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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flaps_during_takeoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaps_during_takeoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Flaps during takeoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaps_during_takeoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaps_during_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaps_during_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Flaps during landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaps_during_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maneuvering_flaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maneuvering_flaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Maneuvering flaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maneuvering_flaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flap_tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flap_tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Flap tracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flap_tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrust_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrust_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Thrust gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrust_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of flap</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_flap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of flap subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plain_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Plain flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Split flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slotted_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slotted_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Slotted flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slotted_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fowler_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fowler_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fowler flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fowler_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junkers_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junkers_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Junkers flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junkers_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gouge_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gouge_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Gouge flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gouge_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairey-Youngman_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairey-Youngman_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Fairey-Youngman flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairey-Youngman_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zap_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zap_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Zap flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zap_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krueger_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krueger_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Krueger flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krueger_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurney_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurney_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Gurney flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurney_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_edge_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_edge_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Leading edge flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_edge_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blown_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blown_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Blown flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blown_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexible_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexible_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Flexible flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexible_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaperon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaperon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Flaperon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaperon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_trailing-edge_flap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_trailing-edge_flap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Continuous trailing-edge flap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_trailing-edge_flap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Related devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flap (aeronautics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klappe" title="Klappe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klappe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="قلابة (طيران) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلابة (طيران)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap" title="Flap – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Flap" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Закрылак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Закрылак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap" title="Flap – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flap" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vztlakov%C3%A9_klapky" title="Vztlakové klapky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vztlakové klapky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaps" title="Flaps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flaps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="برآافزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برآافزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%A9" title="플랩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirip_sayap" title="Sirip sayap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirip sayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A3_(%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="מדף (תעופה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדף (תעופה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Жалғасқанатша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалғасқанатша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaps" title="Flaps – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flaps" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klapy" title="Klapy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klapy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap" title="Flap – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flap" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Закрылок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закрылок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vztlakov%C3%A1_klapka" title="Vztlaková klapka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vztlaková klapka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskusiiveke" title="Laskusiiveke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laskusiiveke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingklaff" title="Vingklaff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vingklaff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap" title="Flap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Закрилок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закрилок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%9F%E7%BF%BC" title="襟翼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="襟翼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%9F%E7%BF%BC" title="襟翼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="襟翼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18407944#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="View the content page [c]" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Special:EditPage/Flap (aeronautics)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flap%22+aeronautics">"Flap" aeronautics</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flap%22+aeronautics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flap%22+aeronautics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flap%22+aeronautics+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flap%22+aeronautics">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flap%22+aeronautics&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wing.slat.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/220px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/330px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/440px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Trailing edge flaps extended on the right on a typical airliner (an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310-300</a>). <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">Leading edge slats</a> are also extended, on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flap</b> is a <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift device</a> used to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stalling speed</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a> at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edges</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> so they are retracted when not needed. </p><p>The flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps; spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>. When partial-span flaps are extended they alter the spanwise <a href="/wiki/Lift_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift distribution">lift distribution</a> on the wing by causing the inboard half of the wing to supply an increased proportion of the lift, and the outboard half to supply a reduced proportion of the lift. Reducing the proportion of the lift supplied by the outboard half of the wing is accompanied by a reduction in the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> on the outboard half. This is beneficial because it increases the margin above the <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">stall</a> of the outboard half, maintaining aileron effectiveness and reducing the likelihood of asymmetric stall, and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(aerodynamics)" title="Spin (aerodynamics)">spinning</a>. The ideal lift distribution across a wing is elliptical, and extending partial-span flaps causes a significant departure from the elliptical. This increases <a href="/wiki/Lift-induced_drag" title="Lift-induced drag">lift-induced drag</a> which can be beneficial during approach and landing because it allows the aircraft to descend at a steeper angle. </p><p>Extending the wing flaps increases the <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">camber</a> or curvature of the wing, raising the maximum <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> or the upper limit to the lift a wing can generate. This allows the aircraft to generate the required lift at a lower speed, reducing the minimum speed (known as stall speed) at which the aircraft will safely maintain flight. For most aircraft configurations, a useful side effect of flap deployment is a decrease in aircraft pitch angle which lowers the nose thereby improving the pilot's view of the runway over the nose of the aircraft during landing. </p><p>There are many different designs of flaps, with the specific choice depending on the size, speed and complexity of the aircraft on which they are to be used, as well as the era in which the aircraft was designed. Plain flaps, <a href="/wiki/Slotted_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Slotted flap">slotted flaps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fowler_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler flap">Fowler flaps</a> are the most common. <a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flaps</a> are positioned on the leading edge of the wings and are used on many jet airliners. </p><p>The Fowler, Fairey-Youngman and Gouge types of flap increase the wing area in addition to changing the camber. The larger lifting surface reduces <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a>, hence further reducing the stalling speed. </p><p>Some flaps are fitted elsewhere. Leading-edge flaps form the wing leading edge and when deployed they rotate down to increase the wing camber. The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.88_Comet" title="De Havilland DH.88 Comet">de Havilland DH.88 Comet</a> racer had flaps running beneath the fuselage and forward of the wing trailing edge. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Waco_Custom_Cabin_series" title="Waco Custom Cabin series">Waco Custom Cabin series</a> biplanes have the flaps at mid-<a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chord</a> on the underside of the top wing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_of_operation">Principles of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general airplane lift equation demonstrates these relationships:<sup id="cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkins-hage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\tfrac {1}{2}}\rho V^{2}SC_{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\tfrac {1}{2}}\rho V^{2}SC_{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d635540324d9a0c6774b745be5389211abfed24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:15.025ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\tfrac {1}{2}}\rho V^{2}SC_{L}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>L</i> is the amount of <i>Lift</i> produced,</li> <li><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span></i> is the air density,</li> <li><i>V</i> is the <a href="/wiki/True_airspeed" title="True airspeed">true airspeed</a> of the airplane or the <i>Velocity</i> of the airplane, relative to the air</li> <li><b>S</b> is the area of the wing</li> <li><b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bd8f93b1f511b05ced33ab7fcfceab8072cdb01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.013ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{L}}"></span></b> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a></i>, which is determined by the shape of the airfoil used and the angle at which the wing meets the air (or angle of attack).</li></ul> <p>Here, it can be seen that increasing the area (S) and lift coefficient (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bd8f93b1f511b05ced33ab7fcfceab8072cdb01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.013ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{L}}"></span>) allow a similar amount of lift to be generated at a lower airspeed (V). Thus, flaps are extensively in use for short takeoffs and landings (<a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg/220px-Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg/330px-Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg/440px-Easyjet_a319_wing_g-ezav_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The three orange pods are <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairings</a> streamlining the flap track mechanisms. The flaps (two on each side, on the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A319" title="Airbus A319">Airbus A319</a>) lie directly above these.</figcaption></figure> <p>Extending the flaps also increases the <a href="/wiki/Drag_coefficient" title="Drag coefficient">drag coefficient</a> of the aircraft. Therefore, for any given weight and airspeed, flaps increase the <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> force. Flaps increase the <a href="/wiki/Drag_coefficient" title="Drag coefficient">drag coefficient</a> of an aircraft due to higher <a href="/wiki/Induced_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced drag">induced drag</a> caused by the distorted spanwise lift distribution on the wing with flaps extended. Some flaps increase the wing area and, for any given speed, this also increases the <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_drag" title="Parasitic drag">parasitic drag</a> component of total drag.<sup id="cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkins-hage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flaps_during_takeoff">Flaps during takeoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flaps during takeoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the aircraft type, flaps may be partially extended for <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkins-hage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used during takeoff, flaps trade runway distance for climb rate: using flaps reduces ground roll but also reduces the climb rate. The amount of flap used on takeoff is specific to each type of aircraft, and the manufacturer will suggest limits and may indicate the reduction in climb rate to be expected. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cessna_172S" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 172S">Cessna 172S</a> Pilot Operating Handbook</i> recommends 10° of flaps on takeoff, when the ground is soft or it is a short runway, otherwise 0 degrees is used.<sup id="cite_ref-cessna-172_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cessna-172-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flaps_during_landing">Flaps during landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flaps during landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airplane_Flaps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Airplane_Flaps.jpg/220px-Airplane_Flaps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Airplane_Flaps.jpg/330px-Airplane_Flaps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Airplane_Flaps.jpg/440px-Airplane_Flaps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Flaps during ground roll after landing, with spoilers up, increasing drag.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG/220px-T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG/330px-T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG/440px-T-6_G_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020147.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>North American T-6 trainer, showing its split flaps</figcaption></figure> <p>Flaps may be fully extended for <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a> to give the aircraft a lower stall speed so the approach to landing can be flown more slowly, which also allows the aircraft to land in a shorter distance. The higher lift and drag associated with fully extended flaps allows a steeper and slower approach to the landing site, but imposes handling difficulties in aircraft with very low <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> (i.e. having little weight and a large wing area). Winds across the line of flight, known as <i>crosswinds</i>, cause the windward side of the aircraft to generate more lift and drag, causing the aircraft to roll, yaw and pitch off its intended flight path, and as a result many light aircraft land with reduced flap settings in crosswinds. Furthermore, once the aircraft is on the ground, the flaps may decrease the effectiveness of the brakes since the wing is still generating lift and preventing the entire weight of the aircraft from resting on the tires, thus increasing stopping distance, particularly in wet or icy conditions. Usually, the pilot will raise the flaps as soon as possible to prevent this from occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-cessna-172_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cessna-172-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maneuvering_flaps">Maneuvering flaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maneuvering flaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">gliders</a> not only use flaps when landing, but also in flight to optimize the camber of the wing for the chosen speed. While <a href="/wiki/Thermal" title="Thermal">thermalling</a>, flaps may be partially extended to reduce the stall speed so that the glider can be flown more slowly and thereby reduce the rate of sink, which lets the glider use the rising air of the thermal more efficiently, and to turn in a smaller circle to make best use of the core of the <a href="/wiki/Thermal" title="Thermal">thermal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At higher speeds a negative flap setting is used to reduce the nose-down <a href="/wiki/Pitching_moment" title="Pitching moment">pitching moment</a>. This reduces the balancing load required on the <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizer (aircraft)">horizontal stabilizer</a>, which in turn reduces the trim drag associated with keeping the glider in longitudinal trim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Negative flap may also be used during the initial stage of an aerotow launch and at the end of the landing run in order to maintain better control by the <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like gliders, some <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Nakajima Ki-43</a> also use special flaps to improve maneuverability during air combat, allowing the fighter to create more lift at a given speed, allowing for much tighter turns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flaps used for this must be designed specifically to handle the greater stresses and most flaps have a <a href="/wiki/V_speeds#VFE" title="V speeds">maximum speed</a> at which they can be deployed. <a href="/wiki/Control_line" title="Control line">Control line</a> model aircraft built for <a href="/wiki/Control_line#Precision_aerobatics" title="Control line">precision aerobatics</a> competition usually have a type of maneuvering flap system that moves them in an opposing direction to the elevators, to assist in tightening the radius of a maneuver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flap_tracks">Flap tracks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flap tracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufactured most often from PH steels and titanium, flap tracks control the flaps located on the trailing edge of an aircraft's wings. Extending flaps often run on guide tracks. Where these run outside the wing structure they may be faired in to streamline them and protect them from damage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">flap track fairings</a> are designed to act as <a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">anti-shock bodies</a>, which reduce drag caused by local sonic shock waves where the airflow becomes <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> at high speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thrust_gates">Thrust gates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thrust gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thrust gates, or gaps, in the trailing edge flaps may be required to minimise interference between the engine flow and deployed flaps. In the absence of an inboard aileron, which provides a gap in many flap installations, a modified flap section may be needed. The thrust gate on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> was provided by a single-slotted flap in between the inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">A320</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> have no inboard aileron. No thrust gate is required in the continuous, single-slotted flap. Interference in the go-around case while the flaps are still fully deployed can cause increased drag which must not compromise the climb gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_flap">Types of flap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_(flaps).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png/360px-Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="1034" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png/540px-Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png/720px-Airfoil_lift_improvement_devices_%28flaps%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="5576" /></a><figcaption>Flaps and high lift devices. Gurney flap exaggerated for clarity. Blown flap skipped as it is modified from any other type. Pale lines indicate line of movement, and green indicates flap setting used during dive.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_flap">Plain flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plain flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rear portion of airfoil rotates downwards on a simple hinge mounted at the front of the flap.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Aircraft Factory">Royal Aircraft Factory</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> tested flaps in 1913 and 1914, but these were never installed in an actual aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairey_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company" title="Fairey Aviation Company">Fairey Aviation Company</a> made a number of improvements to a <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Baby" title="Sopwith Baby">Sopwith Baby</a> they were rebuilding, including their Patent Camber Changing Gear, making the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Hamble_Baby" title="Fairey Hamble Baby">Fairey Hamble Baby</a> as they renamed it, the first aircraft to fly with flaps.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairey_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were full span plain flaps which incorporated ailerons, making it also the first instance of flaperons.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairey_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fairey were not alone however, as <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Aviation" title="Breguet Aviation">Breguet</a> soon incorporated automatic flaps into the lower wing of their <a href="/wiki/Breguet_14" title="Breguet 14">Breguet 14</a> reconnaissance/bomber in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the greater efficiency of other flap types, the plain flap is normally only used where simplicity is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_flap">Split flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Split flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rear portion of the lower surface of the airfoil hinges downwards from the leading edge of the flap, while the upper surface stays immobile.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause large changes in longitudinal trim, pitching the nose either down or up. At full deflection, a split flaps acts much like a spoiler, adding significantly to drag coefficient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="See talk page for discussion (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also adds a little to lift coefficient. It was invented by <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a> and James M. H. Jacobs in 1920, but only became common in the 1930s and was then quickly superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-1" title="Douglas DC-1">Douglas DC-1</a> (progenitor to the DC-3 and C-47) was one of the first of many aircraft types to use split flaps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slotted_flap">Slotted flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slotted flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gap between the flap and the wing forces high pressure air from below the wing over the flap helping the airflow remain attached to the flap, increasing lift compared to a split flap.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, lift across the entire chord of the primary airfoil is greatly increased as the velocity of air leaving its trailing edge is raised, from the typical non-flap 80% of freestream, to that of the higher-speed, lower-pressure air flowing around the leading edge of the slotted flap.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any flap that allows air to pass between the wing and the flap is considered a slotted flap. The slotted flap was a result of research at <a href="/wiki/Handley-Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley-Page">Handley-Page</a>, a variant of the slot that dates from the 1920s, but was not widely used until much later. Some flaps use multiple slots to further boost the effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fowler_flap">Fowler flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fowler flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A split flap that slides backwards, before hinging downward, thereby increasing first chord, then camber.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flap may form part of the upper surface of the wing, like a plain flap, or it may not, like a split flap, but it must slide rearward before lowering. As a defining feature – distinguishing it from the Gouge Flap – it always provides a slot effect. </p><p>The flap was invented by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_D._Fowler" title="Harlan D. Fowler">Harlan D. Fowler</a> in 1924, and tested by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weick" title="Fred Weick">Fred Weick</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> in 1932. First used on the <a href="/wiki/Martin_146" title="Martin 146">Martin 146</a> prototype in 1935, it entered production on the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Lockheed Super Electra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains in widespread use on modern aircraft, often with multiple slots.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="anchor" id="Junkers_flap"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junkers_flap">Junkers flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Junkers flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A slotted plain flap fixed below the trailing edge of the wing, and rotating about its forward edge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not in use, it has more drag than other types, but is more effective at creating additional lift than a plain or split flap, while retaining their mechanical simplicity. Invented by Otto Mader at Junkers in the late 1920s, they were most often seen on the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87 <i>Stuka</i></a>, though the same basic design can also be found on many modern ultralights, like the <a href="/wiki/Denney_Kitfox" title="Denney Kitfox">Denney Kitfox</a>. This type of flap is sometimes referred to as an external-airfoil flap.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gouge_flap">Gouge flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gouge flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></div> <p>A type of split flap that slides backward along curved tracks that force the trailing edge downward, increasing chord and camber without affecting trim or requiring any additional mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was invented by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gouge" title="Arthur Gouge">Arthur Gouge</a> for <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a> in 1936 and used on the <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Sunderland</a> flying boats, which used the very thick Shorts A.D.5 airfoil. Short Brothers may have been the only company to use this type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairey-Youngman_flap">Fairey-Youngman flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fairey-Youngman flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drops down (becoming a Junkers Flap) before sliding aft and then rotating up or down. <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairey Aviation">Fairey</a> was one of the few exponents of this design, which was used on the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Firefly" title="Fairey Firefly">Fairey Firefly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda" title="Fairey Barracuda">Fairey Barracuda</a>. When in the extended position, it could be angled up (to a negative angle of incidence) so that the aircraft could be dived vertically without needing excessive trim changes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zap_flap">Zap flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zap flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zap flap was invented by Edward F. Zaparka while he was with Berliner/Joyce and tested on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Airplanes_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Airplanes Corporation (page does not exist)">General Airplanes Corporation</a> Aristocrat in 1932 and on other types periodically thereafter, but it saw little use on production aircraft other than on the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">Northrop P-61 Black Widow</a>. The leading edge of the flap is mounted on a track, while a point at mid chord on the flap is connected via an arm to a pivot just above the track. When the flap's leading edge moves aft along the track, the triangle formed by the track, the shaft and the surface of the flap (fixed at the pivot) gets narrower and deeper, forcing the flap down.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krueger_flap">Krueger flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Krueger flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></div> <p>A hinged flap which folds out from under the wing's leading edge while not forming a part of the leading edge of the wing when retracted. This increases the camber and thickness of the wing, which in turn increases lift and drag.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not the same as a leading edge droop flap, as that is formed from the entire leading edge.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invented by Werner Krüger in 1943 and evaluated in Goettingen, Krueger flaps are found on many modern swept wing airliners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gurney_flap">Gurney flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gurney flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></div> <p>A small fixed perpendicular tab of between 1 and 2% of the wing chord, mounted on the high pressure side of the trailing edge of an airfoil. It was named for racing car driver <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gurney" title="Dan Gurney">Dan Gurney</a> who rediscovered it in 1971, and has since been used on some helicopters such as the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76" title="Sikorsky S-76">Sikorsky S-76B</a> to correct control problems without having to resort to a major redesign. It boosts the efficiency of even basic theoretical airfoils (made up of a triangle and a circle overlapped) to the equivalent of a conventional airfoil. The principle was discovered in the 1930s, but was rarely used and was then forgotten. Late marks of the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire_(Griffon-powered_variants)" title="Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)">Supermarine Spitfire</a> used a bead on the trailing edge of the elevators, which functioned in a similar manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leading_edge_flap">Leading edge flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Leading edge flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire leading edge of the wing rotates downward, effectively increasing camber and also slightly reducing chord.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly found on fighters with very thin wings unsuited to other leading edge high lift devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blown_flap">Blown flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Blown flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></div> <p>A type of Boundary Layer Control System, blown flaps pass engine-generated air or exhaust over the flaps to increase lift beyond that attainable with mechanical flaps. Types include the original (internally blown flap) which blows compressed air from the engine over the top of the flap, the externally blown flap, which blows engine exhaust over the upper and lower surfaces of the flap, and upper surface blowing which blows engine exhaust over the top of the wing and flap. While testing was done in Britain and Germany before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flight trials started, the first production aircraft with blown flaps was not until the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T2V_SeaStar" title="Lockheed T2V SeaStar">Lockheed T2V SeaStar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper Surface Blowing was used on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_YC-14" title="Boeing YC-14">Boeing YC-14</a> in 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexible_flap">Flexible flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flexible flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></div> <p>Also known as the <b>FlexFoil</b>. A modern interpretation of wing warping, internal mechanical actuators bend a lattice that changes the airfoil shape. It may have a flexible gap seal at the transition between fixed and flexible airfoils.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flaperon">Flaperon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flaperon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></div> <p>A type of aircraft <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">control surface</a> that combines the functions of both <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_trailing-edge_flap">Continuous trailing-edge flap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Continuous trailing-edge flap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2014, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Research Laboratory">U.S. Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL) researchers at NASA's Langley Research Center developed an active-flap design for helicopter rotor blades. The Continuous Trailing-Edge Flap (CTEF) uses components to change blade camber during flight, eliminating mechanical hinges in order to improve system reliability. Prototypes were constructed for wind-tunnel testing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A team from ARL completed a live-fire test of a rotor blade with individual blade control technology in January 2016. The live fire experiments explored the ballistic vulnerability of blade control technologies. Researchers fired three shots representative of typical ground fire on a 7-foot-span, 10-inch-chord rotor blade section with a 4-foot-long CTEF at ARL's Airbase Experimental Facility.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_devices">Related devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Related devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">Leading edge slats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slot">slots</a></b> are mounted on the top of the wings' leading edge and while they may be either fixed or retractable, when deployed they provide a slot or gap under the slat to force air against the top of the wing, which is absent on a Krueger flap. They offer excellent lift and enhance controllability at low speeds. Leading edge slats allow the wing to fly at a higher angle of attack which decrease takeoff and landing distances.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of flaps may be equipped with one or more slots to increase their effectiveness, a typical setup on many modern airliners. These are known as slotted flaps as described above. Frederick Handley Page experimented with fore and aft slot designs in the 20s and 30s.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoilers</a></b> are intended to create drag and reduce lift by "spoiling" the airflow over the wing. A spoiler is much larger than a Gurney flap, and can be retracted. Spoilers are usually installed mid chord on the upper surface of the wing, but may also be installed on the lower surface of the wing as well.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air brake (aircraft)">Air brakes</a></b> are used to increase drag, allowing the aircraft to decelerate rapidly. When installed on the wings they differ from flaps and spoilers in that they are not intended to modify the lift and are built strongly enough to be deployed at much higher speeds.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Ailerons</a></b> are similar to flaps (and work the same way), but are intended to provide lateral control, rather than to change the lifting characteristics of both wings together, and so operate differentially – when an aileron on one wing increases the lift, the opposite aileron does not, and will often work to decrease lift. When ailerons are designed to lower in conjunction with flaps, they are usually called <a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">flaperons</a>, while those that spoil lift (typically placed on the upper surface before the trailing edge) they are called <a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">spoilerons</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plain flap at full deflection."><img alt="Plain flap at full deflection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG/120px-ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG/180px-ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG/240px-ILA_2008_PD_750.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plain flap at full deflection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Split flap on a World War II bomber"><img alt="Split flap on a World War II bomber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg/120px-Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg/180px-Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg/240px-Avro_Lancaster_flap_Flickr_4841178432.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Split flap on a World War II bomber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_fully_extended_flap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double slotted Fowler flaps extended for landing"><img alt="Double slotted Fowler flaps extended for landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_fully_extended_flap.jpg/120px-A_fully_extended_flap.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_fully_extended_flap.jpg/180px-A_fully_extended_flap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_fully_extended_flap.jpg/240px-A_fully_extended_flap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double slotted Fowler flaps extended for landing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krueger flaps and triple-slotted trailing-edge flaps of a Boeing 747 extended for landing"><img alt="Krueger flaps and triple-slotted trailing-edge flaps of a Boeing 747 extended for landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/120px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/180px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/240px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krueger flaps and triple-slotted trailing-edge flaps of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> extended for landing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitfox_Lite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Junkers flaps, doubling as ailerons."><img alt="Junkers flaps, doubling as ailerons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kitfox_Lite.jpg/120px-Kitfox_Lite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kitfox_Lite.jpg/180px-Kitfox_Lite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kitfox_Lite.jpg/240px-Kitfox_Lite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Junkers flaps, doubling as <a href="/wiki/Ailerons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailerons">ailerons</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trailing-edge_flaps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trailing-edge flaps">Trailing-edge flaps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Air brake (aeronautics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Aircraft flight control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_flaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Body flaps">Body flaps</a>, a type of high-drag set of aerosurfaces designed for very high angle-of-attack descent of rocket-powered vehicles, particularly used during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> of space vehicles. Body flaps are being designed to bleed off as much kinetic and potential energy as possible during a near-vertical descent through the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-spacex20191020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacex20191020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-musk20200805_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk20200805-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sx20201207_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sx20201207-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_control_wing" title="Circulation control wing">Circulation control wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">High-lift device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Leading-edge slat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-perkins-hage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perkins-hage_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949). <i>Airplane performance, stability and control</i>, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-68046-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-68046-X">0-471-68046-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cessna-172-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cessna-172_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cessna-172_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cessna Aircraft Company. <i>Cessna Model 172S Nav III</i>. Revision 3-12, 2006, pp. 4–19 to 4–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Windrow 1965, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph,_Peter_K._C.1996" class="citation web cs1">Rudolph, Peter K. C. (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960052267.pdf">"High-Lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221145349/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960052267.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Lift+Systems+on+Commercial+Subsonic+Airliners&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1996-09&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Peter+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19960052267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph,_Peter_K._C.1996" class="citation web cs1">Rudolph, Peter K. C. (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960052267.pdf">"High-Lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. pp. 40, 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221145349/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960052267.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Lift+Systems+on+Commercial+Subsonic+Airliners&rft.pages=40%2C+54&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1996-09&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Peter+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19960052267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReckzeh2004" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Reckzeh, Daniel (2004). "Aerodynamic Design of Airbus High-lift Wings in a Multidisciplinary Environment". p. 7. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.7484">10.1.1.602.7484</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=Aerodynamic+Design+of+Airbus+High-lift+Wings+in+a+Multidisciplinary+Environment&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.602.7484%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Reckzeh&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 2004, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairey-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairey_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairey_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairey_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1974, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToelle2003" class="citation book cs1">Toelle, Alan (2003). <i>Windsock Datafile Special, Breguet 14</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eCommons&rft.atitle=Interview+with+James+Wilbur+Jacobs&rft.date=1967-03-04&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=James+Wilbur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.udayton.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1010%26context%3Darchives_wrightkett_oh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 2004, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_M._O._Smith" title="Apollo M. 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Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2014/November/17/Wing-warping">"Shape-shifting flap takes flight"</a>. 17 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063706/http://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2014/November/17/Wing-warping">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shape-shifting+flap+takes+flight&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aopa.org%2FNews-and-Video%2FAll-News%2F2014%2FNovember%2F17%2FWing-warping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Technical Committees Present the Year in Review</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arl.army.mil&rft.atitle=Army+researchers+explore+future+rotorcraft+technologies+%7C+U.S.+Army+Research+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arl.army.mil%2Fwww%2Fdefault.cfm%3Farticle%3D2758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200845.html">"fig | slot opffh | pbar slot | 1921 | 0845 | Flight Archive"</a>. <i>www.flightglobal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515150512/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200845.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flightglobal.com&rft.atitle=fig+%7C+slot+opffh+%7C+pbar+slot+%7C+1921+%7C+0845+%7C+Flight+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1921%2F1921%2520-%25200845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spacex20191020-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spacex20191020_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Paul Wooster (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=94&v=bysu8XN5OfY"><i>SpaceX - Mars Society Convention 2019</i></a> (video). Event occurs at 47:30-49:00<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span> – via YouTube. <q><i>Vehicle is designed to be able to land at the Earth, Moon or Mars. Depending on which ... the ratio of the energy dissipated aerodynamically vs. propulsively is quite different. In the case of the Moon, it's entirely propulsive. ... Earth: over 99.9% of the energy is removed aerodynamically ... Mars: over 99% of the energy is being removed aerodynamically at Mars</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+-+Mars+Society+Convention+2019&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D94%26v%3Dbysu8XN5OfY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk20200805-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musk20200805_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElonMusk2020" class="citation web cs1">@ElonMusk (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ElonMusk/status/1290826885375696899">"We will do several short hops to smooth out launch process, then go high altitude with body flaps"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161427/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1290826885375696899">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+will+do+several+short+hops+to+smooth+out+launch+process%2C+then+go+high+altitude+with+body+flaps&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.au=ElonMusk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FElonMusk%2Fstatus%2F1290826885375696899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sx20201207-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sx20201207_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/index.html">"UPCOMING TEST: Starship high-altitude flight test"</a>. <i>spacex.com</i>. 7 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127095415/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacex.com&rft.atitle=UPCOMING+TEST%3A+Starship+high-altitude+flight+test&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fvehicles%2Fstarship%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flap_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1975" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, L.J. (1975). "6". <i>Aerodynamics</i>. London: Pitman Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-01120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-01120-0"><bdi>978-0-273-01120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Aerodynamics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pitman+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-273-01120-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=L.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlap+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gunston, Bill, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84140-5">978-0-521-84140-5</a>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84140-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84140-2">0-521-84140-2</a></li> <li>Windrow, Martin C. and René J. Francillon. <i>The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa</i>. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> 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