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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isurium_Brigantum&params=54.0908_N_1.3816_W_type:city_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°05′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°22′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.0908°N 1.3816°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.0908; -1.3816</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman fort and town at Aldborough in North Yorkshire, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus,_from_Aldborough,_about_300-400_AD,_Leeds_City_Museum_(16025914306).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/300px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/450px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg/600px-Mosaic_depicting_the_She-wolf_with_Romulus_and_Remus%2C_from_Aldborough%2C_about_300-400_AD%2C_Leeds_City_Museum_%2816025914306%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic depicting the She-wolf with Romulus and Remus, from Aldborough, (c.300 AD), <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Museum" title="Leeds City Museum">Leeds City Museum</a> (16025914306)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Isurium</b> or <b>Isurium of the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Isurium Brigantum</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its remains—the <b>Aldborough Roman Site</b>—are in the care of <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman road</a> through the town formed a leg of both <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a>—connecting <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>—and the Roman equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a>, which here connected Eboracum with <a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>). The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurium_Brigantum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_(8109).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg/220px-Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg/330px-Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg/440px-Roman_mosaic_in_Aldborough_%288109%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic floor, in situ.</figcaption></figure> <p>Isurium Brigantum, one of the northernmost urban centres of the Roman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was probably founded in the late first century or early second century. The Roman <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> was the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> tribe, the largest and most northerly tribe in Roman Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman towns such as Exeter, Leicester, Chichester and Canterbury had the same status as <i>Isurium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> recorded that <i>Isuer</i> was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Venutius" title="Venutius">Venutius</a>, king of the Brigantes who was usurped from power by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Cartismandua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartismandua">Cartismandua</a> and her lover Volucatus at the beginning of the first century. Cartismandua welcomed the Romans who perceived little threat from the Brigantes and the Roman army focused its occupation to the south of Brigantium.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Venutius and his followers began to attack Brigantian centres towards the end of the first century, the Roman army pushed further north. Tacitus reports the final subjugation of the Brigantes came about by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Julius Agricola</a> in 79 AD. who then constructed Isurium.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg/220px-Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg/330px-Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg/440px-Pot_at_Aldborough_Roman_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Part of a pot found in 2020, displayed in the museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Its name is believed to be derived from the Latin name of the river <i>Iseur</i> now the <a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">River Ure</a>. It is likely there was a Brigantian settlement at <i>Isurium</i> before the Roman invasion. There are many prehistoric sites along the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> corridor which partially follows the route of <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Streets</a>. There are three ancient standing stones in Boroughbridge known as the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Arrows" title="Devil's Arrows">Devil's Arrows</a> a mile distant from the site.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is in fact no archaeological evidence to suggest that there was a Brigantian settlement called Iseur: the most likely Iron Age settlement is <a href="/wiki/Stanwick_Iron_Age_Fortifications" title="Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications">Stanwick</a> further north near <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> where Cartimandua had her base. Isurium probably became a civilian settlement between the <a href="/wiki/Roecliffe" title="Roecliffe">Roecliffe</a> fort (see below) and the River Ure during the last part of the first century. The Civitas Capital was probably established in about 160 AD. </p><p>It was supposed that Isurium was the site of a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">Roman fort</a> where Watling and Dere Streets crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">River Ure</a>. Excavations in 1993 located two forts at Roecliffe near <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge" title="Boroughbridge">Boroughbridge</a> and 1st-century finds at Aldborough most likely come from a related civilian site. Isurium Brigantum had substantial buildings from an early period; probably by the early 2nd century. Bank and ditch defences were erected later. Stone walls and four gates were added in the mid-3rd century. The visible remains are a small fraction of the Roman town. Isurium flourished for the next hundred years, with the building of elaborate private homes with fine decorative <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> floors. In the middle of the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> were added to its defences and general unrest across the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> seems to have affected the town's prosperity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_(8096).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg/220px-Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg/330px-Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg/440px-Roman_ruins_in_Aldborough_%288096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Part of the wall of the Roman town</figcaption></figure> <p>There is little evidence of occupation after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> and by the 7th century the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> had taken over the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurium_Brigantum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16th-century antiquary <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a> noted, <i>"There be now large feeldes, fruteful of corn, in the very places where the howsing of the town was; and in these feeldes yereley be founde in ploughing many coynes of sylver and brasse of the Romaine stampe—Ther also have been found sepulchres, aqaue ductus tessalata paviamenta &.c.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centuries after Leland, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> wrote <i>"Not so much ruins, especially not above ground"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, geomagnetic scanning revealed the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, emphasising Isurium's importance as a major Roman town.<sup id="cite_ref-amphitheatre_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amphitheatre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site came to prominence during excavations taking place in 2004. A young archaeologist, Daniel Ebdon, was using a metal detector for the first time and uncovered a Roman coin. This, along with others of its kind, can be found in The Yorkshire Museum, York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aldborough_Roman_Site">Aldborough Roman Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurium_Brigantum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aldborough Roman Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldborough Roman Site is in the care of <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> and consists of a stretch of the massive town wall with its defensive towers and two in-situ mosaic pavements, once part of a Roman townhouse. Archaeological finds from the site are on display in the museum providing an insight into the lives of Roman civilians in its most northern capital. </p><p>Aldborough Roman town has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_and_Archaeological_Areas_Act_1979" title="Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979">Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-listed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aldborough Roman Town Project, led by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Ferraby" title="Rose Ferraby">Rose Ferraby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Millett" title="Martin Millett">Martin Millett</a> has been investigating the site since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 Ferraby and sound artist Rob St John created a site specific audio trail exploring the Roman town.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurium_Brigantum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Aldborough+Roman+town+%28Grade+Scheduled+Monument%29+%281003133%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1003133%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsurium+Brigantum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/aldborough-roman-town-project-1">"Aldborough Roman Town Project — Faculty of Classics"</a>. <i>www.classics.cam.ac.uk</i>. 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.classics.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Aldborough+Roman+Town+Project+%E2%80%94+Faculty+of+Classics&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classics.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Faldborough-roman-town-project-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsurium+Brigantum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caughtbytheriver.net/2019/06/soundmarks-beginnings/">"Soundmarks: Beginnings | Caught by the River | Caught by the River"</a>. <i>www.caughtbytheriver.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.caughtbytheriver.net&rft.atitle=Soundmarks%3A+Beginnings+%7C+Caught+by+the+River+%7C+Caught+by+the+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caughtbytheriver.net%2F2019%2F06%2Fsoundmarks-beginnings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsurium+Brigantum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurium_Brigantum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isurium_Brigantum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/aldborough-roman-site/">English Heritage: Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/17/lost-yorkshire-amphitheatre-aldborough/">A national theatre of the north is found on summit of Studforth Hill in Aldborough</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Template:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Template talk:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain#Town_and_country" title="Roman Britain">Major towns of Roman Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surviving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford#Early_history" title="Chelmsford">Caesaromagus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Corinium Dobunnorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durnovaria" title="Durnovaria">Durnovaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glevum" title="Glevum">Glevum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isurium Brigantum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactodurum" title="Lactodurum">Lactodurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)" title="Moridunum (Carmarthen)">Moridunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire">Brough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum" title="Ratae Corieltauvorum">Ratae Corieltauvorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Belgarum" title="Venta Belgarum">Venta Belgarum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Viroconium Cornoviorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wroxeter" title="Wroxeter">Wroxeter</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wendlebury" title="Wendlebury">Wendlebury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannaventa" title="Bannaventa">Bannaventa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunetio" title="Cunetio">Cunetio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain" title="List of Roman place names in Britain">List of Roman place names in Britain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman visitor sites in the UK</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/150px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/200px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum#Archaeological_remains" title="Eboracum">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isurium_Brigantum&params=54.0908_N_1.3816_W_type:city_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°05′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°22′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial 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