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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definicija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definicija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definicija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Definicija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definicija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klauzijusova_relacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klauzijusova_relacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klauzijusova relacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klauzijusova_relacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentalna_jednačina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentalna_jednačina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fundamentalna jednačina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamentalna_jednačina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merne_jedinice_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merne_jedinice_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Merne jedinice temperature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Merne_jedinice_temperature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Merne jedinice temperature</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Merne_jedinice_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farenhajtova_skala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farenhajtova_skala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Farenhajtova skala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farenhajtova_skala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celzijusova_skala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celzijusova_skala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Celzijusova skala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celzijusova_skala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apsolutna_ili_Kelvinova_skala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apsolutna_ili_Kelvinova_skala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Apsolutna ili Kelvinova skala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apsolutna_ili_Kelvinova_skala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odnos_između_temperaturnih_skala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odnos_između_temperaturnih_skala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Odnos između temperaturnih skala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odnos_između_temperaturnih_skala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merni_instrumenti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merni_instrumenti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Merni instrumenti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Merni_instrumenti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Merni instrumenti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Merni_instrumenti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primarni_termometri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primarni_termometri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Primarni termometri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primarni_termometri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekundarni_termometri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekundarni_termometri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sekundarni termometri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekundarni_termometri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Važne_praktične_karakteristike_termometara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Važne_praktične_karakteristike_termometara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Važne praktične karakteristike termometara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Važne_praktične_karakteristike_termometara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uloga_temperature_u_prirodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uloga_temperature_u_prirodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uloga temperature u prirodi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uloga_temperature_u_prirodi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Uloga temperature u prirodi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uloga_temperature_u_prirodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperatura_tela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatura_tela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Temperatura tela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatura_tela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatura_vazduha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatura_vazduha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Temperatura vazduha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatura_vazduha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperatura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 147 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Temperatuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तापमान — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तापमान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة حرارة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درجة حرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83)" title="حرارة (طيرموديناميك) — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حرارة (طيرموديناميك)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="উষ্ণতা — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উষ্ণতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="حرارت درجه‌سی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حرارت درجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatua" title="Temperatua — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Temperatua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperat%C5%ABra" title="Temperatūra — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тэмпература — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэмпература" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тэмпэратура — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэмпэратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तापमान — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तापमान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তাপমাত্রা — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপমাত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="དྲོད་ཚད་ — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དྲོད་ཚད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrezverk" title="Gwrezverk — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwrezverk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پلەی گەرمی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلەی گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota" title="Teplota — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymheredd" title="Tymheredd — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tymheredd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θερμοκρασία — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοκρασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Temperature" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturo" title="Temperaturo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Temperaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Temperatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tenperatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دما — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6tila" title="Lämpötila — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpötila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mmid%C3%BCs" title="Lämmidüs — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature" title="Température — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Température" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempratuur" title="Tempratuur — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tempratuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuer" title="Temperatuer — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Temperatuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocht" title="Teocht — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanp%C3%A9ratir" title="Tanpératir — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tanpératir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B2thachd" title="Teòthachd — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teòthachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27epytu" title="Mba'epytu — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'epytu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તાપમાન — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાપમાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature — Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Temperature" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טמפרטורה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמפרטורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तापमान — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तापमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmi" title="Garmi — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Garmi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanperati" title="Tanperati — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tanperati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91m%C3%A9rs%C3%A9klet" title="Hőmérséklet — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőmérséklet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ջերմաստիճան — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմաստիճան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suhu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturo" title="Temperaturo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Temperaturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiti" title="Hiti — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hiti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="温度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempicha" title="Tempicha — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tempicha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suhu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტემპერატურა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტემპერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%C9%A3elt" title="Taẓɣelt — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taẓɣelt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಾಪಮಾನ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಪಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="حَرارَتھ — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="حَرارَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germah%C3%AE_(fiz%C3%AEk)" title="Germahî (fizîk) — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Germahî (fizîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_thermodynamica" title="Temperatura thermodynamica — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Temperatura thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Temperatuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperadura" title="Temperadura — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Temperadura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperat%C5%ABra" title="Temperatūra — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperat%C5%ABra" title="Temperatūra — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari-pana" title="Mari-pana — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mari-pana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Suhu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഊഷ്മാവ് — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊഷ്മാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Температур — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Температур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तापमान — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तापमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suhu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အပူချိန် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပူချိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperetuur" title="Temperetuur — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Temperetuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तापक्रम — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तापक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Temperatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoo%27iyyaa" title="Hoo'iyyaa — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hoo'iyyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਪਮਾਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperadura" title="Temperadura — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Temperadura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B1" title="ٹمپریچر — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹمپریچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%90_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87" title="د تودوخې درجه — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تودوخې درجه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27u%C3%B1i_kay" title="Q'uñi kay — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'uñi kay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Temperatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushyuhe" title="Ubushyuhe — Kinjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubushyuhe" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinjarvanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperadura" title="Temperadura — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Temperadura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpiratura" title="Timpiratura — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Timpiratura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%AF_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3)" title="گرمي پد (فزڪس) — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرمي پد (فزڪس)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%C9%A3i" title="Tirɣi — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tirɣi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="උෂ්ණත්වය — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උෂ්ණත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Temperature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota" title="Teplota — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplota" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujoto" title="Hujoto — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hujoto" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerkul" title="Heerkul — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Heerkul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suhu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Temperatur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halijoto" title="Halijoto — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Halijoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வெப்பநிலை — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4" title="ఉష్ణోగ్రత — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణోగ్రత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" title="อุณหภูมิ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหภูมิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k" title="Sıcaklık — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıcaklık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="درجہ حرارت — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="درجہ حرارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harorat" title="Harorat — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harorat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenperadura" title="Tenperadura — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tenperadura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4muz" title="Lämuz — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lämuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99" title="Nhiệt độ — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fif" title="Fif — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timperateure" title="Timperateure — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Timperateure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Temperatura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="温度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Температура" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טעמפעראטור — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעמפעראטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohraeuj" title="Dohraeuj — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dohraeuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="温度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溫度" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Un-tō͘ — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Un-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溫度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11466#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Temperatura" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temperatura"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temperatura"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Temperatura" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Temperatura" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&oldid=41813668" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Temperatura&id=41813668&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemperatura"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemperatura"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Temperatura"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Temperatura&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temperature" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11466" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41262443">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row],.mw-parser-output .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=rowgroup]{font-weight:normal;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .wikitable td ul,.mw-parser-output .wikitable td ol,.mw-parser-output .wikitable td dl{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.mw-hiero-table td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .infobox .entete{height:45px;vertical-align:middle}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style:italic;">Temperatura</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Thermometer_CF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thermometer_CF.svg/220px-Thermometer_CF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thermometer_CF.svg/330px-Thermometer_CF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thermometer_CF.svg/440px-Thermometer_CF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two thermometers showing temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Uobičajeni simboli</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>T</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SI_jedinica" class="mw-redirect" title="SI jedinica">SI jedinica</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Druge jedinice</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celsius (stranica ne postoji)">°C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankine_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankine scale (stranica ne postoji)">°R</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimenziona_analiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimenziona analiza (stranica ne postoji)">SI dimenzija</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Theta#Upper_case" title="Theta">Θ</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intenzivne_i_ekstenzivne_osobine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intenzivne i ekstenzivne osobine (stranica ne postoji)">Intenzivne</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Derivacije iz<br />drugih kvantiteta</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {pV}{nR}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {pV}{nR}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e688f2998120bdd66d6c5b70f127877f0b4c6c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.995ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {pV}{nR}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dq_{\text{rev}}}{dS}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>rev</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 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decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.65em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Klasična <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnotova_toplotna_ma%C5%A1ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnotova toplotna mašina (stranica ne postoji)">Karnotova toplotna mašina</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Grane</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Klasična</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Statisti%C4%8Dka_mehanika" title="Statistička mehanika">Statistička</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemijska_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemijska termodinamika (stranica ne postoji)">Hemijska</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika_ravnote%C5%BEe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamika ravnoteže (stranica ne postoji)">Ravnoteža</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika_neravnote%C5%BEe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamika neravnoteže (stranica ne postoji)">Neravnoteža</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_zakoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički zakoni (stranica ne postoji)">Zakoni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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title="Termodinamički instrumenti (stranica ne postoji)">Instrumenti</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički proces (stranica ne postoji)">Procesi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Izobarski_proces" title="Izobarski proces">Izobarni</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izohorski_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izohorski proces (stranica ne postoji)">Izohorski</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotermski_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izotermski proces (stranica ne postoji)">Izotermski</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Adijabatski_proces" title="Adijabatski proces">Adijabatski</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izentropski_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izentropski proces (stranica ne postoji)">Izentropski</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izentalpijski_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izentalpijski proces (stranica ne postoji)">Izentalpijski</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazistati%C4%8Dki_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazistatički proces (stranica ne postoji)">Kvazistatički</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politropski_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politropski proces (stranica ne postoji)">Politropski</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slobodna_ekspanzija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slobodna ekspanzija (stranica ne postoji)">Slobodna ekspanzija</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverzibilni_proces_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverzibilni proces (termodinamika) (stranica ne postoji)">Reverzibilnost</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Ireverzibilni_proces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireverzibilni proces">Ireverzibilnost</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoreverzibilna_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoreverzibilna termodinamika (stranica ne postoji)">Endoreverzibilnost</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_ciklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički ciklus (stranica ne postoji)">Ciklusi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplotni_motor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplotni motor (stranica ne postoji)">Toplotni matori</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplotna_pumpa_i_ciklus_hla%C4%91enja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplotna pumpa i ciklus hlađenja (stranica ne postoji)">Toplotne pumpe</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Termalna_efikasnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Termalna efikasnost">Termalna efikasnost</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_termodinami%C4%8Dkih_osobina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak termodinamičkih osobina (stranica ne postoji)">Osobine sistema</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_dijagrami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički dijagrami (stranica ne postoji)">Termodinamički dijagrami</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intenzivne_i_ekstenzivne_veli%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intenzivne i ekstenzivne veličine (stranica ne postoji)">Intenzivne i ekstenzivne veličine</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funkcije_stanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funkcije stanja (stranica ne postoji)">Funkcije stanja</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dka_temperatura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamička temperatura (stranica ne postoji)">Temperatura</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">Entropija</a></i> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvod_u_entropiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvod u entropiju (stranica ne postoji)">Uvod u entropiju</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">Pritisak</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapremina_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapremina (termodinamika) (stranica ne postoji)">Zapremina</a></i> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemijski_potencijal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemijski potencijal (stranica ne postoji)">Hemijski potencijal</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broj_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broj čestica (stranica ne postoji)">Broj čestica</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvalitet_pare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvalitet pare (stranica ne postoji)">Kvalitet pare</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redukovane_osobine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redukovane osobine (stranica ne postoji)">Redukovane osobine</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesna_funkcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesna funkcija (stranica ne postoji)">Procesne funkcije</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Rad_(termodinamika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (termodinamika)">Rad</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">Toplota</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osobine_materijala_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osobine materijala (termodinamika) (stranica ne postoji)">Osobine materijala</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Toplotni_kapacitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotni kapacitet">Specifični toplotni kapacitet</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Sti%C5%A1ljivost_fluida" title="Stišljivost fluida">Kompresibilnost</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termalna_ekspanzija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termalna ekspanzija (stranica ne postoji)">Termalna ekspanzija</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dka_baza_podataka_%C4%8Distih_supstanci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamička baza podataka čistih supstanci (stranica ne postoji)">Baza podataka osobina</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodinami%C4%8Dke_jedna%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodinamičke jednačine (stranica ne postoji)">Jednačine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnotova_teorema_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnotova teorema (termodinamika) (stranica ne postoji)">Karnotova teorema</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klauzijusova_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klauzijusova teorema (stranica ne postoji)">Klauzijusova teorema</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentalna_termodinami%C4%8Dka_relacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentalna termodinamička relacija (stranica ne postoji)">Fundamentalna relacija</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Jedna%C4%8Dina_stanja_idealnog_gasa" title="Jednačina stanja idealnog gasa">Jednačina stanja idealnog gasa</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksvelove_relacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksvelove relacije (stranica ne postoji)">Maksvelove relacije</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onsagerove_recipro%C4%8Dne_relacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onsagerove recipročne relacije (stranica ne postoji)">Onsagerove recipročne relacije</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgmanove_termodinami%C4%8Dke_jedna%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgmanove termodinamičke jednačine (stranica ne postoji)">Bridgmanove termodinamičke jednačine</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabela_termodinami%C4%8Dkih_jedna%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabela termodinamičkih jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">Tabela termodinamičkih jednačina</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_potencijal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički potencijal (stranica ne postoji)">Potencijali</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Helmholcova_slobodna_energija" title="Helmholcova slobodna energija">Slobodna energija</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slobodna_entropija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slobodna entropija (stranica ne postoji)">Slobodna entropija</a> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Unutrašnja energija">Unutrašnja energija</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpija" title="Entalpija">Entalpija</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Helmholcova_slobodna_energija" title="Helmholcova slobodna energija">Helmholcova slobodna energija</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gibsova_slobodna_energija" title="Gibsova slobodna energija">Gibsova slobodna energija</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Translational_motion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Translational_motion.gif/250px-Translational_motion.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Translational_motion.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Temperatura <a href="/wiki/Idealni_gas" title="Idealni gas">idealnog gasa</a> je mera prosečne <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičke energije</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif/250px-Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Toplotne <a href="/wiki/Vibracija" title="Vibracija">vibracije</a> delova <a href="/wiki/Belan%C4%8Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Belančevine">belančevine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplituda</a> vibracija raste s temperaturom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg/250px-Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg/375px-Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg/500px-Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Prosečne godišnje temperature na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlji</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/250px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/375px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/500px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>Prosečna temperatura površine <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a> je oko 288 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (14 <a href="/wiki/Celzijus" title="Celzijus">°C</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Galileo_Thermometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Galileo_Thermometer.jpg/90px-Galileo_Thermometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Galileo_Thermometer.jpg/135px-Galileo_Thermometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Galileo_Thermometer.jpg/180px-Galileo_Thermometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galilejev</a> <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Temperatura</b> (oznaka <i>t</i>, <i>T</i>, <i>τ</i> ili <i>θ</i>) je mera zagrejanosti tela. Temperatura je <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_osobina" title="Fizička osobina">fizička osobina</a> sistema koja leži u suštini našeg <a href="/wiki/Ose%C4%87anje" class="mw-redirect" title="Osećanje">osećaja</a> za hladno i toplo, te se za <a href="/wiki/Ljudsko_telo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljudsko telo">telo</a> koje ima višu temperaturu kaže da je toplije, a za telo koje ima nižu temperaturu kaže da je hladnije. </p><p>Makroskopska definicija temperature je da temperatura fizička veličina koja određuje tok <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">toplote</a> između dva objekta koji se nalaze u termalnom kontaktu, odnosno dva objekta koja nisu izolovana za razmenu toplote. Temperatura je jedna od osnovnih <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_veli%C4%8Dina" title="Fizička veličina">fizičkih veličina</a> u <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sistem_jedinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Međunarodni sistem jedinica">Međunarodnom sistemu jedinica</a>, koja opisuje toplotno stanje i sposobnost <a href="/wiki/Telo_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telo (fizika)">tela</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materije</a> da <a href="/wiki/Prenos_toplote" title="Prenos toplote">razmenjuju toplotu</a> s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okolina_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okolina (termodinamika) (stranica ne postoji)">okolinom</a>. Sama temperatura ne može prelaziti s tela na telo, prelazi <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">toplota</a>, a posledica toga je da se temperature ta dva tela izjednačavaju. </p><p>Mikroskopska definicija temperature je da je temperatura merilo srednje <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičke energije</a> <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementarna čestica">čestica</a> u <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materiji</a> po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepeni_slobode_(mehanika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepeni slobode (mehanika) (stranica ne postoji)">stepenu slobode</a>. Dakle, temperatura daje informaciju o unutrašnjem <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomskom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekulskom</a> <a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">kretanju</a> mnoštva čestica koje čine makroskopski sistem. Iz toga je jasno da se temperatura može definisati samo za veliki broj čestica. Ona je kolektivna osobina makroskopske materije. Bez obzira na to da se temperatura nalazi među <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_veli%C4%8Dina" title="Fizička veličina">osnovnim fizičkim veličinama</a> u <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sistem_jedinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Međunarodni sistem jedinica">Međunarodnom sistemu jedinica</a>, temperatura nije fundamentalna veličina zbog toga što se njena vrednost dobija iz usrednjavanja kinetičke energije čestica koje čine makroskopski sistem. </p><p>Empirijska temperatura (oznaka <i>t</i>) određuje se merenjem pojedinih svojstava (na primer dužine <a href="/wiki/MmHg" title="MmHg">stuba žive</a> u <a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklenoj</a> <a href="/wiki/Cev" class="mw-redirect" title="Cev">cevi</a>, merenjem <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritiska</a> u gasnom <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometru</a>, merenjem <a href="/wiki/Brzina_zvuka" title="Brzina zvuka">brzine zvuka</a> u akustičnom gasnom termometru, itd.) <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometrijskog</a> tela.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termodinamička temperatura (oznaka <i>T</i>) određuje se osnovnim zakonima <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Truesdell_1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truesdell_1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMach1890_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMach1890-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_1872_155-158_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_1872_155-158-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tait_1884_68-69_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tait_1884_68-69-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl196673_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl196673-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merna jedinica termodinamičke temperature je <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> (K). Kelvinova skala za merenje temperature se naziva apsolutna skala, a postoji veliki broj drugih mernih skala koje su se istorijski koristile za merenje temperature. Danas su se u svakodnevnom životu zadržala <a href="/wiki/Stepen_celzijusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepen celzijusa">Celzijusova merna skala</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Stepen_celzijusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepen celzijusa">Celzijusovim stepenom</a> ( °C) kao mernom jedinicom, i <a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajtova merna skala</a> (u <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">SAD</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka">Jamajci</a>) sa mernom jedinicom <a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajtovim stepenom</a> (<b>°</b>F). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_temperatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsolutna temperatura">Apsolutna temperatura</a> određuje se polazeći od najniže moguće temperature u prirodi, temperature <a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_nula" title="Apsolutna nula">apsolutne nule</a>, tako da se nekoj referentnoj temperaturi, koja se može tačno određivati, dogovorom propiše određena vrednost.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatura apsolutne nule je definisana kao temperatura na kojoj je <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">entropija</a> sistema nula. </p><p>U makroskopskom smislu, temperatura je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intenzivne_osobine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intenzivne osobine (stranica ne postoji)">intenzivna osobina</a> sistema, što znači da ne zavisi od količine materijala. (Temperatura cigle ista je kao i njene polovine. Intenzivne osobine su isto <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gustina" title="Gustina">gustina</a>.) Nasuprot temperaturi, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zapremina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapremina">zapremina</a> su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstenzivne_osobine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstenzivne osobine (stranica ne postoji)">ekstenzivne osobine</a>, dakle, osobine koje direktno zavise od količine materije. (Masa polovine cigle duplo je manja od mase cele cigle.) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicija">Definicija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Definicija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Definicija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatura u svom najosnovnijem smislu je definisana mikroskopski pomoću <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamike</a> i <a href="/wiki/Statisti%C4%8Dka_mehanika" title="Statistička mehanika">statističke mehanike</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekuli</a> u telima ne miruju, nego se nalaze u stalnom <a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">kretanju</a>, čija <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzina</a> može biti varirati od velikih do malih brzina. Molekuli koje čine sistem koji se nalazi u čvrstom agregatnom stanju se slabo se kreću, dok se molekuli gasa kreću vrlo velikim brzinama. Što se telo više zagreva, molekuli se sve brže kreću i imaju sve veću kinetičku energiju. Zbog toga se molekuli međusobno udaljavaju, pa se čvrsto telo zagrevanjem topi i prelazi u tečno <a href="/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Agregatno stanje">agregatno stanje</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te%C4%8Dnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Tečnost">Tečno telo</a> zagrejavanjem prelazi u <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasovito</a> agregatno stanje, kao što na primer <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> prelazi u <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodenu paru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klauzijusova_relacija">Klauzijusova relacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Klauzijusova relacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klauzijusova relacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inverz temperature sistema koji se nalazi u <a href="/wiki/Ravnote%C5%BEno_stanje_(termodinamika)" title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)">termodinamičkoj ravnoteži</a> je definisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klauzijusova_relacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klauzijusova relacija (stranica ne postoji)">Klauzijusovom relacijom</a> kao promena <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">entropije</a> sistema <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66f6ab8a2a8b85df78efbea896fcfeb3d4ea39e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dS}"></span>izazvana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinitezimalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinitezimalan (stranica ne postoji)">infinitezimalne</a> promenom <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">toplote</a> sistema <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf715eece146c816847a8c5d56eae97798453d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.887ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta Q}"></span>u procesu koji je <a href="/wiki/Povratna_hemijska_reakcija" title="Povratna hemijska reakcija">reverzibilan</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazi-stati%C4%8Dan_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazi-statičan proces (stranica ne postoji)">kvazi-statičan</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{S}={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{S}={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8572f7bc462c293f231980ef7d9e579eea7b6c00" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.537ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{S}={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Nasuprot <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">entropiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Toplota" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota">toploti</a> koje se mogu definisati za makroskopski sistem i kada je daleko od termodinamičke ravnoteže, temperatura može da se definiše <b>samo za sistem koji se nalazi u termodinamičkoj ravnoteži</b>. </p><p>Klauzijusova relacija je istorijski prva statistička definicija temperature. Klauzijusova relacija ima značenje mikroskopski ili diferencijalno formulisanog <a href="/wiki/Drugi_princip_termodinamike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugi princip termodinamike">Drugog zakona termodinamike</a>. Inverz temperature ima ulogu integracionog faktora u integralnom obliku Drugog zakona termodinamike: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S={\frac {Q}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S={\frac {Q}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce6a0e29fad3257f7eb3598923fbc62651093cb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.272ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S={\frac {Q}{T}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamentalna_jednačina"><span id="Fundamentalna_jedna.C4.8Dina"></span>Fundamentalna jednačina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Fundamentalna jednačina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fundamentalna jednačina"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatura sistema koji se nalazi u <a href="/wiki/Ravnote%C5%BEno_stanje_(termodinamika)" title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)">termodinamičkoj ravnoteži</a> se može izraziti i promenom <a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Unutrašnja energija">unutrašnje energije</a> sistema <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dU}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dU}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fad9083e6f626fcc9e4217e8fd3d751e1126da9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dU}"></span>kojom se izazove promena <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">entropije</a> sistema <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66f6ab8a2a8b85df78efbea896fcfeb3d4ea39e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dS}"></span>, pri nepromenjenom broju čestica koje sačinjavaju sistem i na fiksnoj zapremini<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}=\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial U}}\right)_{N,V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}=\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial U}}\right)_{N,V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fd9e857a48365baeb07926ca71477fde6a60742" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:16.341ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}=\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial U}}\right)_{N,V}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ova jednačina se naziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentalna_relacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentalna relacija (stranica ne postoji)">fundamentalnom relacijom</a> u <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamici</a> i povezuje tri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funkcija_stanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funkcija stanja (stranica ne postoji)">funkcije stanja</a> sistema: temperaturu, unutrašnju energiju sistema i entropiju. </p><p>Iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentalna_relacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentalna relacija (stranica ne postoji)">fundamentalne jednačine</a> se vidi da porast <a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Unutrašnja energija">unutrašnje energije</a> dovodi do porasta temperature. U sistemima sa fiksnom temperaturom i fiksnom zapreminom u kojima se definiše fizička veličina <a href="/wiki/Toplota_reakcije" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplota reakcije">entalpija</a>, veća fiksna vrednost temperature proporcionalna je i većoj entalpiji. </p><p>Makroskopski gledano, među sistemima koji su na istoj temperaturi, nema protoka toplote. Međutim, kada se javi temperaturska razlika, toplota počinje da teče iz sistema sa višom temperaturom ka sistemu sa nižom, dok se ne dostigne <a href="/wiki/Ravnote%C5%BEno_stanje_(termodinamika)" title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)">toplotna ravnoteža</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom:.5em; border:0px text-align:left; font-size:95%; background:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td width="100%"><i>Za više informacija pogledajte članak <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoskop (stranica ne postoji)">Termoskop</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prvi korak u definisanju temperature bio je izum <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometra</a> koji je omogućivao <a href="/wiki/Merenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Merenje">merenja</a> i upoređivanje toplotnog stanja različitih tela. Taj <a href="/wiki/Merni_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Merni instrument">merni instrument</a> morao je da bude reverzibilan, to jest da se vrati nakon prestanka delovanja toplote u početno stanje, te da pokazuje isti učinak za jednaka toplotna stanja različitih tela. </p><p>Prvi instrument koji je vodio ka merenju temperature bio je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoskop (stranica ne postoji)">termoskop</a></i>, koga je osmislio i napravio <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilej" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilej">Galileo Galilej</a> <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>. godine. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoskop (stranica ne postoji)">Termoskop</a> nije pravi <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometar</a> zato što nema <a href="/wiki/Merna_jedinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Merna jedinica">mernu skalu</a> za određivanje vrednosti temperature. Rad termoskopa se zasniva na <a href="/wiki/Termi%C4%8Dka_dilatacija" title="Termička dilatacija">toplotnom širenju</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasa</a>. Galilejevom otkriću termoskopa prethodilo je interesovanje žitelja njegovog kraja za novootkrivenu pojavu da se u posudi u obliku slova "J" napunjenom tečnošću i zatvorenom na jednom kraju, nivo tečnosti podiže i spušta tokom dana. To kretanje tečnosti u vodi je pripisano uticaju <a href="/wiki/Mesec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesec">Meseca</a> na isti način na koji Mesec deluje na pojavu <a href="/wiki/Plima_i_oseka" title="Plima i oseka">plime</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plima_i_oseka" title="Plima i oseka">oseke</a>. Galileo Galilej je u stvari shvatio i pokazao konstruišući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoskop (stranica ne postoji)">termoskop</a> da se nivo tečnosti vode podiže i spušta usled podizanja i spuštanja temperature. Neki dokumenti pokazuju da Galilej u stvari nije sam ni konstruisao termoskop, već da ga je prilagodio od kolege Santorija iz <a href="/wiki/Padova" title="Padova">Padove</a>, čitajući delo Pneumatici od inženjera <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">Herona Aleksandrijskog</a> koji je živeo u <a href="/wiki/1._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="1. vek">1. veku n. e.</a> Santorijo iz Padove je pisao o potrebi izuma termometra, uređaja za merenje vrednosti temperature sa odgovarajućom skalom. </p><p>U idućim godinama razmatrala se potreba univerzalne temperaturne skale kako bi se mogla uporediti dva merenja. Problem je predstavljala razlika <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritisaka</a> na različitim mestima u zavisnosti od geografskog položaja. Pokazalo se najkorisnije da se temperaturni razmak između dva određena toplotna stanja nekoga tela uzme kao osnovica temperaturne skale, koja se onda može podeliti na povoljan broj delova (stupnjeva). Uzimajući dve određene tačke umesto jedne, jednoznačno se određuje merna jedinica iskustvene (empirijske) temperature. </p><p>Iako je postojala samo desetak godina, ključna institucija u istoriji termometara bila je institucija Akademija Eksperimenata (ita. Accademia del Cimento) u <a href="/wiki/Firenca" title="Firenca">Firenci</a>. Posetioci institucije su zabeležili da su u Akademiji razni termometri (termometri za merenje temperature vazduha, za merenje temperature tečnosti, termometri za kupatila) bili izloženi kao umetnička dela u galeriji. Prvi termometar, koji je omogućivao preciznija merenja temperature, izumeo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi%C4%8Di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediči (stranica ne postoji)">Ferdinando II Mediči</a> <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>. godine kao jedan od članova Akademije Eksperimenata. Termometar je bio napravljen od stakla i imao je 360 podeoka, a za mernu jedinicu za temperaturu uzet je stepen. Ovakvu skalu Ferdinando je uveo po ugledu na pun krug koji ima 360 stepeni. Kao radno telo u većini staklenih termometara napravljenih u to vreme koristio se destilovani alkohol. Ovakvi termometri nisu najbolje radili na krajevima skale, zbog toga što su kod alkohola i tačka ključanja i tačka mržnjenja niži nego kod vode. Dodatni problem u merenju ovakvim termometrom je bio u tome što je gustina alkohola varirala od jednog do drugog termometara. Uprkos nedostacima, zbog kvalitetne proizvodnje, Medičijevi stakleni termometri sa alkoholom kao radnim telom, raširili su se i koristili širom Evrope. Iako su članovi Akademije radili na prevazilaženju tehničkih nedostataka kod aktuelnih termometara, zbog političke situacije Akademija je zatvorena 1668. godine. </p><p>Robert Huk koji je pokušavao da unapredi stakleni alkoholni termometar, predložio je i tačku mržnjenja vode kao referentnu tačku za merenje temperature. U to vreme ovakav predlog jeste bio revolucionaran, zato što su i veliki naučnici kao astronom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Halej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Halej (stranica ne postoji)">Edmund Halej</a> (po kom je nazvana <a href="/wiki/Halejeva_kometa" class="mw-redirect" title="Halejeva kometa">Halejeva kometa</a>) smatrali da voda mrzne na različitim temperaturama u različitim mestima. Pitanje fiksnih tačaka za merenje temperature smatralo se za vrlo važnim naučnim pitanjem tog doba i privuklo je pažnju mnogih naučnika, između ostalog i <a href="/wiki/Isak_Njutn" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Njutn">Isaka Njutna</a>. </p><p>Iako je imao dosta pogrešnih shvatanja o temperaturnoj skali (smatrao je na primer da se referentna tačka uopšte ne može definisati, već da se može definisati samo interval između dve temperature), <a href="/wiki/Isak_Njutn" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Njutn">Isak Njutn</a> je značajno doprineo razvoju termometara po pitanju radnog tela. <a href="/wiki/Njutnova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Njutnova skala">Njutnov termometar</a> je kao radno telo koristio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laneno_ulje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laneno ulje (stranica ne postoji)">laneno ulje</a> i nije bio jednostavan za korišćenje, ali doprineo je razvoju termometara po pitanju radne supstance. Interesantno je da su i Ferdinand || Mediči i Robert Huk pokušavali da zamene alkohol za tečnom živom kao radnim telom u termometru, ali su obojica odbacila ove ideje i nastavili da rade sa alkoholom. Kasnije će se pokazati da je upravo ovaj korak zamene alkohola sa živom bio ključan za konstrukciju preciznijeg i pouzdanijeg termometra. </p><p>Dalji razvoj termometara unapredio je francuski fizičar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gijom_Amonton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gijom Amonton (stranica ne postoji)">Gijom Amonton</a> (koji je bio gluv od rođenja). On je privukao pažnju tadašnjih uglednih naučnika <a href="/wiki/Kraljevsko_dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Kraljevsko društvo">Kraljevskog društva</a> u <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Londonu</a> kada je <a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>. godine predložio termometre sa dve različite radne tečnosti kako bi se vrednost temperature odredila reproducibilnije. Njegov glavni doprinos razvoju termometara je bilo otkriće da kada toplotom od vatre ugreje gas u termometru, nastaće toplotno širenje gasa do tačno određene zapremine, a takođe je pokazao da je tačka temperature ključanja vode bila nezavisna od odnosa zapremine vode i gasa u staklenoj posudi, te je ta temperatura bila dobra referentna vrednost za fiksnu tačku termometra. Kako razlika pritisaka na različitim geografskim položajima ne bi dovela do razlike u merenju, Gijom Amonton je prvi put napravio termometar sa zapečaćenim staklom. On je doprineo razumevanju rada termometra i oštrom kritikom anonimnog rada Prelazi objavljenog 1701. godine ispred Kraljevskog društva koji se ispostavio da je rad Isaka Njutna. Amonton je razmišljao o tome kako bi se tečnost ponašala na drastično nižim temperaturama i 1703. godine je objavio rad u kojem je pokazao proporcionalnost: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV\sim T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV\sim T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f646d6a3bacf3c1aa73cc07629f2c42448c3e6cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:7.781ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV\sim T}"></span> </p><p>koja je u stvari jednačina stanja idealnog gasa i na osnovu koje je zaključio da je potpuno odsustvo toplote nemoguće, što je današnja verzija Trećeg principa termodinamike. On je temperaturu apsolutne nule shvatio kao teoretsku i nedostižnu vrednost, kao što je i danas razumemo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merne_jedinice_temperature">Merne jedinice temperature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Merne jedinice temperature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Merne jedinice temperature"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoji više <a href="/wiki/Mjerne_jedinice" title="Mjerne jedinice">mernih jedinica</a> za temperaturu. Istorijski je postojao veliki broj različitih temperaturnih skala, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvinova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepen_celzijusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepen celzijusa">Celzijusova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajtova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rankinova_skala" title="Rankinova skala">Rankinova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delilova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Delilova skala">Deliliova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njutnova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Njutnova skala">Njutnova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reomirova_temperaturna_skala" title="Reomirova temperaturna skala">Reamurova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remerova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Remerova skala">Romerova</a>, itd. Među njima, danas su se u svakodnevnom životu zadržale <a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajtova skala</a> (koja se danas koristi u <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">SAD</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka">Jamajci</a>, a bila je korišćena u većini zemalja engleskog govornog područja do [[1970-e|<a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>.ih godina]]<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) i <a href="/wiki/Stepen_celzijusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepen celzijusa">Celzijusova skala</a> (koja se danas koristi u ostatku sveta). </p><p>Pretvaranje brojevnih vrednosti uobičajenih temperaturnih skala su date sledećim formulama: </p> <dl><dd><b>K = °C + 273,15</b></dd> <dd><b>°C = 5/9 · (°F - 32)</b></dd> <dd><b>°F = °C/(5/9) + 32 </b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farenhajtova_skala">Farenhajtova skala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Farenhajtova skala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Farenhajtova skala"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom:.5em; border:0px text-align:left; font-size:95%; background:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td width="100%"><i>Za više informacija pogledajte članak <b><a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajt</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenthajtova skala</a> je nazvana po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danijel_Farenhajt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danijel Farenhajt (stranica ne postoji)">Danijelu Farenhajtu</a> koji se bavio proizvodnjom <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometara</a>. On je istorijski bio prvi koji je u svojim termometrima su za merenje temperature koristio <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa">živu</a> u tečnom agregatnom stanju koja ima visok koeficijent ekspanzije. Svoju temperaturnu mernu skalu je predložio <a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>. godine . U odnosu na do tada veliko odstupanje među postojećim termometarskim skalama, Farenhajt je pomoću živinog termometra kvalitetne produkcije mogao da postigne veću preciznost merenja i bolju reproducibilnost skale, što je dovelo do širokog prihvatanja njegove temperaturne merne skale. Na njegovoj skali 0°F označava najveću zimu koja je zabeležena u <a href="/wiki/Gdanjsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdanjsk">Gdanjsku</a> <a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>. godine. Tačka mržnjenja vode je određena vrednošću od 32 °F, a tačka ključanja vode je na 212 °F. Razlika između tačke mržnjenja i ključanja vode od 180 °F nije slučajna, već je odabrana namerno. Mržnjenje i ključanje kao dva suprotna pojma odvojena su brojem od 180 stepeni koji odgovara uglom između dve najudaljenije tačke na krugu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celzijusova_skala">Celzijusova skala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Celzijusova skala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Celzijusova skala"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom:.5em; border:0px text-align:left; font-size:95%; background:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td width="100%"><i>Za više informacija pogledajte članak <b><a href="/wiki/Celzijus" title="Celzijus">Celzijus</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celzijus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Celzijus">Anders Celzijus</a> je <a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>. godine predložio temperaturnu skalu koja danas po njemu nosi ime. Interesantno je da je on predložio da nula temperature na njegovoj skali bude temperatura na kojoj voda ključa, a da 100 stepeni bude vrednost temperature na kojoj se voda ledi. Vremenom skala je prihvaćena, ali su dodeljene vrednosti temperature 0 i 100 preokrenute, te sada je opšteprihvaćeno da po Celzijusovoj skali voda ključa na 100 stepeni, a ledi se na 0.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apsolutna_ili_Kelvinova_skala">Apsolutna ili Kelvinova skala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Apsolutna ili Kelvinova skala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Apsolutna ili Kelvinova skala"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom:.5em; border:0px text-align:left; font-size:95%; background:transparent; color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td width="100%"><i>Za više informacija pogledajte članak <b><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Temperaturna skala koja se univerzalno koristi u nauci je termodinamička skala ili apsolutna skala ili Kelvinova skala. Nazvana ja po <a href="/wiki/Vilijam_Tomson,_1._baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilijam Tomson, 1. baron Kelvin">Vilijamu Tomsonu, 1. baronu Kelvin</a> koji se zalagao za definiciju apsolutne skale koja bi merila temperaturu nezavisno od osobina određenih termometrijskih supstanci termometra.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međunarodnim dogovorom, Kelvinova skala je definisana dvema tačkama: apsolutnom nulom i trojnom tačkom Bečke Standardne Srednje Okeanske Vode<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koja je na Kelvinovoj skali definisana na 273.16 K. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_nula" title="Apsolutna nula">Tačka apsolutne nule</a> je definisana kao temperatura na kojoj bi <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">entropija</a> sistema nula, a vrednost temperature apsolutne nule je određena ekstrapolacijom izmerenih vrednosti temperature i entropije na vrednost na kojoj bi entropija bila nula. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C4%8Dka_Standardna_Srednja_Okeanska_Voda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bečka Standardna Srednja Okeanska Voda (stranica ne postoji)">Bečka Standardna Srednja Okeanska Voda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl</a>. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) je standard za određenu izotopsku smešu sveže vode. Vrlo čista i pažljivo destilovana, predstavlja standard vode za proizvodlju termometara visoke preciznosti. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Izotopski</a> sastav Bečke Standardne Srednje Okeanske Vode dat je sa: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterijum" title="Deuterijum"><sup>2</sup>H</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protijum" title="Protijum"><sup>1</sup>H</a> = 155.76 ± 0.1 ppm (odnos približno 1:6420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricijum" title="Tricijum"><sup>3</sup>H</a>/<sup>1</sup>H = 1.85 ± 0.36 × 10<sup>−11</sup> ppm (odnos približno 1:5.41 × 10<sup>16</sup> )</li> <li><sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O = 2005.20 ± 0.43 ppm (odnos približno 1:498.7)</li> <li><sup>17</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O = 379.9 ± 1.6 ppm (odnos približno 1:2632)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odnos_između_temperaturnih_skala"><span id="Odnos_izme.C4.91u_temperaturnih_skala"></span>Odnos između temperaturnih skala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Odnos između temperaturnih skala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Odnos između temperaturnih skala"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabela koja prikazuje neke orijentacione temperature s vrednostima izraženim na raznim temperaturnim skalama: </p> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <th>Opis </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvinova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stepen_celzijusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepen celzijusa">Celzijusova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Farenhajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Farenhajt">Farenhajtova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rankinova_skala" title="Rankinova skala">Rankinova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Delilova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Delilova skala">Delilova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Njutnova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Njutnova skala">Njutnova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Reomirova_temperaturna_skala" title="Reomirova temperaturna skala">Reomirova</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Remerova_skala" class="mw-redirect" title="Remerova skala">Remerova</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Apsolutna nula </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-273,15 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-459,67 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>559,725 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-90,14 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-218,52 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-135,90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Farenhajta mešavina leda i soli </td> <td>255,37 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-17,78 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>459,67 </td> <td>176,67 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-5,87 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-14,22 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-1,83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dka_topljenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tačka topljenja">Tačka topljenja</a> leda/ledište vode (pri normalnom pritisku) </td> <td>273,15 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>491,67 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temperatura ljudskog tela </td> <td>310,15 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>98,6 </td> <td>558,27 </td> <td>94,5 </td> <td>12,21 </td> <td>29,6 </td> <td>26,925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dka_klju%C4%8Danja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tačka ključanja">Tačka ključanja</a> vode </td> <td>373,15 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>212 </td> <td>671,67 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tačka topljenja <a href="/wiki/Titanijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanijum">titanijuma</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1668 </td> <td>3034 </td> <td>3494 </td> <td style="color:maroon;">-2352 </td> <td>550 </td> <td>1334 </td> <td>883 </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Tabela koja prikazuje odnos između raznih temperaturnih skala:</p><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_8ptt2hi5eif5i71qk0w9dqkg3khiphc"></map><img usemap="#timeline_8ptt2hi5eif5i71qk0w9dqkg3khiphc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/8ptt2hi5eif5i71qk0w9dqkg3khiphc.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1ffhiani272xkwpdhhpiirksmjcxjcw"></map><img usemap="#timeline_1ffhiani272xkwpdhhpiirksmjcxjcw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/1ffhiani272xkwpdhhpiirksmjcxjcw.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ldrs403w6a8bnup9nzerqz0td6mce46"></map><img usemap="#timeline_ldrs403w6a8bnup9nzerqz0td6mce46" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/ldrs403w6a8bnup9nzerqz0td6mce46.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ixxz9pk5lqci2odk6unpy7n26wwsucj"></map><img usemap="#timeline_ixxz9pk5lqci2odk6unpy7n26wwsucj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/ixxz9pk5lqci2odk6unpy7n26wwsucj.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9hd0z95x4ss9jlg2q1gnqv9wqri0wud"></map><img usemap="#timeline_9hd0z95x4ss9jlg2q1gnqv9wqri0wud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/9hd0z95x4ss9jlg2q1gnqv9wqri0wud.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_sz5zmhtig7yw9aog7qkxa8fnexhu5vf"></map><img usemap="#timeline_sz5zmhtig7yw9aog7qkxa8fnexhu5vf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/sz5zmhtig7yw9aog7qkxa8fnexhu5vf.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_hxuxvtmqct492qjud3mtlc031niohke"></map><img usemap="#timeline_hxuxvtmqct492qjud3mtlc031niohke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/hxuxvtmqct492qjud3mtlc031niohke.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_c5vzf04ph63yjko9ihvsnjm17xrw9hd"></map><img usemap="#timeline_c5vzf04ph63yjko9ihvsnjm17xrw9hd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/timeline/c5vzf04ph63yjko9ihvsnjm17xrw9hd.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merni_instrumenti">Merni instrumenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Merni instrumenti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Merni instrumenti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg/250px-Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg/375px-Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg/500px-Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Optički <a href="/wiki/Pirometar" title="Pirometar">pirometar</a> za merenje temperature u <a href="/wiki/Visoka_pe%C4%87" title="Visoka peć">visokoj peći</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/250px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/375px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/500px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption>Medicinski stakleni <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg/250px-NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg/375px-NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/NOAA-NDBC-discus-buoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Automatska <a href="/wiki/Meteorolo%C5%A1ka_stanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorološka stanica">meteorološka stanica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Za merenje temperature služi <a href="/wiki/Merni_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Merni instrument">merni instrument</a> koji se zove <a href="/wiki/Termometar" title="Termometar">termometar</a>. </p><p>Živin termometar se zasniva na pojavi da se <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dko_telo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizičko telo">fizička tela</a> <a href="/wiki/Termi%C4%8Dka_dilatacija" title="Termička dilatacija">zagrijavanjem rastežu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Termi%C4%8Dka_dilatacija" title="Termička dilatacija">hlađenjem stežu</a>. Kao radna supstanca se nekad koristio alkohol, a danas se skoro jedino koristi <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa">živa</a> u tečnom agregatnom stanju zbog svog visokog koeficijenta ekspanzije. Pri dodiru sa okolinom, termometar brzo razmenjuje toplotu te se lako prati brzo rastezanje ili sažimanje žive u njemu. </p><p>Termometar se sastoji od uske staklene cevi (<a href="/wiki/Kapilarnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapilarnost">kapilare</a>) koja je duž termometra svugde istog <a href="/wiki/Pre%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Prečnik">prečnika</a>, dok se na donjem kraju proširuje u valjkastu ili kuglastu posudicu. </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Meteorologija" title="Meteorologija">meteorologiji</a>, merni instrumenti za merenje temperature su smešteni u <a href="/wiki/Meteorolo%C5%A1ka_stanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorološka stanica">meteorološkim stanicama</a> na 2 metra iznad zemlje radi uklanjanja nepovoljnih uticaja <a href="/wiki/Osun%C4%8Danost" class="mw-redirect" title="Osunčanost">osunčavanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetar">vetrova</a> i <a href="/wiki/Padavine" title="Padavine">padavina</a>, dok je razmena vazduha spolja stalno moguća. </p><p>Danas postoje nekoliko standardizovanih načina za merenje temperature, kao što su gasni termometri, akustični gasni termometri, termometri koji se zasnivaju na merenju električnog šuma provodnika, termometri koji se zasnivaju na merenju ukupnog zračenja crnog tela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primarni_termometri">Primarni termometri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Primarni termometri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Primarni termometri"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primarni termometrisu termometri čiji se rad zasniva na dobro proučenom fizičkom principu i koji su vrlo pouzdani, u smislu da imaju veliku reproducibilnost merenja (rezultat se vrlo dobro reprodukuje ponovljenim merenjem). Osobina primarnih termometara je da se <a href="/wiki/Jedna%C4%8Dina_stanja" title="Jednačina stanja">jednačina stanja</a> koja opisuje termometar može napisati bez uvođenja nekih drugih temperaturno-zavisnih veličina. </p><p>Primarni termometri mogu biti<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>gasni termometri sa gasom kao radnim telom (na primer <a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">helijumom</a> koji se ponaša skoro kao idealan gas) kod kojih se meri <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a> po blago korigovanoj <a href="/wiki/Jedna%C4%8Dina_stanja_idealnog_gasa" title="Jednačina stanja idealnog gasa">jednačini stanja za idealan gas <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57c364f7f0b47178cfd35c3bbaf6dcb22a98cf44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.94ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"></span></a></li> <li>akustični gasni termometri koji određuju temperaturu preko merenja brzine zvuka koji se kreće kroz gasni medijum (npr. helijum)</li> <li>termometri koji mere električni šum otpornika koji je direktno proporcionalan temperaturi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {V^{2}}}=4k_{B}TR\Delta \nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {V^{2}}}=4k_{B}TR\Delta \nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/892fc8d52170c1f1d76b2aaa66fb33996eef7817" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.606ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {V^{2}}}=4k_{B}TR\Delta \nu }"></span>, gde je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70f38f7b73e53fd7b5d9ca64bec3a1438cc0eade" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"></span>Plankova konstanta, a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58f96ba732011b18992697956dc04a8874915ffe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.168ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \nu }"></span>je raspon frekvencije</li> <li>termometri koji određuju temperaturu merenjem ukupnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zra%C4%8Denje_crnog_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zračenje crnog tela (stranica ne postoji)">zračenja crnog tela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekundarni_termometri">Sekundarni termometri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Sekundarni termometri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sekundarni termometri"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sekundarni termometri, za razliku od primarnih, nisu toliko pouzdani. Kod njih se dobijeni rezultat mora kalibrisati preko definisanih temperaturnih fiksnih tačaka, zbog toga što veličine koje se mere dodatno zavise od temperature. Za razliku od primarnih termometara, osobina sekundarnih termometara je da se <a href="/wiki/Jedna%C4%8Dina_stanja" title="Jednačina stanja">jednačina stanja</a> kod njih ne može napisati bez uvođenja nekih drugih temperaturno-zavisnih veličina. Prednost sekundarnih termometara i njihova zastupljenost u praksi je u tome što su primarni termometri često nepraktični zbog veličine, brzine ili cene. </p><p>Među sekundarnim termometrima koriste se: </p> <ul><li>termometri koji rade na principu merenja <a href="/wiki/Otpornik" title="Otpornik">otpora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalni</a> (pozitivni) senzori koji su vrlo reproducibilni, ali nisu previše osetljivi na niskim temperaturama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poluprovodnik" title="Poluprovodnik">poluprovodni</a> (negativni) senzori su vrlo ostljivi ali zahtevaju dodatnu kalibraciju zbog toga što temperaturno zavisna otpornost <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4efcbf30a4f7c5bc0e3ca1516a1311fb2541389c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.21ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R(T)}"></span>zavisi i od nečistoća u poluprovodniku</li></ul></li> <li>koji rade na principu dioda - lako je očitavati temperaturu, ali nisu tako precizni i reproducibilni kao termometri koji radi na principu otpornika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termopar" title="Termopar">termopari</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Termopar" title="Termopar">termoelementi</a> koji - rade na principu <a href="/wiki/Termoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekat" class="mw-redirect" title="Termoelektrični efekat">termoelektričnog efekta</a>, teško je očitavati temperaturu, ali mogu da mere širok opseg temperature i pogodni su zbog toga što su pasivni senzori</li> <li>termometri koji rade na principu <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_kapacitet" title="Električni kapacitet">kapacitivnosti</a> - imaju najmanju grešku na merenje temperature u prisustvu <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetnog polja</a>, ali nisu reproducibilni te je uvek potrebno meriti uz prisustvo kontrolnog senzora</li></ul> <p>Aktuelne definisane i internacionalno prihvaćene teperaturne skale za korišćenje sekundarnih termometara su (ITS-90) i (PLTS-2000). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Važne_praktične_karakteristike_termometara"><span id="Va.C5.BEne_prakti.C4.8Dne_karakteristike_termometara"></span>Važne praktične karakteristike termometara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Važne praktične karakteristike termometara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Važne praktične karakteristike termometara"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>tačnost termometra koja je određena osetljivošću i rezolucijom instrumenta</li> <li>osetljivost na magnetno polje</li> <li>reproducibilnost merenja (koliko sličan rezultat se dobija ponavljanjem merenja)</li> <li>jedinstvenost kalibracije</li> <li>jednostavnost korišćenja</li> <li>cena</li> <li>...</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uloga_temperature_u_prirodi">Uloga temperature u prirodi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Uloga temperature u prirodi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uloga temperature u prirodi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osim u svakodnevnom životu, temperatura igra važnu ulogu u skoro svim <a href="/wiki/Prirodne_nauke" title="Prirodne nauke">prirodnim naukama</a>. Mnoge <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dke_osobine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizičke osobine">fizičke osobine</a> materije, od <a href="/wiki/Agregatna_stanja" title="Agregatna stanja">agregatnog stanja</a> preko gustine, <a href="/wiki/Rastvorljivost" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastvorljivost">rastvorljivosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napon_pare" title="Napon pare">napona pare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_provodnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Električna provodnost">električne provodnosti</a> do <a href="/wiki/Indeks_prelamanja" title="Indeks prelamanja">indeksa prelamanja</a> zavise od temperature. Slično, od temeperature zavisi kojom će se brzinom odvijati neka <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijska reakcija</a> a u složenom sistemu, i koje će reakcije da se odigraju. To je jedan od razloga što kod čoveka postoji nekoliko vrlo složenih mehanizama za održavanje telesne temperature nešto ispod 37 °C, jer je samo nekoliko stepeni odstupanja dovoljno da poremeti optimalno stanje u organizmu. Od temperature takođe zavisi intenzitet toplotnog zračenja koje se emituje sa površine tela. Taj je efekat, na primer, primenjen u sijalici sa vlaknom u kojoj se električnom strujom podiže temperatura vlakna do temperature na kojoj dolazi do znatne emisije vidljivog zračenja. Na tom principu i Sunce sija — zbog visoke temperature, površina Sunca neprekidno emituje ogromnu količinu energije u vidu elektromagnetnih talasa, velikim delom u vidljivom delu spektra. </p><p>(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70f38f7b73e53fd7b5d9ca64bec3a1438cc0eade" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"></span>) </p><p>Uobičajena jedinica za merenje temprature u fizici je konvencionalna temperatura (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"></span>) koja se izražava preko standardne temperature (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>) i <a href="/wiki/Plankova_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Plankova konstanta">Plankove konstante (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70f38f7b73e53fd7b5d9ca64bec3a1438cc0eade" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{B}}"></span>)</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =k_{B}T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =k_{B}T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d3493934a5ed0d5921957451e8017c8b8b0572c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.627ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =k_{B}T}"></span> </p><p>Merna jedinica konvencionalne temperature je dimenzije <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a>, kao što je <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">džul</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">elektronvolt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperatura_tela">Temperatura tela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Temperatura tela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Temperatura tela"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatura tela je mera toplotnog stanja <a href="/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam">organizma</a>; posledica je ravnoteže između apsorpcije i zračenja toplote (<a href="/wiki/Termoregulacija" title="Termoregulacija">termoregulacija</a>). Kod <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covek" class="mw-redirect" title="Čovek">čoveka</a>, kao i kod drugih toplokrvnih (homeotermnih) životinja, temperatura u unutrašnjosti organizma održava se srazmerno stalnom, bez obzira na temperaturu okoline, što je u prvome redu nužno za pravilnu funkciju <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzima</a>. Temperatura hladnokrvnih (poikilotermnih) životinja zavisi od temperature okoline. </p><p>Temperatura se obično meri u ustima (oralna ili sublingvalna temperatura), pod pazuhom (aksilarna temperatura) ili u debelom crevu (rektalna temperatura). Među zdravim pojedincima temperatura pokazuje srazmerno veliku varijabilnost: oralna temperatura iznosi između 36,4 i 37,6 °C, aksilarna temperatura približno je 0,5 °C niža od oralne, a rektalna temperatura približno 0,5 °C viša od oralne. Temperatura je obično niža u jutarnjim satima, a viša u večernjima. Tokom vrlo napornoga mišićnog rada temperatura se privremeno može povisiti i do 40 °C. Kod žena temperatura zavisi od faze menstruacijskoga ciklusa: u drugoj polovini ciklusa ona je približno 0,3 °C viša nego u prvoj polovini. Povišena temperatura (vrućica ili <a href="/wiki/Groznica" title="Groznica">groznica</a>) može imati različite uzroke, a najčešće je posledica upalnih procesa i <a href="/wiki/Zaraza" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaraza">zaraza</a>. Kod male dece termoregulacija još nije dobro razvijena, pa temperatura može biti povišena i bez patoloških razloga. Umereno povišenje telesne temperature naziva se subfebrilnom temperaturom. Ako se temperatura povisi na 40,0 do 42,0 °C, može nastati <a href="/wiki/Toplotni_udar" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotni udar">toplotni udar</a>, a ako se snizi na približno 25,0 °C (na primer pri boravku u ledenoj vodi), čovek obično umire zbog srčanoga zastoja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperatura_vazduha">Temperatura vazduha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Temperatura vazduha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Temperatura vazduha"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatura vazduha, u <a href="/wiki/Meteorologija" title="Meteorologija">meteorologiji</a>, je temperatura u prizemnom sloju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera_nebeskog_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfera nebeskog tela (stranica ne postoji)">atmosfere</a> koja nije uzrokovana <a href="/wiki/Toplotno_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotno zračenje">toplotnim zračenjem</a> <a href="/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo">tla</a> i okoline ili <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčeva svetlost">Sunčevim zračenjem</a>. Meri se na <a href="/wiki/Visina" title="Visina">visini</a> od 2 metra iznad tla. Temperatura vazduha menja se tokom dana i tokom godine. Dnevni hod zavisi od doba dana i veličine i vrste oblačnosti, i može se znatno promeniti pri naglim prodorima toplog ili hladnog vazduha ili pri termički jako izraženim <a href="/wiki/Vetar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetar">vetrovima</a>, na primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fen_(vetar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fen (vetar) (stranica ne postoji)">fenu</a>, činuku ili <a href="/wiki/Bura" title="Bura">buri</a>. Godišnji hod zavisi od položaja <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a> prema <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Suncu</a>, zemljopisnom položaju mesta, te o <a href="/wiki/Klimatske_promene" class="mw-redirect" title="Klimatske promene">klimatskim promenama</a>. U našim <a href="/wiki/Geografska_%C5%A1irina" title="Geografska širina">geografskim širinama</a> u proseku je najhladniji mesec januar, a najtopliji jul. Zbog uticaja toplote tla, uz samo tlo temperatura vazduha naglo se menja, pa razlika između temperature vazduha na 2 metra visine i one pri tlu može iznositi i do 10 stupnjeva. Temperatura vazduha pri tlu meri se termometrima postavljenima 5 <a href="/wiki/Centimetar" title="Centimetar">centimetara</a> iznad tla. Najniža je do sada izmerena temperatura vazduha – 89,2 °C na stanici Vostok (<a href="/wiki/Antarktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a>, 1983.), a najviša 57,3 °C u mestu Asisija (Libija, 1923).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, W.E.K. (1966). pp. 89.–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truesdell_1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Truesdell_1980_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Truesdell, C.A. , Sections 11 B, 11H,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMach1890-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMach1890_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMach1890">Mach 1890</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMach1890 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell_1872_155-158-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_1872_155-158_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxwell, J.C. (1872). <i>Theory of Heat</i>, third edition, Longmans, Green, London, pages 155-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tait_1884_68-69-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tait_1884_68-69_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tait, P.G. (1884). <i>Heat</i>, Macmillan, London, Chapter VII, Section 95, pages 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl196673-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl196673_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchdahl1966">Buchdahl 1966</a>: str. 73<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuchdahl1966 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kondepudi, D. (2008). <i>Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics</i>, Wiley, Chichester. 1980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-470-01598-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-470-01598-8">978-0-470-01598-8</a>. pp. 306–310,320-332 Section 32., pages 106-108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=60785"><i>Temperatura</i></a> „Hrvatska enciklopedija“, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hänggi, Peter; Hilbert, Stefan; Dunkel, Jörn (28. 03. 2016.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/374/2064/20150039">„Meaning of temperature in different thermostatistical ensembles”</a> (en). <i>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A</i> <b>374</b> (2064): 20150039. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2015.0039">10.1098/rsta.2015.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X">1364-503X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903095">26903095</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+temperature+in+different+thermostatistical+ensembles&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+A&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4nggi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=H%C3%A4nggi%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Hilbert%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.au=Dunkel%2C%26%2332%3BJ%C3%B6rn&rft.date=28.+03.+2016.&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=2064&rft.pages=20150039&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsta.2015.0039&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft_id=info:pmid/26903095&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsta.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F374%2F2064%2F20150039&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fahrenheittocelsius.com/fahrenheit.php">„Fahrenheit temperature scale”</a>. fahrenheittocelsius.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2018</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fahrenheit+temperature+scale&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=fahrenheittocelsius.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffahrenheittocelsius.com%2Ffahrenheit.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">author., Shachtman, Tom, 1942-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1011499426"><i>Absolute zero and the conquest of cold</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780547525952" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780547525952">9780547525952</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011499426">1011499426</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+zero+and+the+conquest+of+cold&rft.aulast=author.&rft.aufirst=Shachtman%2C+Tom%2C+1942-&rft.au=author.%2C%26%2332%3BShachtman%2C+Tom%2C+1942-&rft.isbn=9780547525952&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1011499426&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1011499426&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/39959-celsius.html">„Celsius: Facts, Formulas & History”</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2018</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celsius%3A+Facts%2C+Formulas+%26+History&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F39959-celsius.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_an_absolute_thermometric_scale.html">„Lord Kelvin | On an Absolute Thermometric Scale...”</a> (en). zapatopi.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2018</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+%7C+On+an+Absolute+Thermometric+Scale...&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=zapatopi.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzapatopi.net%2Fkelvin%2Fpapers%2Fon_an_absolute_thermometric_scale.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nucleus.iaea.org/rpst/referenceproducts/referencematerials/Stable_Isotopes/2H18O-water-samples/VSMOW2.htm">„VSMOW2”</a> (en). nucleus.iaea.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2018</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=VSMOW2&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=nucleus.iaea.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2Frpst%2Freferenceproducts%2Freferencematerials%2FStable_Isotopes%2F2H18O-water-samples%2FVSMOW2.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174103/https://www.lakeshore.com/Documents/LSTC_appendixA_l.pdf">„Appendix A: Overview of Thermometry”</a>. www.lakeshore.com. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lakeshore.com/Documents/LSTC_appendixA_l.pdf">originala</a> na datum 23. 08. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2018</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Appendix+A%3A+Overview+of+Thermometry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lake+Shore+Cryotronics%2C+Inc.&rft.au=Lake+Shore+Cryotronics%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=www.lakeshore.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180823174103%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakeshore.com%2FDocuments%2FLSTC_appendixA_l.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=60787"><i>Temperatura vazduha</i></a> „Hrvatska enciklopedija“, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFauthor.">author., Shachtman, Tom, 1942-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1011499426"><i>Absolute zero and the conquest of cold</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780547525952" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780547525952">9780547525952</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011499426">1011499426</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+zero+and+the+conquest+of+cold&rft.aulast=author.&rft.aufirst=Shachtman%2C+Tom%2C+1942-&rft.au=author.%2C%26%2332%3BShachtman%2C+Tom%2C+1942-&rft.isbn=9780547525952&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1011499426&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1011499426&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFChang2004">Chang, Hasok (2004). <i>Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-517127-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-517127-3">978-0-19-517127-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Temperature%3A+Measurement+and+Scientific+Progress&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hasok&rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BHasok&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517127-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFZemansky,_Mark_Waldo1964">Zemansky, Mark Waldo (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/temepraturesvery0000mark"><i>Temperatures Very Low and Very High</i></a>. Princeton, N.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temperatures+Very+Low+and+Very+High&rft.aulast=Zemansky%2C+Mark+Waldo&rft.au=Zemansky%2C+Mark+Waldo&rft.date=1964&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftemepraturesvery0000mark&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>J.| publisher = Van Nostrand.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFAdkins,_C.J._(1968/1983)">Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). <i>Equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>. (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-25445-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-25445-8">978-0-521-25445-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equilibrium+Thermodynamics&rft.aulast=Adkins%2C+C.J.+%281968%2F1983%29&rft.au=Adkins%2C+C.J.+%281968%2F1983%29&rft.pub=%281st+edition+1968%29%2C+third+edition+1983%2C+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge+UK&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25445-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBuchdahl,_H.A.1966">Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). <i>The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concepts+of+Classical+Thermodynamics&rft.aulast=Buchdahl%2C+H.A.&rft.au=Buchdahl%2C+H.A.&rft.date=1966&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge+UK&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMach1990">Mach, E. (1990). <i>Die Principien der Wärmelehre. Historisch-kritisch entwickelt</i>. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Principien+der+W%C3%A4rmelehre.+Historisch-kritisch+entwickelt&rft.aulast=Mach&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Mach%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.date=1990&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Johann+Ambrosius+Barth&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMiddleton,_W.E.K.1966">Middleton, W.E.K. (1966). <i>A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology</i>. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore MD.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Thermometer+and+its+Use+in+Metrology&rft.aulast=Middleton%2C+W.E.K.&rft.au=Middleton%2C+W.E.K.&rft.date=1966&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press%2C+Baltimore+MD&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Miller, J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-today_2013-01_66_1/page/12">„Cooling molecules the optoelectric way”</a>. <i>Physics Today</i> <b>66</b> (1): 12–14. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.3.1840">10.1063/pt.3.1840</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cooling+molecules+the+optoelectric+way&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BJ&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2Fpt.3.1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_physics-today_2013-01_66_1%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFPartington,_J.R.1949"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._Partington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. 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(1928/1960). <i>Heat and Thermodynamics</i>, (first edition 1928), fifth edition, Blackie & Son Limited, Glasgow.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (stranica ne postoji)">Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin)</a> (1848). On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations, <i>Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc.</i> (1843/1863) 1, No. 5: 66–71.</li> <li><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (stranica ne postoji)">Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin)</a> (1851). „On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragicomicalhist0000unse"><i>The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854</i></a>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-90403-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-90403-0">978-0-387-90403-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragicomical+History+of+Thermodynamics%2C+1822-1854&rft.aulast=Truesdell&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Truesdell%2C%26%2332%3BC.A.&rft.date=1980&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-0-387-90403-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftragicomicalhist0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTschoegl,_N.W.2000">Tschoegl, N.W. (2000). <i>Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics</i>. Elsevier, Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-444-50426-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-444-50426-5">978-0-444-50426-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Equilibrium+and+Steady-State+Thermodynamics&rft.aulast=Tschoegl%2C+N.W.&rft.au=Tschoegl%2C+N.W.&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Elsevier%2C+Amsterdam&rft.isbn=978-0-444-50426-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Zeppenfeld, M.; Englert, B.G.U.; Glöckner, R.; Prehn, A.; Mielenz, M.; Sommer, C.; van Buuren, L.D.; Motsch, M. i dr.. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v491/n7425/full/nature11595.html">„Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules”</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>491</b>: 570–573. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.0046">1208.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.491..570Z">2012Natur.491..570Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11595">10.1038/nature11595</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23151480">23151480</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sysiphus+cooling+of+electrically+trapped+polyatomic+molecules&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Zeppenfeld&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Zeppenfeld%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Englert%2C%26%2332%3BB.G.U.&rft.au=Gl%C3%B6ckner%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Prehn%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Mielenz%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Sommer%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=van+Buuren%2C%26%2332%3BL.D.&rft.au=Motsch%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Rempe%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=491&rft.pages=570%E2%80%93573&rft_id=info:arxiv/1208.0046&rft_id=info:bibcode/2012Natur.491..570Z&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature11595&rft_id=info:pmid/23151480&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv491%2Fn7425%2Ffull%2Fnature11595.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Temperatura"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temperature" title="commons:Category:Temperature"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temperature" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Temperature">Temperatura</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618162716/http://eo.ucar.edu/skymath/SECT1WEB.PDF">An elementary introduction to temperature aimed at a middle school audience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/EN-CLC-AVRT-C/">Average yearly temperature by country</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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