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Pozivamo vas da joj se priključite.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slobodno_kovanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slobodno_kovanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slobodno kovanje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slobodno_kovanje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Slobodno kovanje</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slobodno_kovanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sabijanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabijanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sabijanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabijanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iskivanje_i_raskivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iskivanje_i_raskivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iskivanje i raskivanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iskivanje_i_raskivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zasjecanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zasjecanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Zasjecanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zasjecanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probijanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probijanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Probijanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probijanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savijanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savijanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Savijanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savijanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kovanje_u_ukovnjima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kovanje_u_ukovnjima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kovanje u ukovnjima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kovanje_u_ukovnjima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kovački_strojevi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kovački_strojevi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kovački strojevi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kovački_strojevi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Kovački strojevi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kovački_strojevi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Presa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastična_svojstva_materijala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastična_svojstva_materijala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Plastična svojstva materijala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastična_svojstva_materijala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupanj_deformacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupanj_deformacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stupanj deformacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupanj_deformacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brzina_deformacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brzina_deformacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Brzina deformacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brzina_deformacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatura_kovanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatura_kovanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Temperatura kovanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatura_kovanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kovanje</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 49 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="تطريق — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коўка — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ধাতুগড়ন — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুগড়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(tv%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD)" title="Kování (tváření) — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kování (tváření)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedning" title="Smedning — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smedning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmieden" title="Schmieden — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Σφυρηλάτηση — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφυρηλάτηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging" title="Forging — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Forging" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C4%9Dado" title="Forĝado — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forĝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepistamine" title="Sepistamine — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sepistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آهنگری — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهنگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taonta" title="Taonta — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgeage" title="Forgeage — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forgeage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaibhni%C3%BA" title="Gaibhniú — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaibhniú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forxa" title="Forxa — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="חישול — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חישול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="फोर्जन — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोर्जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1csol%C3%A1s" title="Kovácsolás — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kovácsolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կռում — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կռում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penempaan" title="Penempaan — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penempaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiatura" title="Forgiatura — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forgiatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鍛造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჭედვა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭედვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%83" title="Соғу — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соғу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%88" title="단금 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidden" title="Schmidden — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schmidden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyba" title="Kalyba — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefy" title="Tefy — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tefy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penempaan" title="Penempaan — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penempaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeden" title="Smeden — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiing" title="Smiing — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smiing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucie" title="Kucie — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kucie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forjamento" title="Forjamento — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forjamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forjare" title="Forjare — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Forjare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ковка — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ковка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging" title="Forging — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Forging" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanie" title="Kovanie — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smide" title="Smide — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smide" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vme_(imalat)" title="Dövme (imalat) — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dövme (imalat)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%BA%D2%AF" title="Чүкү — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чүкү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кування — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8n" title="Rèn — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rèn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%BB%E9%80%A0" title="锻造 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锻造" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鍛造" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鍛造" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193057#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredite jezičke veze" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Kovanje&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kovanje"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kovanje"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Kovanje" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Kovanje" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&oldid=42446600" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Kovanje&id=42446600&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKovanje"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKovanje"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kovanje"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kovanje&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forging" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193057" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Kova%C4%8D.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/300px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/450px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/600px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kovanje je jedan od najstarijih i najraširenijih postupaka obrade <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/300px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/450px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/600px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Vrući metalni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingot (stranica ne postoji)">ingot</a> se opterećuje (kuje) s velikim <a href="/wiki/Bat_(alat)" title="Bat (alat)">batom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/300px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="547" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/450px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/600px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4858" /></a><figcaption>Presjek kroz kovanu polugu, koja je kemijski nagrizana (jetkanje), da bi se vidio tok <a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalnih zrna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/330px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/500px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/960px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Otvoreno kovanje u ukovnju (s dva ukovnja), gdje se od ingota dobija kovani <a href="/wiki/Kota%C4%8D" title="Kotač">kotač</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/330px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/500px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/960px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8D" title="Kovač">Kovač</a> u radu s <a href="/wiki/Bat_(alat)" title="Bat (alat)">batom</a> od 50 kilograma.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/300px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/450px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/600px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Hidraulička preša za kovanje.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:RingForging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RingForging.jpg/300px-RingForging.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RingForging.jpg/450px-RingForging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RingForging.jpg/600px-RingForging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Kovanje prstena.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg/300px-Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg/450px-Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg/600px-Stress_v_strain_A36_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dijagram_naprezanja" title="Dijagram naprezanja">Dijagram naprezanja</a> za niskougljični <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelik</a>. Hookeov zakon vrijedi u početnom području od 0 do donje granice razvlačenja(2).<br /> 1. <a href="/wiki/Vla%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dvrsto%C4%87a" title="Vlačna čvrstoća">Vlačna čvrstoća</a> materijala<br /> 2. <a href="/wiki/Granica_razvla%C4%8Denja" title="Granica razvlačenja">Granica razvlačenja</a> ili <i>σ<sub>0,2</sub></i><br /> 3. <a href="/wiki/Lom_materijala" title="Lom materijala">Lom materijala</a><br /> 4. <b>Područje plastičnih deformacija</b><br /> 5. Područje klonulosti<br /> A: Teoretski dijagram rastezanja<br /> B: Stvarni dijagram rastezanja (F/A)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Two_machined_forged_pieces_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg/300px-Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg/450px-Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg/600px-Two_machined_forged_pieces_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Dva proizvoda dobivena kovanjem.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg/300px-Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg/450px-Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg/600px-Produkcja_wa%C5%82u_korbowego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Koljenasta <a href="/wiki/Vratilo" title="Vratilo">vratila</a> dobivena kovanjem.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kovanje</b> je obrada materijala bez odvajanja čestica, kod koje se promjena oblika i dimenzija vrši udarcima <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ceki%C4%87" title="Čekić">čekića</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Bat" class="mw-disambig" title="Bat">bata</a> po otkivku, koji je položen na nakovanj. Obrada je češće u toplom stanju, ali može biti i u hladnom stanju. Prema načinu na koji se obavlja preoblikovanje postoji ručno kovanje i strojno kovanje. </p><p><b>Ručno kovanje</b> je postupak preoblikovanja materijala udarcima kovačkog čekića po otkivku. Otkivak se zagrije u kovačkoj <a href="/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra">vatri</a> do <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinsko zračenje">bijelog sjaja</a>. Kovačkim <a href="/wiki/Klije%C5%A1ta" title="Kliješta">klještima</a> se vadi iz vatre i polaže na nakovanj. Otkivak polako mijenja oblik i dimenzije pod udarcima čekića. Točnost <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_du%C5%BEinskih_mjera" title="Tolerancija dužinskih mjera">dimenzija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_oblika_i_polo%C5%BEaja" title="Tolerancija oblika i položaja">oblika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvaliteta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvaliteta (stranica ne postoji)">kvaliteta</a> proizvoda i količina ovise isključivo o preciznosti i iskustvu <a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8D" title="Kovač">kovača</a>. </p><p><b>Strojno kovanje</b> je moderniji način kovanja, koji omogućava kovanje od najmanjih otkivaka do izuzetno velikih (do 580 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a>). Dimenzije otkivka ovise samo o veličini <a href="/wiki/Strojevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Strojevi">stroja</a>. Postupak može biti u toplom i hladnom stanju. Za kovanje u toplom stanju, u postupku proizvodnje potrebne su i kovačke <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a>. Ručno ili strojno kovanje može biti: </p> <ul><li><b>slobodno kovanje</b> ili</li> <li><b>kovanje u ukovnjima</b> (kalupima).</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Historija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Historija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tehnologija kovanja je jedan od najstarijih i najraširenijih postupaka obrade <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metala</a> deformiranjem. U sklopu složenog <a href="/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija">metalurškog</a> procesa dobivanja <a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakra</a>, odnosno <a href="/wiki/Bronca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronca">bronce</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Malahit" title="Malahit">malahita</a>, njegovim taljenjem u naročitim pećima, čovjek je usput upoznao i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>. Malahitu bi se, naime, kao taljivo dodavala i željezna ruda. Osim što bi potpomagala redukciju malahita, ona bi na sebe vezivala raznorazne nepoželjne čestice <a href="/wiki/Pijesak" title="Pijesak">pijeska</a> koje su bile sastavni dio malahita. Po završetku taljenja obrazovala bi se <a href="/wiki/Troska" class="mw-redirect" title="Troska">troska</a>, koju je, nakon što bi se talina ohladila, bilo lako odvojiti od bakra. Ta je troska sadržavala komade željeza, koje je, međutim, bilo vrlo porozno, nalik na <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve">spužvu</a>, po čemu je i nazvano <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">spužvasto željezo</a>. Pod udarcima čekića ponovno zagrijanog spužvastog željeza ostatak bi troske otpao, a željezo postalo kompaktnije. Tako bi se dobilo skoro čisto željezo, koje danas nazivamo <b>kovanim željezom</b>. Željezo u čistom stanju, međutim, mekše je od bronce, a k tome u dodiru s <a href="/wiki/Vla%C5%BEnost_zraka" title="Vlažnost zraka">vlažnim zrakom</a> brzo <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidacija">oksidira</a>, tj. <a href="/wiki/Korozija" title="Korozija">hrđa</a>. Stoga drevim metalurzima nije ni moglo biti naročito zanimljivo – sve dok nije izumljen način da se dobije „dobro željezo“.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>„Dobro željezo“ proizvodilo se ponavljanjem nekoliko ciklusa koji su se sastojali od zagrijavanja komada spužvastog željeza na temperaturu od oko 1200 <a href="/wiki/Celzijev_stupanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Celzijev stupanj">°C</a>, da bi omekšalo, a zatim udaranja čekićem, da bi se uklonila troska, a željezo sabilo. Zagrijavanje se obavljalo u posebnim pećima na <a href="/wiki/Drveni_ugljen" title="Drveni ugljen">drveni ugljen</a>. Tom je prilikom željezo dolazilo u doticaj s <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov monoksid">ugljikovim monoksidom</a>, kao produktom nepotpunog <a href="/wiki/Gorenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorenje">izgaranja</a> drvenog uglja. To je pak pogodovalo difuziji <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> u površinski sloj željeza. Kao rezultat nastajala bi <a href="/wiki/Slitina" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitina">slitina</a> željeza i ugljika (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelik</a>) bitno tvrđa i od bronce, čak i ako bi udio ugljika bio svega 0,5%. Pronađen je, dakle, čelik. Njegova su se mehanička svojstva također mogla poboljšati plastičnom deformacijom. Povrh toga, ljudi su već u ono doba morali primijetiti da se pougljičenjem ograničenim samo na površinski sloj, npr. oštrice <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8D" title="Mač">mača</a> ili vrška <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alata</a>, postiže vrlo povoljna kombinacija visoke površinske <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">tvrdoće</a> s dobrom <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilošću</a> (žilavost) unutrašnjosti, jezgre, izratka. Opisana metoda selektivnog pougljičavanja u biti odgovara suvremenom postupku <a href="/wiki/Cementiranje_%C4%8Delika" title="Cementiranje čelika">cementiranja</a>. Uloga ugljika u promjeni svojstava željeza, odnosno čelika, onodobnim metalurzima naravno nije bila poznata. Znanje i vještina izrade dobrog oružja ili alata stjecali su se <a href="/wiki/Iskustvo" title="Iskustvo">iskustvom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slobodno_kovanje">Slobodno kovanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Slobodno kovanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Slobodno kovanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slobodno kovanje je ona vrsta kovanja kod kojeg se dobivanje željenog oblika obavlja bez korištenja posebnog <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alata</a> ili pomoću vrlo jednostavnih alata, tako da je tečenje metala u toku deformacijskog postupka slobodno i bez ograničenja, okomito na pravac djelovanja deformacijske <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">sile</a> kovanja. Osnovne vrste slobodnog kovanja su:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>sabijanje</li> <li>iskivanje i raskivanje</li> <li>zasjecanje</li> <li>probijanje</li> <li>savijanje</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabijanje">Sabijanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Sabijanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sabijanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sabijanje je postupak slobodnog kovanja kod kojeg se visina otkivka smanjuje, a povećava baza. Uvjet je da omjer visine <i>h</i> i promjera baze <i>d</i> ne bude veći od 3 ( h <= 3d ), da ne bi došlo do izvijanja.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iskivanje_i_raskivanje">Iskivanje i raskivanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Iskivanje i raskivanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Iskivanje i raskivanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iskivanje i raskivanje je smanjenje poprečnog presjeka u svrhu promjene duljine ili povećanje promjera i smanjenje debljine stijenke prstena. Slobodno kovanje bez kalupa ili raskivanje prstenova počinje sa najmanjim <a href="/wiki/Promjer" title="Promjer">promjerom</a> i najvećom debljinom stijenke, te se nastavlja do postizanja potrebnog povećanog promjera, sa znatno manjom debljinom stijenke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zasjecanje">Zasjecanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Zasjecanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zasjecanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zasjecanje je izrada <a href="/wiki/Prizma" class="mw-disambig" title="Prizma">prizmatičnih</a> utora u otkivku radi daljnjeg lakšeg odvajanja materijala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probijanje">Probijanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Probijanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Probijanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probijanje kod kovanja je izrada rupe bilo kakvog oblika u otkivku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savijanje">Savijanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Savijanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Savijanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Savijanje je kod slobodnog kovanja najčešće primjenjeni postupak izrade otkivaka za velikoserijsku i masovnu proizvodnju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kovanje_u_ukovnjima">Kovanje u ukovnjima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Kovanje u ukovnjima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kovanje u ukovnjima"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postupak kovanja u ukovnjima sastoji se u nekoliko koraka. Otkivak se najprije zagrije na potrebnu <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturu</a>, zatim se postavi u ukovanj. Nakon udaranja <a href="/wiki/Bat" class="mw-disambig" title="Bat">bata</a> kovačkog <a href="/wiki/Strojevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Strojevi">stroja</a>, materijal se preoblikuje prema kalupnoj šupljini. Potrebno je točno odrediti <a href="/wiki/Obujam" class="mw-redirect" title="Obujam">obujam</a> sirovca, kako ne bi došlo do pojave neispunjenja ukovnja. Ako postoji višak materijala, on se „prelije“ u slobodni prostor oko kalupne šupljine i nastaje srh koji se kasnije odvaja, ali osigurava potpuno ispunjenje šupljine ukovnja. </p><p>Kovanje u ukovnjima se dijeli na: </p> <ul><li>jednofazne ukovnje, gdje se sirovac stavlja u ukovanj, bat udara, te otkivak poprima završni izgled. To se koristi za jednostavnije otkivke, za čiju je izradu dovoljan jedan korak.</li> <li>višefazne ukovnje, gdje sirovac mijenja dva ili više ukovnja, kako bi poprimio završni izgled. Otkivci su složeni i zahtjeva se povećana točnost.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kovački_strojevi"><span id="Kova.C4.8Dki_strojevi"></span>Kovački strojevi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Kovački strojevi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kovački strojevi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U osnovi se strojevi za kovanje dijele na: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(alat)" title="Bat (alat)">batove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1a" title="Preša">preše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1a" title="Preša">vodoravne kovačke preše</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bat">Bat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Bat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bat"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bat_(alat)" title="Bat (alat)">Batovi</a> i preše se razlikuju u <a href="/wiki/Kinematika" title="Kinematika">kinematici</a> alata. Dok batovi udaraju o otkivak ili ukovanj velikom <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinom</a> i mijenjaju oblik udarcima, dotle preše postepeno <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlače</a> otkivke (otpreske) ili ukovnje. Koji stroj će se upotrijebiti ovisi o svojstvima materijala, koji se obrađuje. Neki materijali podnose nagle promjene i brze udarce, dok drugi materijali pri takvoj obradi pucaju i nisu za daljnje korištenje. Ti materijali se moraju postepeno preoblikovati i podobni su za obradu prešama. </p><p>Prema izvedbi batovi mogu biti: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">mehanički</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>perni bat, polužni bat;</li> <li>bat na dasku, lanac ili remen.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatika" title="Pneumatika">pneumatski</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>jednoradni pneumatski bat;</li> <li>dvoradni pneumatski bat;</li> <li>protuudarni pneumatski bat.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presa">Presa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Presa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Presa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Presa" class="mw-disambig" title="Presa">Prese</a> mogu biti: </p> <ul><li>mehaničke:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenje" title="Trenje">tarne</a> (frikcijske)</li> <li>koljenaste (ekscentar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidraulika" title="Hidraulika">hidrauličke</a></li></ul> <p>U današnje vrijeme pojavljuju se nove kombinacije batova i preša, npr elektro-hidraulički bat, visoko precizne preše itd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastična_svojstva_materijala"><span id="Plasti.C4.8Dna_svojstva_materijala"></span>Plastična svojstva materijala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Plastična svojstva materijala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Plastična svojstva materijala"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanjske <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">sile</a> koje djeluju na neko tijelo mijenjaju dimenzije i oblik tog tijela. Promjena oblika može biti elastična ili plastična tj. promjene se sastoje od povratnih ili elastičnih deformacija i nepovratnih ili plastičnih deformacija.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kod elastične promjene oblika, po prestanku djalovanja vanjske sile, obradak se vraća u prvobitan oblik; u tijelu su se pojavile elastične deformacije, koje nestaju prestankom uzroka deformiranja. </p><p><b>Plastične deformacije</b> uzrokuju promjenu izgleda obratka. Sile su tako velike da prelaze izdržljivost materijala (<a href="/wiki/Granica_razvla%C4%8Denja" title="Granica razvlačenja">granica razvlačenja</a> ili granica tečenja materijala) i sirovac se počinje mijenjati. Materijal pod djelovanjem velike sile počinje „teći“ i dolazi do promjene oblika. Promjene oblika i dimenzija povezane su u mikrostrukturi materijala s promjenom <a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalnog zrna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kristalna_re%C5%A1etka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristalna rešetka">kristalnih rešetaka</a>, te zbog toga i promjena mehaničko fizičkih svojstava materijala. Sve te promjene ovise o: </p> <ul><li>stupnju deformacije</li> <li>brzini deformacije</li> <li>temperaturi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupanj_deformacije">Stupanj deformacije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Stupanj deformacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Stupanj deformacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slobodno kovanje na temperaturama bližim gornjoj granici temperaturnog područja kovanja, s manjim stupnjem deformacije, ima kao posljedicu pogrubljenje zrna (<a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalna zrna</a> se povećavaju). Zbog toga je poželjno kovanje obaviti s većim stupnjem deformacije, kako bi se dobila sitnija kristalna zrna i bolja mehanička svojstva otkovka. </p><p>Ako je šipka ili štap od nekog elastičnog materijala, onda i nju možemo promatrati kao <a href="/wiki/Opruga" title="Opruga">oprugu</a>. Šipka ima duljinu <i>L</i> i poprečni presjek <i>A</i>. Ako šipku razvlačimo s nekom silom <i>F</i>, onda u njoj nastaje <a href="/wiki/Naprezanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Naprezanje">naprezanje</a> <i>σ</i>, koje se opire vanjskoj sili. Tada <a href="/wiki/Hookeov_zakon" title="Hookeov zakon">Hookeov zakon</a> možemo pisati u obliku:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =E\varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =E\varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c429bd4b14acaf624ac17c9d7e59e729b9d08513" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.287ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =E\varepsilon }" /></span></dd></dl> <p>ili </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta L={\frac {F}{EA}}L={\frac {\sigma }{E}}L.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>F</mi> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta L={\frac {F}{EA}}L={\frac {\sigma }{E}}L.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82c409f0d646d3588ac53fe482b0a9d713442d02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.495ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta L={\frac {F}{EA}}L={\frac {\sigma }{E}}L.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>σ</i> – <a href="/wiki/Naprezanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Naprezanje">naprezanje</a> u šipki ili štapu (<a href="/wiki/Njutn" title="Njutn">N</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetvorni_metar" class="mw-redirect" title="Četvorni metar">mm<sup>2</sup></a>), <i>E</i> – <a href="/wiki/Youngov_modul_elasti%C4%8Dnosti" title="Youngov modul elastičnosti">Youngov modul elastičnosti</a> (N/mm<sup>2</sup>), <i>ε</i> – omjer produljenja (<b>stupanj deformacije</b>) šipke ili štapa i njene duljine (bez dimenzije ili ΔL / L), <i>L</i> – <a href="/wiki/Duljina" class="mw-redirect" title="Duljina">duljina</a> štapa, <i>ΔL</i> - produljenje šipke ili štapa (<a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">mm</a>), <i>F</i> – sila koja produljuje šipku ili štap (N), <i>A</i> – poprečni presjek šipke ili štapa (mm<sup>2</sup>) <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hookeov zakon vrijedi samo u određenom području nekog materijala, koje se naziva <b>elastično područje</b>. Za <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelik</a> je elastično područje sve do <a href="/wiki/Granica_razvla%C4%8Denja" title="Granica razvlačenja">granice razvlačenja</a> ili gdje ta granica nije jasno određena, do granice plastičnosti koja je određena onim naprezanjem pri kojem nastaje trajno produljenje od 0,2% prvobitne dužine šipke ili štapa. Ovo naprezanje nosi oznaku <i>σ<sub>0,2</sub></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Povećanjem sile naprezanje <i>σ</i> raste, deformacija <i>ε</i> se povećava i rezultat toga je <b>očvršćenje materijala</b>. To se dešava do <i>σ<sub>M</sub></i>, granice <a href="/wiki/Vla%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dvrsto%C4%87a" title="Vlačna čvrstoća">vlačne čvrstoće</a>, odnosno to je naprezanje pri maksimalnoj sili. Tada se naglo počinje uzorak materijala produljivati i smanjivati presjek. Maksimalna sila pada, a naprezanje raste dok ne dođe do <a href="/wiki/Lom_materijala" title="Lom materijala">loma materijala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brzina_deformacije">Brzina deformacije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Brzina deformacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Brzina deformacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">Brzina</a> deformacije je važna veličina koja utječe na obradu materijala prilikom plastične deformacije (kovanja). Povećanjem brzine deformacije, kod hladne deformacije, dolazi do očvršćenja materijala. Posljedica toga je povećanje naprezanja kod tečenja materijala, veliki otpor deformiranju, te smanjenje deformabilnosti. </p> <dl><dd><i>φ = Δε / Δτ = V<sub>al</sub> / h </i></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>φ</i> – brzina deformacije, <i>e</i> - stupanj deformacije, <i>τ</i> - vremenski period, <i>V<sub>al</sub></i> – brzina alata, <i>h</i> – visina (duljina) obratka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperatura_kovanja">Temperatura kovanja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Temperatura kovanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Temperatura kovanja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kovanje <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a> uvijek započinje na višoj temperaturi, a završava na nižoj. Zbog tehnoloških razloga poželjna je što veća širina temperaturnog područja kovanja. Kod širokog temperaturnog područja kovanja uvijek je moguće, u određenom vremenu, obaviti više kovačkih operacija. Kod kovanja jednostavnijih oblika manjih <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, unutar šireg temperaturnog područja kovanja, bit će moguće dovršiti oblikovanje i bez dogrijavanja. </p><p><b>Dozvoljeno temperaturno područje kovanja</b> je univerzalna osobina čelika, određenog kemijskog sastava, i nije ovisno o postupku kovanja i kovačkim operacijama. To je temperaturno područje ustanovljeno ispitivanjem pogodnim labaratorijskim postupcima za određivanje najbolje oblikovljivosti kovanjem. Ispitivanja obuhvaćaju ponašanje <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilnosti</a> čelika unutar temperaturnog područja i učinke re<a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalizacije</a>. Deformacijski postupak unutar tako određenog (dozvoljenog) temperaturnog područja kovanja će se provoditi s najmanjim <a href="/wiki/Rad_(fizika)" title="Rad (fizika)">radom</a> deformacije, pri čemu će se postići dobra mehanička svojstva otkovka. </p><p><b>Razumno temperaturno područje kovanja</b> se zasniva na dozvoljenom temperaturnom području kovanja, ali nije nužno jednako. Odabire se za svaki slučaj posebno, prema određenim uvjetima u kojima se kovanje obavlja, a ovisi o: udaljenosti <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a> za zagrijavanje sirovca od kovačkog stroja na kojem se obavlja kovanje, vrsti kovačkog stroja s obzirom na brzinu kovanja, te o načinu <a href="/wiki/Prijevoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Prijevoz">prijevoza</a> sirovca od peći do kovačkog stroja. U praksi se teži izjednačiti dozvoljeno i razumno temperaturno područje kovanja. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eutektik" title="Eutektik">Podeutektoidni</a> čelik srednjeg sadržaja ugljika kujemo kod 1200 °C, ako su predviđeni veliki stupnjevi deformacije. Završetak kovanja je kod temperatura između 900 °C do 1000 °C. Grubozrnatost nastala zbog visoke temperature početka kovanja uklonit će se po završetku kovanja normalizacijskim <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDarenje" title="Žarenje">žarenjem</a>. Kod nadeutektoidnih čelika temperatura početka kovanja je znatno niža. </p> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forging" title="commons:Category:Forging"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forging" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forging">Kovanje</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poveznice">Poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poveznice"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8Dko_zavarivanje" title="Kovačko zavarivanje">Kovačko zavarivanje</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r42389381">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.riteh.uniri.hr/zav_katd_sluz/zm/pdf/nastava/mehanika_materijala/Povijest.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup> "Povijesni razvitak materijala", www.riteh.uniri.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704150245/http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">Arhivirano</a> 2014-07-04 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Fizikalna metalurgija I", dr.sc. Tanja Matković, dr.sc. Prosper Matković, www.simet.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/Slobodno_kovanje_celika.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214024949/https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/Slobodno_kovanje_celika.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2021-02-14 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Slobodno kovanje čelika", Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje Zagreb, www.fsb.unizg.hr, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cnt.tesla.hr/downloads/nastava/obrada%20materijala%20nastava/Obrada%20materijala%20I/Skripta%20-%20OBRADA%20MATERIJALA%20I%20-%20II%20dio.pdf">[4]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup> "Obrada materijala I", dipl. ing. Ivo Slade, cnt.tesla.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tehnička enciklopedija", glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.riteh.uniri.hr/zav_katd_sluz/zvd_kons_stroj/katedre/konstruiranje/kolegiji/ke1/ke1_materijali_vj/1.UvodOsnove.pdf">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228170156/http://www.riteh.uniri.hr/zav_katd_sluz/zvd_kons_stroj/katedre/konstruiranje/kolegiji/ke1/ke1_materijali_vj/1.UvodOsnove.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2017-02-28 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Konstrukcijski elementi I", Tehnički fakultet Rijeka, Božidar Križan i Saša Zelenika, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fesb.hr/~djelaska/documents/ES-skripta-760.pdf">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131031429/http://www.fesb.hr/~djelaska/documents/ES-skripta-760.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2012-01-31 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Elementi strojeva", Fakultet elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje Split, Prof. dr. sc. Damir Jelaska, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Elementi strojeva", Karl-Heinz Decker, Tehnička knjiga Zagreb, 1975.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&oldid=42446600">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovanje&oldid=42446600</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Obrada_metala" title="Kategorija:Obrada metala">Obrada metala</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Svi_%C4%8Dlanci_s_mrtvim_eksternim_linkovima" title="Kategorija:Svi članci s mrtvim eksternim linkovima">Svi članci s mrtvim eksternim linkovima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 21. marta 2025. u 16:30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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