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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-war service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-war service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacetime_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacetime_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peacetime service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacetime_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American War of Independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Boston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_1776" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_1776"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Campaigns in 1776</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_1776-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_1777" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_1777"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Campaigns in 1777</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_1777-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander-in-Chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander-in-Chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Commander-in-Chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander-in-Chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Southern strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنري كلينتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري كلينتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Klinton_(h%C9%99rb%C3%A7i,_1730)" title="Henri Klinton (hərbçi, 1730) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henri Klinton (hərbçi, 1730)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(General,_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (General, 1730) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Clinton (General, 1730)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنری کلینتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری کلینتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(1730-1795)" title="Henry Clinton (1730-1795) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Clinton (1730-1795)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0%ED%84%B4" title="헨리 클린턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 클린턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הנרי קלינטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי קלינטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هنرى كلينتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى كلينتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ヘンリー・クリントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・クリントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(1730%E2%80%931795)" title="Henry Clinton (1730–1795) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Clinton (1730–1795)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_(1730)" title="Клинтон, Генри (1730) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клинтон, Генри (1730)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Clinton" title="Sir Henry Clinton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sir Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(1730%E2%80%941795)" title="Хенри Клинтон (1730—1795) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри Клинтон (1730—1795)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton" title="Henry Clinton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Clinton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(1738%E2%80%931795)" title="Henry Clinton (1738–1795) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry Clinton (1738–1795)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93" title="亨利·克林頓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利·克林頓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q450734#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British army officer and politician (1730–1795)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Clinton" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Clinton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Clinton (disambiguation)">General Clinton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;">Sir</div><br /><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Henry Clinton</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath">KB</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirhenryclinton2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/220px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/330px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/440px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Soldi" title="Andrea Soldi">Andrea Soldi</a>, painted circa 1762–1765</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1730-04-16</span>)</span>16 April 1730<br /><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1795<span style="display:none">(1795-12-23)</span> (aged 65)<br />London, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1745–1793</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">12th Regiment of Foot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">Commander-in-Chief, North America</a><br />Colonel, <a href="/wiki/7th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="7th Queen's Own Hussars">7th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Light Dragoons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Harriet Carter</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 February 1767">1767</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="29 August 1772">1772</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a> (died before assuming office)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sir_Henry_Clinton,_KB_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg/100px-General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg/150px-General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg/200px-General_Sir_Henry_Clinton%2C_KB_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>General <b>Sir Henry Clinton</b>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath">KB</a> (16 April 1730 – 23 December 1795) was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> between 1772 and 1795. He is best known for his service as a general during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in May 1775 and was the British Commander-in-Chief in America from 1778 to 1782. He was a Member of Parliament for many years due to the influence of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle</a>. Late in life, he was named <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>, but he died before assuming the post. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Clinton was born on 16 April 1730, to Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Clinton (Royal Navy officer)">George Clinton</a> and Anne Carle, the daughter of a general.<sup id="cite_ref-W5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton claimed in a notebook found in 1958 to be born in 1730, and that evidence from English peerage records places the date of birth as 16 April.<sup id="cite_ref-W5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willcox also notes that none of these records give indication of the place of Clinton's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-W6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Fredriksen claims that Clinton was born in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father was posted there from 1732 to 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-W5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of the earliest years of Clinton's life, or of his mother and the two sisters that survived to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-W5_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given his father's naval career, where the family lived is uncertain. They were obviously well-connected to the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Lincoln">Earls of Lincoln</a>, from whom his father was descended, or the estate of the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Newcastle">Dukes of Newcastle</a>, to whom they were related by marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-W6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1739 his father, then stationed at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, applied for the governorship of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. He won the post in 1741 with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a> (who was his brother's brother-in-law).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not actually go to New York until 1743. He took young Henry with him, having failed to acquire a lieutenant's commission for the 12-year-old.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's career would also benefit from the family connection to the Newcastles.<sup id="cite_ref-W9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records of the family's life in New York are sparse. He is reported to have studied under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury" title="Samuel Seabury">Samuel Seabury</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, suggesting the family may have lived in the country outside New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-W9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton's first military commission was to an independent company in New York in 1745. The next year his father procured for him a captain's commission, and he was assigned to garrison duty at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">recently captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W9_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1749, Clinton went to Britain to pursue his military career. It was two years before he received a commission as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, after he returned to London when his term as New York governor was over, procured for Clinton a position as aide to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ligonier">John Ligonier</a> in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirHenryClinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/180px-SirHenryClinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/270px-SirHenryClinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/360px-SirHenryClinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Clinton by <a href="/wiki/John_Smart" title="John Smart">John Smart</a>, c. 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1758 Clinton had risen to be a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">lieutenant colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">1st Foot Guards</a>, which was later renamed the Grenadier Guards, and was a line company commander in the 2nd Battalion and was based in London. The 2nd Battalion, 1st Foot Guards, was deployed to Germany to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> on 30 July 1760 then joining the main Army, operating under <a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway's</a> Corps near <a href="/wiki/Warberg" title="Warberg">Warberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> died on 25 October 1760 and Clinton, along with all Officers of the Regiment, was amongst those listed in the renewal of commissions to <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>, in London, on 27 October 1760. </p><p>Clinton was back with the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a> in February 1761 and with the unit at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Battle of Villinghausen</a> on 16 July 1761, then under <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ferdinand</a>, the Hereditary Crown Prince, at the crossing of the Diemel, near Warburg, in August, before wintering near <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. </p><p>In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilhelmsthal" title="Battle of Wilhelmsthal">Battle of Wilhelmsthal</a> on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights of Homberg on 24 July 1762 and secured artillery into position. It was after this engagement that the unit lost its commanding officer, Major General Julius Caesar who died at <a href="/wiki/Elfershausen" title="Elfershausen">Elfershausen</a> and is buried there. Clinton, now a colonel (seniority dated to 24 June 1762), was appointed as aide-de-camp to Prince Ferdinand by the start of 1762 and was with him when he attacked <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauheim" title="Battle of Nauheim">Battle of Nauheim</a> on 30 August 1762. Prince Ferdinand was wounded during this engagement and Clinton severely wounded forcing him to quit the field. This and the consequent siege of Cassel, were the last actions of the 1st Foot Guards in the Seven Years' War and Clinton returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton had distinguished himself as an <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to Brunswick, with whom he established an enduring friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these early years, he formed a number of friendships and acquaintances, mostly with other officers serving in Brunswick's camp. These included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_(American_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander (American general)">William Alexander</a>, who styled himself "Lord Stirling"; both of these men would face Clinton as enemies in North America. He formed long-lasting and deep friendships with <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Phillips (British Army officer)">William Phillips</a>; Phillips later served under Clinton in North America, and Jervis rose to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. He also made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>, who would famously serve under him as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_marriage">Family and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Clinton was campaigning with the army in 1761, his father died. As the new head of the family, he had to unwind his father's affairs, which included sizable debts as well as arrears in pay. Battles he had with the Board of Trade over his father's unpaid salary lasted for years, and attempts to sell the land in the colonies went nowhere; these lands were confiscated during the American Revolution, and even his heirs were unable to recover any kind of compensation for them. His mother, who had a history of mental instability and played only a small part in his life, died in August 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 February 1767, Clinton married Harriet Carter, the daughter of landed gentry,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the couple settled into a house in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>. There is some evidence that the marriage was performed in haste; six months later, the household accounts contain evidence of a son, Frederick. Frederick died of an illness in 1774, two years after his mother. Although Clinton did not write of his marriage, it was apparently happy. The couple produced five children: Frederick, Augusta (1768), <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Clinton" title="William Henry Clinton">William Henry</a> (1769), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1771)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1771)">Henry Jr.</a> (1771), and Harriet (1772). Clinton's wife died on 29 August 1772, eight days after giving birth to Harriet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took him over a year to recover from the grief. He took his in-laws into his house, and his wife's sisters took over the care of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second and third sons later continued the family tradition of high command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_service">Post-war service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage">Patronage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the death of the Duke of Newcastle, his patronage was taken up by the latter's nephew and successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle">Henry Pelham-Clinton</a>. Although he was sometimes instrumental in advancing Clinton's career, the new duke's lack of attention and interest in politics would at times work against Clinton. Clinton also complicated their relationship by treating the young duke more as an equal than as a noble who should be respected.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second patron was <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">King George III</a>'s brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">the Duke of Gloucester</a>. Clinton was appointed Gloucester's Groom of the Bedchamber in 1764, a position he continued to hold for many years. However, some of Gloucester's indiscretions left him out of favour at court, and he was thus not an effective supporter of Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacetime_service">Peacetime service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Peacetime service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1769, Clinton's regiment was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and Clinton served as second in command to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a>. During this time, Newcastle asked him to see after one of his (Newcastle's) sons who was serving in the garrison. The young man, described by his father as having "<i>sloth</i> and <i>laziness</i>" and "<i>despicable behavior</i>", was virtually unmanageable, and Clinton convinced the duke to put him into a French academy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">major-general</a> in 1772,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same year he obtained a seat in <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">Parliament</a> through Newcastle's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> until 1784, first for <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Boroughbridge</a> and subsequently for <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark-on-Trent (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark-on-Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1774 he went on a military inspection tour of the Russian army in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. He inspected some of the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lloyd_(soldier)" title="Henry Lloyd (soldier)">Henry Lloyd</a>, a general in the Russian army, and had an audience with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He very nearly had the chance to watch an artillery bombardment, but it was called off by the onset of peace negotiations. Clinton was at one point introduced to the Turkish negotiators, of whom he wrote that "they stared a little, but were very civil."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to England in October 1774, and in February 1775 was ordered by King George to prepare for service in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_War_of_Independence">American War of Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boston">Boston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></div> <p>Clinton, along with Major Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, was sent with reinforcements to strengthen the position of General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. They arrived on 25 May, having learned en route that the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> had broken out, and that <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston was under siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage, along with Clinton and Generals Howe and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. Clinton was an advocate for fortifying currently unoccupied high ground surrounding Boston, and plans were laid to occupy those spots on 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of the Charlestown peninsula on the night of 16–17 June, forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/300px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/450px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/600px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill">The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill</a></i>. Clinton is in the center background, bareheaded and holding a sword.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">the attack</a> did not begin until that afternoon. Clinton was assigned the role of providing reserve forces when requested by Howe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K164_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K164-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two assaults failed, Clinton, operating against his orders from General Gage, crossed over to Charlestown to organize wounded and dispirited troops milling around the landing area.<sup id="cite_ref-K164_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K164-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the third and successful assault against the redoubt on <a href="/wiki/Breed%27s_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed's Hill">Breed's Hill</a>, the position was taken and these troops, having rallied, arrived and drove the rebels back to Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was a victory for the British, but only at the heavy cost of over 1,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton famously wrote of the battle that it was "A dear bought victory, another such would have ruined us."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the remainder of 1775 the siege became little more than a standoff, with the sides either unwilling or unable to mount an effective attack on the other. After Howe took command of the forces following General Gage's recall in September, the two of them established a working relationship that started out well, but did not take long to begin breaking down. Howe gave Clinton the command of Charlestown, but Clinton spent most of his time in Boston. He occupied the house of <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, which he scrupulously cared for.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hired a housekeeper named Mary Baddeley, the wife of a man who had supposedly been demoted because she refused an officer's advances. Clinton also hired Thomas Baddeley as a carpenter; the relationship Clinton established with Mary lasted the rest of his life,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was only platonic during his time in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cracks had already begun to form in his relationship with Howe when plans were developed for an expedition to the southern colonies, command of which went to Clinton. He asked Howe for specific officers to accompany him and authority that an independent commander might normally have, but Howe rebuffed him on all such requests.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1776, Clinton sailed south with a small fleet and 1,500 men to assess military opportunities in the Carolinas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his absence his fears about the situation in Boston were realized when the <a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights were occupied and fortified by the rebels</a> in early March, causing the British to <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">evacuate Boston</a> and retreat to <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city),_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city), Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_1776">Campaigns in 1776</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Campaigns in 1776"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Battle of Sullivan's Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/170px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/255px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg/340px-WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> (1777 mezzotint) came to dislike Clinton during the 1776 campaign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Clinton's expedition to the Carolinas was expected to meet a fleet sent from Europe with more troops for operations in February 1776. Delayed by logistics and weather, this force, which included <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Charles Cornwallis as Clinton's second in command and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Parker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet">Sir Peter Parker</a> did not arrive off the North Carolina coast until May.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concluding that North Carolina was not a good base for operations, they decided to assault <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, whose defenses were reported to be unfinished. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Their assault</a>, launched in late June, was a dismal failure. Clinton's troops were landed on an island near Sullivan's Island, where the rebel colonists had their main defenses, with the expectation that the channel between the two could be waded at low tide. This turned out not to be the case, and the attack was reduced to a naval bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombardment in its turn failed because the spongy <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palmetto</a> logs used to construct <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">the fort</a> absorbed the force of the cannonballs without splintering and breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington,_1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/160px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/240px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/320px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Commanding General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>,<br />Continental Army</figcaption></figure> <p>Clinton and Parker rejoined the main fleet to participate in General Howe's August 1776 assault on New York City. Clinton pestered Howe with a constant stream of ideas for the assault, which the commander in chief came to resent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe did however adopt Clinton's plan for attacking <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s position in Brooklyn. At the 27 August <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, British forces led by Howe and Clinton, following the latter's plan, successfully flanked the American forward positions, driving them back into their fortifications on Brooklyn Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Howe refused Clinton's recommendation that they follow up the overwhelming victory with an assault on the entrenched Americans, due to a lack of intelligence as to their strength and a desire to minimize casualties. Instead, Howe besieged the position, which the Americans abandoned without loss on 29 August.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Howe was rewarded with <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">a knighthood</a> for his success.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howe then proceeded to take control of New York City, <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">landing at Kip's Bay</a> on Manhattan, with Clinton again in the lead.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Clinton again suggested moves to cut Washington's army off, Howe rejected them. In October Clinton led the army ashore in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a> in a bid to trap Washington between the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx Rivers</a>. However, Washington reached <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a> before Clinton did.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">a brief battle</a> in which Washington was pushed further north, Howe turned south to consolidate control of Manhattan. By this time the relationship between the two men had broken down almost completely, with Howe, apparently fed up with Clinton's constant stream of criticisms and suggestions, refusing to allow Clinton even minor deviations in the army's marching route.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November Howe ordered Clinton to begin preparing an expedition to occupy <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, desired as a port by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. When Howe sent General Cornwallis into <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to chase after Washington, Clinton proposed that, rather than taking Newport, his force should be landed in New Jersey in an attempt to envelop Washington's army.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe rejected this advice, and Clinton sailed for Newport in early December, occupying it in the face of minimal opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_1777">Campaigns in 1777</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campaigns in 1777"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></div> <p>In January 1777 Clinton was given leave to return to England.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for the 1777 campaign season called for two campaigns, one against <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and a second that would descend from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies. Since General Howe was taking leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, Clinton contested for command of the northern campaign with Burgoyne. Howe supported him in this effort, but Burgoyne convinced King George and <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Lord Sackville</a> to give him the command.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king refused Clinton's request to resign, and ordered him back to New York to serve again as Howe's second in command. He was placated with a knighthood, but was also forbidden to publish accounts of the disastrous Charleston affair.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was formally invested with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> on 11 April, and sailed for New York on the 29th.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Clinton arrived in New York in July, Howe had not yet sailed for Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton was surprised and upset that he would be left to hold New York with 7,000 troops, dominated by Loyalist formations and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessians</a>, an arrangement he saw as inadequate to the task. He also quite bluntly informed Howe of the defects he saw in Howe's plan, which would isolate Burgoyne from any reasonable chance of support by either Howe or Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presciently wrote after learning that much of Washington's force had left the New York area, "I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne ... If this campaign does not finish the war, I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Burgoyne's campaign</a> ended in disaster; Burgoyne was <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">defeated at Saratoga</a> and surrendered shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton attempted to support Burgoyne, but the delay in arrival of reinforcements put off the effort. In early October, Clinton <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">captured two forts</a> in the Hudson River highlands, and sent troops up the river toward Albany.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effort was too little and too late, and was cut off when he received orders from Howe requesting reinforcements. Howe's campaign for Philadelphia had been a success, but he had very nearly suffered a defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>. </p><p>As the commander in New York, Clinton lived at No. 1 Broadway, on Bowling Green, a house occupied by later commandants <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Robertson (British Army officer)">General Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Pattison_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Pattison (British Army officer)">General Pattison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was obligated to do a certain amount of entertaining. This he did, although he chafed at the costs involved. He was eventually joined by the Baddeleys. Mary Baddeley resumed her role as housekeeper, which he appreciated in part because of her excellent managerial skills.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She apparently rebuffed Clinton's romantic overtures until she discovered her husband had been cheating on her. Clinton procured a position in one of the Loyalist regiments for her husband, and tried without success to get him transferred out of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commander-in-Chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kennedy_house_(Washington%27s_headquarters)._(NYPL_b13512824-420891)_(cropped).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Old_Kennedy_house_%28Washington%27s_headquarters%29._%28NYPL_b13512824-420891%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>Number One Broadway. This building was the headquarters of the British Commander-in-Chief during the American Revolution.</figcaption></figure> <p>General Howe submitted his resignation as Commander-in-Chief in America in the wake of the 1777 campaigns, and Clinton was on the short list of nominees to replace him—despite being mistrusted by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>, principally over his many complaints and requests to resign. Clinton was formally appointed to the post on 4 February 1778. Word of this did not arrive until April, and Clinton assumed command in Philadelphia in May 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France had <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">formally entered the war</a> on the American side by this time. Clinton was consequently ordered to withdraw from Philadelphia and send 5,000 of his troops to the economically important Caribbean. For the rest of the war, Clinton received few reinforcements as a consequence of the globalisation of the conflict with France.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His orders were to strengthen areas in America that were firmly under British control, and do no more than conduct raiding expeditions in the American-controlled areas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a shortage of transports for all of the Loyalists fleeing Philadelphia, so Clinton acted against his direct orders and decided to move the army to New York by land instead of by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He marched to New York and fought a battle with Washington's army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth Court House</a> on 28 June.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton burnished his reputation at home by writing a report on the movement that greatly exaggerated the size of Washington's <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and minimised the British casualties at Monmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arriving in New York, he and Admiral Howe were faced with a French fleet outside the harbour. Fortunately, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">d'Estaing</a> decided against crossing the bar into the harbour, and sailed instead for Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Clinton learned of his destination, he marshalled troops to reinforce the Newport garrison while Lord Howe sailed to meet d'Estaing. Both fleets were scattered by a storm, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">the Americans failed</a> to take Newport before Clinton arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton sent the supporting force on <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_raid" title="Grey's raid">a raid</a> of nearby communities, while he returned to New York to organize the troops that were to be sent southward.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton sent a detachment to strike at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">took Savannah</a> in December, and it gained a tenuous foothold at <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a> in January 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also detached troops for service in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in a plan to capture <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">the expedition</a> was a success, compelling a French surrender not long before the French fleet arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton managed to establish a harmonious relationship with <a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">William Eden</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a>. This commission had been sent in a vain attempt at reconciliation with the American Congress. Despite its failures, Eden and Clinton got along, and Eden promised to make sure that Clinton's dispatches received favourable distribution in England.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Clinton found himself dealing with the tit-for-tat murders taking place between the Patriots and Loyalists, and he was in office when Captain <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Huddy" title="Joshua Huddy">Huddy</a> was murdered, which eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a>. His dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Board of Associated Loyalists</a> and their President <a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">Governor William Franklin</a> were his priority in the weeks before his departure. By mid-May 1782, Clinton informed the Secretary for the Colonies in Whitehall of the situation regarding Huddy's murder. He wrote to the Right Honourable <a href="/wiki/Welbore_Ellis,_1st_Baron_Mendip" title="Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip">Wellbore</a> Ellis on 11 May 1782: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I cannot, Sir, too much lament the great Imprudence shown by the Refugees on this Occasion – as these very ill timed Effects of their Resentment may probably introduce a System of War horrid beyond Description. Nor can I sufficiently pity my Successor’s having the Misfortune of coming to the Command at so disagreeable and critical a Period … Allowance ought to be made for Men whose Minds may possibly be roused to Vengeance by Acts of Cruelty committed by the Enemy on their dearest Friends … I cannot but observe that the Conduct of the Board during this whole Transaction has been extraordinary, not to say, reprehensible; … for the purpose (it is presumed) of exciting the War of indiscriminate Retaliation, which they appear to have long thirsted after."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_henry_clinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sir_henry_clinton.jpg/220px-Sir_henry_clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sir_henry_clinton.jpg/330px-Sir_henry_clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sir_henry_clinton.jpg/440px-Sir_henry_clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>General Sir Henry Clinton K.B. Commander-in-Chief of British troops in America. Published between 1770 and 1780.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the 1778 campaign season closed, Clinton considered options for action in 1779. Although he felt that Britain would be best served by withdrawing to the frontiers, popular opinion at home, as well as that of the king and <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a>, dictated otherwise. Germain felt that raiding expeditions should be conducted "with spirit and humanity" to destroy American commerce and privateering;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this strategy was one Clinton disliked.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militarily, Clinton and Washington did little more than stare at each other across the lines of New York City. Clinton ordered two major raiding expeditions, one <a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">against Connecticut</a>, the other <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_raid" title="Chesapeake raid">against Chesapeake Bay</a>, while Washington detached troops to deal with the increasing frontier war, which was primarily orchestrated from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>. </p><p>Early in 1779 Clinton sent his trusted aide, Lieutenant Duncan Drummond, to England in order to argue Clinton's request to be recalled. Drummond was unsuccessful in this: despite the intervention of the Duke of Newcastle, the king refused to even consider granting Clinton leave, claiming that Clinton was "the only man who might still save America".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Eden also interceded in an attempt to improve Clinton's situation, but political divisions in the government and the prospect of Spanish entry into the war meant that Clinton ended up with very little support.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton also complained about the lack of naval support being provided by Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_Gambier_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Gambier (Royal Navy officer)">James Gambier</a>, with whom he also had a difficult relationship. He eventually sent London a list of admirals he thought he could work with. None of them were chosen, and Gambier was replaced temporarily by <a href="/wiki/George_Collier" title="George Collier">George Collier</a> before his permanent replacement, <a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Mariot Arbuthnot</a>, arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Chesapeake raid Clinton drove the Americans from a key crossing of the Hudson River at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Point,_New_York" title="Stony Point, New York">Stony Point, New York</a>. Clinton had hoped that, with an expected reinforcement of troops from Europe, he could then attack either Washington's army or its supply lines, forcing Washington out of his well-defended mountain positions.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the reinforcements, including Admiral Arbuthnot, were late in arriving, and Stony Point was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">retaken</a> by the Americans after Clinton weakened its garrison to supply men for the Connecticut raids. The Americans chose not to hold Stony Point, and Clinton reoccupied it. However, Clinton's opponents used the American success to criticise him, calling him "undetermined" and "feeble".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paulus_Hook" title="Battle of Paulus Hook">A similar action</a> against a British outpost in New Jersey gave them further ammunition, and soured British morale.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further actions from New York were rendered impossible by the need for the naval squadron to address the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">American expedition</a> to dislodge a newly established British outpost in <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Bay" title="Penobscot Bay">Penobscot Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 1779, Clinton issued what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Proclamation" title="Philipsburg Proclamation">Philipsburg Proclamation</a> (so named because it was issued from his headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Manor_House" title="Philipsburg Manor House">Philipsburg Manor House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>). This proclamation institutionalized in the British Army an offer of freedom to enlisted <a href="/wiki/Runaway_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slaves">runaway slaves</a> that had first been made in <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">a similar proclamation</a> by Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Lord Dunmore</a> in 1775. He justified this offer by citing the fact that the Continental Army was also actively recruiting <a href="/wiki/Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacks">blacks</a>. The proclamation led to a flood of fugitive slaves making their way to British lines to take advantage of the offer,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the issue of slave repatriation would complicate Anglo-American relations as the war was ending.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_strategy">Southern strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Southern strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinton's relationship with Arbuthnot got off to a bad start. Rumors of a French fleet headed for northern ports (Halifax, Newport, or New York) pulled the leaders in different directions, and put off plans to withdraw from Newport for the purposes of strengthening the New York garrison (which had been weakened by disease) on at least one occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French instead <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">besieged Savannah, Georgia</a>, with American assistance, and failed disastrously in the attempt. This convinced Clinton that an expedition against South Carolina held promise. Loyalist support was said to be strong there, and the people were said to be "sick of their opposition to government" and the British blockade of their ports.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton began to assemble a force an expedition to take Charleston, withdrawing the forces from Newport for the purpose. Clinton took personal command of this campaign, and the task force with 14,000 men sailed south from New York at the end of the year. By early 1780, Clinton had brought <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston under siege</a>. In May, working together with Admiral Arbuthnot, he forced the surrender of the city, with its garrison of 5,000, in a stunning and serious defeat for the rebel cause. Arbuthnot and Clinton did not work together well during the siege, and their feuding lasted into 1781, with disastrous results for the unity of the British high command.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton's relationship with Cornwallis also deteriorated further during the siege, improving slightly after the American surrender and Clinton's departure for New York.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From New York, he oversaw the campaign in the South, and his correspondence to Cornwallis throughout the war showed an active interest in the affairs of his southern army.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the campaign progressed, he grew further and further away from his subordinate. As the campaign drew to a close, the correspondence became more and more acrimonious. Part of this may be due to <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a>, whose correspondence with Cornwallis may have convinced the junior officer to start disregarding the orders of his superior and consider himself to be an independent command.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1782, after fighting in the North American theater ended with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown</a>, Clinton was replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Sir <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a>, and he returned to England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1783, Clinton published a <i>Narrative of the Campaign of 1781 in North America</i> in which he attempted to lay the blame for the 1781 campaign failures on General Cornwallis. This was met with a public response by Cornwallis, who leveled his own criticisms at Clinton. Clinton also resumed his seat in Parliament, serving until 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not much is known about what Clinton did from 1784 until he was re-elected to Parliament in 1790 for <a href="/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)">Launceston</a> in Cornwall, a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket borough</a> controlled by his cousin Newcastle. Three years later, in October 1793, Clinton was promoted to full general. The following July he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>, but he died at <a href="/wiki/Portland_Place" title="Portland Place">Portland Place</a> before he was able to assume that post.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir Henry Clinton's legacy in the eyes of historians has been mixed. He held the command in America for four years, ending in disaster,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackesy_p._213-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result, he is widely seen to share in the blame for the defeat. The biographer William Willcox, in his analysis of Clinton's tenure in North America, observes that at times, "Sir Henry's ideas were not carried out for reasons that lay to some extent within himself"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he and Admiral Graves "apparently ignored the danger" of de Grasse in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Willcox notes that campaign plans Clinton formulated for 1777, 1779 and 1780 were frustrated by external events that he could not control, and Willcox generally blames Cornwallis for the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Carolina campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Cornwallis' biographers Franklin and Mary Wickwire point out that Cornwallis's failures are at least partially attributable to directives of Clinton that left him with relatively inadequate troop strength and irregular supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major James Wemyss, who served under Clinton, wrote that he was "an honourable and respectable officer of the German school; having served under Prince Ferdinand of Prussia and the Duke of Brunswick. Vain, open to flattery; and from a great aversion to all business not military, too often misled by aides and favourites." However, he also pointed out that Clinton's interests were narrow and that he was crippled by self-distrust.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackesy_p._213-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1753)" title="Charles Stuart (British Army officer, born 1753)">Charles Stuart</a> described him as "fool enough to command an army when he is incapable of commanding a troop of horse." However, the historian <a href="/wiki/Piers_Mackesy" title="Piers Mackesy">Piers Mackesy</a> writes that he was "a very capable general in the field."<sup id="cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackesy_p._213-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letters from General Sir Henry Clinton during the Revolutionary War can be found in the political papers of his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle">Henry Pelham-Clinton</a>, in the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection held at <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts_and_Special_Collections,_University_of_Nottingham_Information_Services" title="Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham Information Services">Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham Information Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements_Library" title="William L. Clements Library">William L. Clements Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> library acquired a number of manuscripts belonging to Clinton. They were first sorted and organized by the colonial American historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Henry_Peckham" title="Howard Henry Peckham">Howard Henry Peckham</a> and are now part of the collection of this library.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-W5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W5_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fredriksen">Fredriksen, 2001</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W9_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton, 1874</a>, Vol 2, pp. 174–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hamilton">Hamilton, 1874</a>, Vol 2, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1694</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 30 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germain Papers, Clements Library, Ann Arbor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/G/Germain.html">Germain Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203045308/http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/G/Germain.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/061/000049911/">Sir Henry Clinton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">Notable Names Database</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gruber, Ira D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5681">"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Clinton, Sir Henry (1730–1795)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5681">10.1093/ref:odnb/5681</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%3A+Clinton%2C+Sir+Henry+%281730%E2%80%931795%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5681&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Ira+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F5681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackesy_p._213-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackesy_p._213_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mackesy">Mackesy, 1992</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willcox">Willcox, 1964</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wickwire">Wickwire, 1970</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/biographies/sirhenryclinton%281730-1795%29.aspx">"Sir Henry Clinton"</a>. University of Nottingham<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Clinton&rft.pub=University+of+Nottingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fmanuscriptsandspecialcollections%2Flearning%2Fbiographies%2Fsirhenryclinton%25281730-1795%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#quatro">Quatro Journal: The Clements Library Associates, 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicheno2003" class="citation book cs1">Bicheno, Hugh (April 2003). <i>Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolutionary War</i>. 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New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11709">11709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Opponents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11709&rft.aulast=Billias&rft.aufirst=George+Athan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Borick" class="citation book cs1">Borick, Carl P. (February 2003). <i>A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Charleston, 1780</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-487-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-487-7"><bdi>1-57003-487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gallant+Defense%3A+The+Siege+of+Charleston%2C+1780&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003-02&rft.isbn=1-57003-487-7&rft.aulast=Borick&rft.aufirst=Carl+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fredriksen" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, John C. (2001). <i>America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-603-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-603-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248864750">248864750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Military+Adversaries%3A+From+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248864750&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-603-3&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gruber" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Ira (1972). <i>The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution</i>. New York: Atheneum Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1464455">1464455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howe+Brothers+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1464455&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hadden" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, James M.; Rogers, Horatio (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3RO2nofuok4C"><i>A Journal Kept in Canada and Upon Burgoyne's Campaign in 1776 and 1777 by Lieut. James M. Hadden</i></a>. J. Munsell's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3RO2nofuok4C/page/n484">375</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2130358">2130358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journal+Kept+in+Canada+and+Upon+Burgoyne%27s+Campaign+in+1776+and+1777+by+Lieut.+James+M.+Hadden&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=J.+Munsell%27s+Sons&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2130358&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_3RO2nofuok4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hamilton" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Sir Frederick William (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originhistoryfi03hamigoog"><i>The Origin and History of the First Or Grenadier Guards</i></a>. John Murray, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+History+of+the+First+Or+Grenadier+Guards&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+London&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginhistoryfi03hamigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harvey" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Robert (May 2002). <i>A Few Bloody Noses: The Realities and Mythologies of the American Revolution</i>. Overlook Hardcover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-273-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-273-4"><bdi>1-58567-273-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Few+Bloody+Noses%3A+The+Realities+and+Mythologies+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Overlook+Hardcover&rft.date=2002-05&rft.isbn=1-58567-273-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2002" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (April 2002). <i>Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through British Eyes</i>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32293-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32293-9"><bdi>0-393-32293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Redcoats%3A+The+American+Revolution+Through+British+Eyes&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=0-393-32293-9&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Johnston" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Henry Phelps (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingstonypo01johngoog"><i>The Storming of Stony Point on the Hudson</i></a>. New York City: James T. White & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingstonypo01johngoog/page/n55">43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storming+of+Stony+Point+on+the+Hudson&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=James+T.+White+%26+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Henry+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstormingstonypo01johngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ketchum" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisivedaybattl00ketc"><i>Decisive Day: The Battle of Bunker Hill</i></a>. New York: Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6099-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6099-5"><bdi>0-8050-6099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Day%3A+The+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8050-6099-5&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisivedaybattl00ketc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGf2AwAAQBAJ">eBook</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lanning" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericans00mich"><i>African Americans in the Revolutionary War</i></a></span>. New York: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2716-1"><bdi>978-0-8065-2716-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62311668">62311668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62311668&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2716-1&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericans00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leckie" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Robert (1993). <i>George Washington's War: The Saga of the American Revolution</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092215-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092215-3"><bdi>978-0-06-092215-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29748139">29748139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+War%3A+The+Saga+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29748139&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092215-3&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel" title="Edward G. Lengel">Lengel, Edward</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalgeorgewas00leng"><i>General George Washington</i></a></span>. New York: Random House Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6950-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-6950-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255642134">255642134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Paperbacks&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255642134&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6950-4&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralgeorgewas00leng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mackesy" class="citation book cs1">Mackesy, Piers (1992). <i>War for America: 1775–1783</i>. University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+America%3A+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Mackesy&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55002744">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812132515/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55002744">Archived</a> 12 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedy1988" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinatlasofno00coli"><i>The Penguin Atlas of North American History to 1870</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051128-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051128-8"><bdi>0-14-051128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Atlas+of+North+American+History+to+1870&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-051128-8&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinatlasofno00coli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mintz" class="citation book cs1">Mintz, Max M. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalsofsarato0000mint"><i>The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04778-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04778-3"><bdi>978-0-300-04778-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644565187">644565187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generals+of+Saratoga%3A+John+Burgoyne+and+Horatio+Gates&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644565187&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04778-3&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Max+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralsofsarato0000mint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Russell" class="citation book cs1">Russell, David Lee (2002). <i>Victory on Sullivan's Island: the British Cape Fear/Charles Town Expedition of 1776</i>. Haverford, PA: Infinity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7414-1243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7414-1243-0"><bdi>978-0-7414-1243-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54439188">54439188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+on+Sullivan%27s+Island%3A+the+British+Cape+Fear%2FCharles+Town+Expedition+of+1776&rft.place=Haverford%2C+PA&rft.pub=Infinity&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54439188&rft.isbn=978-0-7414-1243-0&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=David+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wickwire" class="citation book cs1">Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornwallisameric00wick"><i>Cornwallis: The American Adventure</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62690">62690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+American+Adventure&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62690&rft.aulast=Wickwire&rft.aufirst=Franklin+and+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcornwallisameric00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Willcox" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, William (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofgenera00will"><i>Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/245684727">245684727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+a+General%3A+Sir+Henry+Clinton+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F245684727&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofgenera00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David K. (2005). <i>The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780</i>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-573-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-573-3"><bdi>1-57003-573-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56951286">56951286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Strategy%3A+Britain%27s+Conquest+of+South+Carolina+and+Georgia%2C+1775%E2%80%931780&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56951286&rft.isbn=1-57003-573-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wyatt" class="citation journal cs1">Wyatt, F. (January 1959). "Sir Henry Clinton: a Psychological Exploration in History". <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 4–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1918848">10.2307/1918848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918848">1918848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sir+Henry+Clinton%3A+a+Psychological+Exploration+in+History&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-26&rft.date=1959-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1918848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1918848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="quatro" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029052219/http://clements.umich.edu/Quarto/Quarto%204_September,%201995.pdf"><i>In Memory of Howard Henry Peckham</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Quatro. 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clements.umich.edu/Quarto/Quarto%204_September,%201995.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Memory+of+Howard+Henry+Peckham&rft.pub=The+Quatro&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclements.umich.edu%2FQuarto%2FQuarto%25204_September%2C%25201995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1997" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, John (February 1997). <i>The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution and the Carolinas</i>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-16402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-16402-X"><bdi>0-471-16402-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Guilford+Courthouse%3A+The+American+Revolution+and+the+Carolinas&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1997-02&rft.isbn=0-471-16402-X&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement1979" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, R. (January–March 1979). "The World Turned Upside down At the Surrender of Yorktown". <i>Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>92</b> (363): 66–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F538844">10.2307/538844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/538844">538844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+down+At+the+Surrender+of+Yorktown&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=363&rft.pages=66-67&rft.date=1979-01%2F1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F538844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F538844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling1988" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (October 1988). <i>The World Turned Upside Down: The American Victory in the War of Independence</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-25527-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-25527-X"><bdi>0-313-25527-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+Down%3A+The+American+Victory+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988-10&rft.isbn=0-313-25527-X&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyma1957" class="citation book cs1">Hyma, Albert (1957). <i>Sir Henry Clinton and the American Revolution</i>. Hyma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Clinton+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Hyma&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hyma&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newcomb, Benjamin H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5681/5681">‘Clinton, Sir Henry (1730–1795)’</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, Oxford University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68518">10.1093/ref:odnb/68518</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2012.</li> <li>O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. <i>The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire</i> (2014). <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Clinton,_Sir_Henry,_The_Elder_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Clinton, Sir Henry, The Elder (DNB00)">Clinton, Sir Henry, The Elder (DNB00)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/newcastle/biographies/biographyofsirhenryclinton(1730-1795;armygeneral).aspx">Biography of Henry Clinton, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F51798">"Archival material relating to Henry Clinton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Henry+Clinton&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF51798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Clinton+%28British+Army+officer%2C+born+1730%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450734#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/conflict/theme3/introduction.aspx">'Conflict': e-learning resource from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham, including digitised images of some of Henry Clinton's letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-42cli">Henry Clinton papers</a> William Clements Library.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Cholmley" title="Nathaniel Cholmley">Nathaniel Cholmley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Boroughbridge</a> </b><br />1772–1774 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Cholmley" title="Nathaniel Cholmley">Nathaniel Cholmley</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eyre_(Boroughbridge_MP)" title="Anthony Eyre (Boroughbridge MP)">Anthony Eyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mellish" title="Charles Mellish">Charles Mellish</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Manners_(English_politician)" title="John Manners (English politician)">John Manners</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Shelley,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir John Shelley, 5th Baronet">John Shelley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> </b><br />1774–1784 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_Manners-Sutton" title="George Manners-Sutton">George Manners-Sutton</a> 1774–1780<br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Manners-Sutton" title="Lord George Manners-Sutton">Lord George Manners-Sutton</a> 1780–1783<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Manners-Sutton_(1752%E2%80%931826)" title="John Manners-Sutton (1752–1826)">John Manners-Sutton</a> 1783–1784 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Manners-Sutton_(1752%E2%80%931826)" title="John Manners-Sutton (1752–1826)">John Manners-Sutton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Constantine Phipps</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perceval,_2nd_Baron_Arden" title="Charles Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden">Charles Perceval</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Swinburne,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John Swinburne, 6th Baronet">Sir John Swinburne, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)">Launceston</a> </b><br />1790–1795 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Rodney_(of_Armsworth)" title="John Rodney (of Armsworth)">John Rodney</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Rodney_(of_Armsworth)" title="John Rodney (of Armsworth)">John Rodney</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Garthshore" title="William Garthshore">William Garthshore</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier_(British_Army_officer,_died_1766)" title="Robert Napier (British Army officer, died 1766)">Robert Napier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">12th Regiment of Foot</a> </b><br />1766–1779 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Picton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Picton (page does not exist)">William Picton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">Commander-in-Chief, North America</a> </b><br />1778–1782 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Sir Guy Carleton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Howard_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Howard (British Army officer)">Sir George Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="7th Queen's Own Hussars">7th (or Queen's Own)<br />Regiment of (Light) Dragoons</a> </b><br />1779–1795 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">David Dundas</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000007368685X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24977713">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11432/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv4MqbPfkcdkPXPXyTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/101893825">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033938">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35029082">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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