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lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glevum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevum" title="Glevum – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Glevum" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevum_(urbs_Romana)" title="Glevum (urbs Romana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glevum (urbs Romana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevum" title="Glevum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glevum" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glevum&params=51.867_N_2.249_W_region:GB_scale:100000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°52′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.867°N 2.249°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.867; -2.249</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman fort, predecessor to Gloucester, UK</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glevum&params=51.867_N_2.249_W_region:GB_scale:100000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°52′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.867°N 2.249°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.867; -2.249</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg/300px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg/450px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg/600px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of Roman Britain campaigns 43-60 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Britain_410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Roman_Britain_410.jpg/300px-Roman_Britain_410.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Roman_Britain_410.jpg/450px-Roman_Britain_410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Roman_Britain_410.jpg/600px-Roman_Britain_410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Roman Britain in 410 showing major roads and cities</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Glevum</b> (or, more formally, <b>Colonia Nervia Glevensium</b>, or occasionally <i>Glouvia</i>) was originally a <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">Roman fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> that became a "<a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>" of retired legionaries in AD 97. Today, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> county of <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>. The name Glevum is taken by many present-day businesses in the area and also by the 26-mile <i>Glevum Way</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_footpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance footpath">long-distance footpath</a> or recreational walk encircling modern Gloucester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCaerGloui.htm">[1]</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortress">Fortress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fortress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glevum was established around AD 48, at an important crossing of the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a>, and near to the <a href="/wiki/Fosse_Way" title="Fosse Way">Fosse Way</a>, the early <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> after the Roman invasion of Britain. Initially, a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> was established at present-day <a href="/wiki/Kingsholm" title="Kingsholm">Kingsholm</a> in c. 65–70 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Legion">Roman Legions</a> based here were probably the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX Valeria Victrix</a> until 66 and then <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Legio II Augusta</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for their invasion of <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the Roman Era">Roman Wales</a> between 66 and 74 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between AD 81 and 98, larger replacement walls were built on slightly higher ground nearby, centred on present-day Gloucester Cross which was probably part of the change from a military fort to a walled <i>colonia</i> after the Legio II Augusta had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>. The civilian settlement also grew outside the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonia">Colonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 97, the city was designated a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a> by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>. A colonia was the residence of retired <a href="/wiki/Legionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionaries">legionaries</a> and enjoyed the highest status of city in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>. The legionaries were given farmland in the surrounding district, and could be called upon as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_auxiliary" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman auxiliary">Roman auxiliary</a> armed force. </p><p>The city was built within the legionary fortress and used the same rectilinear street plan and ramparts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large and impressive administrative <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> market-place were built in the town, as well as many fine homes with <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> floors. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Roman Britain was divided into four provinces in the early 4th century. It is most likely that Glevum, as a colony, became the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda, in the same way that colonies at York and Lincoln became capitals of their respective provinces. There is some evidence that at this time Glevum possessed a mint</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Roman wharf where goods were shipped via an inlet from the River Severn has been excavated at Upper Quay Street and which dendrochronological dating has shown was built from 74 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its height, Glevum may have had a population of as many as 10,000 people. </p><p>The entire area around Glevum was intensely Romanised in the second and third centuries, with a higher than normal distribution of villas, as a result of its suitability for the traditional intensive <a href="/wiki/Roman_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman farming">Roman farming</a> methods. Today, some of the best examples of <a href="/wiki/Roman_villas" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman villas">Roman villas</a> in Britain, including <a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth villa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodchester_Roman_Villa" title="Woodchester Roman Villa">Woodchester villa</a>, both famous for their Roman mosaics, are not far from Glevum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations at Gloucester's New Market Hall in the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> occupation of the town may have continued in some form into the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">sub-Roman period</a>, even if the town's population may have been greatly reduced. A new portal in the town's wall was built at the beginning of the sixth century, showing a modest growth of the town after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Badonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mons Badonicus">Battle of Mons Badonicus</a> in 497. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> records a King Coinmail (according to the original A-text), who may have come from Gloucester, taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrham" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dyrham">Battle of Dyrham</a> in 577, when the city was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remains">Remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG/220px-Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG/330px-Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG/440px-Detail_of_mosaic_from_Chedworth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail of one of the mosaics from the Chedworth Roman villa near Glevum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Many <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and some in situ walls from Roman Glevum may be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery">Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery</a></li> <li>The remains of the Roman and medieval East Gate are on display in the East Gate Chamber on Eastgate Street.</li> <li>There was a small display in the former Royal Bank of Scotland premises on the Roman finds found from the site, but the branch has now closed and the building is currently empty.</li> <li>Northgate, Southgate, Eastgate and Westgate Streets all follow the line of their original Roman counterparts, although Westgate Street has moved slightly north and Southgate Street now extends through the site of the Roman basilica.</li> <li>An equestrian statue of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Emperor Nerva</a> was erected at the entrance to Southgate Street in 2002. It was created by Anthony Stone and paid for by public subscription, following a campaign that started in 1997, the 1900th anniversary of the colonia's foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Marcus_Cocceius_Nerva_Augustus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1013763.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Modern statue of Emperor Nerva in Gloucester. Nerva made Glevum a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_id=171">Glevum Way Summary</a> - the Long Distance Walkers Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New discoveries along the line of Gloucester’s Roman defences <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/all-along-the-watchtower-new-discoveries-along-the-line-of-gloucesters-roman-defences/">https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/all-along-the-watchtower-new-discoveries-along-the-line-of-gloucesters-roman-defences/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Webster, Rome against Caractacus, p 45, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-13436-27-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-13436-27-3">978-07-13436-27-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927074540/http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e001.htm">"GADARG - Essay 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e001.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GADARG+-+Essay+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadarg.org.uk%2Fessays%2Fe001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlevum" class="Z3988"></span> The colonia of Glevum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New discoveries along the line of Gloucester’s Roman defences <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/all-along-the-watchtower-new-discoveries-along-the-line-of-gloucesters-roman-defences/">https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/all-along-the-watchtower-new-discoveries-along-the-line-of-gloucesters-roman-defences/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wacher, The Towns of Roman Britain, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415170413" title="Special:BookSources/9780415170413">9780415170413</a> p 137-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927074540/http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e001.htm">"GADARG - Essay 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e001.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GADARG+-+Essay+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadarg.org.uk%2Fessays%2Fe001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlevum" class="Z3988"></span> The colonia of Glevum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two thousand years of development in Gloucester’s Greater Blackfriars area <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/two-thousand-years-of-development-in-gloucesters-greater-blackfriars-area/">https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/two-thousand-years-of-development-in-gloucesters-greater-blackfriars-area/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassallRhodes1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hassall, M; Rhodes, J (1974). "Excavations at the new Market Hall, Gloucester 1966-7". <i>Trans Bristol Gloucestershire Archaeol Soc</i>. <b>93</b>: 15–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans+Bristol+Gloucestershire+Archaeol+Soc&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+the+new+Market+Hall%2C+Gloucester+1966-7&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=15-100&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hassall&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlevum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Collin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanpotterystudy.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/JRPS-3-Wallace-Cracknell-70-74.pdf">"Makers' Stamps on Mortaria from Gloucester"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Study Group for Roman Pottery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+Group+for+Roman+Pottery&rft.atitle=Makers%27+Stamps+on+Mortaria+from+Gloucester&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Collin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromanpotterystudy.org%2Fnew%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FJRPS-3-Wallace-Cracknell-70-74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlevum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042640/http://venues.gloucester.gov.uk/Website/Spatial-Planning/Landandproperty-historicsites-maintenance/TheNervaStatue.aspx">"The Nerva Statue"</a>. gloucester.gov.uk. 9 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venues.gloucester.gov.uk/Website/Spatial-Planning/Landandproperty-historicsites-maintenance/TheNervaStatue.aspx">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nerva+Statue&rft.pub=gloucester.gov.uk&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenues.gloucester.gov.uk%2FWebsite%2FSpatial-Planning%2FLandandproperty-historicsites-maintenance%2FTheNervaStatue.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlevum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glevum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725001846/http://www.glos-city.gov.uk/citymuseum">Gloucester City Council Museum & Art Gallery homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1915073/Mass-Roman-grave-discovered-in-Gloucester.html">Daily Telegraph 30/04/08 Mass Roman grave found in Gloucester</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.glosarch.org.uk/Gloucestercityresearch.html#GLEVUM">http://www.glosarch.org.uk/Gloucestercityresearch.html#GLEVUM</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Template:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Template talk:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major towns of Roman Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_towns_of_Roman_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain#Town_and_country" title="Roman Britain">Major towns of Roman Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surviving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford#Early_history" title="Chelmsford">Caesaromagus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Corinium Dobunnorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durnovaria" title="Durnovaria">Durnovaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glevum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactodurum" title="Lactodurum">Lactodurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)" title="Moridunum (Carmarthen)">Moridunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire">Brough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum" title="Ratae Corieltauvorum">Ratae Corieltauvorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Belgarum" title="Venta Belgarum">Venta Belgarum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Viroconium Cornoviorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wroxeter" title="Wroxeter">Wroxeter</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wendlebury" title="Wendlebury">Wendlebury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannaventa" title="Bannaventa">Bannaventa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunetio" title="Cunetio">Cunetio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain" title="List of Roman place names in Britain">List of Roman place names in Britain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glevum&oldid=1106145586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glevum&oldid=1106145586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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