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lichens to inhibit or retard the weathering of calcareous surfaces. Lichen coverage may actively protect a surface through shielding by the thallus and the binding and waterproofing of the rock surface and subsurface by fungal hyphae. Passive protection of rock surfaces may be induced by the formation of an insoluble encrustation, such as calcium oxalate, at the lichenrock interface. Recent research suggests that the decay of hyphae, induced by changes in microenvironmental conditions, necrosis, parasitism or the natural physiological traits of particular lichen species, may expose a chemically and physically weakened substrate to dissolution, triggering relatively rapid weathering-related surface lowering. Consequently, certain epilithic crustose and endolithic lichens may induce a period of surface stability throughout the course of their lifespan, followed by a phase of instability and rapid episodic microtopographical evolution after death and decay. A series of conceptual models is proposed to illustrate this idea over short (single lichen lifespan) and long (multiple lichen lifespans) timescales. The models suggest that the microscale biogeomorphological system of lichen-rock interaction is underpinned by non-linear dynamical system theory as it exhibits dynamical instability and is consequently difficult to predict over a long timescale. Dominance by biodeterioration or bioprotection may be altered by changes in lichen species or in environmental conditions over time.","publication_date":"2013,,","publication_name":"Progress in Physical Geography","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"42988120"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Lichen-induced biomodification of calcareous surfaces: Bioprotection versus biodeterioration","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [43702529]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":42988120,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Lichen-induced biomodification of calcareous surfaces: Bioprotection versus biodeterioration”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/42988120/mini_magick20190216-29130-1wkgcd8.png?1550374568" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Lichen-induced biomodification of calcareous surfaces: Bioprotection versus biodeterioration</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43702529" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"><img alt="Profile image of P. 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Warke</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, Progress in Physical Geography</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">28 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 22360144; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=22360144"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { 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Italy)","attachmentId":50534307,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2926546/Role_of_lichens_in_weathering_of_granodiorite_in_the_Sila_uplands_Calabria_southern_Italy_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2926546/Role_of_lichens_in_weathering_of_granodiorite_in_the_Sila_uplands_Calabria_southern_Italy_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="106341371" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106341371/Biological_impact_on_mineral_dissolution_Application_of_the_lichen_model_to_understanding_mineral_weathering_in_the_rhizosphere">Biological impact on mineral dissolution: Application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55893594" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SusanWelch2">Susan Welch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Microorganisms modify rates and mechanisms of chemical and physical weathering and clay growth, thus playing fundamental roles in soil and sediment formation. Because processes in soils are inherently complex and difficult to study, we employ a model based on the lichen–mineral system to identify the fundamental interactions. Fixed carbon released by the photosynthetic symbiont stimulates growth of fungi and other microorganisms. These microorganisms directly or indirectly induce mineral disaggregation, hydration, dissolution, and secondary mineral formation. Model polysaccharides were used to investigate direct mediation of mineral surface reactions by extracellular polymers. Polysaccharides can suppress or enhance rates of chemical weathering by up to three orders of magnitude, depending on the pH, mineral surface structure and composition, and organic functional groups. Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, and Si are redistributed into clays that strongly adsorb ions. Microbes contribute to dissoluti...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological impact on mineral dissolution: Application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere","attachmentId":105565510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106341371/Biological_impact_on_mineral_dissolution_Application_of_the_lichen_model_to_understanding_mineral_weathering_in_the_rhizosphere","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106341371/Biological_impact_on_mineral_dissolution_Application_of_the_lichen_model_to_understanding_mineral_weathering_in_the_rhizosphere"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="8770715" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8770715/Mineralogical_Transformation_of_Bioweathered_Granitic_Biotite_Studied_by_HRTEM_Evidence_for_a_New_Pathway_in_Lichen_Activity">Mineralogical Transformation of Bioweathered Granitic Biotite, Studied by HRTEM: Evidence for a New Pathway in Lichen Activity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18870298" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JacekWierzchos">Jacek Wierzchos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clays and Clay Minerals, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mineralogical Transformation of Bioweathered Granitic Biotite, Studied by HRTEM: Evidence for a New Pathway in Lichen Activity","attachmentId":35123514,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8770715/Mineralogical_Transformation_of_Bioweathered_Granitic_Biotite_Studied_by_HRTEM_Evidence_for_a_New_Pathway_in_Lichen_Activity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8770715/Mineralogical_Transformation_of_Bioweathered_Granitic_Biotite_Studied_by_HRTEM_Evidence_for_a_New_Pathway_in_Lichen_Activity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1151509" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1151509/Disparate_sandstone_weathering_beneath_lichens_Red_Mountain_Arizona">Disparate sandstone weathering beneath lichens, Red Mountain, Arizona</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1039011" href="https://uark.academia.edu/ThomasParadise">Thomas R Paradise</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical …, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Disparate sandstone weathering beneath lichens, Red Mountain, Arizona","attachmentId":7070666,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1151509/Disparate_sandstone_weathering_beneath_lichens_Red_Mountain_Arizona","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1151509/Disparate_sandstone_weathering_beneath_lichens_Red_Mountain_Arizona"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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Pyramid (Rome)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37550088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergioFaverolongo">Sergio Favero-longo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sustainability</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biodeterioration Patterns and Their Interpretation for Potential Applications to Stone Conservation: A Hypothesis from Allelopathic Inhibitory Effects of Lichens on the Caestia Pyramid 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="22276774" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22276774/Pedogenetic_action_of_the_lichens_Lecidea_atrobrunnea_Rhizocarpon_geographicum_gr_and_Sporastatia_testudinea_on_serpentinized_ultramafic_rocks_in_an_alpine_environment">Pedogenetic action of the lichens Lecidea atrobrunnea, Rhizocarpon geographicum gr. and Sporastatia testudinea on serpentinized ultramafic rocks in an alpine environment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43571877" href="https://unito.academia.edu/EBelluso">Elena Belluso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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href="https://www.academia.edu/22276774/Pedogenetic_action_of_the_lichens_Lecidea_atrobrunnea_Rhizocarpon_geographicum_gr_and_Sporastatia_testudinea_on_serpentinized_ultramafic_rocks_in_an_alpine_environment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="87434515" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87434515/Literature_on_Lichens_and_Biodeterioration_of_Stonework_I">Literature on Lichens and Biodeterioration of Stonework. I</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35810125" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OSalvadori">Ornella Salvadori</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Lichenologist, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Literature on Lichens and Biodeterioration of Stonework. 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