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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Shi'ism_and_the_roots_of_Isma'ilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Shi'ism_and_the_roots_of_Isma'ilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Shi'ism_and_the_roots_of_Isma'ilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_secret_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_secret_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>The secret network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_secret_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Qarmatian_schism_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Qarmatian_schism_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Qarmatian_schism_and_its_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Isma'ili_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Isma'ili_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Establishment of the Isma'ili State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Isma'ili_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Aghlabid_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Aghlabid_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Aghlabid_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Establishment of the Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_and_western_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_and_western_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consolidation and western rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_and_western_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apogee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apogee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Apogee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apogee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Egypt_and_transfer_of_the_Caliphate_to_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Egypt_and_transfer_of_the_Caliphate_to_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Egypt_and_transfer_of_the_Caliphate_to_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Campaigns in Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Zirids_in_the_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Zirids_in_the_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>The Zirids in the Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Zirids_in_the_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_reign_of_al-Hakim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reign_of_al-Hakim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>The reign of al-Hakim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reign_of_al-Hakim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Losses,_successes,_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses,_successes,_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Losses, successes, and civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses,_successes,_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badr_al-Jamali_and_the_Fatimid_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badr_al-Jamali_and_the_Fatimid_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badr_al-Jamali_and_the_Fatimid_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Final decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dynasty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dynasty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caliphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Caliphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Burial place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religious communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isma'ilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isma'ilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Isma'ilis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isma'ilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Other Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Capital cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capital_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capital cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capital_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Mahdiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Mahdiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Al-Mahdiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Mahdiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Mansuriyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Mansuriyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Al-Mansuriyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Mansuriyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cairo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Important figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatimid Caliphate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidiese_Kalifaat" title="Fatimidiese Kalifaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fatimidiese Kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة الفاطمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الفاطمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatim%C3%AD" title="Fatimí – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fatimí" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatu_fatim%C3%ADn" title="Califatu fatimín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Califatu fatimín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimil%C9%99r_xilaf%C9%99ti" title="Fatimilər xilafəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fatimilər xilafəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فاطمی خیلافتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاطمی خیلافتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4" title="ফাতেমীয় খিলাফত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাতেমীয় খিলাফত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_Khalifah-kok" title="Fatimah Khalifah-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fatimah Khalifah-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Фатимиҙар хәлифәлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фатимиҙар хәлифәлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фацімідскі халіфат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фацімідскі халіфат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidski_halifat" title="Fatimidski halifat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fatimidski halifat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_Fatimita" title="Califat Fatimita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Califat Fatimita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1timovsk%C3%BD_chal%C3%ADf%C3%A1t" title="Fátimovský chalífát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fátimovský chalífát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimide-kalifatet" title="Fatimide-kalifatet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fatimide-kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimiidide_kalifaat" title="Fatimiidide kalifaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fatimiidide kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Χαλιφάτο των Φατιμιδών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλιφάτο των Φατιμιδών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_fatim%C3%AD" title="Califato fatimí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Califato fatimí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimida_kaliflando" title="Fatimida kaliflando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fatimida kaliflando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimatar_Kalifa-herria" title="Fatimatar Kalifa-herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fatimatar Kalifa-herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خلافت فاطمیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلافت فاطمیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_fatimide" title="Califat fatimide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Califat fatimide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_fatim%C3%AD" title="Califato fatimí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Califato fatimí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="파티마 칼리파국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파티마 칼리파국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifancin_Fatimid" title="Halifancin Fatimid – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Halifancin Fatimid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆաթիմյան խալիֆայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆաթիմյան խալիֆայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A4" title="फातिमी खिलाफत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फातिमी खिलाफत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidski_Kalifat" title="Fatimidski Kalifat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fatimidski Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Fathimiyah" title="Kekhalifahan Fathimiyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhalifahan Fathimiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidi" title="Fatimidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fatimidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הפאטמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הפאטמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakalifahan_Fatimiyah" title="Kakalifahan Fatimiyah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakalifahan Fatimiyah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Фатима әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фатима әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatim%C3%AE" title="Fatimî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fatimî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фатимилер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фатимилер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81timiju_kalif%C4%81ts" title="Fātimiju kalifāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fātimiju kalifāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid%C5%B3_kalifatas" title="Fatimidų kalifatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fatimidų kalifatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1timid%C3%A1k" title="Fátimidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fátimidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фатимидски Калифат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фатимидски Калифат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifata_Fatimida" title="Kalifata Fatimida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kalifata Fatimida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫാത്തിമിയ ഖിലാഫത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാത്തിമിയ ഖിലാഫത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الفاطميين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفاطميين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafah_Fatimiyah" title="Khilafah Fatimiyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khilafah Fatimiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_van_de_Fatimiden" title="Kalifaat van de Fatimiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalifaat van de Fatimiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E%E6%9C%9D" title="ファーティマ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファーティマ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidene" title="Fatimidene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fatimidene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimide-kalifatet" title="Fatimide-kalifatet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fatimide-kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_Fatimida" title="Califat Fatimida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Califat Fatimida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotimiylar_xalifaligi" title="Fotimiylar xalifaligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotimiylar xalifaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਫ਼ਾਤਮੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਤਮੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت فاطمیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت فاطمیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califado_Fat%C3%ADmida" title="Califado Fatímida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califado Fatímida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatul_Fatimid" title="Califatul Fatimid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Califatul Fatimid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фатимидский халифат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фатимидский халифат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="سلطنت فاطمیہ، مصر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سلطنت فاطمیہ، مصر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fatimid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimit%C3%ABt" title="Fatimitët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fatimitët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fatimid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%DB%81" title="خلافت فاطميہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خلافت فاطميہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1timovci" title="Fátimovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fátimovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidski_kalifat" title="Fatimidski kalifat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fatimidski kalifat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawladii_faadumiyiinta" title="Dawladii faadumiyiinta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dawladii faadumiyiinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="دەوڵەتی فاتیمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتی فاتیمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фатимидски калифат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фатимидски калифат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidski_Kalifat" title="Fatimidski Kalifat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fatimidski Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimidit" title="Fatimidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fatimidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimider" title="Fatimider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fatimider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாத்திம கலீபகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாத்திம கலீபகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2t%C4%B1m%C3%AEler" title="Fâtımîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fâtımîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фатімідський халіфат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фатімідський халіфат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دولت فاطمیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دولت فاطمیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Fatimid" title="Nhà Fatimid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Fatimid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法蒂玛王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%91%AA%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂瑪王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蒂瑪王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蒂玛王朝" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fatimids" redirects here. For the ruling dynasty of the Fatimid Caliphate, see <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Fatimid Caliphate</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">909–1171</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate"><img alt="Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/250px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/375px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/500px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="564" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqqada" title="Raqqada">Raqqada</a> (909–921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> (921–948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriya</a> (948–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> (973–1171)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Caliph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 909–934 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1160–1171 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Al-Adid</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid revolution">Overthrow of the Aghlabids</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">909</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Fatimid conquest of Egypt</a> and foundation of Cairo </div></th><td class="infobox-data">969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Abolished by Saladin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1171</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid Emirate">Aghlabid Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_Wilayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhshidid Wilayah">Ikhshidid Wilayah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Tahert">Emirate of Tahert</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids">Zengids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Sultanate">Ayyubid Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zirid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid Emirate">Zirid Emirate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid Emirate">Hammadid Emirate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sulayhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayhids">Sulayhids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خِلافة</span>‎</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/250px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/375px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/500px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Main caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parallel caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Cordoba Caliphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate" title="Sharifian Caliphate">Sharifian Caliphate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caliphate" title="Template:Caliphate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caliphate" title="Template talk:Caliphate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caliphate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caliphate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fatimid Caliphate</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya</i></span>), also known as the <b>Fatimid Empire</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili Shia">Isma'ili Shia</a> dynasty. Spanning a large area of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, it ranged from the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the east. The Fatimids trace their ancestry to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> imam. The Fatimids were acknowledged as the rightful imams by different Isma'ili communities as well as by denominations in many other Muslim lands and adjacent regions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originating during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, the Fatimids initially conquered <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (roughly present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>). They extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast and ultimately made <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included—in addition to Egypt—varying areas of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. </p><p>Between 902 and 909, the foundation of the Fatimid state was realized under the leadership of <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a></i> (missionary) <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah</a>, whose conquest of <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> Ifriqiya with the help of <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> forces paved the way for the establishment of the Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nanjira_2010_92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fage_1958_11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conquest, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah</a> was retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> and then accepted as the Imam of the movement, becoming the first Caliph and founder of the dynasty in 909.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Studies_1979_15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studies_1979_15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 921, the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mahdiyya">al-Mahdiyya</a> was established as the capital. In 948, they shifted their capital to <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriyya</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>. In 969, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz</a>, they <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">conquered Egypt</a>, and in 973, the caliphate was moved to the newly founded Fatimid capital of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of the empire and it developed a new and "indigenous Arabic culture".<sup id="cite_ref-AshtianyJohnstone1990_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AshtianyJohnstone1990-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-'Aziz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a>, the long reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> entrenched a regime in which the caliph remained aloof from state affairs and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a> took on greater importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political and ethnic factionalism within the army led to a civil war in the 1060s, which threatened the empire's survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of revival during the tenure of the vizier <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a>, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to internal difficulties, the caliphate was weakened by the encroachment of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> into Syria in the 1070s and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> in the Levant in 1097.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1171, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> abolished the dynasty's rule and founded the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, which incorporated Egypt back into the nominal sphere of authority of the Abbasid Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017294_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017294-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a> claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The dynasty legitimized its claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter and her husband <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shī'a Imām</a>, hence the dynasty's name, <i>fāṭimiyy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَاطِمِيّ</span>), the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">relative adjective</a> for "Fāṭima".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nanjira_2010_92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fage_1958_11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emphasizing its <a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> descent, the dynasty named itself simply the 'Alid dynasty' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dawla al-alawiyya</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many hostile <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> sources only refer to them as the Ubaydids (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Banu Ubayd</i></span>), after the diminutive form Ubayd Allah for the name of the first Fatimid caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fatimid dynasty came to power as the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> movement "which was at the same time political and religious, philosophical and social," and which originally proclaimed nothing less than the arrival of an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of that movement and of the dynasty itself, are obscure prior to the late ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Fatimid rulers</a> were Arab in origin, starting with its founder, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> Shia caliph <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caliphate's establishment was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Petite_Kabylie" title="Petite Kabylie">Little Kabylia</a>, who converted to the Fatimid cause early and made up its original military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nanjira_2010_92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fage_1958_11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Studies_1979_15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studies_1979_15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Shi'ism_and_the_roots_of_Isma'ilism"><span id="Early_Shi.27ism_and_the_roots_of_Isma.27ilism"></span>Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shi'a opposed the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliphates, whom they considered usurpers. Instead, they believed in the exclusive right of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> through Muhammad's daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a>, to lead the Muslim community. This manifested itself in a line of <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imams</a>, descendants of Ali via <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn">al-Husayn</a>, whom their followers considered as the true representatives of God on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19711163–64,_1167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19711163–64,_1167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there was a widespread messianic tradition in Islam concerning the appearance of a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdī</a></i></span> ("the Rightly Guided One") or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāʾim</i></span> ("He Who Arises"), who would restore true Islamic government and justice and usher in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">end times</a>. This figure was widely expected – not just among the Shi'a – to be a descendant of Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861230–34_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861230–34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Shi'a, however, this belief became a core tenet of their faith, and was applied to several Shi'a leaders who were killed or died; their followers believed that they had gone into "<a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a>" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayba</i></span>) and would return (or be resurrected) at the appointed time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861235–37_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861235–37-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These traditions manifested themselves in the succession of the sixth imam, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. Al-Sadiq had appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a> as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. Most of his followers followed al-Sadiq's son <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a> down to a <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">twelfth and final imam</a> who supposedly went into occultation in 874 and would one day return as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span>. This branch is hence known as the "Twelvers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201718_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201718-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others followed other sons, or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200788–89_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200788–89-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who had gone into occultation and would one day return; hence this party is known as the "Seveners". The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad</a>, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect, which gave rise to the Fatimids, receives its name of "Isma'ili".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201718_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201718-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199127–28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199127–28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789–90_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789–90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the harsh Abbasid persecution of the Alids, the Ismaili Imams went into hiding and neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 786–809</span>), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200790–96_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200790–96-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_secret_network">The secret network</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The secret network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the awaited <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span> Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Da%27wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wa">daʿwa</a></i></span>, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥujja</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199129–30_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199129–30-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this role that the ancestors of the Fatimids are first documented. The first known <i>ḥujja</i> was a certain <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah al-Akbar</a> ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, who established himself at the small town of <a href="/wiki/Salamiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamiya">Salamiya</a> on the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199116–20_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199116–20-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salamiya became the centre of the Isma'ili <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">daʿwa</i></span>, with Abdallah al-Akbar being succeeded by his son and grandson as the secret "grand masters" of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199122–24_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199122–24-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last third of the ninth century, the Isma'ili <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">daʿwa</i></span> spread widely, profiting from the collapse of Abbasid power in the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanj Revolt">Zanj Revolt</a>, as well as from dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">political quietism</a> of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">dā'ī</a></i></span>s) such as <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a> spread the network of agents to the area round <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> in the late 870s, and from there to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (882) and thence India (884), <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn (historical region)">Bahrayn</a> (899), <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (893).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199147_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199147-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108–10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108–10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Qarmatian_schism_and_its_aftermath">The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 899, Abdallah al-Akbar's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the new head of the movement, and introduced a radical change in the doctrine: no longer was he and his forebears merely the stewards for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but they were declared to be the rightful imams, and Abdallah himself was the awaited <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199163–64_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199163–64-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim by proving their descent from Isma'il ibn Ja'far, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams differ, while <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850–51_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850–51-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100–07_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100–07-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdallah's claim caused a rift in the Isma'ili movement, as Hamdan Qarmat and other leaders denounced this change and held onto the original doctrine, becoming known as the "<a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>", while other communities remained loyal to Salamiya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, in 902–903, pro-Fatimid loyalists began a great uprising in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The large-scale Abbasid reaction it precipitated and the attention it brought on him, forced Abdallah to abandon Salamiya for Palestine, Egypt, and finally for the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, where the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a> had made great headway in converting the Kutama Berbers to the Isma'ili cause. Unable to join his <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> directly, Abdallah instead settled at <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> sometime between 904 and 905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–23_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_the_Isma'ili_State"><span id="Establishment_of_the_Isma.27ili_State"></span>Establishment of the Isma'ili State</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Isma'ili State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the Fatimid rise to power, a large part of the Maghreb including <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, an Arab dynasty who ruled nominally on behalf the Abbasids but were <i>de facto</i> independent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 893 the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i first settled among the Banu Saktan tribe (part of the larger Kutama tribe) in <a href="/wiki/Ikjan" title="Ikjan">Ikjan</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Mila_(city)" title="Mila (city)">Mila</a> (in northwestern Algeria today).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996102_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996102-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to hostility from the local Aghlabid authorities and other Kutuma tribes, he was forced to leave Ikjan and sought the protection of another Kutama tribe, the Banu Ghashman, in Tazrut (two miles southwest of Mila). From there, he began to build support for a new movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, the hostile Kutama tribes and the Arab lords of the nearby cities (Mila, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Setif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ksar_Bellezma" title="Ksar Bellezma">Bilizma</a>) allied together to march against him, but he was able to move quickly and muster enough support from friendly Kutama to defeat them one by one before they were able to unite. This first victory brought Abu Abdallah and his Kutama troops valuable loot and attracted more support to the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span>'s cause. Over the next two years Abu Abdallah was able to win over most of the Kutama tribes in the region through either persuasion or coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left much of the countryside under his control, while the major cities remained under Aghlabid control. He established an Isma'ili theocratic state based in Tazrut, operating in a way similar to previous Isma'ili missionary networks in Mesopotamia but adapted to local Kutama tribal structures. He adopted the role of a traditional Islamic ruler at the head of this organization while remaining in frequent contact with Abdallah. He continued to preach to his followers, known as the <i>Awliya' Allah</i> ('Friends of God'), and to initiate them into Isma'ili doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103–06_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103–06-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Aghlabid_Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">Al-Muqtadir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg/260px-Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg/390px-Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg/520px-Fall_of_the_Aghlabid_Emirate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Map of Abu Abdallah's campaigns and battles during the overthrow of the Aghlabids</figcaption></figure> <p>In 902, while the Aghlabid emir <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya">Ibrahim II</a> was away on campaign in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Abu Abdallah struck the first significant blow against Aghlabid authority in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> by attacking and capturing the city of Mila for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996106_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996106-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This news triggered a serious response from the Aghlabids, who sent a punitive expedition of 12,000 men from Tunis in October of the same year. Abu Abdallah's forces were unable to resist this counterattack and after two defeats they evacuated Tazrut (which was largely unfortified) and fled to Ikjan, leaving Mila to be retaken. Ikjan became the new center of the Fatimid movement and the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> reestablished his network of missionaries and spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim II died in October 902 while in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abdallah II of Ifriqiya">Abdallah II</a>. In early 903 Abdallah II set out on another expedition to destroy Ikjan and the Kutama rebels, but he ended the expedition prematurely due to troubles at home arising from disputes over his succession. On 27 July 903 he was assassinated and his son <a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_III_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ziyadat Allah III of Ifriqiya">Ziyadat Allah III</a> took power in Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107–08_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107–08-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These internal Aghlabid troubles gave Abu Abdallah the opportunity to recapture Mila and then go on to capture Setif, another fortified city, by October or November 904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 905 the Aghlabids sent a third expedition to try and subdue the Kutama. They based themselves in <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> and in the fall of 905, after receiving further reinforcements, set out to march against Abu Abdallah. However, they were surprised by Kutama forces on the first day of their march, which caused a panic and scattered their army. The Aghlabid general fled and the Kutama captured a large booty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Aghlabid military expedition organized the next year (906) failed when the soldiers mutinied. Around the same time or soon after, Abu Abdallah's forces besieged and captured the fortified cities of <a href="/wiki/Tobna" title="Tobna">Tubna</a> and Bilizma. The capture of Tubna was significant as it was the first major commercial center to come under Abu Abdallah's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996109–11_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996109–11-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg/170px-Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg/255px-Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg/340px-Rock_Crystal_Ewer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7082" data-file-height="9412" /></a><figcaption>Fatimid ewer, 10th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Ziyadat Allah III moved his court from Tunis to <a href="/wiki/Raqqada" title="Raqqada">Raqqada</a>, the palace-city near <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, in response to the growing threat. He fortified Raqqada in 907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996111_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996111-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 907 another Aghlabid army marched eastwards again against Abu Abdallah, accompanied by Berber reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>. They were again scattered by Kutama cavalry and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Baghai" title="Baghai">Baghaya</a>, the most fortified town on the old southern Roman road between Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb. The fortress, however, fell to the Kutama without a siege when local notables arranged to have the gates opened to them in May or June 907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996112–13_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996112–13-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opened a hole in the wider defensive system of Ifriqiya and created panic in Raqqada. Ziyadat Allah III stepped up anti-Fatimid propaganda, recruited volunteers, and took measures to defend the weakly-fortified city of Kairouan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996113–15_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996113–15-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the winter of 907–908 with his army in <a href="/wiki/Al-Aribus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aribus">al-Aribus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>-era Laribus, between present-day <a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">El Kef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maktar" title="Maktar">Maktar</a>), expecting an attack from the north. However, Abu Abdallah's forces had been unable to capture the northerly city of Constantine and therefore they instead attacked along the southern road from Baghaya in early 908 and captured <a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFdra" title="Haïdra">Maydara</a> (present-day Haïdra). An indecisive battle subsequently occurred between the Aghalabid and Kutama armies near Dar Madyan (probably a site between <a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sbeitla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasserine" title="Kasserine">Kasserine</a>), with neither side gaining the upper hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996115–17_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996115–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter of 908–909 Abu Abdallah campaigned in the region around <a href="/wiki/Chott_el_Djerid" title="Chott el Djerid">Chott el-Jerid</a>, capturing the towns of <a href="/wiki/Tozeur" title="Tozeur">Tuzur (Tozeur)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefta,_Tunisia" title="Nefta, Tunisia">Nafta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Qafsa (Gafsa)</a> and taking control of the region. The Aghlabids responded by besieging Baghaya soon afterward in the same winter, but they were quickly repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996117_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996117-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February 909, Abu Abdallah set out from Ikjan with an army of 200,000 men for a final invasion of Kairouan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Aghlabid army, led by an Aghlabid prince named Ibrahim Ibn Abi al-Aghlab, met them near al-Aribus on 18 March. The battle lasted until the afternoon, when a contingent of Kutama horsemen managed to outflank the Aghlabid army and finally caused a rout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of the defeat reached Raqqada, Ziyadat Allah III packed his valuable treasures and fled towards Egypt. The population of Kairouan looted the abandoned palaces of Raqqada and resisted Ibn Abi al-Aghlab's calls to organise a last-ditch resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996119–20_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996119–20-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing of the looting, Abu Abdallah sent an advance force of Kutama horsemen who secured Raqqada on 24 March. On 25 March 909 (Saturday, 1 <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> 296), Abu Abdallah himself entered Raqqada and took up residence here.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996120–21_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996120–21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_the_Caliphate">Establishment of the Caliphate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg/220px-Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg/330px-Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg/440px-Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a> receiving an envoy from <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i>, 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996121–22_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996121–22-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to Sijilmasa, whence he led Abdallah in triumph to Raqqada, which he entered on 15 January 910. There Abdallah publicly proclaimed himself as <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">regnal name</a> of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mahdī</i></span>, and presented his son and heir, with the regnal name of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mahdi quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah: not only was the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> over-powerful, but he demanded proof that the new caliph was the true <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span>. The elimination of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and his brother led to an uprising among the Kutama, led by a child-<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdī</i></span>, which was suppressed. At the same time, al-Mahdi repudiated the millenarian hopes of his followers and curtailed their <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">antinomian</a> tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new regime regarded its presence in Ifriqiya as only temporary: the real target was <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the capital of the Fatimids' Abbasid rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambition to carry the revolution eastward had to be postponed after the failure of two successive invasions of Egypt, led by al-Qa'im, in <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">914–915</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">919–921</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Fatimid regime was as yet unstable. The local population were mostly adherents of <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> Sunnism and various <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> sects such as <a href="/wiki/Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the real power base of Fatimids in Ifriqiya was quite narrow, resting on the Kutama soldiery, later extended by the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> Berber tribes as well. The historian <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Heinz Halm</a> describes the early Fatimid state as being, in essence, "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg/220px-Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg/330px-Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg/440px-Islamic_Section_Mahdia_Museum_12082020_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> pavement from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">al-Mahdiyya</a> (Mahdia), on display at the <a href="/wiki/Mahdia_Museum" title="Mahdia Museum">Mahdia Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 912, al-Mahdi began looking for the site of a new capital along the Mediterranean shore.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the new fortified palace city, <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">al-Mahdiyya</a>, began in 916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new city was officially inaugurated on 20 February 921, though construction continued after this.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new capital was removed from the Sunni stronghold of Kairouan, allowing for the establishment of a secure base for the Caliph and his Kutama forces without raising further tensions with the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fatimids also inherited the Aghlabid province of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a>, which the Aghlabids had <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">gradually conquered</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> starting in 827. The conquest was generally completed when the last <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> stronghold, <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>, was conquered by Ibrahim II in 902.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Christian or Byzantine resistance continued in some spots in the northeast of Sicily until 967, and the Byzantines still held territories in southern Italy, where the Aghlabids had also campaigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007143_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007143-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:05222_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ongoing confrontation with the traditional foe of the Islamic world provided the Fatimids with a prime opportunity for propaganda, in a setting where geography gave them the advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1995194–95_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1995194–95-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily itself proved troublesome, and only after a rebellion under <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qurhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qurhub">Ibn Qurhub</a> was subdued, was Fatimid authority on the island consolidated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965853_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965853-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_and_western_rivalry">Consolidation and western rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consolidation and western rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a large part of the tenth century the Fatimids also engaged in a rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Umayyads of Cordoba</a>—who ruled <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and were hostile to the Fatimids' pretensions—in an effort to establish domination over the western Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 911, <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a>, which had been briefly captured by Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in 909, had to be retaken by the Fatimid general Masala ibn Habus of the <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Fatimid expeditions to what is now northern Morocco occurred in 917 and 921 and were primarily aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Principality of Nakur</a>, which they subjugated on both occasions. Fez and Sijilmasa were also captured in 921. These two expeditions were led by Masala ibn Habus, who had been made governor of <a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tahert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996266–67_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996266–67-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the weakened <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> and various local <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> leaders acted as proxies whose formal allegiances oscillated between the Umayyads or the Fatimids depending on the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198763–64,_74–75_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198763–64,_74–75-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the political instability in the western Maghreb, effective Fatimid control did not extend much beyond the former territory of the Aghlabids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masala's successor, <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Abi%27l-Afiya" title="Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya">Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya</a>, captured Fez from the Idrisids again, but in 932 defected to the Umayyads, taking the western Maghreb with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965853_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965853-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umayyads gained the upper hand again in northern Morocco during the 950s, until the Fatimid general <a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a>, on behalf of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a>, led another major <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Expedition_to_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Expedition to Morocco">expedition to Morocco</a> in 958 and spent two years subjugating most of northern Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Manad" title="Ziri ibn Manad">Ziri ibn Manad</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a>. Jawhar took Sijilmasa in September or October 958 and then, with the help of Ziri, his forces took Fez in November 959. He was unable, however, to dislodge the Umayyad garrisons in <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Sala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Sebta</a> (present-day Ceuta) and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, and this marked the only time that the Fatimid army was present at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996397–99_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996397–99-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jawhar and Ziri returned to al-Mansuriyya in 960. The subjugated parts of Morocco, including Fez and Sijilmasa, were left under the control of local vassals while most of the central Maghreb (Algeria), including Tahert, was given to Ziri ibn Manad to govern on the caliph's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996399,_401_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996399,_401-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All this warfare in the Maghreb and Sicily necessitated the maintenance of a strong army, and a <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">capable fleet</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, by the time of al-Mahdi's death in 934, the Fatimid Caliphate "had become a great power in the Mediterranean".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of the second Fatimid imam-caliph, al-Qa'im, was dominated by the Kharijite rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a>. Starting in 943/4 among the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berbers, the uprising spread through Ifriqiya, taking Kairouan and blockading al-Qa'im at al-Mahdiyya, which was besieged in January–September 945. Al-Qa'im died during the siege, but this was kept secret by his son and successor, Isma'il, until he had defeated Abu Yazid; he then announced his father's death and proclaimed himself imam and caliph as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Mansur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While al-Mansur was campaigning to suppress the last remnants of the revolt, a new palace city was being constructed for him south of Kairouan. Construction began around 946 and it was only fully completed under al-Mansur's son and successor, al-Mu'izz.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriyya</a> (also known as Sabra al-Mansuriyya) and became the new seat of the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apogee">Apogee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apogee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Egypt_and_transfer_of_the_Caliphate_to_Cairo">Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Cairo,_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg/220px-Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg/330px-Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg/440px-Egypt%2C_Cairo%2C_The_courtyard_of_Al-Azhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, built by the Fatimids between 970 and 972<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199344_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199344-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 969 Jawhar launched a carefully-prepared and successful <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">invasion of Egypt</a>, which had been under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidids</a>, another regional dynasty whose formal allegiance was to the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199342–43_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199342–43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201777_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201777-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mu'izz had given Jawhar specific instructions to carry out after the conquest, and one of his first actions was to found a new capital named <i>al-Qāhira</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>) in 969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>al-Qāhirah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القاهرة</span>), meaning "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", referenced the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, "The Subduer",<sup id="cite_ref-gold84_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold84-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rising in the sky at the time when the construction of the city started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was located several miles northeast of <a href="/wiki/Fus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusṭāt">Fusṭāt</a>, the older regional capital founded by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Arab conquerors</a> in the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond1993_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of Egypt was secured with relative ease and soon afterward, in 970, Jawhar sent a force to invade Syria and remove the remaining Ikhshidids who had fled there from Egypt. This Fatimid force was led by a Kutama general named <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Fallah" title="Ja'far ibn Fallah">Ja'far ibn Falāḥ</a>. This invasion was successful at first and many cities, including Damascus, were occupied that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201781–83_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201781–83-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja'far's next step was to attack the Byzantines, who had captured <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and subjugated <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in 969 (around the same time as Jawhar was arriving in Egypt), but he was forced to call off the advance in order to face a new threat from the east. The Qarmatis of Bahrayn, responding to the appeal of the recently defeated leaders of Damascus, had organized a large coalition of Arab tribesmen to attack him. Ja'far chose to confront them in the desert in August 971, but his army was surrounded and defeated and Ja'far himself was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201783_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201783-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later the Qarmati imam Hasan al-A'ṣam led the army, with new reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, into Egypt, seemingly without opposition. The Qarmatis spent time occupying the Nile Delta region, which gave Jawhar time to organize a defense of Fustat and Cairo. The Qarmati advance was halted just north of the city and eventually routed. A <a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbid</a> relief force arriving by sea secured the expulsion of the Qarmatis from Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Palestine</a>, was retaken by the Fatimids in May 972, but otherwise the progress in Syria had been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201783–84_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201783–84-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_drinker,_Fatimid_art_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Seated_drinker%2C_Fatimid_art_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Architectural fragment from a bathhouse in <a href="/wiki/Al-Fustat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fustat">al-Fustat</a>, 11th century CE (pre-1168 CE). Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, 12880.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Once Egypt was sufficiently pacified and the new capital was ready, Jawhar sent for al-Mu'izz in Ifriqiya. The caliph, his court, and his treasury, departed from al-Mansuriyya in fall 972, traveling by land but shadowed by the Fatimid navy sailing along the coast. After making triumphant stops in major cities along the way, the caliph arrived in Cairo on 10 June 973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199346_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199346-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201780,_84_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201780,_84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other royal capitals before it, Cairo was constructed as an administrative and palatine city, housing the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">palaces of the caliph</a> and the official state mosque, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a>. In 988 the mosque also became an academic institution that was central in the dissemination of Isma'ili teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4532_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4532-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the last years of the Fatimid Caliphate, the economic centre of Egypt remained Fustat, where most of the general population lived and traded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199338–85_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199338–85-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the centre of an empire that included at its peak parts of North Africa, Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (including Transjordan), the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yemen" title="Upper Yemen">Yemen</a>, with its most remote territorial reach being <a href="/wiki/History_of_Multan#Ismailis" title="History of Multan">Multan (in modern-day Pakistan)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SettonBaldwin1969_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SettonBaldwin1969-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007167_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007167-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trawinski2017_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trawinski2017-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt flourished, and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network both in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean. Their trade and diplomatic ties, extending all the way to China under the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 960–1279</span>), eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. The Fatimid focus on agriculture further increased their riches and allowed the dynasty and the Egyptians to flourish. The use of cash crops and the propagation of the <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> trade allowed Fatimids to import other items from various parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimids built upon some of the bureaucratic foundations laid by the Ikhshidids and the old Abbasid imperial order. The office of the <i>wazīr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>), which existed under the Ikhshidids, was soon revived under the Fatimids. The first to be appointed to this position was the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> convert <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a>, who was elevated to this office in 979 by al-Mu'izz's successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz</a>. The office of the vizier became progressively more important over the years, as the vizier became the intermediary between the caliph and the large bureaucratic state that he ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201789–90,_103_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201789–90,_103-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaigns_in_Syria">Campaigns in Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Campaigns in Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_two_standing_soldiers,_Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo,_inv._no._13703.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg/220px-Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg/330px-Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg/440px-Image_of_two_standing_soldiers%2C_Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo%2C_inv._no._13703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Image of two standing soldiers. 11th century, Fatimid period, from <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, inv. no. 13703.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attribution to the Fatimid period is sometimes questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 975 the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John Tzimisces</a> retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, but he died in 976 on his way back to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201794-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ghulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulman">ghulām</a></i> (plural: <i>ghilmān</i>, meaning soldiers recruited as slaves) <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Aftakin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a> refugee who had fled an unsuccessful rebellion in Baghdad with his own contingent of Turkish soldiers, became the protector of Damascus. He allied with the Qarmatis and with Arab <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes in Syria and invaded Palestine in the spring of 977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201794-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jawhar, once again called into action, repelled their invasion and besieged Damascus. However he suffered a rout during the winter and was forced to hold out in <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> against Aftakin. When his Kutama soldiers mutinied in April 978, Caliph al-Aziz himself led an army to relieve him. Instead of returning to Damascus, Aftakin and his Turkish <i>ghilman</i> joined the Fatimid army and became a useful instrument in the Syrian effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794–95_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201794–95-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ibn Killis became vizier in 979, the Fatimids changed tactics. Ibn Killis was able to subjugate most of Palestine and southern Syria (the former Ikhshidid territories) by paying off the Qarmatis with an annual tribute and making alliances with local tribes and dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Banu Kilab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following another failed attempt by a Kutama general, Salman, to take Damascus, the Turkish <i>ghulām</i> Bultakīn finally succeeded in occupying the city for the Fatimids in 983, demonstrating the value of this new force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <i>ghulām</i>, Bajkūr, who appointed governor of Damascus at this time. That same year he tried and failed to take Aleppo, but he was soon able to conquer <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rahba" title="Al-Rahba">Rahba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley (present-day northeast <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796,_121_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796,_121-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cairo eventually judged him to be a little too popular as governor of Damascus and he was forced to move to Raqqa while Munir, a eunuch in the caliph's household (like Jawhar before him), took direct control in Damascus on behalf of the caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further north, Aleppo remained out of reach and under <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid</a> control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incorporation of the Turkish troops into the Fatimid army had long-term consequences. On the one hand, they were a necessary addition to the military in order for the Fatimids to compete militarily with other powers in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimids began to recruit <i>ghilmān</i> much as the Abbasids had done before them. They were soon joined by recruited <a href="/wiki/Daylamites" title="Daylamites">Daylamis</a> (footmen from the Buyid homeland in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black Africans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">Sudan</a> (upper Nile valley) were also recruited afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the short term the Kutama warriors remained the most important troops of the Caliph, but resentment and rivalry eventually grew between the different ethnic components of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201795-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bajkūr, based in Raqqa, made another unsuccessful attempt against Aleppo in 991 which resulted in his capture and execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Ibn Killis died and Munir was accused of conducting treasonous correspondence with Baghdad. These difficulties triggered a strong response in Cairo. A major military campaign was prepared to impose Fatimid control over all of Syria. Along the way, Munir was arrested in Damascus and sent back to Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121–22_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121–22-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circumstances were favourable to the Fatimids as the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> was campaigning far away in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the Hamdanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_al-Dawla" title="Sa'd al-Dawla">Sa'd al-Dawla</a> died in late 991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manjūtakīn, the Turkish Fatimid commander, advanced methodically north along the Orontes valley. He took Homs and Hama in 992 and defeated a combined force from Hamdanid Aleppo and Byzantine-held Antioch. In 993 he took Shayzar and in 994 he began the siege of Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 995, however, Basil II unexpectedly arrived in the region after a <a href="/wiki/Loaded_march" title="Loaded march">forced march</a> with his army through Anatolia, forcing Manjūtakīn to lift the siege and return to Damascus. Before another Fatimid expedition could be sent, Basil II negotiated a one-year truce with the caliph, which the Fatimids used to recruit and build new ships for their fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122–23_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122–23-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 996 many of the ships were destroyed by a fire at al-Maqs, the port on the Nile near Fustat, further delaying the expedition. Finally, in August 996 al-Aziz died and the objective of Aleppo became secondary to other concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017123–24_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017123–24-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Zirids_in_the_Maghreb">The Zirids in the Maghreb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Zirids in the Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before leaving for Egypt, al-Mu'izz had installed <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a>, the son of Ziri bn Manad (who died in 971), as his viceroy in the Maghreb. This established a dynasty of viceroys, with the title of "amir", who ruled the region on behalf of the Fatimids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their authority remained disputed in the western Maghreb, where the rivalry with the Umayyads and with local Zenata leaders continued. After Jawhar's successful western expedition, the Umayyads returned to northern Morocco in 973 to reassert their authority. Buluggin launched one last <a href="/wiki/Zirid_conquest_of_the_western_Maghreb" title="Zirid conquest of the western Maghreb">expedition in 979–980</a> that reestablished his authority in the region temporarily, until a final decisive Umayyad intervention in 984–985 put an end to further efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 978 the caliph also gave <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> to Buluggin to govern, though Zirid authority there was later replaced by the local <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazrun" title="Banu Khazrun">Banu Khazrun</a> dynasty in 1001.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198767_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198767-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 988 Buluggin's son and successor al-Mansur moved the Zirid dynasty's base from <a href="/wiki/Achir" title="Achir">Ashir</a> (central Algeria) to the former Fatimid capital al-Mansuriyya, cementing the status of the Zirids as more or less <i>de facto</i> independent rulers of Ifriqiya, while still officially maintaining their allegiance to the Fatimid caliphs. Caliph al-Aziz accepted this situation for pragmatic reasons to maintain his own formal status as universal ruler. Both dynasties exchanged gifts and the succession of new Zirid rulers to the throne was officially sanctioned by the caliph in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017113–14_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017113–14-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_reign_of_al-Hakim">The reign of al-Hakim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The reign of al-Hakim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fatimid Caliphate is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Fatimid Caliphate is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; 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left:170px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_142x80" style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHOTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x80" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_122x87" style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:87px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">HINDU<br />SHAHIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_56x92" style="position:absolute; left:56px; top:92px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BUYIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x129" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:129px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_160x110" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_72x53" style="position:absolute; left:72px; top:53px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x95" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x100" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FATIMID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x70" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Fatimid Caliphate and main Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span></div></div></div><p>After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a>. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjawan, the eunuch and tutor of the young al-Hakim, who took power in his stead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017125–26_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017125–26-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barjawan stabilized the internal affairs of the empire but refrained from pursuing al-Aziz's policy of expansion towards Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017126–28_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017126–28-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1000, Barjawan was assassinated by al-Hakim, who now took direct and autocratic control of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017129_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017129-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign, which lasted until his mysterious disappearance in 1021, is the most controversial in Fatimid history. Traditional narratives have described him as either eccentric or outright insane, but more recent studies have tried to provide more measured explanations based on the political and social circumstances of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other things, al-Hakim was known for executing his officials when unsatisfied with them, seemingly without warning, rather than dismissing them from their posts as had been traditional practice. Many of the executions were members of the financial administration, which may mean that this was al-Hakim's way of trying to impose discipline in an institution rife with corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134,_139_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134,_139-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also opened the <i>Dar al-'Ilm</i> ("House of Knowledge"), a library for the study of the sciences, which was in line with al-Aziz's previous policy of cultivating this knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the general population, he was noted for being more accessible and willing to receive petitions in person, as well as for riding out in person among the people in the streets of Fustat. On the other hand, he was also known for his capricious decrees aimed at curbing what he saw as public improprieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017130–33_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017130–33-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also unsettled the plurality of Egyptian society by imposing new restrictions on Christians and Jews, particularly on the way they dressed or behaved in public. He ordered or sanctioned the destruction of a number of churches and monasteries (mostly <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a>), which was unprecedented, and in 1009, for reasons that remain unclear, he ordered the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sephulchre</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017138_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017138-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Hakim greatly expanded the recruitment of Black Africans into the army, who subsequently became another powerful faction to balance against the Kutama, Turks, and Daylamis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017160_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017160-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1005, during his early reign, a dangerous uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a> was successfully put down but had come within striking distance of Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017136–37_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017136–37-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1012 the leaders of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayyi tribe</a> occupied Ramla and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">sharif</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Futuh_al-Hasan_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far">al-Ḥasan ibn Ja'far</a>, as the Sunni anti-caliph, but the latter's death in 1013 led to their surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his policies against Christians and his demolition of the church in Jerusalem, al-Hakim maintained a ten-year truce with the Byzantines that began in 1001.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017127,_140–41_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017127,_140–41-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of his reign, Aleppo remained a buffer state that paid tribute to Constantinople. This lasted until 1017, when the Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Aziz_al-Dawla" title="Aziz al-Dawla">Fatāk</a> finally occupied Aleppo at the invitation of a <a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Qal%27i" title="Fath al-Qal'i">local commander</a> who had expelled the Hamdanid <i>ghulām</i> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Lu%27lu%27" title="Mansur ibn Lu'lu'">Mansur ibn Lu'lu'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year or two, however, Fatāk made himself effectively independent in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017156_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017156-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg/220px-Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg/330px-Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg/440px-Mosquee_al-akim_le_caire_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a> in Cairo, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz</a> in 990 and completed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> in 1013 (later renovated in the 1980s by the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201617–18_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201617–18-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Hakim also alarmed his Isma'ili followers in several ways. In 1013 he announced the designation of two great-great-grandsons of al-Mahdi as two separate heirs: one, Abd al-Raḥīm ibn Ilyās, would inherit the title of caliphate as the role of political ruler, and the other, Abbās ibn Shu'ayb, would inherit the imamate or religious leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a serious departure from a central purpose of the Fatimid Imam-Caliphs, which was to combine these two functions in one person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017149_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017149-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1015 he also suddenly halted the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures of the <i>majālis al-ḥikma</i> ("sessions of wisdom") which had taken place regularly inside the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1021, while wandering the desert outside Cairo on one of his nightly excursions, he disappeared. He was purportedly murdered, but his body was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017151_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017151-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Losses,_successes,_and_civil_war"><span id="Losses.2C_successes.2C_and_civil_war"></span>Losses, successes, and civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Losses, successes, and civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After al-Hakim's death his two designated heirs were killed, putting an end to his succession scheme, and his sister <a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a> arranged to have his 15-year-old son Ali installed on the throne as <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir</a>. She served as his regent until her death in 1023, at which point an alliance of courtiers and officials ruled, with <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">al-Jarjarā'ī</a>, a former finance official, at their head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017157–60_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017157–60-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fatimid control in Syria was threatened during the 1020s. In Aleppo, Fatāk, who had declared his independence, was killed and replaced in 1022, but this opened the way for a coalition of Bedouin chiefs from the Banu Kilab, Jarrahids, and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Mirdas" title="Salih ibn Mirdas">Salih ibn Mirdas</a> to take the city in 1024 or 1025 and to begin imposing their control on the rest of Syria. Al-Jarjarā'ī sent <a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a>, a Turkish commander, with a force that defeated them in 1029 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uq%E1%B8%A5uw%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Uqḥuwāna">Battle of Uqḥuwāna</a> near Lake Tiberias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017162–63_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017162–63-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1030 the new Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III</a> broke a truce to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">invade northern Syria</a> and forced Aleppo to recognize his suzerainty. His death in 1034 changed the situation again and in 1036 peace was restored. In 1038 Aleppo was directly annexed by the Fatimids state for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017173_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017173-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5106" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinar</a> minted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a> (1036–1094)</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Zahir died in 1036 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a>, who had the longest reign in Fatimid history, serving as caliph from 1036 to 1094. However, he remained largely uninvolved in politics and left the government in the hands of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seven years old at his accession and thus al-Jarjarā'ī continued to serve as vizier and his guardian. When al-Jarjarā'ī died in 1045 a series of court figures ran the government until <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">al-Yāzūrī</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">jurist</a> of Palestinian origin, took and kept the office of vizier from 1050 to 1058.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1040s (possibly in 1041 or 1044), the Zirids declared their independence from the Fatimids and recognized the Sunni Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, which led the Fatimids to launch the devastating <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banū Hilal</a> invasions of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198768–69_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198768–69-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fatimid suzerainty over Sicily also faded as the Muslim polity there fragmented and external attacks increased. By 1060, when the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Norman">Italo-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a> began his conquest of the island (completed in 1091), the Kalbid dynasty, along with any Fatimid authority, were already gone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was more success in the east, however. In 1047 the Fatimid <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dā'ī</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sulayhi" title="Ali al-Sulayhi">Ali Muhammad al-Ṣulayḥi</a> in Yemen built a fortress and recruited tribes with which he was able to capture <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">San'a</a> in 1048. In 1060 he began a campaign to conquer all of Yemen, capturing <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a>. In 1062 he marched on Mecca, where <a href="/wiki/Shukr_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Shukr ibn Abi al-Futuh">Shukr ibn Abi al-Futuh</a>'s death in 1061 provided an excuse. Along the way he forced the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> Imam in <a href="/wiki/Saada" title="Saada">Sa'da</a> into submission. Upon arriving in Mecca, he installed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hashim_Muhammad_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far">Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far</a> as the new sharif and custodian of the holy sites under the suzerainty of the Fatimids. He returned to San'a where he established his family as rulers on behalf of the Fatimid caliphs. His brother founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Ta'izz</a>, while the city of Aden became an important hub of trade between Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, which brought Egypt further wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017183,_197–98_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017183,_197–98-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rise to power established the <a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a> which continued to rule Yemen as nominal vassals of the Fatimids after this.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events degenerated in Egypt and Syria, however. Starting in 1060, various local leaders began to break away or challenge Fatimid dominion in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017198–99_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017198–99-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ethnic-based army was generally successful on the battlefield, it had begun to have negative effects on Fatimid internal politics. Traditionally the Kutama element of the army had the strongest sway over political affairs, but as the Turkish element grew more powerful, it began to challenge this. In 1062, the tentative balance between the different ethnic groups within the Fatimid army collapsed and they quarreled constantly or fought each other in the streets. At the same time, Egypt suffered a 7-year period of drought and famine known as the <a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viziers came and went in flurry, the bureaucracy broke down, and the caliph was unable or unwilling to assume responsibilities in their absence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017199_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017199-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining resources accelerated the problems among the different ethnic factions, and outright civil war began, primarily between the Turks under <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_ibn_Hamdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan</a>, a scion of the Hamdanids of Aleppo, and Black African troops, while the Berbers shifted alliance between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998155_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998155-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish faction under Nasir al-Dawla seized partial control of Cairo but their leader was not given any official title. In 1067–1068 they plundered the state treasury and then looted any treasures they could find in the palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks turned against Nasir al-Dawla in 1069, but he managed to rally Bedouin tribes to his side, took over most of the Nile Delta region, and blocked supplies and food from reaching the capital from this region. Things degenerated further for the general population, especially in the capital, which relied on the countryside for food. Historical sources of this period report extreme hunger and hardship in the city, even to the point of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202–03_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202–03-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depredations in the Nile Delta may have also been a turning point that accelerated the long-term decline of the Coptic community in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Badr_al-Jamali_and_the_Fatimid_revival">Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juyushi_Mosque,Cairo_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/220px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/330px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/440px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Al-Juyushi Mosque</a>, Cairo, overlooking the city from the <a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Muqattam</a> Hills</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_porte_settentrionali,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG/330px-Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG/440px-Cairo%2C_porte_settentrionali%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a>, one of the gates of Cairo dating from <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a>'s reconstruction of the city walls (1987)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1072, in a desperate attempt to save Egypt, al-Mustansir recalled general <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a>, who was at the time the governor of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Badr led his troops into Egypt, entered Cairo in January 1074, and successfully suppressed the different groups of the rebelling armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Badr was made vizier, becoming one of the first military viziers (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">امير الجيوش</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">amīr al-juyūsh</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'commander of the armies') who would dominate late Fatimid politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1078 al-Mustansir formally abdicated responsibility for all state affairs to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>de facto</i> rule initiated a temporary and limited revival of the Fatimid state, although it was now faced with serious challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–09_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–09-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199378_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199378-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr reestablished Fatimid authority in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> (Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) and the Sulayhids were able to hold on in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria, however, saw the advance of the Sunni-aligned <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> who had conquered much of the Middle East and had become the guardians of the Abbasid Caliphs as well as independent Turkmen groups. <a href="/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uwaq" title="Atsiz ibn Uwaq">Atsiz ibn Uwaq</a>, a Turkmen of the Nawaki tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-Gil1997_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gil1997-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conquered Jerusalem in 1073 and Damascus in 1076 before attempting to invade even Egypt itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017203–06_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017203–06-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating him at a battle close to Cairo,<sup id="cite_ref-HaKohenGreenstone_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaKohenGreenstone-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr was able to start a counter-offensive to secure coastal cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and Ascalon, and later <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> further north in 1089.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr made major reforms to the state, updating and simplifying the administration of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was of Armenian background, his term also saw a large influx of Armenian immigrants, both Christian and Muslim, into Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian church</a>, patronised by Badr, established itself in the country along with a clerical hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commanded a large contingent of Armenian troops, many (if not all) of whom were also Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr also used his relations and influence with the Coptic Church for political advantage. In particular, he enlisted <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Pope</a> from 1078 to 1092<sup id="cite_ref-:3_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to secure the allegiance of the Christian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>) as vassals to the Fatimid state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220–23_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220–23-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجامع الجيوشي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Mosque of the Armies'), was commissioned by Badr and completed in 1085 under the patronage of the caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque, identified as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">mashhad</a></i>, was also a victory monument commemorating vizier Badr's restoration of order for al-Mustansir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201622_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201622-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1087 and 1092, the vizier also replaced the mudbrick walls of Cairo with new stone walls and slightly expanded the city. Three of its monumental gates still survive today: <a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199362–63_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199362–63-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_decline">Final decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Final decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the military viziers effectively became heads of state, the Caliph himself was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Iqta" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqta">Iqta</a> system also ate into Fatimid central authority, as more and more the military officers at the further ends of the empire became semi-independent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Badr al-Jamali died in 1094 (along with Caliph al-Mustansir that same year) and his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal Shahanshah</a> succeeded him in power as vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After al-Mustansir, the Caliphate passed on to <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li</a>, and after his death in 1101 it passed to the 5-year-old <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir</a>. Another of al-Mustansir's sons, <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a>, attempted to take the throne after his father's death and organized a rebellion in 1095, but he was defeated and executed that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228–29_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228–29-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Afdal arranged for his sister to marry al-Musta'li and later for his daughter to marry al-Amir, hoping in this way to merge his family with that of the caliphs. He also attempted to secure the succession of his son to the vizierate as well, but this ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate,_12th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Fatimid_horseman_on_a_plate%2C_12th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Fatimid horseman on a plate, 12th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During al-Afdal's tenure (1094–1121) the Fatimids faced a new external threat: the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Although initially both sides intended to reach an agreement and an alliance against the Seljuk Turks, these negotiations would eventually break down. First contact seems to have been established by the crusaders who sent in May or June 1097, on suggestion of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a>, an embassy to al-Afdal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951229_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951229-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return the Fatimids dispatched an embassy to the crusading forces which arrived in February 1098 during their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">siege of Antioch</a>, witnessing and congratulating the crusaders on their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lake_of_Antioch" title="Battle of the Lake of Antioch">victory</a> against the Seljuk emirs <a href="/wiki/Ridwan_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridwan of Aleppo">Ridwan of Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kmen_(Artuqid)" title="Sökmen (Artuqid)">Sökmen</a> of Jerusalem as well as stressing their friendly attitude towards Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimid embassy stayed for a month with the crusading forces before returning via the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> with gifts as well as Frankish ambassadors. It is uncertain whether an agreement was reached but it seems that the parties expected to reach a conclusion in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201345_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201345-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Afdal took then advantage of the crusader <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(1098)" title="Battle of Antioch (1098)">victory at Antioch</a> to reconquer Jerusalem in August 1098, possibly to be in a better position in the negotiations with the crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201348–50_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201348–50-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next time both parties met was at <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqah</a> in April 1099 where an impasse was reached in regard to the question of ownership over Jerusalem. Following this, the crusaders crossed into Fatimid territory and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">captured Jerusalem</a> in July 1099 while al-Afdal was leading a relief army trying to reach the city. The two forces finally clashed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a> in which al-Afdal was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951296_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951296-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the initial negotiations were held against the Fatimids and Ibn al-Athir wrote that it was said that the Fatimids had invited the crusaders to invade Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This defeat established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> as a new regional rival and although many crusaders returned to Europe, having fulfilled their vows, the remaining forces, often aided by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_maritime_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian maritime republics">Italian maritime republics</a>, overran much of the coastal Levant, with <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and Sidon falling to them between 1109 and 1110. The Fatimids retained Tyre, Ascalon, and Gaza with the help of their fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951303_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951303-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1107, a new rising star rose through the ranks of the regime in the form of Muḥammad ʿAlī bin Fatik, better known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭā'iḥī</a>. He managed to carry out various administrative reforms and infrastructural projects in the later years of al-Afdal's term, including the construction of an astronomical observatory in 1119.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Afdal's was assassinated in 1121, an act blamed on the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizaris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>, though the truth of this is unconfirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Baṭā'iḥī took al-Afdal's place as vizier, but unlike his predecessors he had less support in the army and was ultimately reliant on the caliph for power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1124 he lost Tyre to the Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also responsible for constructing a small but notable mosque in Cairo, the <a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Al-Aqmar Mosque</a>, which was completed in 1125 and has largely survived to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199365_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199365-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, however, Caliph al-Amir had him arrested, probably due to his failure to resist the Crusaders or due to the caliph's resentment of his wealth and power. Three years later he was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Amir then ruled the Caliphate personally, briefly interrupting the long period of <i>de facto</i> rule by the caliph's viziers. Al-Amir himself was assassinated in 1130, probably by the Nizari Assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017261_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017261-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Amir apparently had a son born shortly before his death, known as al-Ṭayyib. One of Al-Amir's cousins (a grandson of al-Mustansir), Abd al-Majid, had himself appointed regent. Under pressure from the army, one of al-Afdal's sons, Abu Ali Ahmad (known as Kutayfāt), was appointed vizier with titles similar to al-Adal and Badr al-Jamali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017263_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017263-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kutayfāt attempted to depose the Fatimid dynasty by imprisoning Abd al-Majid and by declaring himself to be the representative of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Muntazar</a>, the "hidden" Imam awaited by <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'as</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017260_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017260-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup did not last long, as Kutayfāt was assassinated in 1131 by al-Amir's followers in the Fatimid establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Majid was released and resumed his role as regent. In 1132, however, he declared himself to be the new Imam-Caliph, taking the title of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a>, sidelining the infant al-Ṭayyib and breaking with the tradition of the succession passing directly from father to son. Most of the Fatimid lands acknowledged his succession, but the Sulayhids in Yemen did not and broke away from the Caliphate in Cairo, recognizing al-Ṭayyib as the true Imam. This caused another schism between the <a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta'li Isma'ilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265–66_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265–66-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1135 al-Hafiz was pressured by the Fatimid Armenian troops into appointing <a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram</a>, a Christian Armenian, to the office of vizier. Opposition from Muslim troops forced him to leave in 1137, when <a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan</a>, a Sunni Muslim, was appointed vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ridwan began to plot the deposition of al-Hafiz, he was expelled from Cairo and later defeated in battle. He accepted a pardon from the caliph and remained at the palace. Al-Hafiz chose not to appoint another vizier, and instead took direct control of the state until his death in 1149.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017275–76_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017275–76-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the fervor of the Isma'ili religious cause in Egypt had significantly faded, and political challenges to the caliph became more common. Sunni Muslims were also increasingly appointed to high posts. The Fatimid dynasty largely continued to survive due to the established common interests that many factions and elites had in maintaining the current system of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017276–77_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017276–77-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg/220px-Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg/330px-Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg/440px-Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a> in Cairo, built by <a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a> in 1160 and originally intended to house the head of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> (the head ended up being interred instead at the present-day <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">al-Hussein Mosque</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201638_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201638-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Hafiz was the last Fatimid caliph to rule directly and the last one to ascend to the throne as an adult. The last three caliphs, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir</a> (r. 1149–1154), <a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz</a> (r. 1154–1160), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid</a> (r. 1160–1171), were all children when they came to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under al-Zafir, an elderly Berber named Ibn Masal was initially vizier, per the instructions left by Al-Hafiz. The army, however, supported a Sunni named Ibn Sallar instead, whose supporters managed to defeat and kill Ibn Masal in battle. After negotiating with the women of the palace, Ibn Sallar was installed as vizier in 1150.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017280–81_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017280–81-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1153, the Crusader king <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> besieged Ascalon, the last remaining Fatimid foothold in the Levant. In April, Ibn Sallar was murdered in a plot organized by Abbas, his stepson, and Abbas's son, Nasr. As no relieving force arrived, Ascalon surrendered in August, on the condition that the inhabitants could leave safely for Egypt. It was on this occasion that the head of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> was allegedly brought from Ascalon to Cairo, where it was housed in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">al-Hussein Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year (1154), Nasr murdered al-Zafir, and Abbas, now vizier, declared his 5-year-old son 'Isa (al-Fa'iz) the new caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women of the palace intervened, calling on <a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Ṭalā'i' ibn Ruzzīk</a>, a Muslim Armenian governor in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, to help. Tala'i drove out Abbas and Nasr from Cairo and became vizier that same year. Afterwards he also conducted renewed operations against the Crusaders, but he could do little more than harass them by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Fa'iz died in 1160 and Tala'i was assassinated in 1161 by <a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Qusur" title="Sitt al-Qusur">Sitt al-Qusur</a>, a sister of al-Zafir. Tala'i's son, Ruzzīk ibn Ṭalā'i', held the office of vizier until 1163, when he was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Qus" title="Qus">Qus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As vizier, Shawar came into conflict with his rival, the Arab general <a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a>. The internal disorder of the Caliphate attracted the attention and meddling of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nūr ad-Dīn</a>, who was now in control of Damascus and a large part of Syria, and of the King of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric I</a>. The Crusaders had already forced Tala'i ibn Ruzzik to pay them a tribute in 1161 and had made an attempt to invade Egypt in 1162.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Shawar was driven out of Cairo by Dirgham in 1163, he sought refuge and help with Nur al-Din. Nur al-Din sent his general, <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Asad al-Din Shirkuh</a>, to seize Egypt and reinstall Shawar as vizier. The accomplished this task in the summer of 1164, when Dirgham was defeated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shawar's remaining years continued in chaos as he made shifting alliances with either the King of Jerusalem or with Nur al-Din, depending on circumstances. In 1167 the Crusaders pursued Shirkuh's forces in to Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1168 Shawar, worried about the possible Crusader capture of Cairo, infamously set fire to Fustat in an attempt to deny the Crusaders a base from which to besiege the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199383–85,_103_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199383–85,_103-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After forcing the Crusaders to leave Egypt again, Shirkuh finally had Shawar murdered in 1169, with the agreement of Caliph al-Adid. Shirkuh himself was appointed as al-Adid's vizier, but he died unexpectedly two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position passed to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub</a> (known in the West as Saladin). Salah ad-Din was openly pro-Sunni and suppressed the Shi'a call to prayer, ended the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures (the <i>majālis al-ḥikma</i>), and installed Sunni <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally and officially deposed al-Adid, the last Fatimid caliph, in September 1171. This ended the Fatimid dynasty and began the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Dynasty">Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty">Dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a></div> <p>White was the dynastic colour of the Fatimids, in opposition to Abbasid black, while red and yellow banners were associated with the Fatimid caliph's person.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green is also cited as their dynastic colour, based on a tradition that the Islamic prophet Muhammad wore a green cloak.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphs">Caliphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Caliphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">List of Fatimid caliphs</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh</a> (909–934), founder of the Fatimid dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Abū'l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh</a> (934–946)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿil al-Manṣūr bi-Naṣr Allāh</a> (946–953)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a> (953–975). Egypt is conquered during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-ʿAzīz bi-llāh</a> (975–996)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a> (996–1021). The <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religion is founded during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Abū'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a> (1021–1036)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh</a> (1036–1094).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Musta'lī bi-llāh</a> (1094–1101)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh</a> (1101–1130).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali/Taiyabi Ismailis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Abu'l-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh</a> (1130–1149).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hafizi sect is founded with Al-Hafiz as Imam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Abū Manṣūr Ismāʿil al-Zāfir bi-Amr Allāh</a> (1149–1154)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">Abū'l-Qāsim ʿĪsā al-Fā'iz bi-Naṣr Allāh</a> (1154–1160)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh</a> (1160–1171)<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Consorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_harem" title="Fatimid harem">Fatimid harem</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a>, wife of the seventh caliph Ali al-Zahir and mother of the eighth caliph al-Mustansir bi-llāh.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_place">Burial place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Burial place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fatimid caliphs were buried in a mausoleum known as <i>Turbat az-Za'faraan</i> ("the Saffron Tomb"), located at the southern end of the eastern Fatimid palace in Cairo on the site now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a> market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199357_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199357-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the early Fatimid caliphs in Ifriqiya were also transferred here when al-Mu'izz moved his capital to Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the mausoleum was completely demolished by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> amir Jaharkas al-Khalili in 1385 to make way for the construction of a new merchant building (which gave its name to the present-day market).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the demolition, Jaharkas reportedly desecrated the bones of the Fatimid royal family by having them dumped into the rubbish hills east of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199357_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199357-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_communities">Religious communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fatimid society was highly pluralistic. Isma'ili Shi'ism was the religion of the state and the caliph's court, but most of the population followed different religions or denominations. Most of the Muslim population remained Sunni, and a large part of the population remained Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were a smaller minority.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other Islamic societies of the time, non-Muslims were classified as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi"><i>dhimmi</i>s</a>, a term which implied both certain restrictions and certain liberties, though the practical circumstances of this status varied from context to context. As elsewhere in the historic Muslim world, they were required to pay the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> tax.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 194–95">: 194–95 </span></sup> Scholars generally agree that, on the whole, Fatimid rule was highly tolerant and inclusive towards different religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 195">: 195 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike western European governments of the era, advancement in Fatimid state offices was more <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocratic</a> than hereditary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Members of other branches of Islam, like the Sunnis, were just as likely to be appointed to government posts as Shiites. Tolerance was extended to non-Muslims, such as Christians and Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-gold84_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold84-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who occupied high levels in government based on ability, and this policy of tolerance ensured the flow of money from non-Muslims in order to finance the Caliphs' large army of <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> brought in from Circassia by Genoese merchants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were exceptions to this general attitude of tolerance, however, most notably by Al-Hakim, though this has been highly debated, with Al-Hakim's reputation among medieval Muslim historians conflated with his role in the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gold84_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold84-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians in general and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a> in particular were persecuted by Al-Hakim;<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saunders2002_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders2002-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rustow2014_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rustow2014-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of the Christians</a> included closing and demolishing churches and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the succession of Caliph al-Zahir, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faced a mass persecution,<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included large massacres against the Druze in Antioch, Aleppo, and other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-RebeccaE_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebeccaE-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isma'ilis"><span id="Isma.27ilis"></span>Isma'ilis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Isma'ilis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg/220px-Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg/330px-Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg/440px-Al-Azhar_2019-11-02q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4905" /></a><figcaption>The original Fatimid-period <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201611–14_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201611–14-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It's unclear what number or percentage of the population inside the caliphate were actually Isma'ilis, but they always remained a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical chronicles report large numbers of enthusiastic converts in Egypt during the reign of al-'Aziz, but this trend dropped significantly around the middle of al-Hakim's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimid state promoted Isma'ili doctrine (the <i>da'wa</i>) through a hierarchical organization. The Imam-Caliph, as successor to the Prophet Muhammad, was both the political and religious leader. Below the Imam-Caliph, the top of this hierarchy was headed by the <i>dā'ī l-du'āt</i> or "supreme missionary".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcomers to the doctrine were initiated by attending the <i>majālis al-ḥikma</i> ("Sessions of Wisdom"), lectures and lessons that were delivered in a special hall inside the palaces of Cairo. The doctrine was kept secret from those who were not initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Isma'ili doctrines were disseminated through the lectures hosted at Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, which became an intellectual center hosting teachers and students.<sup id="cite_ref-:4532_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4532-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate, recruitment to the <i>da'wa</i> continued to be performed in secret as it had been before the caliphate's establishment, though the many missionaries maintained contact with the leadership in Ifriqiya or Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998141_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998141-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <i>da'i</i>s (missionaries) abroad sometimes came to Cairo and became important figures in the state, as with the example of <a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a> during al-Hakim's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isma'ili unity was weakened over time by several schisms after the establishment of the caliphate (in addition to the Qarmatian schism before its establishment). The Druze, who believed in the divinity of Caliph al-Hakim, were suppressed in Egypt and elsewhere, but eventually found a home in the region of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir, a succession crisis resulted in the breakaway of the Nizaris, who supported the claim of his oldest son Nizar, as opposed to the Musta'lis who supported the successful enthronement of al-Musta'li. The Nizaris were also suppressed inside the Caliphate's borders, but continued to be active outside it, mostly in Iran, Iraq, and parts of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Caliph al-Amir, al-Hafiz, his cousin, successfully claimed the title of Imam-Caliph at the expense of al-Amir's infant son, al-Tayyib. Those who recognized al-Hafiz in Cairo were known as the al-Hafizi branch, but those who opposed this unusual succession and supported the succession of al-Tayyib were known as the al-Tayyibi branch. This particular schism resulted in the loss of Fatimid support in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Muslims">Other Muslims</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ifriqiya, the Sunni Muslims of the cities largely followed the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school or <i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i>. The Maliki school had become predominant here during the eighth century at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school, which had generally been favoured by the Aghlabids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199369_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199369-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, the majority of Muslims were Sunni and remained so throughout the Fatimid period. Cognizant of this, the Fatimid authorities introduced Shi'a changes to religious rituals only gradually after Jawhar's conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also in this era that the followers of the Hanafi, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>, and Maliki schools were beginning to think of themselves collectively, to one extent or another, as Sunni, which undermined the universalism that the Shi'a Isma'ilis promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199369_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199369-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Shi'as, including some <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husaynids" title="Husaynids">Husaynid</a> families, were also present in Egypt and welcomed the Fatimids as fellow Shi'as or as blood relatives, but without necessarily converting to Isma'ilism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many non-Isma'ili Muslims also accepted the Fatimid caliphs as having legitimate rights to lead the Muslim community but did not accept the more absolute Shi'a beliefs in the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christians">Christians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_chiesa_sospesa,_interno,_iconostasi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG/330px-Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG/440px-Cairo%2C_chiesa_sospesa%2C_interno%2C_iconostasi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Side chapel in the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> (partly visible behind the screen here) dating from the late 12th or 13th century, before the church's later renovation<sup id="cite_ref-:33_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Christians may have still constituted a majority of the population in Egypt during the Fatimid period, although scholarly estimates on this issue are tentative and vary between authors.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> The proportion of Christians would have likely been greater in the rural population than in the main cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Christians, the largest community were <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, followed by Melkite Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Armenian immigrants also arrived in Egypt during the late 11th and early 12th centuries when Armenian viziers like Badr al-Jamali dominated the state, which led to the Armenian church establishing a foothold in the country as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to churches in towns and cities, Christian <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> also dotted the countryside. Some regions, like <a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi al-Natrun</a>, were ancient centres of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian traders, led by <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfitans</a>, were also present in Fustat and Alexandria, moving goods between Egypt and the rest of the Mediterranean world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201793,_123–24_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201793,_123–24-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Christian communities, and especially among Copts, there emerged a relatively affluent class of notables who served as scribes or administrators in the Fatimid regime. These <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laymen</a> used their wealth to patronize, and in turn influence, their churches.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 198">: 198 </span></sup> The state also had influence on the church, as demonstrated by the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to Fustat (specifically what is now <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>) during the patriarchate of Cyril II (1078–1092), due to the demands of Badr al-Jamali, who wished for the Coptic pope to stay close to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 202">: 202 </span></sup> The Church of the Virgin, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a>, became the new seat of the Patriarchate, along with an alternative church compound built on the upper floor of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mercurius_Church_in_Coptic_Cairo" title="Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo">St. Mercurius Church</a>. Until the 14th century (when the seat was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_Mary_(Haret_Zuweila)" title="Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila)">Church of the Virgin Mary in Harat Zuwayla</a>), both churches were residences of the Coptic pope and served as venues for the consecrations of new popes and other important religious events.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 202">: 202 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jews">Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg/220px-Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg/330px-Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg/440px-Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a>, a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> copied in Cairo/Fustat in the early 11th century<sup id="cite_ref-:45_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish communities existed across the territories under Fatimid control and also enjoyed a degree of self-governance.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a smaller minority compared to Christians and Muslims, their history is relatively well-documented thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Genizah documents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community was divided between <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_195-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, up until the late 11th century, the most powerful head of the Jewish community was the <i>ga'on</i> or leader of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a></i> of Jerusalem, who appointed judges and other Jewish community officials across the region. The Fatimids formally charged the <i>ga'on</i> of Jerusalem with responsibilities as representative of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1100, however, a new position was established by Egyptian Jews in Fustat, known as the "Head of the Jews" or as the <i>nagid</i>. This official in the Egyptian capital became recognized afterward as the head and representative of the Jewish community in its dealings with the Fatimid state. This shift was likely due to the Jerusalem <i>ga'on</i>'s own loss of influence and to the Jewish community's engagement with the centralizing politics that Badr al-Jamali pursued around this time (which had already resulted in the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate to Fustat).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_216-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious diversity notwithstanding, the spread of Arabic as the main language of the population had already progressed rapidly before the Fatimid period. In parts of Egypt, Copts and possibly also some Muslim communities were still speaking <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> when the Fatimids arrived on the scene. It is during the Fatimid period, however, that Coptic religious culture began to be translated into Arabic. By the end of the Fatimid period (12th century), many Coptic Christians could no longer understand the Coptic language, and eventually its usage was reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:452_194-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:452-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_system">Military system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Military system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate">Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/330px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/495px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/660px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Men hunting, on ivory panel, 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fatimid military was based largely on the <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribesmen brought along on the march to Egypt, and they remained an important part of the military even after Ifriqiya began to break away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998154_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998154-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fundamental change occurred when the Fatimid Caliphate attempted to push into Syria in the latter half of the tenth century. The Fatimids were faced with the now Turkish-dominated forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and began to realize the limits of their current military. Thus during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, the Caliph began incorporating armies of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> and, later, black Africans (even later, other groups such as Armenians were also used).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998155_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998155-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army units were generally separated along ethnic lines: the Berbers were usually the light cavalry and foot skirmishers, while the Turks were the <a href="/wiki/Horse_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archers">horse archers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a></i>). The black Africans, Syrians, and Arabs generally acted as the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a> and foot <a href="/wiki/Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer">archers</a>. This ethnic-based army system, along with the partial slave status of many of the imported ethnic fighters, would remain fundamentally unchanged in Egypt for many centuries after the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Fatimids focused their military on the defence of the empire as threats presented, which they were able to repel. In the mid-10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>, who had destroyed the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a> in 961 and conquered Tartus, Al-Masaisah, 'Ain Zarbah, among other areas, gaining complete control of Iraq and the Syrian borders, and earning the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens". With the Fatimids, however, he proved less successful. After renouncing his payments of tribute to the Fatimid caliphs, he sent an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, but was forced by defeats on land and sea to evacuate the island completely. In 967, he made peace with the Fatimids and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a>, who had proclaimed himself Roman Emperor and had attacked Byzantine possessions in Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_cities">Capital cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Capital cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/220px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/330px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/440px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Entrance portal of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdia</a> (10th century)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Mahdiyya">Al-Mahdiyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Al-Mahdiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mahdiyya, the first capital of the Fatimid dynasty, was established by its first caliph, 'Abdullāh al-Mahdī (297–322 AH/909–934 CE) in 300 AH/912–913 CE. The caliph had been residing in nearby Raqqada but chose this new and more strategic location in which to establish his dynasty. The city of al-Mahdiyya is located on a narrow peninsula along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, east of Kairouan and just south of the Gulf of Hammamet, in modern-day Tunisia. The primary concern in the city's construction and locale was defense. With its peninsular topography and the construction of a wall 8.3 m thick, the city became impenetrable by land. This strategic location, together with a navy that the Fatimids had inherited from the conquered Aghlabids, made the city of Al-Mahdiyya a strong military base where ʿAbdullāh al-Mahdī consolidated power and planted the seeds of the Fatimid caliphate for two generations. The city included two royal palaces—one for the caliph and one for his son and successor al-Qāʾim—as well as a mosque, many administrative buildings, and an arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Mansuriyya">Al-Mansuriyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Al-Mansuriyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansouria, Tunisia</a></div> <p>Al-Manṣūriyya (also known as Ṣabra al-Manṣūriyya<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was established between 334 and 336 AH (945 and 948 CE) by the third Fatimid caliph al-Manṣūr (334–41 AH/946–53 CE) in a settlement known as Ṣabra, located on the outskirts of Kairouan in modern-day Tunisia. The new capital was established in commemoration of the victory of al-Manṣūr over the Khārijite rebel Abū Yazīd at Ṣabra.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the city was not quite finished when al-Manṣūr died in 953, but his son and successor, al-Muʿizz, finished it and completed the city's mosque that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Baghdad, the plan of the city of Al-Manṣūriyya is round, with the caliphal palace at its center. Due to a plentiful water source, the city grew and expanded a great deal under al-Manṣūr. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were more than 300 <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> built during this period in the city as well as numerous palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Manṣūr's successor, al-Mu'izz, moved the caliphate to Cairo he left his deputy, Buluggin ibn Ziri, as regent of Ifriqiya, marking the beginning of the city's Zirid period. In 1014–15 the Zirid ruler Badis ibn al-Mansur ordered merchants and artisans of Kairouan to be transferred to al-Manṣūriyya, which may have helped provoke a revolt in 1016 which damaged the city. In 1057, under pressure from the Banu Hilal invasions, the Zirids abandoned al-Manṣūriyya for Mahdiyya and the city was devastated. Unlike Kairouan, it remained in ruins afterwards and was never revived. The site was pillaged over time. Modern archeological excavations here began in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_220-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo">Cairo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cairo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cairo was established by the fourth Fatimid caliph, al-Mu'izz, in 359 AH/970 CE and remained the capital of the Fatimid caliphate for the duration of the dynasty. The city was officially named <i>al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القاهرة المعزية</span>), which can be translated as the "Victorious City of al-Mu'izz", known afterward simply as <i>al-Qāhira</i> and giving us the modern English name "Cairo".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201780_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201780-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cairo can thus be considered the capital of Fatimid cultural production. Though the original Fatimid palace complex, including administrative buildings and royal residents, no longer exists, modern scholars can glean a good idea of the original structure based on the Mamluk-era account of al-Maqrīzī. Perhaps the most important of Fatimid monuments outside the palace complex is the mosque of al-Azhar (359–61 AH/970–72 CE) which still stands today, though the building was significantly expanded and modified in later periods. Likewise the important Fatimid mosque of al-Ḥākim, built from 380 to 403 AH/990–1012 CE under two Fatimid caliphs, was significantly rebuilt and renovated in the 1980s. Cairo remained the capital for, including al-Muʿizz, eleven generations of caliphs, after which the Fatimid Caliphate finally fell to Ayyubid forces in 567 AH/1171 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustreware</a> Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century. Archaeological digs have found many kilns and ceramic fragments in <a href="/wiki/Al-Fustat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fustat">al-Fustat</a>, and it was likely an important production location for Islamic ceramics during the Fatimid period.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Fatimids were known for their exquisite arts. The Fatimid period is important in the history of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a> as it is one of the earliest Islamic dynasties for which enough materials survive for a detailed study of their evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stylistic diversity of Fatimid art was also a reflection of the wider cultural environment of the Mediterranean world at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable characteristics of their decorative arts are the use of lively <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> motifs and the use of an angular, floriated <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script for <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_226-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the best-known art forms that flourished are a type of ceramic <a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">lustreware</a> and the crafting of objects carved in solid <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">rock crystal</a>. The dynasty also sponsored the production of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> textiles and a <i><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></i> workshop. A vast collection of different luxury objects once existed within the caliph's palaces, but few examples of them have survived to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_226-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many traces of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a> exist in both Egypt and present-day Tunisia, particularly in the former capitals of Mahdia (al-Mahdiyya) and Cairo (al-Qahira). At Mahdia, the most important surviving monument is <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cairo, prominent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a>, as well as the smaller monuments of <a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">al-Aqmar Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Mosque of al-Salih Tala'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Azhar Mosque, which was also a center of learning and teaching known today as <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a>, was named in honour of Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad from whom the Fatimids claimed descent), who was called <i>Az-Zahra</i> (the brilliant).<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two main <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid palaces</a> in Cairo, covering a huge area around <a href="/wiki/Bayn_al-Qasrayn" title="Bayn al-Qasrayn">Bayn al-Qasrayn</a>, near Khan el-Khalili.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond200049–52_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond200049–52-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the city walls constructed by Badr al-Jamali—most notably three of its gates—also survive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_figures">Important figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Important figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">List of Fatimid caliphs</a></div> <p>List of important figures: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a> (d. After 911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a> (d. After 971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a> (d. 974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a> (d. After 1020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Hakim Nasir-i Khusraw</a> (d. After 1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a> (d. 1078)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyida_al-Mu%27iziyya" title="Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya">Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya</a> (also known as Durzan)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Al-Mustansir Billah, his sons <a href="/wiki/Nizar_(Fatimid_Imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizar (Fatimid Imam)">Nizar</a> and Al-Musta'li both claimed the right to rule, leading to a split into the Nizari and Musta'li factions respectively. Nizar's successors eventually came to be known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a></i>, while Musta'li's followers eventually came to be called the <i><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawoodi bohra">Dawoodi bohra</a></i>. </p><p>The Fatimid dynasty continued and flourished under Al-Musta'li until <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah</a>'s death in 1130. Leadership was then contested between <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abu%27l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim</a>, Al-Amir's two-year-old son, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Hafiz</a>, Al-Amir's cousin whose supporters (<a href="/wiki/Hafizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafizi">Hafizi</a>) claimed Al-Amir died without an heir. The supporters of At-Tayyib became the <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayyibi">Tayyibi</a> Isma'ilis. At-Tayyib's claim to the imamate was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa al-Sulayhi</a>, Queen of Yemen. In 1084, Al-Mustansir had Arwa designated a <i>hujjah</i> (a holy, pious lady), the highest rank in the Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Da%27wah" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wah">Da'wah</a>. Under Arwa, the <i>Da'i al-Balagh</i> (the imam's local representative) <a href="/wiki/Lamak_ibn_Malik" title="Lamak ibn Malik">Lamak ibn Malik</a> and then Yahya ibn Lamak worked for the cause of the Fatimids. After At-Tayyib's disappearance, Arwa named <a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_bin_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu'ayb bin Musa">Dhu'ayb bin Musa</a> the first <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></i> with full authority over Tayyibi religious matters. Tayyibi Isma'ili missionaries (in about 1067 AD (460 AH)) spread their religion to India,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the development of various Isma'ili communities, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohras</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syedi_Nuruddin" title="Syedi Nuruddin">Syedi Nuruddin</a> went to Dongaon to look after southern India and <a href="/wiki/Syedi_Fakhruddin" title="Syedi Fakhruddin">Syedi Fakhruddin</a> went to East <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Family tree of Fatimid Caliphs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>1. <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Al-Mahdi Billāh</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>2. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Al-Qā'im</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>3. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Al-Mansur</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>4. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Al-Mu'izz</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>5. <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Al-Aziz</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>6. <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>7. <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Al-Zahir</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>8. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah"><b>Al-Mustansir</b></a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nizar_(Fatimid_Imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizar (Fatimid Imam)">Nizār al-Muṣṭafá</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī Ismā'īlī">Nizārīyyah</a>)</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Muhammad</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>9. <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Mustā'lī</a></b> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mustaali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaali">Mustā'līyyah</a>)</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>11. <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Ḥāfīz</a></b> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Hafizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafizi">Ḥāfīzīyyah</a>)</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>10. <a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Amir_Bi-Ahkamillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur al-Amir Bi-Ahkamillah">Al-Āmīr</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>12. <a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Al-Zāfīr</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Yūssuf</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abu%27l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim">Aṭ-Ṭāyyīb</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayyibi">Ṭāyyībīyyah</a>)</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>13. <a href="/wiki/Al-Faiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faiz">Al-Fā'īz</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>14. <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Al-'Āḍīd</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_dynasties" title="List of Shia dynasties">List of Shia dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate">Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Historical Arab states and dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_Alhambra_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Arab states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Kingdom of Qedar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Kingdom of Lihyan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 BC–100 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BC–106 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 132 BC–244 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 64 BC–300s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100s–241 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 196–1100 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 220–638 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–500s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lakhmid_kingdom" title="Lakhmid kingdom">Lakhmids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–602 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 450 AD–550 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arab empires and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 632–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 909–1171</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 654–884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 736–1122</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 824–961</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty" title="Dulafid dynasty"> Dulafids </a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbarids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 854–1011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kaysites" title="Kaysites">Kaysites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 860–964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 861–1538</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 864–928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashimids_(Darband)" title="Hashimids (Darband)"> Hashimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 869–1075</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 890–1004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 955–1071</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Mazyad" title="Banu Mazyad">Mazyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 961–1150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 970–1107</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1096</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1081</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1024–1080</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Munqidh" title="Banu Munqidh">Munqidhites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1025–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'nids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1697</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turabay_dynasty" title="Turabay dynasty">Turabays</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1480–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfushs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1697–1842</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Western dynasties and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">710–1019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrid Emirate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">745-757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">756–1031</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">771–793</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">788–974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">814–922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">831–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Kanzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1004–1412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Salt%C3%A9s_and_Huelva" title="Taifa of Saltés and Huelva">Bakrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1012–1051</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tujib" title="Banu Tujib">Tujibids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1013–1039</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia"> Amirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1020–1086</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Abbadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebla" title="Taifa of Niebla">Yahsubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Taifa of Málaga">Hammudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1026–1057</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Muzaynids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1027–1063</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Taifa of Córdoba">Jawharids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1031–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Hudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1039–1110</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sumadih" title="Banu Sumadih">Sumadihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1041–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia" title="Taifa of Murcia">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1049–1078</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1230–1492</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1554–1659</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1837–1969</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arabian Peninsula</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oman_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman proper">Imamate of Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 751–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 819–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yufirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufirids">Yufirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 847–997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir" title="Banu Ukhaidhir">Ukhaidhirds</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 865–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Rassids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 897–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 899–1077</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Wajihids" title="Wajihids">Wajihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 926–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 968–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1047–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanids" title="Sulaymanids">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1063–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate" title="Uyunid Emirate">Uyunids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1076–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1083–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1154–1624</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1159–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1229–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1253–1320</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarwanid_dynasty" title="Jarwanid dynasty">Jarwanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1305–1487</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1395–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1454–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1463–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids#The_Qasimid_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Qasimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1597–1872</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Ya'arubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1624–1742</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1820–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Rashidids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1836–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aitids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Beihan" title="Emirate of Beihan">Emirate of Beihan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1903–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1906–1934</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1926–1970</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">East Africa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Makhzumi dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 896–1279</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Pate" title="List of rulers of Pate">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pate_Island" title="Pate Island">Pate Island</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1203–1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate#Mahdali_era" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Mahdali dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1277–1495</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mazrui" title="Mazrui">Mazrui dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1746–1828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1856–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Witu" title="List of rulers of Witu">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip%27s_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Tip's State">Tippu Tip's State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1860–1887</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Current monarchies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1631–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Khaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al Khaymah">Ras al Khaymah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1744–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Busaid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Busaid">Al Said</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1749–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">Al Sabah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1752–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nahyan" title="House of Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1761–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Mualla" title="Al Mualla">Al Mualla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_al-Quwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Umm al-Quwain">Umm al-Quwain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1775–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1783–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Nuaimi" title="Al Nuaimi">Al Nuaimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Maktoum" title="House of Maktoum">Al Maktoum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1833–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">Al Thani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1868–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharqi" title="Al Sharqi">Al Sharqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1921–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template talk:Historical Arab 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismail lion calligram"><img alt="Ismail lion calligram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/200px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/300px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/400px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Ta'wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Bātin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʿIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Daʿwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">Dāʿī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">Bāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Satr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology_(Ismailism)" title="Numerology (Ismailism)">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_Theology#Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of Islamic Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Islam" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_titles" title="List of Ismaili titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'lism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizari_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nizari Ismailism">Nizarism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Branches/sects</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a></b> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Badar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Vakil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></b></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Seveners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Numan">Qadi Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Zikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_the_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai</a></li></ul> <p><b>Centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Nizārī strongholds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Palace of Queen Arwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Constitution" title="Isma'ili Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_of_the_Ismaili_Imamat,_Ottawa" title="Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, Ottawa">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">Ginans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Du%27a" title="Holy Du'a">Holy Du'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyama_(Nizari_Isma%27ilism)" title="Qiyama (Nizari Isma'ilism)">Qiyama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ismailism" title="Women in Ismailism">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">leaders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi_(Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah)">ʿAbad Allāh <i>(al-Wāfī Ahmad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Ahmad <i>(al-Taqī Muhammad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi Abdullah">Ḥusayn <i>(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Manṣūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incumbent leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imām</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Ismaili">Musta'li Ismaili</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haatim_Zakiyuddin" title="Haatim Zakiyuddin">Haatim Zakiyuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taher_Fakhruddin" title="Taher Fakhruddin">Taher Fakhruddin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismailism" title="Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismailism" title="Template talk:Ismailism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Algeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10,000 BC)</span></li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(202–46 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(264–146 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(111–106 BC)</span></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 BC–590 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(435–534 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(477–578 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(484–703 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(578–708 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–585 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(585–698 AD)</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(647–709 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(703–744 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(742–1066 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(771–793 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(776–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(789–828 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(800–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(909–1171 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(970–1068 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(973–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1014–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1040–1147 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1121–1269 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1215–1465 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–1574 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–1556 AD)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries)</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>1960s–80s</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>2010s to present</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tunisia" title="Category:History of Tunisia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">History of <span class="fn org label">Tunisia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partie de la coste de Barbarie en Africque où sont les royaumes de Tunis et de Tripoli et pays circonvoisins - par le Sr Sanson d'Abbeville"><img alt="Partie de la coste de Barbarie en Africque où sont les royaumes de Tunis et de Tripoli et pays circonvoisins - par le Sr Sanson d'Abbeville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/150px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/225px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/300px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8753" data-file-height="6147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia" title="History of early Tunisia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">12th C.–146 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">1st Roman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Province</a>)</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">146 BC–435</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia#Byzantine_Empire" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">2nd Roman (Byzantine)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">534–698</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">534–590</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">590–698</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia" title="History of early Islamic Tunisia">Early Islamic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">698–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">909–973</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia" title="History of medieval Tunisia">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">973–1148</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Norman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1148–1160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1160–1229</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1229–1574</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1574–1705</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Husainid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1705–1881</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule" title="History of Tunisia under French rule">French Tunisia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#Independence_of_the_Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Kingdom of Tunisia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Republic_of_Habib_Bourguiba" title="History of modern Tunisia">Bourguiba rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957–1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Ben Ali coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Era_of_Ben_Ali" title="History of modern Tunisia">Ben Ali rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Parliamentary system</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Tunisia" title="Template:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Tunisia" title="Template talk:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Tunisia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:#fff2e2"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Egypt" title="Category:History of Egypt">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of <span class="fn org label">Egypt</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/140px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/210px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic_to_Proto-Dynastic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">6000–3000 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E6FFF2"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">3150–2686 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2686–2181 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2181–2055 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2055–1650 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1650–1550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1550–1069 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1069–664 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">664–332 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Greco-Roman Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2FFE6"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">332–310 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">310–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman and Byzantine Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">30 BC–641 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">619–629</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Medieval Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2E6FF"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">641–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">750–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">868–905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">935–969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">969–1171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1171–1250</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1250–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a> Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #FFFACD"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1517–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1798–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1805–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1867–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Late Modern Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E2EBEB"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1882–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1922–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1953–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" 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href="/wiki/File:Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/28px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/43px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/57px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Portal:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The mostly hostile Sunni sources call him with the diminutive "Ubayd Allah", probably intended to be pejorative; and his dynasty is hence often called the "Ubaydid" dynasty (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Banū ʿUbayd</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein_Taagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary, 1990, pp. 144–273, 615–59; Canard, "Fatimids", pp. 850–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLascoste1984" class="citation book cs1">Lascoste (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8BmAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kabylia&pg=PA67"><i>Ibn Khaldun: The Birth of History and the Past of the Third World</i></a>. Verso. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860917892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860917892"><bdi>978-0860917892</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020841/https://books.google.com/books?id=h8BmAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kabylia&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+The+Birth+of+History+and+the+Past+of+the+Third+World&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0860917892&rft.au=Lascoste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8BmAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DKabylia%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523132649/https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/governance-and-pluralism-under-fatimids-909-996-ce">"Governance and Pluralism under the Fatimids (909–996 CE)"</a>. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/governance-and-pluralism-under-fatimids-909-996-ce">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Pluralism+under+the+Fatimids+%28909%E2%80%93996+CE%29&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Facademic-article%2Fgovernance-and-pluralism-under-fatimids-909-996-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanjira_2010_92-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nanjira_2010_92_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanjira2010" class="citation book cs1">Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA92"><i>African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37982-6"><bdi>978-0-313-37982-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191212/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Foreign+Policy+and+Diplomacy+from+Antiquity+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37982-6&rft.aulast=Nanjira&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZuxGsXVPoMC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fage_1958_11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fage_1958_11_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1958" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MN4EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+kutama+berbers+from+little+kabylia,+conquered+ifriqiya%22"><i>An Atlas of African History</i></a>. E. Arnold. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191155/https://books.google.com/books?id=MN4EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+kutama+berbers+from+little+kabylia,+conquered+ifriqiya%22">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+African+History&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMN4EAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bkutama%2Bberbers%2Bfrom%2Blittle%2Bkabylia%2C%2Bconquered%2Bifriqiya%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallHobby2009" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07dZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa</i></a>. Gale. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4883-1"><bdi>978-1-4144-4883-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191156/https://books.google.com/books?id=07dZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life%3A+Africa&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-4883-1&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft.au=Hobby%2C+Jeneen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07dZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studies_1979_15-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_1979_15_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies_1979_15_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_University_Foreign_Area_Studies1979" class="citation book cs1">American University Foreign Area Studies (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&pg=PA15"><i>Algeria, a Country Study</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Department of the Army. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191210/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria%2C+a+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1979&rft.au=American+University+Foreign+Area+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALHjoSJm-PsC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AshtianyJohnstone1990-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AshtianyJohnstone1990_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_AshtianyT.M._JohnstoneJ.D._LathamR.B._Serjeant1990" class="citation book cs1">Julia Ashtiany; T.M. Johnstone; J.D. Latham; R.B. Serjeant; G. Rex Smith, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sFzGGqA6uoC&pg=PA13"><i>Abbasid Belles Lettres</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24016-1"><bdi>978-0-521-24016-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020844/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4sFzGGqA6uoC&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>... it was at this time that an indigenous Arabic culture was developed in Egypt, and Arab Egypt, so to speak, came of age to the extent that it was able to rival older centres like Baghdad as a seat of learning and intellectual activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abbasid+Belles+Lettres&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24016-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4sFzGGqA6uoC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintle2003" class="citation book cs1">Wintle, Justin (2003). <i>History of Islam</i>. London: Rough Guides. pp. 136–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-018-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-018-3"><bdi>978-1-84353-018-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=136-37&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-018-3&rft.aulast=Wintle&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Tignor (2011). <i>Worlds Together, Worlds Apart</i> (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-11968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-11968-8"><bdi>978-0-393-11968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together%2C+Worlds+Apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=338&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-11968-8&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Tignor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014_14-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1983" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Eva (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s__yi4pD-VEC"><i>Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791495575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791495575"><bdi>978-0791495575</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131631/https://books.google.com/books?id=s__yi4pD-VEC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the caliphate was dissolved and the Fatimid dynasty was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliphate</a> and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalwork+in+Medieval+Islamic+Art&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0791495575&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds__yi4pD-VEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017294-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017294_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDachraoui19861242–44_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDachraoui1986">Dachraoui 1986</a>, pp. 1242–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti,_Philip_K.1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, Philip K.</a> (1970). "A Shi'ite Caliphate- Fatimids". <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs_(book)" title="History of the Arabs (book)"><i>History of The Arabs</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-106583-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-106583-8"><bdi>0-06-106583-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Shi%27ite+Caliphate-+Fatimids&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Arabs&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-06-106583-8&rft.au=Hitti%2C+Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>, p. 852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>, p. 850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19711163–64,_1167-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19711163–64,_1167_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1971">Madelung 1971</a>, pp. 1163–64, 1167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861230–34-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861230–34_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, pp. 1230–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861235–37-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861235–37_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, pp. 1235–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201718-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201718_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201718_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200788–89-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200788–89_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199127–28-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199127–28_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789–90-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200789–90_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200790–96-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200790–96_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 90–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199129–30-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199129–30_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199116–20-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199116–20_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 16–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199122–24-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199122–24_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1978198_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1978">Madelung 1978</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199147-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199147_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108–10-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007108–10_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 108–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199163–64-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199163–64_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850–51-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965850–51_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>, pp. 850–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100–07-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007100–07_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 100–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–23-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–23_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 122–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108–09_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 108–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonFenwickRosser-Owen2017" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2017). "The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: An Introduction". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Sk_DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35604-7"><bdi>978-90-04-35604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Aghlabids+and+Their+Neighbors%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Aghlabids+and+their+Neighbors%3A+Art+and+Material+Culture+in+Ninth-Century+North+Africa&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35604-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Glaire+D.&rft.au=Fenwick%2C+Corisande&rft.au=Rosser-Owen%2C+Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Sk_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996102-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996102_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198761_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103–06-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996103–06_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 103–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996106-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996106_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107–08-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996107–08_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 107–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996108_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996109–11-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996109–11_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 109–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.dma.org/art/exhibitions/rock-crystal-ewer-keir-collection">"Rock Crystal Ewer from the Keir Collection | DMA Content Management System"</a>. <i>cms.dma.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020842/https://cms.dma.org/art/exhibitions/rock-crystal-ewer-keir-collection">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cms.dma.org&rft.atitle=Rock+Crystal+Ewer+from+the+Keir+Collection+%7C+DMA+Content+Management+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.dma.org%2Fart%2Fexhibitions%2Frock-crystal-ewer-keir-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996111-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996111_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996112–13-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996112–13_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 112–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996113–15-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996113–15_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 113–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996115–17-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996115–17_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 115–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996117-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996117_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996118_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996119–20-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996119–20_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 119–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996120–21-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996120–21_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 120–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996121–22-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996121–22_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 121–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1"><i>Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 47–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300218701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300218701"><bdi>978-0300218701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132432/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=47-51&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2BPalace%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWestern%2BMediterranean%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-Secord2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 119–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-1258-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020842/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Three+Worlds+Met%3A+Sicily+in+the+Early+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pages=119-20&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1258-6&rft.aulast=Davis-Secord&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007143-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007143_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05222-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:05222_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Alex. "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy%2C+Islam+in+premodern&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1995194–95-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1995194–95_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1995">Lev 1995</a>, pp. 194–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965853-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965853_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965853_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>, p. 853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965852–53_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>, pp. 852–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996266–67-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996266–67_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 266–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEustache2012" class="citation book cs1">Eustache, D. (2012). "Idrīsids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idr%C4%ABsids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Eustache&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198763–64,_74–75-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198763–64,_74–75_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 63–64, 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198764_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996397–99-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996397–99_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 397–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1996399,_401-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1996399,_401_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1996">Halm 1996</a>, pp. 399, 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrucandRammah2009" class="citation journal cs1">Barrucand, Marianne; Rammah, Mourad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-90000154">"Sabra Al-Mansuriyya And Her Neighbors During The First Half Of The Eleventh Century: Investigations Into Stucco Decoration"</a>. <i>Muqarnas</i>. <b>26</b>: 349–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-90000154">10.1163/22118993-90000154</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27811145">27811145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Sabra+Al-Mansuriyya+And+Her+Neighbors+During+The+First+Half+Of+The+Eleventh+Century%3A+Investigations+Into+Stucco+Decoration&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=349-76&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993-90000154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27811145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barrucand&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Rammah%2C+Mourad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22118993-90000154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199344-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199344_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199342–43-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199342–43_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201777-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201777_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199343–44_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeson1969" class="citation journal cs1">Beeson, Irene (September–October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163720/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">"Cairo, a Millennial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>: 24, 26–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Cairo%2C+a+Millennial&rft.pages=24%2C+26-30&rft.date=1969-09%2F1969-10&rft.aulast=Beeson&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F196905%2Fcairo-a.millennial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold84-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold84_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold84_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold84_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). <i>A concise history of the Middle East</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3885-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3885-9"><bdi>0-8133-3885-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8133-3885-9&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond1993_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201781–83-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201781–83_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201783-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201783_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201783–84-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201783–84_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliamsSokoly2021" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, Mary; Sokoly, Jochen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/107394377"><i>Social Fabrics: Inscribed Textiles from Medieval Egyptian Tombs</i></a>. p. 23, Fig. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020843/https://www.academia.edu/107394377">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Fabrics%3A+Inscribed+Textiles+from+Medieval+Egyptian+Tombs&rft.pages=23%2C+Fig.+7&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Sokoly%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F107394377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand1999" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicartarchit0000hill/page/71/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Islamic art and architecture</i></a>. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7"><bdi>978-0-500-20305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+art+and+architecture&rft.pages=71%2C+Figure+51&rft.pub=London+%3A+Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20305-7&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicartarchit0000hill%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199346-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199346_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201780,_84-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201780,_84_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 80, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4532-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4532_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4532_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2018" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2018). "The Fatimid Caliphs: Rise and Fall". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.). <i>The World of the Fatimids</i>. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926473123" title="Special:BookSources/978-1926473123"><bdi>978-1926473123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fatimid+Caliphs%3A+Rise+and+Fall&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Fatimids&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Munich&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Museum%3B+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies%3B+Hirmer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1926473123&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199338–85-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199338–85_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, pp. 38–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SettonBaldwin1969-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SettonBaldwin1969_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_M._SettonMarshall_W._Baldwin1969" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth M. Setton; Marshall W. Baldwin (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA104"><i>A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1"><bdi>978-0-299-04834-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020842/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Fatimid caliphate at its height included Egypt, Syria, the Hejaz, the Yemen, North Africa, and Sicily, and commanded the allegiance of countless followers in the eastern lands still subject to the Abbasids of Baghdad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-299-04834-1&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Setton&rft.au=Marshall+W.+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfO1J6hjcdgC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007167-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007167_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trawinski2017-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trawinski2017_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Trawinski2017" class="citation book cs1">Allan Trawinski (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2glDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT185"><i>The Clash of Civilizations</i></a>. Page Publishing Inc. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63568-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63568-712-5"><bdi>978-1-63568-712-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916020843/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2glDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT185#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Originally based in Tunisia, the Fatimid Dynasty extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of their caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Page+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-63568-712-5&rft.au=Allan+Trawinski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2glDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortese2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cortese, Delia (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220124721/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14012/1/14012HCThe_Nile_and_Fatimids_final.pdf">"The Nile: Its Role in the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Fatimid Dynasty During its Rule of Egypt (969–1171)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History Compass</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 20–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12210">10.1111/hic3.12210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14012/1/14012HCThe_Nile_and_Fatimids_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Nile%3A+Its+Role+in+the+Fortunes+and+Misfortunes+of+the+Fatimid+Dynasty+During+its+Rule+of+Egypt+%28969%E2%80%931171%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-29&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12210&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Cortese&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.mdx.ac.uk%2F14012%2F1%2F14012HCThe_Nile_and_Fatimids_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201789–90,_103-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201789–90,_103_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 89–90, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard1965_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1965">Canard 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebrenz2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liebrenz, Boris (14 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374473936">"Talking Hats: What Documents and Textiles Can Tell Us about Each Other"</a>. <i>Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26666286-12340031">10.1163/26666286-12340031</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Material+Cultures+in+the+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Talking+Hats%3A+What+Documents+and+Textiles+Can+Tell+Us+about+Each+Other&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26666286-12340031&rft.aulast=Liebrenz&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F374473936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand1999" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicartarchit0000hill/page/71/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Islamic art and architecture</i></a>. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7"><bdi>978-0-500-20305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+art+and+architecture&rft.pages=71%2C+Figure+52&rft.pub=London+%3A+Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20305-7&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicartarchit0000hill%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186322000359">"Painting in the Fatimid Period: A Reconsideration"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 730–742, Fig.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186322000359">10.1017/S1356186322000359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Painting+in+the+Fatimid+Period%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=730-742%2C+Fig.3&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186322000359&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1356186322000359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201794-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201794–95-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201794–95_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201795-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201795_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201796,_121-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201796,_121_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 96, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121–22-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017121–22_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 121–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122–23-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017122–23_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 122–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017123–24-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017123–24_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 123–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198775_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"The Zirids and Hammadids"</a>. <i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748696482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748696482"><bdi>978-0748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zirids+and+Hammadids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaQxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198767-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198767_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017113–14-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017113–14_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 113–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017125–26-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017125–26_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 125–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017126–28-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017126–28_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 126–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017129-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017129_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 130–31: "All this [...] and has been variously explained as eccentricity amounting to madness—the verdict of Yahya al-Antaki, who had it from al-Hakim's physician. Such a diagnosis, at such a distance in time and in the absence of any agreed definition of insanity, is unacceptable except as a confession of bafflement, a bafflement which al-Antaki observed in the faithful when they explained his actions as the product of the inscrutable inspiration of the Imam. But it has contributed to the black legend of a murderous maniac which was recounted at the beginning of the twentieth century by Stanley Lane-Poole in his <i>History of Egypt in the Middle Ages</i>. Since then the effort has gone into finding more plausible explanations in the political and religious circumstances in which al-Hakim took charge of the dynasty's fortunes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134,_139-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134,_139_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 134, 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017134_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017130–33-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017130–33_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 130–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillier2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tillier, Mathieu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04070338v1/document">"Droit et messianisme chez les Fatimides de l'an 1000"</a>. <i>L'Eurasie autour de l'an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d'un monde en développement</i>: 205–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.1357315.11">10.2307/jj.1357315.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-4894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-4894-5"><bdi>978-90-429-4894-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427084126/https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04070338v1/document">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Eurasie+autour+de+l%27an+1000.+Cultures%2C+religions+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+d%27un+monde+en+d%C3%A9veloppement&rft.atitle=Droit+et+messianisme+chez+les+Fatimides+de+l%27an+1000&rft.pages=205-36&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.1357315.11&rft.isbn=978-90-429-4894-5&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-04070338v1%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017138-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017138_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017160-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017160_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017136–37-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017136–37_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 136–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017127,_140–41-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017127,_140–41_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 127, 140–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017156-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017156_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201617–18-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201617–18_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017149-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017149_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017151-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017151_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017157–60-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017157–60_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 157–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017162–63-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017162–63_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 162–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017173-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017173_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198768–69-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198768–69_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">"The Kalbids"</a>. <i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748696482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748696482"><bdi>978-0748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kalbids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaQxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017183,_197–98-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017183,_197–98_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 183, 197–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">"The Sulayhids"</a>. <i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748696482" title="Special:BookSources/9780748696482"><bdi>9780748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sulayhids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaQxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017198–99-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017198–99_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 198–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017199-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017199_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998155-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998155_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998155_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1998">Sanders 1998</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017201_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202–03-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017202–03_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 202–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–09-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–09_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 207–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199378-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199378_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gil1997-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gil1997_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521599849" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521599849"><bdi>978-0521599849</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pages=409-12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521599849&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017203–06-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017203–06_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 203–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaKohenGreenstone-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaKohenGreenstone_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFben_Joseph_Ha-KohenGreenstone1906" class="citation journal cs1">ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, Solomon; Greenstone, Julius H. (January 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/527656">"The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 144–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F369565">10.1086/369565</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/527656">527656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170839031">170839031</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Turkoman+Defeat+at+Cairo&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-75&rft.date=1906-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170839031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F527656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F369565&rft.aulast=ben+Joseph+Ha-Kohen&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Julius+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F527656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngold2006" class="citation book cs1">Angold, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&dq=cyril+ii+cairo+alexandria&pg=PA375"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507152133/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&dq=cyril%20ii%20cairo%20alexandria&pg=PA375">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%2C+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.aulast=Angold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC%26dq%3Dcyril%2Bii%2Bcairo%2Balexandria%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220–23-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016220–23_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, pp. 220–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>al Juyushi: A Vision of the Fatemiyeen</i>. Graphico Printing Ltd. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953927012" title="Special:BookSources/978-0953927012"><bdi>978-0953927012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al+Juyushi%3A+A+Vision+of+the+Fatemiyeen&rft.pub=Graphico+Printing+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0953927012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201622-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201622_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199362–63-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199362–63_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228–29-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017228–29_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 228–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=FS-6622_08&max=500">"Smithsonian Institution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022851/https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=FS-6622_08&max=500">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fids.si.edu%2Fids%2FdeliveryService%3Fid%3DFS-6622_08%26max%3D500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghazali.org/saladin/maas-171.pdf"><i>Men-at-arms series 171 – Saladin and the saracens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Osprey publishing. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022919/https://www.ghazali.org/saladin/maas-171.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men-at-arms+series+171+%E2%80%93+Saladin+and+the+saracens&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Osprey+publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.org%2Fsaladin%2Fmaas-171.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201344_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKöhler2013">Köhler 2013</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951229-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951229_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1951">Runciman 1951</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201345-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201345_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKöhler2013">Köhler 2013</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler201348–50-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler201348–50_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKöhler2013">Köhler 2013</a>, pp. 48–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951296-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951296_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1951">Runciman 1951</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2017">Richards 2017</a>: "It has been said that the Alid rulers of Egypt became fearful when they saw the strength and power of the Saljuq state, that it had gained control of Syrian lands as far as Gaza, leaving no buffer state between the Saljuqs and Egypt to protect them, and that Aqsis had entered Egypt and blockaded it. They therefore sent to the Franks to invite them to invade Syria, to conquer it and separate them and the [other] Muslims, but God knows best."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951303-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951303_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1951">Runciman 1951</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017257_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199365-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199365_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017261-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017261_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017263-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017263_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017260-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017260_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265–66-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017265–66_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 265–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017275–76-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017275–76_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 275–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017276–77-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017276–77_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 276–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201638-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201638_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017280–81-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017280–81_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 280–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017282_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199383–85,_103-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199383–85,_103_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, pp. 83–85, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_183-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2004" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Fatimids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties"><i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748696482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748696482"><bdi>978-0748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fatimids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKpz_2CkoWEC%26q%3Dnew%2Bislamic%2Bdynasties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2012" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-lPC7DgepEC"><i>A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791486108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791486108"><bdi>978-0791486108</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317174144/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-lPC7DgepEC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Factions%3A+Myth%2C+Memory%2C+and+Identity+in+Ottoman+Egypt+and+Yemen&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0791486108&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-lPC7DgepEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodeh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Podeh, Elie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x">"The symbolism of the Arab flag in modern Arab states: between commonality and uniqueness*: The Symbolism of the Arab Flag"</a>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 419–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2010.00475.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916023007/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+symbolism+of+the+Arab+flag+in+modern+Arab+states%3A+between+commonality+and+uniqueness%2A%3A+The+Symbolism+of+the+Arab+Flag&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=419-42&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2010.00475.x&rft.aulast=Podeh&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2010.00475.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson_B._Bishai1968" class="citation book cs1">Wilson B. Bishai (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiBCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+last+Fatimid+Caliph+al-Adid+%281160-1171%29%22"><i>Islamic History of the Middle East: Backgrounds, Development, and Fall of the Arab Empire</i></a>. Allyn and Bacon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829023515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiBCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+last+Fatimid+Caliph+al-Adid+%281160-1171%29%22">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Nevertheless, the Seljuqs of Syria kept the Crusaders occupied for several years until the reign of the last Fatimid Caliph al-Adid (1160–1171) when, in the face of a Crusade threat, the caliph appointed a warrior of the Seljuq regime by the name of Shirkuh to be his chief minister.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Backgrounds%2C+Development%2C+and+Fall+of+the+Arab+Empire&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Wilson+B.+Bishai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiBCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Blast%2BFatimid%2BCaliph%2Bal-Adid%2B%25281160-1171%2529%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini (2006), <i>Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam</i>, pp. 111–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199357-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199357_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199357_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lev, Y. 2001. "Aspects of the Egyptian Society in the Fatimid Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain & J. van Steenbergen (eds.). <i>Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras III: Proceedings of the 6th, 7th and 8th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1997, 1998, and 1999</i>. Peeters Publishers. p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorky" class="citation web cs1">Torky, Tarek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;eg;Mon01;18;en">"Khan al-Khalili"</a>. <i>Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022857/https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;eg;Mon01;18;en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Islamic+Art%2C+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Khan+al-Khalili&rft.aulast=Torky&rft.aufirst=Tarek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamicart.museumwnf.org%2Fdatabase_item.php%3Fid%3Dmonument%3BISL%3Beg%3BMon01%3B18%3Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif2018" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2018). "The Fatimid Dream of a New Capital: Dynastic Patronage and Its Imprint on the Architectural Setting". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.). <i>The World of the Fatimids</i>. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 44–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fatimid+Dream+of+a+New+Capital%3A+Dynastic+Patronage+and+Its+Imprint+on+the+Architectural+Setting&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Fatimids&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Munich&rft.pages=44-67&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Museum%3B+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies%3B+Hirmer&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenoixDepauleTuchscherer1999" class="citation book cs1">Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999). <i>Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle</i>. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Khan+al-Khalili+et+ses+environs%3A+Un+centre+commercial+et+artisanal+au+Caire+du+XIIIe+au+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i> (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=211&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:452-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:452_194-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_HeijerImmerzeelBoutrosMakhoul2018" class="citation book cs1">Den Heijer, Johannes; Immerzeel, Mat; Boutros, Naglaa Hamdi D.; Makhoul, Manhal; Pilette, Perrine; Rooijakkers, Tineke (2018). "Christian Art and Culture". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.). <i>The World of the Fatimids</i>. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 190–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926473123" title="Special:BookSources/978-1926473123"><bdi>978-1926473123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Art+and+Culture&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Fatimids&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Munich&rft.pages=190-217&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Museum%3B+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies%3B+Hirmer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1926473123&rft.aulast=Den+Heijer&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Immerzeel%2C+Mat&rft.au=Boutros%2C+Naglaa+Hamdi+D.&rft.au=Makhoul%2C+Manhal&rft.au=Pilette%2C+Perrine&rft.au=Rooijakkers%2C+Tineke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:45_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_195-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_195-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2018" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula (2018). 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Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 218–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926473123" title="Special:BookSources/978-1926473123"><bdi>978-1926473123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Books+in+Fatimid+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Fatimids&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Munich&rft.pages=218-29&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Museum%3B+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies%3B+Hirmer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1926473123&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fierro, Maribel (2015). "Dhimmīs in Fatimid Egypt: A View from the Islamic West". <i>Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue</i>. <b>21</b> (4–5): 516–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Encounters%3A+Jewish%2C+Christian%2C+and+Muslim+Culture+in+Confluence+and+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Dhimm%C4%ABs+in+Fatimid+Egypt%3A+A+View+from+the+Islamic+West&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=516-23&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Maribel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarbrough2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yarbrough, Luke (2019). "Medieval Sunni historians on Fatimid policy and non-Muslim influence". <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 331–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612186">10.1080/03044181.2019.1612186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164922323">164922323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Medieval+Sunni+historians+on+Fatimid+policy+and+non-Muslim+influence&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-46&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164922323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in <i>The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp. 66–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders2002-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2002_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Joseph_Saunders2002" class="citation book cs1">John Joseph Saunders (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_d2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT109"><i>A History of Medieval Islam</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 109–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93005-0"><bdi>978-1-134-93005-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219082630/https://books.google.com/books?id=_d2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT109#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=109-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93005-0&rft.au=John+Joseph+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_d2KAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rustow2014-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rustow2014_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarina_Rustow2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Rustow" title="Marina Rustow">Marina Rustow</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGWsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219"><i>Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5529-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-5529-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916021910/https://books.google.com/books?id=MGWsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+and+the+Politics+of+Community%3A+The+Jews+of+the+Fatimid+Caliphate&rft.pages=219-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5529-2&rft.au=Marina+Rustow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGWsBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyster2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyster, William (2013). <i>The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774160936" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774160936"><bdi>978-9774160936</bdi></a>. <q>Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+Church+of+Paul+the+Hermit+at+the+Monastery+of+St.+Pau&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9774160936&rft.aulast=Lyster&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Swanson2010" class="citation book cs1">N. Swanson, Mark (2010). <i>The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517)</i>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774160936" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774160936"><bdi>978-9774160936</bdi></a>. <q>By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641%E2%80%931517%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9774160936&rft.aulast=N.+Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2000" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2000). <i>The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49</i>. Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230595989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230595989"><bdi>978-0230595989</bdi></a>. <q>With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the <i>mihna</i>) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RebeccaE-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RebeccaE_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Erickson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rebecca Erickson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085757/http://www.sacredtribesjournal.org/images/Encyclopedia/The_Druze.pdf">"The Druze"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredtribesjournal.org/images/Encyclopedia/The_Druze.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Druze&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.au=Rebecca+Erickson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredtribesjournal.org%2Fimages%2FEncyclopedia%2FThe_Druze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201611–14-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane201611–14_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>, pp. 11–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998140_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1998">Walker 1998</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998141-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998141_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1998">Walker 1998</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998143_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1998">Walker 1998</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998148–49_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1998">Walker 1998</a>, pp. 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199369-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199369_211-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond199369_211-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond1993">Raymond 1993</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1998139_212-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1998">Walker 1998</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013" class="citation book cs1">Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOxcBgAAQBAJ"><i>The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 80–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774167690" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774167690"><bdi>978-9774167690</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916021908/https://books.google.com/books?id=UOxcBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Religious+Heritage+of+Old+Cairo%3A+Its+Fortress%2C+Churches%2C+Synagogue%2C+and+Mosque&rft.pages=80-93&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9774167690&rft.aulast=Gabra&rft.aufirst=Gawdat&rft.au=van+Loon%2C+Gertrud+J.M.&rft.au=Reif%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Swelim%2C+Tarek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOxcBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2005" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2005). "Population and Conversion to Islam in Egypt in the Mediaeval Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. Van (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk6tAUL5ZWYC"><i>Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1524-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1524-4"><bdi>978-90-429-1524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+and+Conversion+to+Islam+in+Egypt+in+the+Mediaeval+Period&rft.btitle=Egypt+and+Syria+in+the+Fatimid%2C+Ayyubid+and+Mamluk+Eras+IV%3A+Proceedings+of+the+9th+and+10th+International+Colloquium+Organized+at+the+Katholieke+Universiteit+Leuven+in+May+2000+and+May+2001&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1524-4&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSk6tAUL5ZWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201793,_123–24-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201793,_123–24_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 93, 123–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_216-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustow2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rustow, Marina (2021). "Jews and the Fāṭimid Caliphate". <i>Al-Masāq</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 169–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2021.1899548">10.1080/09503110.2021.1899548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237271659">237271659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=Jews+and+the+F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid+Caliphate&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-87&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2021.1899548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237271659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rustow&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_217-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_217-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Mark R. (2014). <i>Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt: The Origins of the Office of the Head of the Jews, ca. 1065–1126</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691615424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691615424"><bdi>978-0691615424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Self-Government+in+Medieval+Egypt%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Office+of+the+Head+of+the+Jews%2C+ca.+1065%E2%80%931126&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0691615424&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998154-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998154_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1998">Sanders 1998</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbi, M., "al-Mahdiyya", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, 2nd ed., edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_220-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbi, M., "Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201780-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201780_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiwa2017" class="citation book cs1">Jiwa, Shainool (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89SLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cairo+al-mu%27izziya+al-qahira&pg=PT108"><i>The Fatimids: 1 – The Rise of a Muslim Empire</i></a>. I.B. Tauris (in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-174-7"><bdi>978-1-78672-174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimids%3A+1+%E2%80%93+The+Rise+of+a+Muslim+Empire&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%28in+association+with+the+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-174-7&rft.aulast=Jiwa&rft.aufirst=Shainool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89SLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcairo%2Bal-mu%2527izziya%2Bal-qahira%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, J.M., J.M. Rogers and J. Jomier, "al-Ḳāhira", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016_224-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kane2016_224-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Kane2016">O'Kane 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Robert_B.Keall,_Edward_J.1990" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1990). "Petrography of Islamic pottery from Fustat". <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. Vol. 27. pp. 165–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000079">40000079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Petrography+of+Islamic+pottery+from+Fustat&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=165-84&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mason%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Keall%2C+Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05223-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_226-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_226-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_226-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_226-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. 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Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Behrens-Absouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halm, Heinz. <i>The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning</i>. London: The Institute of Ismaili Studies and I.B. Tauris. 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond200049–52-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond200049–52_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnthoven1922" class="citation book cs1">Enthoven, R.E. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA199"><i>The Tribes and Castes of Bombay</i></a>. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0630-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+and+Castes+of+Bombay&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0630-2&rft.aulast=Enthoven&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFoT6gPrbTp8C%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2duQAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Bohras</i></a>, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, pp. 109, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Jonah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA139"><i>Mullahs on the Mainframe</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226056767" title="Special:BookSources/0226056767"><bdi>0226056767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916021909/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mullahs+on+the+Mainframe&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0226056767&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_FExBRnC3YC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1992" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA299"><i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521429749" title="Special:BookSources/0521429749"><bdi>0521429749</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916021909/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA299#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521429749&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQGlyZAy134C%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PP1"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2001" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC"><i>The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE</i></a>. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004117419" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004117419"><bdi>978-9004117419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Fatimids%3A+The+World+of+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Middle+East+in+the+Fourth+Century+of+the+Hijra%2C+Tenth+Century+CE&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=The+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004117419&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqCdfhW3nVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <i>The Fatimid Empire</i>. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Edinburgh+History+of+the+Islamic+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanard1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, Marius</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218">"Fāṭimids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–62. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=850-62&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cortese, Delia, "Fatimids", in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 187–91.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDachraoui1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhat_Dachraoui" class="extiw" title="fr:Farhat Dachraoui">Dachraoui, F.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4783">"al-Mahdī ʿUbayd Allāh"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1242–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Mahd%C4%AB+%CA%BFUbayd+All%C4%81h&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1242-44&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Dachraoui&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_4783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatimids">"Fatimids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 423–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-32-0"><bdi>978-0-933273-32-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatimids&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+IX%2F4%3A+F%C4%81rs+II%E2%80%93Fauna+III&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=423-26&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-32-0&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffatimids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (1991). <i>Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden</i> (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-35497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-35497-7"><bdi>978-3-406-35497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+des+Mahdi%3A+Der+Aufstieg+der+Fatimiden&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-406-35497-7&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><b>English translation:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1996" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz (1996). <i>The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids</i>. Translated by Bonner, Michael. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004100563" title="Special:BookSources/9004100563"><bdi>9004100563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Mahdi%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Fatimids&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9004100563&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Halm, Heinz (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27045">"Fāṭimids"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hofer, Nathan (2017). "Sufism in Fatimid Egypt and The Problem of Historiographical Inertia". <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 28–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetw042">10.1093/jis/etw042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Sufism+in+Fatimid+Egypt+and+The+Problem+of+Historiographical+Inertia&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-67&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetw042&rft.aulast=Hofer&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPxwEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-36690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-36690-2"><bdi>978-0-367-36690-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+and+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-367-36690-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPxwEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_K%C3%B6hler_(Islamwissenschaftler)" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Köhler (Islamwissenschaftler)">Köhler, Michael A.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2013). <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Hirschler" class="extiw" title="de:Konrad Hirschler">Hirschler, Konrad</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (ed.). <i>Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Holt_(historian)" title="Peter Holt (historian)">Holt, Peter M.</a> Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24890-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24890-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliances+and+Treaties+between+Frankish+and+Muslim+Rulers+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24890-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%AF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Лев, Яаков">Lev, Yaacov</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (1987). "Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 337–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800056762">10.1017/S0020743800056762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163658">163658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162310414">162310414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Army%2C+Regime%2C+and+Society+in+Fatimid+Egypt%2C+358%E2%80%93487%2F968%E2%80%931094&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-365&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162310414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800056762&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1995). "The Fatimids and Byzantium, tenth–12th Centuries". <i>Graeco-Arabica</i>. <b>6</b>: 190–208. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183390203">183390203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graeco-Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Fatimids+and+Byzantium%2C+tenth%E2%80%9312th+Centuries&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=190-208&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183390203&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, W.</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0369">"Imāma"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1163–69. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im%C4%81ma&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1163-69&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0390">"Ismāʿīliyya"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 198–206. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABliyya&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=198-206&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, W.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0618">"al-Mahdī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Mahd%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1230-38&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_O%27Kane_(scholar)" title="Bernard O'Kane (scholar)">O'Kane, Bernard</a> (2016). <i>The Mosques of Egypt</i>. American University of Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774167324" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774167324"><bdi>978-9774167324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosques+of+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+of+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9774167324&rft.aulast=O%27Kane&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Raymond" class="extiw" title="fr:André Raymond">Raymond, André</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1993). <i>Le Caire</i> (in French). 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00316-3&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdLALt9AbQQC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2017" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Donald Sidney (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkhBDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 1: The Years 491–541/1097–1146: The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351892872" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351892872"><bdi>978-1351892872</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1781-6"><bdi>0-7914-1781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+City+in+Fatimid+Cairo&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7914-1781-6&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjH-57_-auocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1998" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA151">"The Fāṭimid state, 969–1171"</a>. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0"><bdi>0-521-47137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid+state%2C+969%E2%80%931171&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt%2C+Volume+1%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=151-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-47137-0&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3FtXpB_tqMC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Paul E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA120">"The Ismā'īlī Da'wa and the Fātimid caliphate"</a>. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0"><bdi>0-521-47137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB+Da%27wa+and+the+F%C4%81timid+caliphate&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt%2C+Volume+1%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120-50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-47137-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3FtXpB_tqMC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Paul E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDO2v_YsmmUC"><i>Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860646928" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860646928"><bdi>978-1860646928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+an+Islamic+Empire%3A+Fatimid+History+and+its+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1860646928&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDO2v_YsmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Paul E. (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_036112">"Fāṭimids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2F%2A-COM_036112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatimid+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimid_Caliphate&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/fatimids.htm">"Fatimids" entry in the <i>Encyclopaedia of the Orient</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101223930/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/fatimids.htm">Archived</a> 1 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis.ac.uk/">The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616060639/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=574">The Shia Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt</a> (archived 16 June 2010)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFC332; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:90%"><b>— <a href="/wiki/Imperial_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial house">Imperial house</a> —</b></div><div></div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabid dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling house of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> </b><br />909–972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a></div><i><b>as Fatimid clients </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling house of Egypt </b><br />969–1171 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> dynasty </b><br />909–1171 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Later Abbasid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Cordoba">Umayyad dynasty</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Imam-Caliphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Dynasty</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Foundation and rise (909–973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah#Establishment_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ziyadat_Allah_ibn_Qurhub" title="Ahmad ibn Ziyadat Allah ibn Qurhub">1st Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">1st invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">2nd invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi#Governorship_of_Sicily" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">2nd Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li>Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> (943–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_campaigns_in_the_western_Maghreb_(958%E2%80%93960)" title="Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960)">Conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Apogee and crisis (973–1073)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Expansion into Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd</a> Qarmatian invasions</li> <li>Struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li> <li>Uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Mufarrij_ibn_Daghfal_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah">Muffarij b. Daghfal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Uqhuwana" title="Battle of al-Uqhuwana">Bedouin alliance uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">Loss of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Recovery and downfall (1073–1171)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a></li> <li>Regime of <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> and accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">End of the Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy against Saladin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government<br />and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Viziers</a><br />and regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar_al-Kalbi" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Hafiz" title="Hasan ibn al-Hafiz">Hasan ibn al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Vassal dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifs of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Lodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Multan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate">Officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Fatimid Caliphate">governors</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate">generals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi">Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakjur" title="Bakjur">Bakjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Branches and offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Missionaries</a><br />and theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tammam_(Isma%27ili_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tammam (Isma'ili missionary) (page does not exist)">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_(Ismaili_missionary_to_Gujarat)" title="Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)">Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Anti-Fatimid<br />movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhu_Muhsin" title="Akhu Muhsin">Akhu Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skifa_Kahla" title="Skifa Kahla">Skifa Kahla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid Great Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_mihrab_from_the_Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Portable mihrab from the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Portable mihrab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Literature and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Iyadi" title="Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Mashriq region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_empires_and_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim empires and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashiduns</a> (632–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> (661–750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a> (868–905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a> (890–1004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a> (10th–11th century)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimids</a> (909–1171)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhsidids</a> (935–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (970–11th/12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrids</a> (990–1081)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> (990–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a> (990–1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (1024–1080)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a> (11th–12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burid_dynasty" title="Burid dynasty">Burids</a> (1104–1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a> (1127–1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> (1171–1341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul#Lu'lu'id_dynasty" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Lu'lu'ids</a> (1234–1262)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri</a> (1250–1382)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Bahdinan</a> (1376–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji</a> (1382–1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfush</a> (15th–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a> (16th–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_dynasty" title="Ridwan dynasty">Ridwan</a> (1560s–1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a> (1649–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a> (1697–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluks</a> (1704–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalili_dynasty" title="Jalili dynasty">Jalilis</a> (1726–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Alawiyya</a> (1805–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites of Iraq</a> (1921–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites of Jordan</a> (1921–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Egypt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libya_topics" title="Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libya_topics" title="Template talk:Libya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Tripolitania_and_Cyrenaica" title="Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica">Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Spanish Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Hospitaller Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">State of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:#f8f8f8;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/80px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/120px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/160px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Libya" title="Template:Borders of Libya">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya" title="List of cities in Libya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya#Climate_and_hydrology" title="Geography of Libya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Libya" title="List of ecoregions in Libya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya" title="Baladiyat of Libya">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya" title="Subdivisions of Libya">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Libya" title="Wildlife of Libya">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Libya" title="Elections in Libya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya" title="Foreign relations of Libya">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Foreign relations under Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="List of heads of state of Libya">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Libya)" title="High Council of State (Libya)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Libya">LGBT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Libya" title="Agriculture in Libya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Libya">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Libya" title="List of companies of Libya">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Libya" title="Energy in Libya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oil_Corporation" title="National Oil Corporation">National Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Libya" title="Tourism in Libya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Libya" title="Transport in Libya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Libya" title="Health in Libya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Libya" title="Media of Libya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Libya" title="Public holidays in Libya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Religion</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Libya" title="Football in Libya">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_at_the_Olympics" title="Libya at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Libya" title="Outline of Libya">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Libya-related_articles" title="Index of Libya-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libya" title="Category:Libya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malta_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malta_topics" title="Template:Malta topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malta_topics" title="Template talk:Malta topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malta_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malta topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malta_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Malta-related_articles" title="Index of Malta-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maltese_history" title="Timeline of Maltese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Byzantine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Arab_period" title="History of Malta">Arab Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">Aghlabid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">Byzantine invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malta" title="Battle of Malta">Battle of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1429)" title="Siege of Malta (1429)">Hafsid invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_Priests" title="Rising of the Priests">Rising of the Priests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Independent Gozo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">British Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Question_(Malta)" title="Language Question (Malta)">Language Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_of_the_George_Cross_to_Malta" title="Award of the George Cross to Malta">Award of the George Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/80px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/120px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/160px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_Malta" title="Category:Caves of Malta">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malta" title="Climate of Malta">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Malta" title="Geology of Malta">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Malta" title="Category:Islands of Malta">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Malta" title="List of localities in Malta">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Malta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Malta">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Commander of the Armed Forces of Malta">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Malta)" title="Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs (Malta)">Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Malta" title="List of ministers for foreign affairs of Malta">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="List of heads of state of Malta">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malta">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Malta" title="Local councils of Malta">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malta" title="List of political parties in Malta">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Malta" title="List of prime ministers of Malta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Prime_Minister_(Malta)" title="Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Malta)">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Stock_Exchange" title="Malta Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Malta" title="Category:Trade unions in Malta">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malta" title="Transport in Malta">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malta" title="Category:Society of Malta">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malta" title="Demographics of Malta">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Malta" title="Emigration from Malta">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malta" title="Healthcare in Malta">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malta" title="Immigration to Malta">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Malta" title="Architecture of Malta">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malta" title="Coat of arms of Malta">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malta" title="Flag of Malta">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_folklore" title="Maltese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_literature" title="Maltese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Malta" title="National symbols of Malta">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malta" title="Public holidays in Malta">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malta" title="Sport in Malta">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malta" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malta">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malta" title="Outline of Malta">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Malta-related_articles" title="Index of Malta-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malta" title="Category:Malta">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malta" title="Portal:Malta">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160307#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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