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ٽنڊرا - وڪيپيڊيا

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href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ھن رٿا بابت، توھان ڇا ٿا ڪري سگهو، شيون ڪٿي ڳولھجن"><span>اوطاق</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="تازن واقعن تي تفصيلي ڄاڻ لھو"><span>هاڻوڪا واقعا</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن وڪيءَ ۾ تازين تبديلين جي فھرست [r]" accesskey="r"><span>تازيون تبديليون</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ڪو بلاترتيب صفحو اتاريو [x]" accesskey="x"><span>بلاترتيب صفحو</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%80%D8%A7%DA%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن آئپي پتي کان ڪيل سنوارن جي فھرست [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ڀاڱيداريون</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>هن آءِ پِي سان ڳالهه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">فھرست</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">تعارف</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-آرڪٽڪ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#آرڪٽڪ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>آرڪٽڪ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-آرڪٽڪ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>سبسيڪشن آرڪٽڪ کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </button> <ul id="toc-آرڪٽڪ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-آبهوا_جي_تبديلي_سان_تعلق" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#آبهوا_جي_تبديلي_سان_تعلق"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>آبهوا جي تبديلي سان تعلق</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-آبهوا_جي_تبديلي_سان_تعلق-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-انٽارڪٽڪ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#انٽارڪٽڪ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>انٽارڪٽڪ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-انٽارڪٽڪ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-الپائن" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#الپائن"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>الپائن</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-الپائن-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-موسمياتي_درجه_بندي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#موسمياتي_درجه_بندي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>موسمياتي درجه بندي</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-موسمياتي_درجه_بندي-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>سبسيڪشن موسمياتي درجه بندي کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </button> <ul id="toc-موسمياتي_درجه_بندي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-جڳھون_جيڪي_ٽنڊرا_آبهوا_جي_خصوصيت_ڪن_ٿا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#جڳھون_جيڪي_ٽنڊرا_آبهوا_جي_خصوصيت_ڪن_ٿا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>جڳھون جيڪي ٽنڊرا آبهوا جي خصوصيت ڪن ٿا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-جڳھون_جيڪي_ٽنڊرا_آبهوا_جي_خصوصيت_ڪن_ٿا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-خارجي_ربط" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خارجي_ربط"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>خارجي ربط</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-خارجي_ربط-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>حوالا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فھرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ٽنڊرا</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ڪنھن مضمون ڏانھن ڪنھن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڃو. 102 ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 ٻوليون</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – آفريڪي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="آفريڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ارگني" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ارگني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تندرة – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تندرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – اسٽورين" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٽورين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – آزربائيجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آزربائيجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – ڪينيڊا" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ڪينيڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – بالينيس" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="بالينيس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – بيلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بيلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – بلغاريائي" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তুন্দ্রা – بنگلا" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুন্দ্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – بوسنيائي" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ڪيٽالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ڪيٽالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سبوانو" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سبوانو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تەندرا – مرڪزي ڪردش" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەندرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مرڪزي ڪردش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – چيڪ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چيڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – چو واش" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چو واش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ڊينش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڊينش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τούνδρα – يوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούνδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="يوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – انگريزي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگريزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro – ايسپرانٽو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ايسپرانٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ايستونائي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ايستونائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – باسق" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="توندرا – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توندرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – فنش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra – فرانسيسي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسيسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – اترين فريسين" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="اترين فريسين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBndra" title="Tûndra – مغربي فريشن" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tûndra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="مغربي فريشن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – آئرش" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="آئرش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – گليشئين" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گليشئين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טונדרה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="टुण्ड्रा – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टुण्ड्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ڪروشيائي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ڪروشيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra – هيٽي ڪرولي" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيٽي ڪرولي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – هنگري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنگري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Տունդրա – ارماني" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տունդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ارماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – انٽرلنگئا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انٽرلنگئا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – انڊونيشي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڊونيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro – ادو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ادو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fre%C3%B0m%C3%BDri" title="Freðmýri – آئيس لينڊڪ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Freðmýri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئيس لينڊڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – اطالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%87%E1%90%B9%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%83%E1%95%88%E1%93%90%E1%93%87%E1%99%B1%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ – انو ڪتوت" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="انو ڪتوت" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ツンドラ – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツンドラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტუნდრა – جارجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნდრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جارجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ڪبائل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ڪبائل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="툰드라 – ڪوريائي" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툰드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ڪوريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – ڪرغيز" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ڪرغيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – لاطيني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاطيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – لمبرگش" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundula" title="Tundula – لنگالا" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tundula" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="لنگالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ليٿونيائي" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليٿونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – لاتوين" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لاتوين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Тундро – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тундро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – ميسي ڊونيائي" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ميسي ڊونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തുന്ദ്ര – مليالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുന്ദ്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مليالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश – مراٺي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراٺي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ملي" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – ڊچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڊچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – نارويائي نيوناسڪ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نارويائي نيوناسڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – نارويائي بوڪمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارويائي بوڪمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra – آڪسيٽن" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="آڪسيٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundru" title="Tundru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tundru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundiraa" title="Tundiraa – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tundiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – پورٽگليز" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورٽگليز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundr%C4%83" title="Tundră – روماني" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tundră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="روماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Туундара – ساخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туундара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ساخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – اسڪاٽس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="اسڪاٽس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="තුන්ද්‍රා – سنهالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුන්ද්‍රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنهالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سلواڪي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلواڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سلوويني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوويني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سوڊاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوڊاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سويڊش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سويڊش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – سواحيلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواحيلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூந்திரம் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ทันดรา – ٿائي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทันดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ٿائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ترڪش" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترڪش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – يوڪراني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="يوڪراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – ازبڪ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ازبڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_nguy%C3%AAn" title="Đài nguyên – ويتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ويتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – واري" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="واري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%8E%9F" title="冻原 – وو چيني" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冻原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 – چيني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 – ڪينٽونيز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ڪينٽونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate – زولو" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tundra climate" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="زولو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بين‌الزباني ڳنڍڻا سنواريو" class="wbc-editpage">ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ڏيک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="sd" dir="rtl"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:SHORTDESC:Biome_where_plant_growth_is_hindered_by_frigid_temperatures&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:SHORTDESC:Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:SHORTDESC:Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures</a></div> <table class="infobox geography vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; font-size:1.50em; grey-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">Tundra</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="گرين لينڊ ۾ ٽنڊرا"><img alt="گرين لينڊ ۾ ٽنڊرا" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/250px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/375px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/500px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="گرين لينڊ">گرين لينڊ</a> ۾ ٽنڊرا</div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>طبعي جاگرافي ۾ <b>ٽنڊرا</b> (Tundra) هڪ قسم جو بايووم آهي جتي وڻ جي واڌ ويجهه ۾ ٿڌي گرمي پد ۽ گهٽ وڌندڙ موسمن سان رڪاوٽ ٿيندي آهي. اصطلاح <b>ٽنڊرا (Tundra)</b> روسي لفظ آھي جيڪو سامي ٻولين مان ورتل آھي.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> هتي ٽي علائقا ۽ ٽنڊرا جا لاڳاپيل قسم آهن: آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا،<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> الپائن ٽنڊرا<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>ٽنڊرا جا ٻوٽا بوني جھاڙین، سیجز، ٻٻرن، ٻڪرين، <a href="/wiki/%DA%87%D9%BB%D8%B1" title="ڇٻر">ڇٻر</a>، ڪائي ۽ لیچن تي مشتمل آھي. ڪجهه ٽنڊرا علائقن ۾ پکڙيل وڻ وڌندا آهن. ٽنڊرا ۽ ٻيلي جي وچ ۾ ايڪوٽون (يا ماحولياتي حدون علائقو) کي وڻ جي لڪير يا ٽمبر لائن طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. ٽنڊرا جي مٽي <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نائٽروجن">نائٽروجن</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فاسفورس">فاسفورس</a> سان مالا مال آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> مٽيءَ ۾ بائيو ماس ۽ سڙيل بائيوماس جي وڏي مقدار پڻ شامل آهي جيڪا ميٿين گیس (Methane) ۽ ڪاربن ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ طور پرمافراسٽ ۾ محفوظ ڪئي وئي آهي ۽ ٽنڊرا جي مٽي کي ڪاربن جو سنڪ بڻائي ٿي. جيئن ته گلوبل وارمنگ ماحولياتي نظام کي گرم ڪري ٿي ۽ مٽي کي پگھلائي ٿي، پرمافراسٽ ڪاربن چڪر کي تيز ڪري ٿي ۽ انهن مان گهڻيون مٽي تي مشتمل گرين هائوس گيسز کي فضا ۾ ڇڏي ٿي ۽ هڪ موٽ چڪر ٺاهي ٿو جيڪو موسمياتي تبديلي کي وڌائي ٿو. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="آرڪٽڪ"><span id=".D8.A2.D8.B1.DA.AA.D9.BD.DA.AA"></span>آرڪٽڪ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: آرڪٽڪ"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا ڏور اتر اڌ گول ۾، تائيگا بيلٽ جي اتر ۾ ٿئي ٿي. لفظ "ٽنڊرا" عام طور تي صرف انهن علائقن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو جتي زير زمين <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD" title="پرمافراسٽ">پرمافراسٽ</a> (permafrost) يا مستقل طور تي منجمد مٽي آهي. اهو عام طور تي وڻن جي بغير ميدان جو حوالو پڻ ڏئي سگهي ٿو ته جيئن اتر ساپمي ايريا کي شامل ڪيو وڃي. پرمافراسٽ ٽنڊرا اتر <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس">روس</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪئناڊا">ڪئناڊا</a> جا وسيع علائقا شامل آهن. پولر ٽنڊرا ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن جو گهر آهي، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري خانه بدوش رينڊيئر رڍون آهن، جهڙوڪ گانسان ماڻهو ۽ پرما فراسٽ علائقي ۾ نينيٽ ماڻهو ۽ ساپمي علائقي جا سامي ماڻهو.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/220px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/330px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/440px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سائبيريا">سائبيريا</a> ۾ ٽنڊرا</figcaption></figure> <p>آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا تي مشتمل آهي ۽ سال جو گهڻو وقت شاندار نظارن تي منجهيل آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> اتي جي مٽي 25 کان 90 سينٽي ميٽرن (10 کان 35 انچ) تائين منجهيل آهي، جنهن ڪري اتي وڻ پوکڻ ناممڪن آهي. ان جي بدران، ننگي ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پٿريلي زمين صرف ڪجهه قسم جي آرڪٽڪ ٻوٽن جي مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جهڙوڪ گهٽ وڌندڙ ٻوٽن ڪائي، هيٿ اريڪاشیا (Ericaceae) قسمون جهڙوڪ ڪروبيري، بليڪ بيئر بيري ۽ ليچين.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>قطبي ٽنڊرا وارن علائقن ۾ ٻه مکيه موسمون آهن، سيارو ۽ اونهارو. سياري دوران اهو تمام ٿڌو، اونداهو ۽ واءُ هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سراسري گرمي پد °28- سینتی گرید هوندو آهي، ڪڏهن ڪڏهن °50- سینتی گرید تائين گهٽجي ويندو آهي. تنهن هوندي به، ٽنڊرا تي انتهائي سرد ​​گرمي پد ايترو گهٽ نه آهي جيترو تائيگا وارن علائقن ۾ تجربو ڪيو ويو آهي وڌيڪ ڏکڻ (مثال طور، روس، ڪئناڊا، ۽ الاسڪا جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ درجه حرارت وڻ جي لڪير جي ڏکڻ واري هنڌن تي رڪارڊ ڪيا ويا). اونهاري دوران، گرمي پد ڪجهه وڌي ٿو ۽ موسمي طور تي منجهيل مٽيءَ جي مٿئين پرت ڳري وڃي ٿي، جنهن ڪري زمين تمام ڳري ٿي وڃي ٿي. ٽنڊرا گرم مهينن دوران دلدل، ڍنڍن، ٻڪرين ۽ ندين ۾ ڍڪيل آهي. عام طور تي اونهاري دوران ڏينهن جو گرمي پد °12 سینتی گرید تائين وڌي ٿو پر اڪثر ڪري °3 سینتی گرید يا منجمد جی نقطی کان به گهٽ ٿي سگهي ٿو. آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن رهائش جي تحفظ جي پروگرامن جو موضوع آهن. ڪئناڊا ۽ روس ۾، انهن مان ڪيترائي علائقا قومي جيو تنوع ايڪشن پلان ذريعي محفوظ آهن. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Vontut_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vontut_National_Park.jpg/220px-Vontut_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vontut_National_Park.jpg/330px-Vontut_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vontut_National_Park.jpg/440px-Vontut_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>ڪينيڊا ۾ ونٽٽ نيشنل پارڪ</figcaption></figure> <p>ٽنڊرا ۾ ڏاڍي تيز واءُ لڳندي آهي، هوائون اڪثر 50 کان 100 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (30 کان 60 ميل في ڪلاڪ) جي رفتار سان وهنديون آهن. بهرحال، اهو ريگستان جهڙو آهي، جنهن ۾ هر سال رڳو 150 کان 250 ملي ميٽر (6 کان 10 انچ) برسات پوي ٿي (اونهارو عام طور تي وڌ کان وڌ ورن جو موسم آهي). جيتوڻيڪ ورن هلڪو آهي، بخارات بنڻ جو عمل پڻ نسبتا گهٽ آهي. اونهاري دوران، پرمافراسٽ ٻوٽن کي وڌڻ ۽ ٻيهر پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ٿو ڳري ٿو، پر ڇاڪاڻ ته هن جي هيٺان زمين ڄميل آهي، پاڻي هيٺ نه ٿو ڪري سگهي، ان ڪري پاڻي اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ مليل ڍنڍون ۽ دلدل بڻجي ٿو. ٻارڻ ۽ جهنگ جي باهه جي گڏ ٿيڻ جو هڪ قدرتي نمونو آهي، جيڪو نباتات ۽ زمينن جي نوعيت جي لحاظ کان مختلف هوندو آهي. الاسڪا ۾ ريسرچ ڏيکاريو آهي ته فائر ايونٽ جي موٽڻ واري وقفي (FRIs) جيڪي عام طور تي 150 کان 200 سالن تائين مختلف هونديون آهن، خشڪي واري هيٺاهين علائقن سان گڏ تر هاءِلينڊ وارن علائقن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ اڪثر جلندا آهن.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._(92e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg/220px-Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg/330px-Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg/440px-Muskox_and_Greater_White-fronted_Geese_on_vegetated_beach_ridges_in_front_of_the_Igichuk_Hills._%2892e7aa72-1dd8-b71c-07d9-7fb3eabf6e60%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>الاسڪا ۾ مشڪي اکس جو هڪ گروپ</figcaption></figure> <p>ٽنڊرا جي حياتياتي تنوع گهٽ آهي: ويسڪولر ٻوٽن جون 1,700 قسمون ۽ زميني ٿلهي جانورن جون صرف 48 جنسون ملي سگهن ٿيون، جيتوڻيڪ لکين پکي هر سال دلدل لاءِ اتي لڏ پلاڻ ڪن ٿا. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> مڇيءَ جا به ٿورا قسم آهن. وڏي آبادي سان گڏ ڪجھ جنس آھن. آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا ۾ قابل ذڪر ٻوٽن ۾ شامل آهن بلو بيري (ويڪسينيم اوليگينوسوم)، ڪروبيري (ايمپيٽرم نگرم)، رينڊر لائيچن (ڪلادونيا رنگيفيرينا)، لنگون بيري (ويڪسينيم ويٽيس-ايڊيا)، ۽ ليبراڊور چانهه (روڊوڊينڊرون گروينلينڊڪم).<sup id="cite_ref-LakeClark2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakeClark2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> قابل ذڪر جانورن ۾ شامل آهن؛ رینڊيئر هرڻ (ڪاريبو)، مشڪ بيل، آرڪٽڪ خرگوش، آرڪٽڪ لومڙ، برفاني الو، ٽارميگان، اترين ڳاڙهي پٺتي پيل بگھڙ، ليمنگس ۽ مڇر،<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ۽ سمنڊ جي ويجهو پولر رڇ. <sup id="cite_ref-LakeClark3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakeClark3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ٽنڊرا گهڻو ڪري پوکيلوٿرمز کان خالي آهي جهڙوڪ ڏيڏر يا ليزرڊ. </p><p>آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا جي سخت آبهوا جي ڪري، هن قسم جي علائقن ۾ انساني سرگرميون گهٽ نظر اچن ٿيون، جيتوڻيڪ اهي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن قدرتي وسيلن جهڙوڪ پيٽروليم، قدرتي گئس ۽ يورينيم سان مالا مال آهن. تازو وقتن ۾ الاسڪا، روس ۽ دنيا جي ڪجهه ٻين حصن ۾ اهو تبديل ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو آهي: مثال طور، یامالو۔نینتس خودمختيار اوڪرگ روس جي قدرتي گئس جو 90 سيڪڙو پيدا ڪري ٿو. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="آبهوا_جي_تبديلي_سان_تعلق"><span id=".D8.A2.D8.A8.D9.87.D9.88.D8.A7_.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D8.AA.D8.A8.D8.AF.D9.8A.D9.84.D9.8A_.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.AA.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.82"></span>آبهوا جي تبديلي سان تعلق</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: آبهوا جي تبديلي سان تعلق"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ٽنڊرا لاءِ هڪ سخت خطرو گلوبل وارمنگ آهي، جنهن جي ڪري پرمافراسٽ کي پگھلجي ٿو. انساني وقت جي ماپ (ڏهاڪن يا صدين) تي ڏنل علائقي ۾ پرمافراسٽ جو پگھلڻ بنيادي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگھي ٿو ته ڪھڙي نسل اتي رھي سگھي ٿي.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> اهو پرما فراسٽ جي چوٽي تي ٺهيل انفرا اسٽرڪچر لاءِ هڪ اهم خطري جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ روڊ ۽ پائپ لائنون. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg/220px-Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg/330px-Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg/440px-Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>ھرشل ٻيٽ ۾ پرمافراسٽ، پرمافراسٽ جو پگھلڻ زمین کي مزید ڇڪڻ جو سبب بڻ جي ٿو.</figcaption></figure> <p>انهن هنڌن تي جتي مئل ٻوٽا ۽ پيٽ گڏ ٿي ويا آهن، اتي جهنگ جي باهه جو خطرو آهي، جهڙوڪ 1,039 چورس ڪلوميٽر (401 اسڪوائر ميل) ٽنڊرا جيڪا سال 2007ع ۾ الاسڪا ۾ بروڪس رينج جي اتر واري سلپ تي سڙي وئي. <sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Thaw2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Thaw2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> اهڙا واقعا ٻنهي جي نتيجي ۾ ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ گلوبل وارمنگ ۾ حصو وٺی سگهن ٿا.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature20112_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature20112-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> پرمافراسٽ جی پگھلڻ مان ڪاربن جو اخراج ساڳئي گرميءَ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو جيڪو پگھلڻ کي آسان بڻائي ٿو، ان کي مثبت موسمي تبديليءَ جو موٽ ڏئي ٿو. گرمائش پڻ آرڪٽڪ پاڻي جي چڪر کي تيز ڪري ٿي ۽ گرم مينهن جي وڌندڙ مقدار هڪ ٻيو عنصر آهي جيڪو پرمافراسٽ جي کوٽائي کي وڌائي ٿو.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas20202_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas20202-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPCC ڇهين جائزي واري رپورٽ جو اندازو آهي ته پرما فراسٽ مان نڪرندڙ ڪاربن ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ ۽ ميٿين 14 کان 175 بلين ٽن ڪاربن ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي برابر ٿي سگهي ٿي ھک درجا سينٽي گريڊ (°1.8 فارنھائيٽ) گرمي پد جي مقابلي لاءِ، 2019ع تائين، ڪاربن ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جو سالياني انتھروپو جينڪ اخراج تقريباً 40 بلين ٽن بيٺو.<sup id="cite_ref-AR62_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2018ع جي ​​نقطه نظر واري آرٽيڪل ۾ آبهوا جي نظام ۾ ٽِپنگ پوائنٽس تي بحث ڪيو ويو جيڪو گلوبل وارمنگ جي °2 سينٽي گريڊ (°3.6 فارنھائيٽ) جي چوڌاري چالو ڪيو ويو آهي ته هن حد تي، پرما فراسٽ ٿل 2100ع تائين عالمي گرمي پد ۾ وڌيڪ °0.09 سينٽي گريڊ (°0.16 فارنھائيٽ) جو اضافو ڪندو. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 0.04 کان 0.16 سينٽي گريڊ (0.07 کان 0.29 فارنھائيٽ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="انٽارڪٽڪ"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D9.BD.D8.A7.D8.B1.DA.AA.D9.BD.DA.AA"></span>انٽارڪٽڪ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: انٽارڪٽڪ"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:11_Le_Mont_Werth_(908m)_devant_le_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/220px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/330px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/440px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>ڪرگيولين ٻيٽ تي ٽنڊرا </figcaption></figure> <p>انٽارڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڪيترن ئي انٽارڪٽڪ ۽ سبانٽارڪٽڪ ٻيٽن تي ٿئي ٿي، جن ۾ سائوٿ جارجيا ۽ سائوٿ سينڊوچ ٻيٽ ۽ ڪرگيولين ٻيٽ شامل آهن. انٽارڪيڪا جو گهڻو حصو ٻوٽن جي مدد لاءِ تمام ٿڌو ۽ خشڪ آهي، ۽ براعظم جو گهڻو حصو برف جي ميدانن يا ٿڌي ريگستانن سان ڍڪيل آهي. تنهن هوندي به، براعظم جا ڪجهه حصا، خاص طور تي انٽارڪٽڪ جزيره نما، پٿر جي مٽي جا علائقا آهن جيڪي ٻوٽن جي زندگي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. ٻوٽا هن وقت لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 400 جنسن تي مشتمل آهن، 100 ڪائي ، 25 جگر وارا، ۽ تقريباً 700 زميني ۽ آبي الجي نسلن تي مشتمل آهن، جيڪي براعظم جي ساحل جي چوڌاري ڦهليل پٿر ۽ مٽي جي علائقن تي رهن ٿا. انٽارڪٽيڪا جي ٻن گلن واري ٻوٽن جي نسل، انٽارڪٽڪ ھیئر گراس (ڈيس چيمپسيا انٽارڪٽيڪا) ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ پرل وورت انٽارڪٽڪ جزيره نما جي اترين ۽ الهندي حصن تي مليا آهن. آرڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا جي ابتڙ، انٽارڪٽڪ ٽنڊرا ۾ هڪ وڏي ٿلهي جانور جي کوٽ آهي، اڪثر ڪري ٻين براعظمن کان ان جي جسماني اڪيلائي جي ڪري. سامونڊي جانور ۽ سامونڊي پکي، جن ۾ سيل ۽ پينگوئن شامل آهن، ساحل جي ويجھو علائقن ۾ رهن ٿا، ۽ ڪجهه ننڍڙا ٿلهي جانور، جهڙوڪ خرگوش ۽ ٻليون، انسانن طرفان ڪجهه سبانٽارڪٽڪ ٻيٽن تي متعارف ڪرايا ويا آهن. انٽيپوڊس سبانٽارڪٽڪ ٻيٽ ٽنڊرا ايڪو ريجن ۾ شامل آهن بائونٽي ٻيٽ، آڪلينڊ ٻيٽ، اينٽيپوڊس ٻيٽ، ڪيمپبل ٻيٽ گروپ ۽ ميڪويري ٻيٽ. هن ماحولي علائقي ۾ مقامي نسلن ۾ شامل آهن ڪوريباس ڊينيمس ۽ ڪوريباس سلڪاتوس، صرف سب انٽارڪٽڪ آرچڊ، شاهي پينگوئن ۽ انٽیپوڊين البطروس. اتي ڪجهه ابهام آهي ته ڇا مئگيلانڪ موريلينڊ، پیٽاگونيا جي اولهه سامونڊي ڪناري تي، ٽنڊرا سمجهيو وڃي يا نه. ڦائٽو جاگرافيدان، ايڊمونڊو ​​پيسانو ان کي ٽنڊرا ميگالانیڪا (اسپيني:tundra Magallánica) سڏيو آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻوٽي جي واڌ کي محدود ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ درجه حرارت کي اهم سمجهيو. انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ ٻيٽ (°60 ڏکڻ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ) جا نباتات ۽ جانور انٽارڪٽڪ معاهدي طرفان محفوظ آهن. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="الپائن"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.BE.D8.A7.D8.A6.D9.86"></span>الپائن</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: الپائن"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="anchor"></span> </p><p><span id="Alpine_tundra"></span> </p> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="الپائن ٽنڊرا (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">الپائن ٽنڊرا</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Sahale_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/370px-Sahale_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/555px-Sahale_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/740px-Sahale_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>اتر ڪاسڪيڊس آف واشنگٽن، آمريڪا ۾ الپائن ٽنڊرا.</figcaption></figure> <p>الپائن ٽنڊرا ۾ وڻ نه هوندا آهن ڇاڪاڻ ته آبهوا ۽ مٽي اونچائي تي وڻ جي واڌ کي روڪيندي آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> الپائن ٽنڊرا جي ٿڌي آبهوا هوا جي گهٽ درجه حرارت جي ڪري ٿيندي آهي، ۽ پولر آبهوا وانگر آهي. الپائن ٽنڊرا عام طور تي آرڪٽڪ مٽيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ بهتر پاڻياٺ واري آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> الپائن ٽنڊرا وڻ جي لڪير کان هيٺ سبلپائن ٻيلن ڏانهن منتقلي؛ ٻيلي ٽنڊرا ايڪٽوون (ٽيلي لائن) تي لڳل ٻيلن کي ڪرم هولز جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. الپائن ٽنڊرا ڪاٺيءَ جي ٻوٽي جي حدبنديءَ کان متاثر ٿي سگھي ٿو.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>الپائن ٽنڊرا دنيا جي جبلن ۾ ٿيندي آهي. الپائن ٽنڊرا جي نباتات جي خاصيت آهي ٻوٽا جيڪي زمين جي ويجهو وڌندا آهن، جن ۾ دائمي گھاس، سيجز، فوربز، کشن ٻوٽا، ماس ۽ لائيچين شامل آهن.<sup id="cite_ref-functional2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-functional2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> فلورا الپائن ماحول جي سخت حالتن سان ٺهڪي اچي ٿي، جنهن ۾ گهٽ درجه حرارت، خشڪي، الٽرا وائلٽ تابڪاري، ۽ ٿوري وڌندڙ موسم شامل آهن. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="موسمياتي_درجه_بندي"><span id=".D9.85.D9.88.D8.B3.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.8A_.D8.AF.D8.B1.D8.AC.D9.87_.D8.A8.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.8A"></span>موسمياتي درجه بندي</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: موسمياتي درجه بندي"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/220px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/330px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/440px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>ٽنڊرا علائقو جنهن ۾ فجورڊ، گليشيئر ۽ جبل آهن. ڪانگسفورڊن، اسپٽسبرگن.</figcaption></figure> <p>ٽنڊرا جي موسم عام طور تي ڪوپن جي موسمياتي درجه بندي (<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Köppen climate classification (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Köppen climate classification</a>) سان ٺهڪي اچي ٿي، جيڪا هڪ مقامي آبهوا جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي جنهن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ مهينو سراسري گرمي پد ايتري ته بلند هجي جو برف پگھلجي سگهي (°0 سينٽي گريڊ (°32 فارنھائيٽ))، پر ڪو به مهينو نه هوندو آهي جنهن ۾ سراسري گرمي پد °10 سينٽي گريڊ (°50 فارنھائيٽ) کان وڌيڪ هجي.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ٿڌي جي حد عام طور تي مستقل برف ۽ برف جي EF موسمن سان ملن ٿا؛ گرم-گرميءَ جي حد عام طور تي وڻن جي قطب يا اونچائي واري حد سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> جتي اهي درجه بندي ڪن ٿا سب آرڪٽڪ آبهوا ۾ نامزد ٿيل Dfd، Dwd ۽ Dsd (انتهائي سياريون جيئن سائبيريا جي حصن ۾)، Dfc عام الاسڪا، ڪئناڊا، اسڪيدینيویا ۾ جبل جا علائقا، يورپي روس، ۽ مغربي سائبيريا (سرد سياري ۾ مهينن جي ٿڌ سان).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>ET درجي ۾ آبهوا جي امڪاني تنوع جي باوجود، جنهن ۾ ورن، انتهائي گرمي، ۽ نسبتا گندي ۽ خشڪ موسمون شامل آهن، هن درجي کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ورهايو ويو آهي. برسات ۽ برفباري عام طور تي ٿڌي ماحول ۾ پاڻيءَ جي بخارات جي گھٽ دٻاءُ جي ڪري ٿوري ٿيندي آهي، پر ضابطي جي طور تي بخارات جي منتقلي جو امڪان تمام گهٽ هوندو آهي، جنهن ڪري انهن هنڌن تي به ته جيئن هيٺيون ۽ وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪن جي ريگستانن ۾ برسات پوي ٿي.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> مقامي ٽنڊرا بايوماس جو مقدار ورن جي مقدار جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقامي گرمي پد تي وڌيڪ منحصر آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="جڳھون_جيڪي_ٽنڊرا_آبهوا_جي_خصوصيت_ڪن_ٿا"><span id=".D8.AC.DA.B3.DA.BE.D9.88.D9.86_.D8.AC.D9.8A.DA.AA.D9.8A_.D9.BD.D9.86.DA.8A.D8.B1.D8.A7_.D8.A2.D8.A8.D9.87.D9.88.D8.A7_.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D8.AE.D8.B5.D9.88.D8.B5.D9.8A.D8.AA_.DA.AA.D9.86_.D9.BF.D8.A7"></span>جڳھون جيڪي ٽنڊرا آبهوا جي خصوصيت ڪن ٿا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: جڳھون جيڪي ٽنڊرا آبهوا جي خصوصيت ڪن ٿا"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>الپائن ٽنڊرا</b> </p><p>• گيويا لڪ، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اٽلي">اٽلي</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>• فیوجي جبل، <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپان">جاپان</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>• سیرو دی پاسڪو، <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پيرو">پيرو</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>• ڌاراڊيروس، <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="وينزويلا">وينزويلا</a> </p><p>• پیونو، <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پيرو">پيرو</a> </p><p>• کاسپرووی ویرچ، <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ">پولينڊ</a> </p><p>• هاءِ تاترا، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سلوواڪيا">سلوواڪيا</a> </p><p>• مرغوب، <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجڪستان">تاجڪستان</a> </p><p>• ويلنگٽن جبل، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آسٽريليا">آسٽريليا</a> </p><p>• ڪائیرن گورم، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="برطانيا">برطانيا</a> </p><p>• پوئتری، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چلي">چلي</a> </p><p>• ڪورانزولي، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ارجنٽائن">ارجنٽائن</a> </p><p>• يو شان، <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تائيوان">تائيوان</a> </p><p>• جوف، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%BD%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="سوئٽزرلينڊ">سوئٽزرلينڊ</a> </p><p>• فينس، <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ناروي">ناروي</a> </p><p>• سرڪسو، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين">چين</a> </p><p><b>پولر ٽنڊرا</b> </p><p>• لونگ ائیربئین، سوالبارد، <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ناروي">ناروي</a> </p><p>• یمال پیننسولا، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس">روس</a> </p><p>• اقالوئیت، <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪئناڊا">ڪئناڊا</a> </p><p>• اتقیاگوک، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="آمريڪا">آمريڪا</a> </p><p>• ھوپر بی، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="آمريڪا">آمريڪا</a> </p><p>• ڪرگيولين ٻيٽ، فرانسيسي ڏاکڻي زمينون (<a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس">فرانس</a>). </p><p>• نوڪ (Nuuk)، <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="گرين لينڊ">گرين لينڊ</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ڊنمارڪ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڊنمارڪ</a>) </p><p>• گرتویڪن، ڏکڻ جارجيا (برطانيه) </p><p>• ٽڪسي، روس </p><p>• ميڪائنز، فارو ٻيٽ (ڊنمارڪ) </p><p>• ھویراویلر، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="آئس لينڊ">آئس لينڊ</a> </p><p>• تولھوئین، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ارجنٽائن">ارجنٽائن</a> </p><p>• ڪيمپبل ٻيٽ، <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="نيوزي لينڊ">نيوزي لينڊ</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="خارجي_ربط"><span id=".D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D8.B1.D8.A8.D8.B7"></span>خارجي ربط</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: خارجي ربط"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">WWF Tundra Ecoregions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091305/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا</a> 23 February 2010 حوالو موجود آهي <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="وي بيڪ مشين">وي بيڪ مشين</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011004081203/http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundra.html">The Arctic biome at Classroom of the Future</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194120/http://kaares.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/tundra/tundra.htm">Arctic Feedbacks to Global Warming: Tundra Degradation in the Russian Arctic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225213602/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants/">British Antarctica Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1101">Antarctica: West of the Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databayou.com/world/tundra.html">World Map of Tundra</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Sister_bar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Sister bar (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Sister bar</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Biomes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Biomes (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Biomes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Earth%27s_landforms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Earth&#39;s landforms (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Earth's landforms</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Navboxes_top&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Navboxes top (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Navboxes top</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Koppen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Koppen (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Koppen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:Periglacial_environment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:Periglacial environment (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:Periglacial 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href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%AA%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ڪانگريس ڪنٽرول نمبر لائبريري">ايل سي سي اين</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85138590">sh85138590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%DA%AA%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="واسطيدار اختياري عڪس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">جي اين ڊي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4061205-3">4061205-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Diet_Library&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Diet Library (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اين ڊي ايل</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573523">00573523</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="جهموريا چيڪ جي نيشنل لائبريري (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اين ڪي سي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph126789&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ph126789</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالا"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7"></span>حوالا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: حوالا"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html">"Ecoregions"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wildlife_Fund&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="World Wildlife Fund (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">World Wildlife Fund</a>. وقت 4 June 2011 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=Ecoregions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=World+Wildlife+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial_na.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aapala, Kirsti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211854/http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml">"Tunturista jängälle"</a> (ٻولي ۾ Finnish). وقت 2006-10-01 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirsti&amp;rft.aulast=Aapala&amp;rft.btitle=Tunturista+j%C3%A4ng%C3%A4lle&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Fjulkaisut%2Fikkunat%2F1999%2Fkielii1999_19.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeley-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php">"The Tundra Biome"</a>. <i>The World's Biomes</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Berkeley (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">University of California, Berkeley</a>. وقت 22 July 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tundra+Biome&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Biomes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss5%2Fbiome%2Ftundra.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="sd" dir="rtl">حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> tag; name "berkeley" defined multiple times with different content</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wwf_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html">"Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica"</a>. <i>Wild World</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Geographic_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Geographic Society (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">National Geographic Society</a>. وقت 5 August 2011 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions%3A+Antarctica&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Wild+World&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial_an.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeley2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley2_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php">"The Tundra Biome"</a>. <i>The World's Biomes</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Berkeley (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">University of California, Berkeley</a>. وقت 22 July 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tundra+Biome&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Biomes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss5%2Fbiome%2Ftundra.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tundra-biome">"Tundra Biome"</a>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=Tundra+Biome&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Ftundra-biome&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fbiome%2Fbiotundra.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php">"The tundra biome"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=The+tundra+biome&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fbiomes%2Ftundra.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Higuera,&#32;Philip E.&#59;&#32;Chipman,&#32;Melissa L.&#59;&#32;Barnes,&#32;Jennifer L.&#59;&#32;Urban,&#32;Michael A.&#59;&#32;Hu,&#32;Feng Sheng&#32;(December 2011).&#32;"Variability of tundra fire regimes in Arctic Alaska: millennial-scale patterns and ecological implications".&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_Applications&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological Applications (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ecological Applications</a></i>&#32;<b>21</b>&#32;(8): 3211–3226. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F11-0387.1">10.1890/11-0387.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1051-0761">1051-0761</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EcoAp..21.3211H">2011EcoAp..21.3211H</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Variability+of+tundra+fire+regimes+in+Arctic+Alaska%3A+millennial-scale+patterns+and+ecological+implications&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BEcological+Applications%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Higuera&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip+E.&amp;rft.au=Higuera%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+E.&amp;rft.au=Chipman%2C%26%2332%3BMelissa+L.&amp;rft.au=Barnes%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer+L.&amp;rft.au=Urban%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+A.&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BFeng+Sheng&amp;rft.date=December+2011&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=3211%E2%80%933226&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F11-0387.1&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2011EcoAp..21.3211H&amp;rft.issn=1051-0761&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=NU078&amp;seedet=N">"Great Plain of the Koukdjuak"</a>. Ibacanada.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Plain+of+the+Koukdjuak&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Ibacanada.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibacanada.com%2Fsite.jsp%3FsiteID%3DNU078%26seedet%3DN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LakeClark2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LakeClark2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Lake Clark National Park &amp; Preserve</i>. NPS<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Lake+Clark+National+Park+%26+Preserve&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flacl%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ftundra.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.org/blog/2020/08/04/where-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why">"Where Are Arctic Mosquitoes Most Abundant in Greenland and Why?"</a>. Ecological Society of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=Where+Are+Arctic+Mosquitoes+Most+Abundant+in+Greenland+and+Why%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Ecological+Society+of+America&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2F08%2F04%2Fwhere-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LakeClark3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LakeClark3_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Lake Clark National Park &amp; Preserve</i>. NPS<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Lake+Clark+National+Park+%26+Preserve&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flacl%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ftundra.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Blue Planet Biomes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Blue+Planet+Biomes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplanetbiomes.org%2Ftundra.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207072624/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html">"Tundra Threats"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Geographic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Geographic (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">National Geographic</a></i>. وقت 7 December 2008 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra+Threats&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Fhabitats%2Ftundra-threats.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Thaw2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Thaw2_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Gillis,&#32;Justin&#32;(16 December 2011).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html">As Permafrost Thaws, Scientists Study the Risks</a>".&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=As+Permafrost+Thaws%2C+Scientists+Study+the+Risks&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gillis&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft.au=Gillis%2C%26%2332%3BJustin&amp;rft.date=16+December+2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F17%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fwarming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature20112-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature20112_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Cailin_Mack&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelle Cailin Mack (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mack,&#32;Michelle C.</a>&#59;&#32;Bret-Harte,&#32;M. Syndonia&#59;&#32;Hollingsworth,&#32;Teresa N.&#59;&#32;Jandt,&#32;Randi R.&#59;&#32;Schuur,&#32;Edward A. G.&#59;&#32;Shaver,&#32;Gaius R.&#59;&#32;Verbyla,&#32;David L.&#32;(28 July 2011).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf">Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire</a>".&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (journal) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Nature</a></i>&#32;<b>475</b>&#32;(7357): 489–492. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10283">10.1038/nature10283</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796209">21796209</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..489M">2011Natur.475..489M</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf">http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Retrieved 20 July 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Carbon+loss+from+an+unprecedented+Arctic+tundra+wildfire&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Mack&amp;rft.aufirst=Michelle+C.&amp;rft.au=Mack%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle+C.&amp;rft.au=Bret-Harte%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Syndonia&amp;rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C%26%2332%3BTeresa+N.&amp;rft.au=Jandt%2C%26%2332%3BRandi+R.&amp;rft.au=Schuur%2C%26%2332%3BEdward+A.+G.&amp;rft.au=Shaver%2C%26%2332%3BGaius+R.&amp;rft.au=Verbyla%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+L.&amp;rft.date=28+July+2011&amp;rft.volume=475&amp;rft.issue=7357&amp;rft.pages=489%E2%80%93492&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature10283&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/21796209&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2011Natur.475..489M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentportal.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2Fwildfires.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas20202-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas20202_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Douglas,&#32;Thomas A.&#59;&#32;Turetsky,&#32;Merritt R.&#59;&#32;Koven,&#32;Charles D.&#32;(24 July 2020).&#32;"Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems".&#32;<i>npj Climate and Atmospheric Science</i>&#32;<b>3</b>&#32;(1): 5626. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41612-020-0130-4">10.1038/s41612-020-0130-4</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020npCAS...3...28D">2020npCAS...3...28D</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Increased+rainfall+stimulates+permafrost+thaw+across+a+variety+of+Interior+Alaskan+boreal+ecosystems&amp;rft.jtitle=npj+Climate+and+Atmospheric+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&amp;rft.au=Douglas%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+A.&amp;rft.au=Turetsky%2C%26%2332%3BMerritt+R.&amp;rft.au=Koven%2C%26%2332%3BCharles+D.&amp;rft.date=24+July+2020&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5626&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41612-020-0130-4&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2020npCAS...3...28D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR62-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AR62_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Fox-Kemper,&#32;B&#32;(2021).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change</a>".&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/"><i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;1237. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.011">10.1017/9781009157896.011</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Chapter+9%3A+Ocean%2C+Cryosphere+and+Sea+Level+Change&amp;rft.atitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&amp;rft.aulast=Fox-Kemper&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Fox-Kemper%2C%26%2332%3BB&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1237&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2F9781009157896.011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schellnhuber,&#32;Hans Joachim&#32;(2018).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=6099852">Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene</a>".&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>&#32;<b>115</b>&#32;(33): 8252–8259. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1810141115">10.1073/pnas.1810141115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30082409">30082409</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.8252S">2018PNAS..115.8252S</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trajectories+of+the+Earth+System+in+the+Anthropocene&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BProceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Schellnhuber&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&amp;rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C%26%2332%3BHans+Joachim&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.issue=33&amp;rft.pages=8252%E2%80%938259&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1810141115&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/30082409&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2018PNAS..115.8252S&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Elliott-Fisk,&#32;D.L.&#32;(2000).&#32;"The Taiga and Boreal Forest". in&#32;Barbour, M.G.&#59;&#32;Billings, M.D..&#32;<i>North American Terrestrial Vegetation</i>&#32;(2nd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-521-55986-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-521-55986-7">978-0-521-55986-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Taiga+and+Boreal+Forest&amp;rft.atitle=North+American+Terrestrial+Vegetation&amp;rft.aulast=Elliott-Fisk&amp;rft.aufirst=D.L.&amp;rft.au=Elliott-Fisk%2C%26%2332%3BD.L.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-55986-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php">"The tundra biome"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.btitle=The+tundra+biome&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fbiomes%2Ftundra.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Marsman,&#32;Floor&#59;&#32;Nystuen,&#32;Kristin O.&#59;&#32;Opedal,&#32;Øystein H.&#59;&#32;Foest,&#32;Jessie J.&#59;&#32;Sørensen,&#32;Mia Vedel&#59;&#32;De Frenne,&#32;Pieter&#59;&#32;Graae,&#32;Bente Jessen&#59;&#32;Limpens,&#32;Juul&#32;(January 2021). Pugnaire, Francisco. ed.&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvs.12948">Determinants of tree seedling establishment in alpine tundra</a>"&#32;(en ۾).&#32;<i>Journal of Vegetation Science</i>&#32;<b>32</b>&#32;(1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjvs.12948">10.1111/jvs.12948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1100-9233">1100-9233</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JVegS..32E2948M">2021JVegS..32E2948M</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvs.12948">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvs.12948</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Determinants+of+tree+seedling+establishment+in+alpine+tundra&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vegetation+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Marsman&amp;rft.aufirst=Floor&amp;rft.au=Marsman%2C%26%2332%3BFloor&amp;rft.au=Nystuen%2C%26%2332%3BKristin+O.&amp;rft.au=Opedal%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%98ystein+H.&amp;rft.au=Foest%2C%26%2332%3BJessie+J.&amp;rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C%26%2332%3BMia+Vedel&amp;rft.au=De+Frenne%2C%26%2332%3BPieter&amp;rft.au=Graae%2C%26%2332%3BBente+Jessen&amp;rft.au=Limpens%2C%26%2332%3BJuul&amp;rft.date=January+2021&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fjvs.12948&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2021JVegS..32E2948M&amp;rft.issn=1100-9233&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fjvs.12948&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-functional2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-functional2_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Körner,&#32;Christian&#32;(2003).&#32;<i>Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2">978-3-540-00347-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Alpine+Plant+Life%3A+Functional+Plant+Ecology+of+High+Mountain+Ecosystems&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rner&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian&amp;rft.au=K%C3%B6rner%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00347-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kottek,&#32;Markus&#59;&#32;Grieser,&#32;Jürgen&#59;&#32;Beck,&#32;Christoph&#59;&#32;Rudolf,&#32;Bruno&#59;&#32;Rubel,&#32;Franz&#32;(2006).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838">World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated</a>".&#32;<i>Meteorol. Z.</i>&#32;<b>15</b>&#32;(3): 259–263. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+Climate+Classification+Updated&amp;rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&amp;rft.aulast=Kottek&amp;rft.aufirst=Markus&amp;rft.au=Kottek%2C%26%2332%3BMarkus&amp;rft.au=Grieser%2C%26%2332%3BJ%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Beck%2C%26%2332%3BChristoph&amp;rft.au=Rudolf%2C%26%2332%3BBruno&amp;rft.au=Rubel%2C%26%2332%3BFranz&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=259%E2%80%93263&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2006MetZe..15..259K&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.org%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A384-opus4-400838&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra">"Tundra"</a>. <i>geodiode.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=geodiode.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeodiode.com%2Fclimate%2Ftundra&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Peel,&#32;M.C.&#59;&#32;Finlayson,&#32;B.L.&#59;&#32;McMahon,&#32;T.A.&#32;(2007).&#32;"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification".&#32;<i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.</i>&#32;<b>11</b>&#32;(5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&amp;rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Peel&amp;rft.aufirst=M.C.&amp;rft.au=Peel%2C%26%2332%3BM.C.&amp;rft.au=Finlayson%2C%26%2332%3BB.L.&amp;rft.au=McMahon%2C%26%2332%3BT.A.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1633%E2%80%931644&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2007HESS...11.1633P&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA2_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fbiome%2Fbiotundra.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Keuper,&#32;F.&#59;&#32;Parmentier,&#32;F.J.&#59;&#32;Blok,&#32;D.&#59;&#32;van Bodegom,&#32;P.M.&#59;&#32;Dorrepaal,&#32;E.&#59;&#32;van Hal,&#32;J.R.&#59;&#32;van Logtestijn,&#32;R.S.&#59;&#32;Aerts,&#32;R.&#32;(2012).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=3535056">Tundra in the rain: differential vegetation responses to three years of experimentally doubled summer precipitation in Siberian shrub and Swedish bog tundra</a>".&#32;<i>Ambio</i>&#32;<b>41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3)</b>&#32;(Suppl 3): 269–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-012-0305-2">10.1007/s13280-012-0305-2</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22864700">22864700</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Ambio..41S.269K">2012Ambio..41S.269K</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra+in+the+rain%3A+differential+vegetation+responses+to+three+years+of+experimentally+doubled+summer+precipitation+in+Siberian+shrub+and+Swedish+bog+tundra&amp;rft.jtitle=Ambio&amp;rft.aulast=Keuper&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Keuper%2C%26%2332%3BF.&amp;rft.au=Parmentier%2C%26%2332%3BF.J.&amp;rft.au=Blok%2C%26%2332%3BD.&amp;rft.au=van+Bodegom%2C%26%2332%3BP.M.&amp;rft.au=Dorrepaal%2C%26%2332%3BE.&amp;rft.au=van+Hal%2C%26%2332%3BJ.R.&amp;rft.au=van+Logtestijn%2C%26%2332%3BR.S.&amp;rft.au=Aerts%2C%26%2332%3BR.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=41+Suppl+3%28Suppl+3%29&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+3&amp;rft.pages=269%E2%80%9380&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs13280-012-0305-2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/22864700&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/2012Ambio..41S.269K&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerio Giacomini, <i>La Tundra del Gavia</i>, Pubblication out of commerce for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stelvio_National_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stelvio National Park (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Stelvio National Park</a> authority, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kidskonnect.com/geography/mount-fuji/">"Mount Fuji Facts &amp; Worksheets"</a>. <i>Kidskonnect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Mount+Fuji+Facts+%26+Worksheets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Kidskonnect&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkidskonnect.com%2Fgeography%2Fmount-fuji%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/climate-ET.html">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Mindat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7&amp;rft.atitle=Tundra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mindat&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fclimate-ET.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐drjjp Cached time: 20241122062943 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.480 seconds Real time usage: 0.595 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11842/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 114387/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 22919/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 24/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50433/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.156/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4210491/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 524.335 1 -total 42.14% 220.964 1 سانچو:حوالا 19.90% 104.363 1 سانچو:Authority_control 17.29% 90.631 12 سانچو:Citation/core 13.81% 72.414 1 سانچو:Infobox_settlement 13.68% 71.721 15 سانچو:Cite_web 13.24% 69.447 1 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href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DA%8F%D9%86_%DB%BE_%D9%BB%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AA%D9%86_%D9%BF%D8%A7" title="زمرو:اھي صفحا جيڪي سانچن جي سڏن ۾ ٻٽيون شيون استعمال ڪن ٿا">اھي صفحا جيڪي سانچن جي سڏن ۾ ٻٽيون شيون استعمال ڪن ٿا</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DB%BE_%DA%86%D9%8F%DA%AA%D9%8E_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="زمرو:حوالن ۾ چُڪَ وارا صفحا">حوالن ۾ چُڪَ وارا صفحا</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="زمرو:غيرمددي پيراميٽر سان حوالا تي مشتمل صفحا">غيرمددي پيراميٽر سان حوالا تي مشتمل صفحا</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3_1_%D8%AC%D9%8A_Finnish_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:سي ايس 1 جي Finnish ٻولي جو مآخذ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سي ايس 1 جي Finnish ٻولي جو مآخذ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_with_short_description" title="زمرو:مضمون with short description">مضمون with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="زمرو:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%BA%DA%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%84%D8%A7%DA%BB%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%B3_%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="زمرو:اڻٺڄاتل پيراميٽر سان ڄاڻخانو آباد ماڳ کي استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا">اڻٺڄاتل پيراميٽر سان ڄاڻخانو آباد ماڳ کي استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_the_image_parameter" title="زمرو:Pages using infobox settlement with the image parameter">Pages using infobox settlement with the image parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:LCCN_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%83%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%BE_%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99_%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="زمرو:LCCN سان سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ وڪيپيڊيا مضمون">LCCN سان سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ وڪيپيڊيا مضمون</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:GND_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%83%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%BE_%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99_%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="زمرو:GND سان سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ وڪيپيڊيا مضمون">GND سان سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ وڪيپيڊيا مضمون</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Tundra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Tundra (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Tundra</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Terrestrial_biomes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Terrestrial biomes (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Terrestrial biomes</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Geography_of_the_Arctic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Geography of the Arctic (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Geography of the Arctic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Environment_of_the_Arctic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Environment of the Arctic (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Environment of the Arctic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Köppen climate types (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Köppen climate types</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Nearctic_realm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Nearctic realm (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Nearctic realm</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:Palearctic_realm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="زمرو:Palearctic realm (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Palearctic realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="زمرو:جاگرافي">جاگرافي</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%BD%DA%AA" title="زمرو:آرڪٽڪ">آرڪٽڪ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="زمرو:جاگرافيائي اصطلاح">جاگرافيائي اصطلاح</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%BD%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="زمرو:آرڪٽڪ جي جاگرافي">آرڪٽڪ جي جاگرافي</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">لڪيل زمرو: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA_%DA%B3%D9%86%DA%8D%DA%BB%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88" title="زمرو:ويبيڪ ڳنڍڻن سان ويب آرڪائيو سانچو">ويبيڪ ڳنڍڻن سان ويب آرڪائيو سانچو</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> هيءُ صفحو آخري ڀيرو 18:54، 11 آگسٽ 2024ع 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