective tissue and skin.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other structures pass over or sit on the trachea; the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_arch" title="Jugular venous arch">jugular arch</a>, which joins the two <a href="/wiki/Anterior_jugular_vein" title="Anterior jugular vein">anterior jugular veins</a>, sits in front of the upper part of the trachea. The <a href="/wiki/Sternohyoid_muscle" title="Sternohyoid muscle">sternohyoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternothyroid_muscle" title="Sternothyroid muscle">sternothyroid muscles</a> stretch along its length. The thyroid gland also stretches across the upper trachea, with the isthmus overlying the second to fourth rings, and the lobes stretching to the level of the fifth or sixth cartilage.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood vessels of the thyroid rest on the trachea next to the isthmus; <a href="/wiki/Superior_thyroid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior thyroid arteries">superior thyroid arteries</a> join just above it, and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_veins" title="Inferior thyroid veins">inferior thyroid veins</a> below it.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In front of the lower trachea lies the manubrium of the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thymus#Involution" title="Thymus">remnants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a> in adults. To the front left lie the large blood vessels the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_arch" title="Aortic arch">aortic arch</a> and its branches the left <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_artery" title="Brachiocephalic artery">brachiocephalic trunk</a>; and the left <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein" title="Brachiocephalic vein">brachiocephalic vein</a>. The deep <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_plexus" title="Cardiac plexus">cardiac plexus</a> and lymph nodes are also positioned in front of the lower trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind the trachea, along its length, sits the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">oesophagus</a>, followed by connective tissue and the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To its sides run the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and inferior thyroid arteries; and to its sides on its back surface run the <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">recurrent laryngeal nerves</a> in the upper trachea, and the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerves</a> in the lower trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trachealis muscle contracts during <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughing</a>, reducing the size of the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/120px--CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg/CT-Thorax-5.0-B70f.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CT scan of the thorax (axial lung window)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/120px--COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="85" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="676" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1012" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1260" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="202" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="338" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CT scan of the thorax (coronal lung window) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/120px--COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="85" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="676" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1012" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1260" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="202" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="338" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg/COR-2-STND-CHEST-MEDIASTINUM.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="506" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CT scan of the thorax (coronal mediastinal window) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross section of a trachea and esophagus"><img alt="Cross section of a trachea and esophagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg/120px-Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg/180px-Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg/240px-Cross_section_of_a_trachea_and_esophagus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross section of a trachea and esophagus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles lie on top of the upper part of the trachea"><img alt="The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles lie on top of the upper part of the trachea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/120px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/180px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/240px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sternohyoid_muscle" title="Sternohyoid muscle">sternohyoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternothyroid_muscle" title="Sternothyroid muscle">sternothyroid muscles</a> lie on top of the upper part of the trachea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0534_Goiter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The thyroid gland also lies on top of the trachea, and lies below the cricoid cartilage."><img alt="The thyroid gland also lies on top of the trachea, and lies below the cricoid cartilage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blausen_0534_Goiter.png/90px-Blausen_0534_Goiter.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blausen_0534_Goiter.png/135px-Blausen_0534_Goiter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blausen_0534_Goiter.png/180px-Blausen_0534_Goiter.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The thyroid gland also lies on top of the trachea, and lies below the cricoid cartilage. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_and_lymphatic_supply">Blood and lymphatic supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blood and lymphatic supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray622.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray622.png/220px-Gray622.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray622.png/330px-Gray622.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray622.png/440px-Gray622.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph nodes</a> of the trachea</figcaption></figure> <p>The upper part of trachea receives and drains <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior thyroid arteries">inferior thyroid arteries</a> and veins;<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lower trachea receives blood from bronchial arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arteries that supply the trachea do so via small branches that supply the trachea from the sides. As the branches approach the wall of the trachea, they split into <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior" title="Anatomical terms of location">inferior and superior</a> branches, which join with the branches of the arteries above and below; these then split into branches that supply the anterior and posterior parts of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inferior thyroid arteries arise just below the isthmus of the thyroid, which sits atop the trachea. These arteries join (<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anastamoses#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:anastamoses">anastamoses</a></i>) with ascending branches of the <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_artery" title="Bronchial artery">bronchial arteries</a>, which are direct branches from the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, to supply blood to the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a> of the trachea drain into the <a href="/wiki/Pretracheal_lymph_nodes" title="Pretracheal lymph nodes">pretracheal nodes</a> that lie in front of the trachea, and <a href="/wiki/Paratracheal_lymph_nodes" title="Paratracheal lymph nodes">paratracheal lymph nodes</a> that lie beside it.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fourth week of <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">development of the human embryo</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bud" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bud">respiratory bud</a> grows, the trachea separates from the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a> through the formation of ridges which eventually separate the trachea from the oesophagus, the <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_septum" title="Tracheoesophageal septum">tracheoesophageal septum</a>. This separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the fifth week, the left and right main bronchi have begun to form, initially as buds at the terminal end of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trachea is no more than 4 mm in diameter during the first year of life, expanding to its adult diameter of approximately 2 cm by late childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trachea is more circular and more vertical in children compared to adults,<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> varies more in size, and also varies more in its position in relation to its surrounding structures.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trachea is lined with a layer of <a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_ciliated_columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium">interspersed layers of column-shaped cells with cilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glandular</a>, column-shaped cells that produce <a href="/wiki/Mucins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucins">mucins</a>, the main component of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>. Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mucus lines the <a href="/wiki/Ciliated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliated">ciliated</a> cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> or expelled as <a href="/wiki/Phlegm" title="Phlegm">phlegm</a>. This self-clearing mechanism is termed <a href="/wiki/Mucociliary_clearance" title="Mucociliary clearance">mucociliary clearance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Directly beneath this mucus layer lies the submucosa layer which is composed primarily of fibrous connective tissue and connects the mucosa to the rings of hyaline cartilage beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trachea is surrounded by 16 to 20 rings of hyaline cartilage; these 'rings' are incomplete and C-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2016_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two or more of the cartilages often unite, partially or completely, and they are sometimes bifurcated at their extremities. The rings are generally highly elastic but they may <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcify</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray964.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section"><img alt="Cross-section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray964.png/80px-Gray964.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray964.png/120px-Gray964.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray964.png/161px-Gray964.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the trachea, with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells labelled"><img alt="Cross-section of the trachea, with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells labelled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg/120px-2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg/180px-2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg/240px-2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the trachea, with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells labelled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartilage01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnified cross-section of the cartilage of the trachea"><img alt="Magnified cross-section of the cartilage of the trachea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cartilage01.JPG/120px-Cartilage01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cartilage01.JPG/180px-Cartilage01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cartilage01.JPG/240px-Cartilage01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnified cross-section of the cartilage of the trachea </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trachea's main function is to transport air to and from the lungs. It also helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the lungs. </p><p>The trachea is made up of rings of cartilage, which help to keep it open and prevent it from collapsing. The inside of the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane, which produces mucus to help trap dirt and dust particles. The cilia, which are tiny hairs that line the mucous membrane, help to move the mucus and trapped particles up and out of the trachea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation_and_infection">Inflammation and infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inflammation and infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a> of the trachea is known as <a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">tracheitis</a>, usually due to an infection. It is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">viral infections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with bacterial infections occurring almost entirely in children.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, infections occur with inflammation of other parts of the respiratory tract, such as the larynx and bronchi, known as <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however bacterial infections may also affect the trachea alone, although they are often associated with a recent viral infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses that cause croup are generally the <a href="/wiki/Parainfluenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parainfluenza virus">parainfluenza viruses</a> 1–3, with <a href="/wiki/Influenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza virus">influenza viruses</a> A and B also causing croup, but usually causing more serious infections; bacteria may also cause croup and include <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causes of bacterial infection of the trachea are most commonly <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In patients who are in hospital, additional bacteria that may cause tracheitis include <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person affected with tracheitis may start with symptoms that suggest an <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a> such as a cough, <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coryza" class="mw-redirect" title="Coryza">coryzal symptoms</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Runny_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Runny nose">runny nose</a>. Fevers may develop and an affected child may develop <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory distress">difficulty breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swelling of the airway can cause narrowing of the airway, causing a hoarse breathing sound called <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">stridor</a>, or even cause complete blockage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 80% of people affected by bacterial tracheitis require <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">the use of mechanical ventilation</a>, and treatment may include <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> for the purposes of acquiring microbiological specimens for <a href="/wiki/Culture_and_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture and sensitivity">culture and sensitivity</a>, as well as removal of any dead tissue associated with the infection. Treatment in such situations usually includes <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrowing">Narrowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Narrowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Stridor_NP_OGG_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Stridor_NP_OGG_2.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Stridor_NP_OGG_2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Stridor_NP_OGG_2.ogg/Stridor_NP_OGG_2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>An example of <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">stridor</a>, which develops when the trachea is narrowed or obstructed</figcaption></figure> <p>A trachea may be <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal stenosis">narrowed or compressed</a>, usually a result of enlarged nearby lymph nodes; cancers of the trachea or nearby structures; large thyroid <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitres</a>; or rarely as a result of other processes such as <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">unusually swollen blood vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarring from <a href="/wiki/Tracheobronchial_injury" title="Tracheobronchial injury">tracheobronchial injury</a> or intubation; or inflammation associated with <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a> may also cause a narrowing of the trachea (<a href="/wiki/Tracheal_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal stenosis">tracheal stenosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obstruction invariably causes a harsh breathing sound known as <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">stridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A camera inserted via the mouth down into the trachea, called <a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">bronchoscopy</a>, may be performed to investigate the cause of an obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management of obstructions depends on the cause. Obstructions as a result of malignancy may be managed with surgery, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stent may be inserted over the obstruction. Benign lesions, such as narrowing resulting from scarring, are likely to be surgically excised.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One cause of narrowing is <a href="/wiki/Tracheomalacia" title="Tracheomalacia">tracheomalacia</a>, which is the tendency for the trachea to collapse when there is increased external pressure, such as when airflow is increased during breathing in or out, due to decreased <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">compliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hysinger2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be due to congenital causes, or due to things that develop after birth, such as compression from nearby masses or swelling, or trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hysinger2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congenital tracheomalacia can occur by itself or in association with other abnormalities such as <a href="/wiki/Bronchomalacia" title="Bronchomalacia">bronchomalacia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">laryngomalacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_fistula" title="Tracheoesophageal fistula">abnormal connections between the trachea and the oesophagus</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hysinger2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congenital tracheomalacia often improves without specific intervention; when required, interventions may include <a href="/wiki/Beta_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta agonist">beta agonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic agonists">muscarinic agonists</a>, which enhance the tone of the smooth muscle surrounding the trachea; <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">positive pressure ventilation</a>, or surgery, which may include the placement of a <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a>, or the removal of the affected part of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hysinger2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dogs, particularly miniature dogs and <a href="/wiki/Toy_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Toy dogs">toy dogs</a>, tracheomalacia, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bronchomalacia" title="Bronchomalacia">bronchomalacia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_collapse" title="Tracheal collapse">tracheal collapse</a>, which often presents with a honking goose-like cough.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injury">Injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trachea may be injured by trauma such as in a vehicle accident, or intentionally by another wilfully inflicting damage for example as practiced in some <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-Rosado_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-Rosado-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intubation">Intubation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intubation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airway_management" title="Airway management">Airway management</a></div> <p>Tracheal intubation refers to the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">tube</a> down the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This procedure is commonly performed during <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, in order to ensure a person receives enough oxygen when sedated. The catheter is connected to a machine that monitors the airflow, oxygenation and several other metrics. This is often one of the responsibilities of an <a href="/wiki/Anaesthetist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthetist">anaesthetist</a> during surgery. </p><p>In an emergency, or when tracheal intubation is deemed impossible, a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a> is often performed to insert a tube for ventilation, usually when needed for particular types of surgery to be carried out so that the airway can be kept open. The provision of the opening via a tracheotomy is called a <a href="/wiki/Tracheostomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheostomy">tracheostomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method procedure can be carried, in an emergency situation, and this is a <a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">cricothyrotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congenital_disorders">Congenital disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Congenital disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracheal_diverticulum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tracheal_diverticulum.png/220px-Tracheal_diverticulum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tracheal_diverticulum.png/330px-Tracheal_diverticulum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tracheal_diverticulum.png/440px-Tracheal_diverticulum.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tracheal diverticulum as seen on axial CT imaging</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_agenesis" title="Tracheal agenesis">Tracheal agenesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rare <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defect</a> in which the trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_fistula" title="Tracheoesophageal fistula">tracheoesophageal fistula</a> is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fistula#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fistula">fistula</a></i>). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs in approximately 1 in 3,000 births, and the most common abnormalities is a separation of the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus, with the upper end finishing in a closed pouch.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other abnormalities may be associated with this, including cardiac abnormalities, or <a href="/wiki/VACTERL_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="VACTERL syndrome">VACTERL syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such fistulas may be detected before a baby is born because of <a href="/wiki/Polyhydramnios" title="Polyhydramnios">excess amniotic fluid</a>; after birth, they are often associated with pneumonitis and pneumonia because of <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aspiration#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:aspiration">aspiration</a></i> of food contents.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congenital fistulas are often treated by surgical repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adults, fistulas may occur because of erosion into the trachea from nearby malignant tumours, which erode into both the trachea and the oesophagus. Initially, these often result in coughing from swallowed contents of the oesophagus that are aspirated through the trachea, often progressing to fatal pneumonia; there is rarely a curative treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">tracheo-oesophageal puncture</a> is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in a person who has had their larynx removed. Air travels upwards from the surgical connection to the upper oesophagus and the pharynx, creating vibrations that create sound that can be used for speech. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person's ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes as an <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variation</a> one or more of the tracheal rings are formed as complete rings, rather than horseshoe shaped rings. These <i>O</i> rings are smaller than the normal C-shaped rings and can cause narrowing (<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stenosis#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:stenosis">stenosis</a></i>) of the trachea, resulting in breathing difficulties. An operation called a <i>slide tracheoplasty</i> can open up the rings and rejoin them as wider rings, shortening the length of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mounier-Kuhn_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounier-Kuhn syndrome">Mounier-Kuhn syndrome</a> is a rare congenital disorder of an abnormally enlarged trachea, characterised by absent elastic fibres, smooth muscle thinning, and a tendency to get recurrent respiratory tract infections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement">Replacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Replacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2008, operations have experimentally replaced tracheas, with those grown from <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>, or with synthetic substitutes, however this is regarded as experimental and there is no standardised method.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracheal_replacement_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracheal_replacement-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Difficulties with ensuring adequate blood supply to the replaced trachea is considered a major challenge to any replacement. Additionally, no evidence has been found to support the placement of stem cells taken from <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> on the trachea as a way of stimulating tissue regeneration, and such a method remains hypothetical.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracheal_replacement_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracheal_replacement-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, surgeons at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a> in New York performed the first complete trachea transplantation. The 18-hour procedure included harvesting a trachea from a donor and implanting it in the patient, connecting numerous veins and arteries to provide sufficient blood flow to the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allowing for variations in the length of the neck, the trachea in other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> is, in general, similar to that in humans. Generally, it is also similar to the <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a> trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, the trachea runs from the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (biology)">syrinx</a>, from which the primary bronchi diverge. <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">Swans</a> have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the tracheal rings are complete, and may even be <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however, found in some long-necked <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> to have lungs, but no trachea, are the <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus" title="Polypterus">Polypterus</a></i>, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tracheal system of dissected <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a>. The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image. Scale bar, 2 mm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The tracheal system branches into progressively smaller tubes, here supplying the <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> of the cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>trachea</i> is used to define a very different organ in <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> than in vertebrates. Insects have an open <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">respiratory system</a> made up of spiracles, tracheae, and <a href="/wiki/Tracheole" title="Tracheole">tracheoles</a> to transport <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> gases to and from tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> that branch (<a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomose</a>) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm. <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">Diffusion</a> of oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> takes place across the walls of the smallest tubes, called tracheoles, which penetrate tissues and even indent individual cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a> or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the factors that may limit their size. </p><p>A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of <a href="/wiki/Taenidia" title="Taenidia">taenidia</a> in various <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometries</a> such as loops or <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helices</a>. Taenidia provide strength and flexibility to the trachea. In the head, thorax, or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>, or function essentially as normal, via a <a href="/wiki/Gill#Plastron" title="Gill">plastron</a>. Note that despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are lined with cuticular tissue and are shed during moulting (<a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachea_(mammal)_histology_cross-section.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachea (mammal) cross-section high resolution"><img alt="Trachea (mammal) cross-section high resolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png/120px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png/180px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png/240px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trachea (mammal) cross-section high resolution</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachea_(mammal)_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachea (mammal) cross-section low resolution"><img alt="Trachea (mammal) cross-section low resolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png/120px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png/180px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png/240px-Trachea_%28mammal%29_histology_cross-section_low_mag.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trachea (mammal) cross-section low resolution</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larynx_detailed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachea"><img alt="Trachea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larynx_detailed.jpg/120px-Larynx_detailed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larynx_detailed.jpg/180px-Larynx_detailed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larynx_detailed.jpg/240px-Larynx_detailed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trachea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray954.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea"><img alt="Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray954.png/74px-Gray954.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray954.png/112px-Gray954.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray954.png/149px-Gray954.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:3d-vh-m-trachea.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3d-vh-m-trachea.stl/220px-3d-vh-m-trachea.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3d-vh-m-trachea.stl/330px-3d-vh-m-trachea.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3d-vh-m-trachea.stl/440px-3d-vh-m-trachea.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>The graph representation of the 3D Reference Organ for Trachea, Male dataset.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707001255/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/trachea">"Trachea | Definition of Trachea by Lexico"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/trachea">the original</a> on 7 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Trachea+%7C+Definition+of+Trachea+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Ftrachea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA2016_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandring2016" class="citation book cs1">Standring S (2016). "Trachea and bronchi". In Standring S (ed.). <i>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 965–969. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702052309" title="Special:BookSources/9780702052309"><bdi>9780702052309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920806541">920806541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trachea+and+bronchi&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=965-969&rft.edition=41st&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920806541&rft.isbn=9780702052309&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furlow2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furlow2018_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlowMathisen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Furlow PW, Mathisen DJ (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900092">"Surgical anatomy of the trachea"</a>. <i>Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 255–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Facs.2018.03.01">10.21037/acs.2018.03.01</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900092">5900092</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29707503">29707503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Cardiothoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Surgical+anatomy+of+the+trachea&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-260&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5900092%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29707503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Facs.2018.03.01&rft.aulast=Furlow&rft.aufirst=PW&rft.au=Mathisen%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5900092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhkimotoMouriAmatsuTeraoka1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ohkimoto K, Mouri M, Amatsu M, Teraoka M (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3950%2Fjibiinkoka.100.1394">"[Histological study of the tracheal adventitia, perichondrium and annular ligament]"</a>. <i>Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho</i>. <b>100</b> (11): 1394–1400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3950%2Fjibiinkoka.100.1394">10.3950/jibiinkoka.100.1394</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9423323">9423323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nihon+Jibiinkoka+Gakkai+Kaiho&rft.atitle=%5BHistological+study+of+the+tracheal+adventitia%2C+perichondrium+and+annular+ligament%5D&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1394-1400&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3950%2Fjibiinkoka.100.1394&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9423323&rft.aulast=Ohkimoto&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Mouri%2C+M&rft.au=Amatsu%2C+M&rft.au=Teraoka%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3950%252Fjibiinkoka.100.1394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8462036-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8462036_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennieCoblentz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dennie CJ, Coblentz CL (April 1993). "The trachea: normal anatomic features, imaging and causes of displacement". <i>Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 81–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8462036">8462036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Association+of+Radiologists+Journal&rft.atitle=The+trachea%3A+normal+anatomic+features%2C+imaging+and+causes+of+displacement&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-9&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8462036&rft.aulast=Dennie&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Coblentz%2C+CL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langmans2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmans2019_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadley2019" class="citation book cs1">Sadley TW (2019). <i>Langman's medical embryology</i> (14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 223–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496383907" title="Special:BookSources/9781496383907"><bdi>9781496383907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langman%27s+medical+embryology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=223-229&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781496383907&rft.aulast=Sadley&rft.aufirst=TW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMescher2009" class="citation book cs1">Mescher AL (28 August 2009). "Chapter 17. The Respiratory System". In Mescher AL (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603013209/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=6182422"><i>Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas</i></a> (12th ed.). McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163020-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163020-7"><bdi>978-0-07-163020-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6182422">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17.+The+Respiratory+System&rft.btitle=Junqueira%27s+Basic+Histology%3A+Text+%26+Atlas&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-07-163020-7&rft.aulast=Mescher&rft.aufirst=AL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmedicine.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3FaID%3D6182422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntunesCohen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Antunes MB, Cohen NA (February 2007). "Mucociliary clearance--a critical upper airway host defense mechanism and methods of assessment". <i>Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Faci.0b013e3280114eef">10.1097/aci.0b013e3280114eef</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17218804">17218804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9551913">9551913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Mucociliary+clearance--a+critical+upper+airway+host+defense+mechanism+and+methods+of+assessment&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9551913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17218804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Faci.0b013e3280114eef&rft.aulast=Antunes&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Cohen%2C+NA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayyalasomayajula, Venkat, and Bjørn Skallerud. “Microstructure and Mechanics of the Bovine Trachea: Layer Specific Investigations through SHG Imaging and Biaxial Testing.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol. 134, 1 Oct. 2022, p. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105371">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105371</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tristam2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tristam2019_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristram2019" class="citation book cs1">Tristram D (2019). "Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Epiglottitis, and Bronchiolitis: Sore Throat, Change in Voice, Feverora Wheezing Infant in Respiratory Distress". <i>Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 75–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91080-2_7">10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91080-2"><bdi>978-3-319-91080-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86826724">86826724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laryngitis%2C+Tracheitis%2C+Epiglottitis%2C+and+Bronchiolitis%3A+Sore+Throat%2C+Change+in+Voice%2C+Feverora+Wheezing+Infant+in+Respiratory+Distress&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.pages=75-85&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86826724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-91080-2_7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-91080-2&rft.aulast=Tristram&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoParikh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo CY, Parikh SR (November 2014). "Bacterial tracheitis". <i>Pediatrics in Review</i>. <b>35</b> (11): 497–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpir.35-11-497">10.1542/pir.35-11-497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25361911">25361911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42828725">42828725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics+in+Review&rft.atitle=Bacterial+tracheitis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=497-499&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42828725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25361911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpir.35-11-497&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Parikh%2C+SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia" class="citation web cs1">Bhatia R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bacterial-tracheitis">"Bacterial Tracheitis - Pediatrics"</a>. <i>Merck Manuals Professional Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manuals+Professional+Edition&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Tracheitis+-+Pediatrics&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fpediatrics%2Frespiratory-disorders-in-young-children%2Fbacterial-tracheitis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidsons2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsons2018_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalstonPenmanStrachanHobson2018" class="citation book cs1">Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018). <i>Davidson's principles and practice of medicine</i> (23rd ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7028-0"><bdi>978-0-7020-7028-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Davidson%27s+principles+and+practice+of+medicine&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-7028-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hysinger2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hysinger2016_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHysingerPanitch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hysinger EB, Panitch HB (January 2016). "Paediatric Tracheomalacia". <i>Paediatric Respiratory Reviews</i>. <b>17</b>: 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.prrv.2015.03.002">10.1016/j.prrv.2015.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25962857">25962857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatric+Respiratory+Reviews&rft.atitle=Paediatric+Tracheomalacia&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.prrv.2015.03.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25962857&rft.aulast=Hysinger&rft.aufirst=EB&rft.au=Panitch%2C+HB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPollard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson LR, Pollard RE (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2009.0451.x">"Tracheal collapse and bronchomalacia in dogs: 58 cases (7 /2001-1 /2008)"</a>. <i>Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 298–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2009.0451.x">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0451.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20051001">20051001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Tracheal+collapse+and+bronchomalacia+in+dogs%3A+58+cases+%287+%2F2001-1+%2F2008%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-305&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2009.0451.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20051001&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=LR&rft.au=Pollard%2C+RE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1939-1676.2009.0451.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggiore2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maggiore AD (January 2014). "Tracheal and airway collapse in dogs". <i>The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 117–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cvsm.2013.09.004">10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24268337">24268337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Veterinary+Clinics+of+North+America.+Small+Animal+Practice&rft.atitle=Tracheal+and+airway+collapse+in+dogs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-127&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cvsm.2013.09.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24268337&rft.aulast=Maggiore&rft.aufirst=AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santiago-Rosado-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Santiago-Rosado_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago-RosadoSigmonLewison2022" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago-Rosado, Livia M.; Sigmon, David F.; Lewison, Cheryl S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500015/">"Tracheal Trauma"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763191">29763191</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Tracheal+Trauma&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29763191&rft.aulast=Santiago-Rosado&rft.aufirst=Livia+M.&rft.au=Sigmon%2C+David+F.&rft.au=Lewison%2C+Cheryl+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK500015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intubation">"Definition of INTUBATION"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. Merriam Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+INTUBATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fintubation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar2023" class="citation web cs1">Molnar H (11 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/tracheostomy/about/types.html">"Types of Tracheostomy Tubes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Tracheostomy+Tubes&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org%2Ftracheostomy%2Fabout%2Ftypes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/cricothyrotomy">"Medical Definition of CRICOTHYROTOMY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. Merriam Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Medical+Definition+of+CRICOTHYROTOMY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fcricothyrotomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiuCuevasCuevasMonteiro1990" class="citation journal cs1">Chiu T, Cuevas D, Cuevas L, Monteiro C (August 1990). "Tracheal agenesis". <i>Southern Medical Journal</i>. <b>83</b> (8): 925–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007611-199008000-00018">10.1097/00007611-199008000-00018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2200137">2200137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21260092">21260092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Tracheal+agenesis&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=925-930&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21260092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2200137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-199008000-00018&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Cuevas%2C+D&rft.au=Cuevas%2C+L&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asha.org/policy/TR2004-00138/">"Evaluation and Treatment for Tracheoesophageal Puncture and Prosthesis: Technical Report"</a>. <i>American Speech-Language-Hearing Association</i>. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Speech-Language-Hearing+Association&rft.atitle=Evaluation+and+Treatment+for+Tracheoesophageal+Puncture+and+Prosthesis%3A+Technical+Report&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asha.org%2Fpolicy%2FTR2004-00138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/slide-tracheoplasty/">"Slide tracheoplasty"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slide+tracheoplasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cincinnatichildrens.org%2Fhealth%2Fs%2Fslide-tracheoplasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueLiangWangZhu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xue B, Liang B, Wang S, Zhu L, Lu Z, Xu Z (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjocs.12418">"One-stage surgical correction of congenital tracheal stenosis complicated with congenital heart disease in infants and young children"</a>. <i>Journal of Cardiac Surgery</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 97–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjocs.12418">10.1111/jocs.12418</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109422">25109422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25335958">25335958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cardiac+Surgery&rft.atitle=One-stage+surgical+correction+of+congenital+tracheal+stenosis+complicated+with+congenital+heart+disease+in+infants+and+young+children&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-103&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25335958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25109422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjocs.12418&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Liang%2C+B&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Zhu%2C+L&rft.au=Lu%2C+Z&rft.au=Xu%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjocs.12418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenonAggarwalIqbal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Menon B, Aggarwal B, Iqbal A (January 2008). "Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: report of 8 cases of tracheobronchomegaly with associated complications". <i>Southern Medical Journal</i>. <b>101</b> (1): 83–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSMJ.0b013e31815d4259">10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31815d4259</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18176298">18176298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mounier-Kuhn+syndrome%3A+report+of+8+cases+of+tracheobronchomegaly+with+associated+complications&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-87&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FSMJ.0b013e31815d4259&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18176298&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Aggarwal%2C+B&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tracheal_replacement-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tracheal_replacement_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tracheal_replacement_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaereVan_Raemdonck2016" class="citation journal cs1">Delaere P, Van Raemdonck D (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4775267">"Tracheal replacement"</a>. <i>Journal of Thoracic Disease</i>. <b>8</b> (Suppl 2): S186–S196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.85">10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4775267">4775267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26981270">26981270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.atitle=Tracheal+replacement&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=S186-S196&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4775267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26981270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.85&rft.aulast=Delaere&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Van+Raemdonck%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4775267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2021" class="citation news cs1">Harris R (6 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/04/06/981735718/woman-gets-new-windpipe-in-groundbreaking-transplant-surgery">"Woman Gets New Windpipe In Groundbreaking Transplant Surgery"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Woman+Gets+New+Windpipe+In+Groundbreaking+Transplant+Surgery&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fhealth-shots%2F2021%2F04%2F06%2F981735718%2Fwoman-gets-new-windpipe-in-groundbreaking-transplant-surgery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VB_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 336–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5"><bdi>978-0-03-910284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=336-337&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Parsons%2C+TS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasserthal, Lutz T. (1998). Chapter 25: The Open Hemolymph System of Holometabola and Its Relation to the Tracheal Space. In "Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates". Wiley-Liss, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15955-7">0-471-15955-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriplehornJohnsonBorror2005" class="citation book cs1">Triplehorn C, Johnson NF, Borror DJ (2005). <i>Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects</i> (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030968358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030968358"><bdi>978-0030968358</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55793895">55793895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borror+and+DeLong%27s+introduction+to+the+study+of+insects&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=28-29&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Thompson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55793895&rft.isbn=978-0030968358&rft.aulast=Triplehorn&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Johnson%2C+NF&rft.au=Borror%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestneatBetzBlobFezzaa2003" class="citation journal cs1">Westneat MW, Betz O, Blob RW, Fezzaa K, Cooper WJ, Lee WK (January 2003). "Tracheal respiration in insects visualized with synchrotron x-ray imaging". <i>Science</i>. <b>299</b> (5606): 558–560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299..558W">2003Sci...299..558W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078008">10.1126/science.1078008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12543973">12543973</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43634044">43634044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tracheal+respiration+in+insects+visualized+with+synchrotron+x-ray+imaging&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5606&rft.pages=558-560&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43634044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12543973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...299..558W&rft.aulast=Westneat&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Betz%2C+O&rft.au=Blob%2C+RW&rft.au=Fezzaa%2C+K&rft.au=Cooper%2C+WJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+WK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrachea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_lower_respiratory_tract" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Template:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_lower_respiratory_tract" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">lower respiratory tract</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Respiratory_tree" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trachea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal rings">Tracheal rings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annular ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_of_trachea" title="Carina of trachea">Carina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eparterial_bronchus" title="Eparterial bronchus">eparterial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">Tertiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">Lungs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of lung">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of lung">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilum_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilum of lung">Hilum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fissures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal fissure of right lung">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique fissure">Oblique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior lobe">Superior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_left_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingula of left lung">Lingula of left lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_lobe_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle lobe of right lung">Middle lobe of right lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_lung#Lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Left lung">Inferior lobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment" title="Bronchopulmonary segment">BP segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">Bronchiole</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">Conducting zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal bronchiole">Terminal bronchiole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory zone">Respiratory zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bronchiole">Respiratory bronchiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar duct">Alveolar duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">Alveolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood-air_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-air barrier">Blood-air barrier</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Alveolar cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_cell" title="Club cell">Club cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134946-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trachea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136401">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trachée"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978593f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trachée"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978593f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565765">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="průdušnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136830&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543835205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A06.3.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trachea&oldid=1258807617">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trachea&oldid=1258807617</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trachea" title="Category:Trachea">Trachea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arthropod_anatomy" title="Category:Arthropod anatomy">Arthropod anatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invertebrate_respiratory_system" title="Category:Invertebrate respiratory system">Invertebrate respiratory system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_head_and_neck" title="Category:Human head and neck">Human head and neck</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thorax_(human_anatomy)" title="Category:Thorax (human anatomy)">Thorax (human anatomy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Respiratory_system" title="Category:Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 18:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trachea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mlxnj","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.037","walltime":"1.261","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4297,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":124727,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3575,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":164391,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1091.678 1 -total"," 28.92% 315.728 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.78% 150.410 4 Template:Wt"," 13.50% 147.350 1 Template:Infobox_anatomy"," 13.01% 142.050 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.33% 123.695 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.57% 115.380 7 Template:Cite_web"," 9.88% 107.898 1 Template:Human_systems_and_organs"," 8.00% 87.281 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.83% 74.511 14 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.615","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29431425,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g7nzk","timestamp":"20241122140538","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Trachea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trachea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q175449","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q175449","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-10T19:41:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T18:59:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Illu_conducting_passages.svg","headline":"cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs"}</script> </body> </html>