CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bile bear - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4649c6ff-8ed6-4da8-8ce1-84c8a3e737be","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bile_bear","wgTitle":"Bile bear","wgCurRevisionId":1256014673,"wgRevisionId":1256014673,"wgArticleId":2939171,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009","Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011","All articles lacking in-text citations","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Animal glandular products","Animal keeping by humans","Animal products","Animal welfare and rights in China","Asiatic black bears","Cruelty to animals","Ethically disputed business practices towards animals","Traditional Chinese medicine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bile_bear","wgRelevantArticleId":2939171,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1019113","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bile bear - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_bear"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_bear"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bile_bear rootpage-Bile_bear skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bile+bear" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bile+bear" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bile+bear" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bile+bear" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_bile_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_bile_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods of bile extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_bile_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_and_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_and_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Housing and husbandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_and_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Welfare concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Welfare_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Welfare concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Welfare_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physiological indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioural_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioural_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Behavioural indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioural_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Longevity and mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wild_bears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_bears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wild bears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_bears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implications_for_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_for_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Implications for conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poaching_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poaching_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Poaching in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poaching_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Synthetic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wild_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Wild population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmed_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmed_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Farmed population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmed_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bile_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bile_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bile products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bile_products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bile products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bile_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Efficacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallbladder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallbladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Gallbladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallbladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_bile_and_bile_powder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_bile_and_bile_powder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Raw bile and bile powder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_bile_and_bile_powder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Pills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Businesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bile bear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="دب صفراوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دب صفراوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis_d%27os" title="Bilis d'os – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bilis d'os" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rengalle" title="Bärengalle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bärengalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis_de_oso" title="Bilis de oso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bilis de oso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="تجارت صفرای خرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجارت صفرای خرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_d%27ours" title="Bile d'ours – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bile d'ours" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvje%C4%91a_%C5%BEu%C4%8D" title="Medvjeđa žuč – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medvjeđa žuč" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_empedu" title="Beruang empedu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beruang empedu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattoria_della_bile" title="Fattoria della bile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fattoria della bile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4" title="熊農場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熊農場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safro_ayig%CA%BBi" title="Safro ayigʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Safro ayigʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Медвежья жёлчь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медвежья жёлчь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rngalla" title="Björngalla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Björngalla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பித்தநீர்க் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பித்தநீர்க் கரடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safra_ay%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Safra ayısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Safra ayısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87" title="Ведмежа жовч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ведмежа жовч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ADt_g%E1%BA%A5u" title="Mật gấu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mật gấu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%86%BD" title="熊膽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熊膽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1019113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bile_bear" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bile_bear" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bile_bear" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&oldid=1256014673" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bile_bear&id=1256014673&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBile_bear"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBile_bear"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bile_bear&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bear_bile" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1019113" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilebear2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/220px-Bilebear2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/330px-Bilebear2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/440px-Bilebear2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A bile bear in a "crush cage" on Huizhou Farm, <a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bile bears</b>, sometimes called <b>battery bears</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">bears</a> kept in captivity to harvest their <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, a digestive fluid produced by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and stored in the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, which is used by some <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Asian_medicine" title="Traditional Asian medicine">traditional Asian medicine</a> practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feng_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile<sup id="cite_ref-Hance_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gwang-lip2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwang-lip2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for the bile has been found in those nations as well as in some others, such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bear species most commonly farmed for bile is the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic black bear">Asiatic black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-ut-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a> (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) and every other East Asian bear species are also used (the only exception being the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Panda">giant panda</a> which does not produce <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">UDCA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn-hm_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-hm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iucn-ua_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-ua-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Asiatic black bear and the sun bear are listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List of Threatened Animals">Red List of Threatened Animals</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-ut-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iucn-hm_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-hm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were previously hunted for bile, but factory farming has become common since hunting was banned in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-VetTimes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VetTimes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bile can be harvested using several techniques, all of which require some degree of surgery, and may leave a permanent <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a> or inserted catheter. A significant proportion of the bears die because of the stress of unskilled surgery or the infections which may occur. </p><p>Farmed bile bears are housed continuously in small cages which often prevent them from standing or sitting upright, or from turning around. These highly restrictive cage systems and the low level of skilled husbandry can lead to a wide range of welfare concerns including physical injuries, pain, severe mental stress and muscle atrophy. Some bears are caught as cubs and may be kept in these conditions for up to 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The value of the bear products trade is estimated as high as $2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of factory farming bears for bile has been extensively condemned, including by Chinese physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Bear species farmed for collecting bile</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_3_(Wroclaw_zoo).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/200px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/300px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/400px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Asiatic black bear</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitting_sun_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sitting_sun_bear.jpg/200px-Sitting_sun_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sitting_sun_bear.jpg/300px-Sitting_sun_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sitting_sun_bear.jpg/400px-Sitting_sun_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="4170" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sun bear</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-brown-bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-brown-bear.jpg/200px-2010-brown-bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-brown-bear.jpg/300px-2010-brown-bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-brown-bear.jpg/400px-2010-brown-bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown bear</div></div></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bear bile and gallbladders, which store bile, are ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> (TCM). Its first recorded use is found in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Ban_Cao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Ban Cao (page does not exist)">Tang Ban Cao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89" class="extiw" title="zh:新修本草">zh</a>]</span></i> (<i>Newly Revised Materia Medica</i>, Tang dynasty, 659 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile and gallbladders is <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</a> (UDCA); bears are the only mammals to produce significant amounts of UDCA.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, bile was collected from wild bears which were killed and the gall and its contents cut from the body. In the early 1980s, methods of extracting bile from live bears were developed in North Korea and farming of bile bears began. This rapidly spread to China and other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bile bear farms started to reduce hunting of wild bears, with the hope that if bear farms raised a self-sustaining population of productive animals, poachers would have little motivation to capture or kill bears in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Hance_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for bile and gallbladders exists in Asian communities throughout the world, including the European Union and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demand has led to bears being hunted in the US specifically for this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_bile_extraction">Methods of bile extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods of bile extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods can be used to extract the bile. These all require surgery and include:<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Repeated percutaneous biliary drainage</b> uses an ultrasound imager to locate the gallbladder, which is then punctured and the bile extracted.</li> <li><b>Permanent implantation</b> uses a tube entered into the gallbladder through the abdomen. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Humane Society of the United States">the Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS), the bile is usually extracted twice a day through such implanted tubes, producing 10–20 ml of bile during each extraction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Catheterization</b> involves pushing a steel or <a href="/wiki/Perspex" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspex">perspex</a> <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> through the bear's abdomen and into the gallbladder.</li> <li>The <b>full-jacket</b> method uses a permanent catheter tube to extract the bile which is then collected in a plastic bag set in a metal box worn by the bear.</li> <li>The <b>free drip</b> method involves making a permanent hole, or <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a>, in the bear's abdomen and gallbladder, from which bile freely drips out. The wound is vulnerable to infection, and bile can leak back into the abdomen, causing high mortality rates. Sometimes, the hole is kept open with a perspex catheter, which HSUS writes causes severe pain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An AAF Vet Report states that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Removal</b> of the whole gallbladder is sometimes used. This method is used when wild bears are killed for their bile.</li></ul> <p>It has been estimated that 50–60 per cent of bears die from complications caused by the surgery or improper post-surgical care.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing_and_husbandry">Housing and husbandry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Housing and husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/220px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/330px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/440px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>Bears are commonly kept in extraction cages.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cubs are sometimes caught in the wild and used to supplement numbers held captive in farms. In 2008, it was reported that bear farms were paying the equivalent of US$280 to US$400 for a wild bear cub.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bile extraction begins at three years-of-age and continues for a minimum of five to ten years. Some bears may be kept in cages for bile extraction for 20 years or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bear can produce 2.2 kg of bile over a 5-year production life.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the bears outlive their productive bile-producing years (around 10 years old), they are often slaughtered and harvested for their other body parts such as meat, fur, paws and gallbladders; bear paws are considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSUS1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUS1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To facilitate the bile extraction process, mature bears are usually kept in small cages measuring approximately 130 x 70 x 60 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cages are so small they prevent the bears from being able to sit upright, stand or turn around. Some bears are kept in crush cages, the sides of which can be moved inwards to restrain the bear. The HSUS reports that some bears are moved to a crush cage for milking, but the remainder of the time live in a cage large enough to stand and turn around.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bile bears are often subjected to other procedures which have their own concomitant ethical and welfare concerns. These include <a href="/wiki/Declawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Declawing">declawing</a> in which the third <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanx</a> of each front digit is <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputated</a> to prevent the bears from self-mutilating or harming the farm workers. They may also have their hind teeth removed for the same reasons. These procedures are often conducted by unskilled farm staff and may result in the bears experiencing constant pain thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathology reports have shown that bile from sick bears is often contaminated with blood, pus, faeces, urine, bacteria and cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welfare_concerns">Welfare concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Welfare concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International concern about the welfare of bile bears began in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bile bear farms have little or no veterinary supervision and the animal husbandry is often conducted by non-skilled attendants. In combination with the impacts of small cage sizes, their spacing and lack of internal structures, there are several indicators of poor welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_indicators">Physiological indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physiological indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elevated <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> concentrations are a widely acknowledged indicator of physiological stress. Corticosteroid concentrations in the hair of Asiatic black bears relocated from a bile farm to a bear rescue centre fell between 12 and 88% over 163 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other physiological indicators of stress and potentially reduced welfare include growth retardation and <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2000 survey revealed that bile bears suffered from sores, skin conditions, ectoparasites, hair loss, bone deformities, injuries, swollen limbs, dental and breathing problems, diarrhoea and scarring.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One survey of 165 bears removed from a farm showed that (out of 181 free-drip bears), 163 (90%) had cholecystitis, 109 (66%) had gallbladder polyps, 56 (34%) had abdominal herniation, 46 (28%) had internal abscessation, 36 (22%) had gallstones, and 7 (4%) had peritonitis. Many of the bears had a combination of these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioural_indicators">Behavioural indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behavioural indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic sources have reported that bile bears exhibit <a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">abnormal behaviours</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypies</a>, lethargy, anxiety, and <a href="/wiki/Self-harm#Other_animals" title="Self-harm">self-mutilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese media reported a story in which a mother bear, having escaped her cage, strangled her own cub and then killed herself by intentionally running into a wall.<sup id="cite_ref-asiaone_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiaone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia</a> attempted to verify the story after it went viral, and concluded it likely did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity_and_mortality">Longevity and mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Longevity and mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Farmed bile bears live to an average age of five years old whereas healthy captive bears can live up to 35 years of age and wild bears for between 25 and 30 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, Chinese authorities announced that no new bear farms would be licensed<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1996, issued a special notice stating that no foreign object was allowed to be inserted into a bear body. No bears younger than 3 years of age and lighter than 100 kg were to be used for bile extraction, and bears could be confined in cages only during the time of bile extraction. The authorities required the adoption of the free-drip method which necessitates the creation of an artificial fistula between the gallbladder and the abdominal wall by opening a cut into the gallbladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Chinese State Council Information Office said that it was enforcing a "Technical Code of Practice for Raising Black Bears", which "requires hygienic, painless practice for gall extraction and make strict regulations on the techniques and conditions for nursing, exercise and propagation."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2007 veterinary report published by the <a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a> (AAF) stated that the Technical Code was not being enforced and that many bears were still spending their entire lives in small extraction cages without free access to food or water. The report also noted that the free-dripping technique promoted in the Technical Code was unsanitary as the fistula was an open portal through which bacteria could infiltrate the abdomen. The report also stated that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over. The free-dripping method still requires the bears to be prodded with a metal rod when the wound heals over and under veterinary examination, some bears with free-dripping fistulae were actually found to have clear perspex catheters permanently implanted into their gallbladders. In addition to the suffering caused by infection and pain at the incision site, 28% of fistulated bears also experience abdominal hernias and more than one-third eventually succumb to liver cancer, believed to be associated with the bile-extraction process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, bear farming was declared illegal in 1992. However, it was reported in 2008 that over 1,300 bears were still on 108 farms where farmers were hoping that legal farming would resume.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, wild bears over the age of ten could still be legally killed for their gallbladders in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vietnamese government in 2005 made it illegal to extract bear bile<sup id="cite_ref-WAP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a commitment to phase out bear farming. In 2008, there were still 3,410 bears on farms in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_sources">Alternative sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternative sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two alternative sources for bile from farmed bears, i.e. wild bears and synthetic sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_bears">Wild bears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wild bears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bile from farmed bears is considered inferior to bile and gall from wild bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implications_for_conservation">Implications for conservation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implications for conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, 7,600 captive bears are farmed in China. According to Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government officials see farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching and are insouciant about animal welfare concerns. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earthtrust" title="Earthtrust">Earthtrust</a> reported in 1994 that demand for bear parts from South Korea and Taiwan was one of the greatest threats to bear populations worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to partnerships between some South Korean travel companies and South Korean bear farmers, 'bear bile tourism' from the country has reportedly helped fuel the farming industry in China and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a> reported in 2002 that Japan's demand for bear bile remained at a level of at least 200 kg per year which in theory would require 10,000 bears killed to be satisfied. Legislation and enforcement for bear products in the country has also been lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 report indicated that the illegal trade in bear bile and gallbladder for traditional medicine is open and widespread across Malaysia and is potentially a serious threat to wild bears. In a survey of 365 traditional medicine shops across Malaysia, 175 (48%) claimed to be selling bear gallbladders and medicinal products containing bear bile.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some supporters of bile bear farms argue, "Wildlife farming offers, at first glance, an intuitively satisfying solution: a legal trade can in principle be created by farming animals to assuage demand for wild animals which thus need not be harvested."<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, bears continue to be hunted in the wild to supply the bile farms. A survey in 2000 reported that almost all of the farms in the study supplemented their captive population of bile bears with wild-caught bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is claimed to be necessary because of difficulties with captive breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers of bear bile have a strong preference for bile produced from wild bears; bile from farms may, therefore, not be a perfect substitute for bile from wild bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bear farming in Laos may be increasing the incentive to poach wild bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review of multiple types of wildlife tourist attractions concluded that bile bear farms had negative impacts on both animal welfare and conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorhouse_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorhouse-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poaching_in_the_United_States">Poaching in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poaching in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, U.S. park rangers began finding bear carcasses missing only gallbladders and paws. Initially, it was considered that occasional hunters were the cause, but investigations uncovered evidence that large commercial organizations were dealing in poaching and smuggling. During a three-year operation (Operation SOUP) ending in 1999, 52 people were arrested and 300 gallbladders seized in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Another investigation in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> led police to bring <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> charges against an organisation that poached an estimated 50 to 100 bears per year for a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neme_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neme-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated in 2008 that in North America, 40,000 <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a> are illegally poached for their gallbladders and paws each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_sources">Synthetic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Synthetic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile is <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</a> (UDCA). This can be synthesized using cow or pig bile, or even using no animal ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-JCM_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drug</a> name is <a href="/wiki/Ursodiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursodiol">Ursodiol</a> and it is now being widely produced under brand names such as <a href="/wiki/Actigall" class="mw-redirect" title="Actigall">Actigall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urso" title="Urso">Urso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursofalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursofalk">Ursofalk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursogal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursogal (page does not exist)">Ursogal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursotan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursotan (page does not exist)">Ursotan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JCM_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated in 2008 that 100,000 kg of synthetic UDCA was already being used each year in China, Japan and South Korea, and that the total world consumption may be double this figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavoussi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many traditional doctors still consider natural (but farmed) UDCA a superior product.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, UDCA has been synthesised from cow galls, as a by-product of the <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>, since 1955. It is also produced in the U.S. by Ciba-Geigy. </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaibao_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaibao Pharmaceuticals (page does not exist)">Kaibao Pharmaceuticals</a>, which supplies approximately half of the bear bile consumed in China, stated it is developing another synthetic source derived from poultry bile.<sup id="cite_ref-Hance_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_population">Wild population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wild population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world population of Asiatic black bears decreased from 30% to 49% between 1980 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Kikuchi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kikuchi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their reliability is unclear, range-wide estimates of 5–6,000 bears have been presented by Russian biologists. Rough density estimates without corroborating methods or data have been made in India and Pakistan, resulting in estimates of 7–9,000 in India and 1,000 in Pakistan. Unsubstantiated estimates from China give varying estimates between 15,000 and 46,000, with a government estimate of 28,000.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-ut-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates put the current (2015) total Asian worldwide population as low as 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Hance_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmed_population">Farmed population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Farmed population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="World Society for the Protection of Animals">World Society for the Protection of Animals</a> has been reported in 2011 as saying that more than 12,000 bears are currently estimated to be housed in both illegal and legal bear farms across Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Speroforum_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speroforum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_2">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a> conducted a study in 1999 and 2000, and estimated that 247 bear bile farms in China were holding 7,002 bears, though the Chinese government called the figures "pure speculation."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Chinese consider bear farms a way to reduce the demand on the wild bear population. Officially, 7,600 captive bears are farmed in China. According to Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile.<sup id="cite_ref-Parry_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government sees farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>China has been found to be the main source of bear bile products on sale throughout South-East Asia; this international trade in their parts and derivatives is strictly prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2010, there were approximately 97 establishments in China keeping bile bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a decrease from the mid-1990s, where Xinhua reported of 480 bear farms in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, estimates of bears kept in cages in China for bile production range from 9,000<sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 20,000 bears on nearly 100 domestic bear farms.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One company (Fujian Guizhen Tang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) alone has more than 400 black bears to supply bile using the free drip method. The bile is harvested twice a day to collect a total of approximately 130 ml from each bear per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the existence of bear farms (i.e. pre-1980) the demand for bear bile in China was about 500 kilos annually. In 2008, the demand had risen to about 4,000 kilos annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea_2">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the South Korean Environment Ministry, 1,374 bears were raised at 74 farms across South Korea as of 2009. In South Korea, it is legal to keep bears for bile and bears older than 10 years old can be harvested for their paws and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwang-lip2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwang-lip2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the number of bears on South Korean farms had declined to 322 animals in 20 farms.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project Moon Bear, a South Korean <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">nongovernmental organization (NGO)</a> has been campaigning to end bear farming in the country. In 2022, the South Korean government, associations of bear farmers, and NGOs announced a joint declaration to end bear farming by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laos">Laos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, the first farm was established in 2000. The number of farmed bears tripled from 2008 to 2012. In 2012, there were 121 Asiatic black bears and one sun bear on 11 commercial facilities. It is possible that all the bears were wild-caught domestically, or illegally imported internationally. This is in violation of both National and International law.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Laos in 2011, bear bile was selling for 120,000 kip (US$15) per ml, half the average monthly wage of 240,000 kip.<sup id="cite_ref-Speroforum_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speroforum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 survey of locals in <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> found that although attitudes towards bears and conservation were generally positive, awareness of cruelty in the bear farms was lacking, with 43.7% of respondents regarding bile consumption sourced from bear farms as acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_2">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2019 survey published by the <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Colleges" title="Claremont Colleges">Claremont Colleges</a> of 206 older Northern Vietnamese locals found that roughly 44% of respondents knew at least one other person who had used bear products from farms in the past year, compared to 55.33% of those who did not. 8.72% of respondents listed protecting bears as one of the reasons a person would not use such products, compared to roughly 21% who listed quality or preferring different medicine as reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bile_products">Bile products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bile products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_bile_product_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bear_bile_product_01.jpg/200px-Bear_bile_product_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bear_bile_product_01.jpg/300px-Bear_bile_product_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bear_bile_product_01.jpg/400px-Bear_bile_product_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_bile_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bear_bile_01.jpg/200px-Bear_bile_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bear_bile_01.jpg/300px-Bear_bile_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bear_bile_01.jpg/400px-Bear_bile_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Bear bile products come in forms, including pill (top) and liquid (bottom) forms.</div></div></div></div> <p>The monetary value of the bile comes from the traditional prescription of bear bile by doctors practicing traditional medicine. Bear bile contains <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</a>. It is purchased and consumed to treat hemorrhoids, sore throats, sores, bruising, muscle ailments, sprains, epilepsy, reduce fever, improve eyesight, break down gallstones, act as an anti-inflammatory, reduce the effects of overconsumption of alcohol, and to 'clear' the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently found in various forms for sale including whole gallbladders, raw bile, pills, powder, flakes, and ointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_(37610617206).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg/220px-Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg/330px-Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg/440px-Examples_of_Bear_Bile_Products_Seized_by_the_Hong_Kong_Government_-_%2837610617206%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Examples of Bear Bile Products Seized by the Hong Kong Government</figcaption></figure> <p>Because only minute amounts of bile are used in TCM, a total of 500 kg<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of bear bile is used by practitioners every year, but according to WSPA, more than 7,000 kg<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are being produced. The surplus has reportedly been used as ingredients in beauty products and non-traditional health tonics.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a> drew criticism in 2020 after reportedly recommending 'Tan Re Qing', a traditional medicine which contains the bile, to treat severe cases of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some South Korean bear bile farmers in the same year advertised that their products could also help with the coronavirus, drawing criticism from local animal rights groups.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific studies have found components of bear bile to have some <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-microbial">anti-microbial</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hepatoprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatoprotective">hepatoprotective</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The active ingredient in bear bile is ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and protective effects in human epithelial cells of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. It has been linked to regulation of immunoregulatory responses by regulation of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antimicrobial peptides <a href="/wiki/Defensin" title="Defensin">defensins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and take an active part in increased restitution of wound in the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, UDCA's effects has been shown to have exert actions outside the epithelial cells.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bear bile has been shown in studies to be able to get rid of gallstones or dissolve them in the gallbladder.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to controversy around the use of bear farming to obtain bile, synthetic sources for ursodeoxycholic acid are currently being worked on and investigated. Scientists in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> have been working on synthetic forms of bile products, so that scientists need not use animal sources for bile. In this way, it is hoped that in the future, bile can be created in methods that do not involve animal cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the overall worldwide trade in bear parts, including bile, was estimated to be a $2 billion industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavoussi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallbladder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, 1 kg of bear gallbladder cost approximately US$200, but by 1990 the price had risen to between US$3,000 and US$5,000 per kg. In 2009, the market price for legally sold gallbladders in Hong Kong had risen to between US$30,000 and US$50,000 per kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported in 1991 that bear gallbladders and the like could sell in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> "for 10 times their price in China", with prices for one ranging from US$700 to US$3,292.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the pricier bear galls in Japan were reported to be selling for as much as US$83 per gram, and were either sourced domestically, or from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> or China.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report published in 2013 stated that a poacher in North America can usually get US$100 to $150 for a gallbladder, but the organs can fetch $5,000 to $10,000 in the end-market once they are processed into a powder. The report also stated that the HSUS indicated a bear gallbladder can cost more than $3,000 in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A TRAFFIC report estimated that prices for whole gallbladders were as low as $51.11 (Myanmar) and as high as $2,000 (Hong Kong SAR). For gallbladder by the gram, the least expensive was $0.11 per gram (Thailand) and the highest was $109.70 per gram (Japan).<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raw_bile_and_bile_powder">Raw bile and bile powder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Raw bile and bile powder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw bile can sell for as much as US$24,000 per kg, about half the price of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is huge profitability in the trade of bile powder. In 2007, while the wholesale price of bile powder was approximately US$410 per kg in China, the retail price increased from 25 to 50 fold in South Korea, and to 80 fold in Japan, i.e. US$33,000 per kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavoussi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pills">Pills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pill prices ranged from as low as $0.38 per pill (Malaysia) to $3.83 per pill (Thailand).<sup id="cite_ref-Isaccs_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the U.S., approximately $1 per pill, which is an average price between the two countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Guizhentang_Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Guizhentang Pharmaceutical company">Guizhentang Pharmaceutical company</a> was one of the most successful bile extraction companies in China, paying some 10 million <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> in taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-jinghua1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jinghua1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the company tried to go public in the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_stock_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhen stock exchange">Shenzhen stock exchange</a> and proposed to triple the company's stock of captive bears, from 400 to 1,200.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provoked a large backlash from activists, internet users<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-news1631_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news1631-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by a number of controversies along with public interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-moneyycwb1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneyycwb1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company responded with demonstrations of the extraction process where the bears seemed unconcerned by the procedure, in an attempt to counter the allegations its business was cruel.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_the_Bears_Fund" title="Free the Bears Fund">Free the Bears Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_wine" title="Snake wine">Snake wine</a>, a rice wine made with snake bile</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aapn.org/endangered.html#Bile%20Bears">Asian Animal Protection Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722003454/http://www.aapn.org/endangered.html#Bile%20Bears">Archived</a> July 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aapn.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCzaja2019" class="citation journal cs1">Czaja, Olaf (2019-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/emscat/3994">"The use of insects in Tibetan medicine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Centre_pour_l%27%C3%89dition_%C3%89lectronique_Ouverte" title="Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte">Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte</a></i> (50). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Femscat.3994">10.4000/emscat.3994</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0766-5075">0766-5075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centre+pour+l%27%C3%89dition+%C3%89lectronique+Ouverte&rft.atitle=The+use+of+insects+in+Tibetan+medicine&rft.issue=50&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Femscat.3994&rft.issn=0766-5075&rft.aulast=Czaja&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Femscat%2F3994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSAHAMAZUMDAR2017" class="citation book cs1">SAHA, GOUTAM KUMAR; MAZUMDAR, SUBHENDU (2017-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCstDwAAQBAJ&q=bear+bile+ayurveda"><i>WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-5313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-5313-8"><bdi>978-81-203-5313-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WILDLIFE+BIOLOGY%3A+AN+INDIAN+PERSPECTIVE&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.isbn=978-81-203-5313-8&rft.aulast=SAHA&rft.aufirst=GOUTAM+KUMAR&rft.au=MAZUMDAR%2C+SUBHENDU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCstDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbear%2Bbile%2Bayurveda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feng-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feng_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feng_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feng_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feng_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengSiuWangNg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feng Y, Siu K, Wang N, Ng KM, Tsao SW, Nagamatsu T, Tong Y (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2">10.1186/1746-4269-5-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">2630947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138420">19138420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Bear+bile%3A+dilemma+of+traditional+medicinal+use+and+animal+protection&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19138420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Siu%2C+K&rft.au=Wang%2C+N&rft.au=Ng%2C+KM&rft.au=Tsao%2C+SW&rft.au=Nagamatsu%2C+T&rft.au=Tong%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hance-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hance_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hance_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hance_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hance_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHance,_J.2015" class="citation news cs1">Hance, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/apr/09/bear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative">"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+the+end+of+%27house+of+horror%27+bear+bile+factories+in+sight%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Hance%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fradical-conservation%2F2015%2Fapr%2F09%2Fbear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong,_J.Harris,_R._B.2006" class="citation book cs1">Gong, J. & Harris, R. B. (2006). "The status of bears in China". <i>Understanding Asian Bears to Secure Their Future</i>. Japan Bear Network (compiler), Ibaraki, Japan. pp. 96–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+status+of+bears+in+China&rft.btitle=Understanding+Asian+Bears+to+Secure+Their+Future&rft.pages=96-101&rft.pub=Japan+Bear+Network+%28compiler%29%2C+Ibaraki%2C+Japan&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gong%2C+J.&rft.au=Harris%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2010" class="citation news cs1">MacGregor, F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/laos/7950161/Inside-a-bear-bile-farm-in-Laos.html">"Inside a bear bile farm in Laos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Inside+a+bear+bile+farm+in+Laos&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Flaos%2F7950161%2FInside-a-bear-bile-farm-in-Laos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs,_A.2013" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/world/asia/chinese-bear-bile-farming-draws-charges-of-cruelty.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0">"Folk remedy extracted from captive bears stirs furor in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Folk+remedy+extracted+from+captive+bears+stirs+furor+in+China&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchinese-bear-bile-farming-draws-charges-of-cruelty.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwang-lip2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gwang-lip2009_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwang-lip2009_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwang-lip,_M.2009" class="citation web cs1">Gwang-lip, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709172732/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2911817">"Vietnamese urge Koreans not to travel for bear bile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a></i>. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+urge+Koreans+not+to+travel+for+bear+bile&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Gwang-lip%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Farticle.aspx%3Faid%3D2911817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation news cs1">Black, R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6742671.stm">"BBC Test kit targets cruel bear trade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115175324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6742671.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Test+kit+targets+cruel+bear+trade&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6742671.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trafficj.org/publication/11_Pills_Powders_Vials_Flakes.pdf">"Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">Traffic</a></i>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traffic&rft.atitle=Pills%2C+Powders%2C+Vials+and+Flakes%3A+the+bear+bile+trade+in+Asia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trafficj.org%2Fpublication%2F11_Pills_Powders_Vials_Flakes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalsasia.org/us/our-work/end-bear-bile-farming/">"Bear Bile Farming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals Asia">Animals Asia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals+Asia&rft.atitle=Bear+Bile+Farming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Fus%2Four-work%2Fend-bear-bile-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-ut-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-ut_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarshelis,_D.Steinmetz,_R.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Garshelis, D. & Steinmetz, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22824/166528664">"<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2020</b>: e.T22824A166528664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Ursus+thibetanus&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T22824A166528664&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en&rft.au=Garshelis%2C+D.&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22824%2F166528664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-hm-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-hm_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-hm_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotson,_L.Fredriksson,_G.Augeri,_D.Cheah,_C.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D. & Wai-Ming, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9760/123798233">"<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T9760A123798233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Helarctos+malayanus&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T9760A123798233&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en&rft.au=Scotson%2C+L.&rft.au=Fredriksson%2C+G.&rft.au=Augeri%2C+D.&rft.au=Cheah%2C+C.&rft.au=Ngoprasert%2C+D.&rft.au=Wai-Ming%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F9760%2F123798233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-ua-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn-ua_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan,_B.N.Proctor,_M.F.Huber,_D.Michel,_S." class="citation journal cs1">McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41688/121229971">"<i>Ursus arctos</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T41688A121229971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Ursus+arctos&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T41688A121229971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en&rft.au=McLellan%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+M.F.&rft.au=Huber%2C+D.&rft.au=Michel%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41688%2F121229971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengSiuWangNg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Yibin; Siu, Kayu; Wang, Ning; Ng, Kwan-Ming; Tsao, Sai-Wah; Nagamatsu, Tadashi; Tong, Yao (2009-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>5</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2">10.1186/1746-4269-5-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">2630947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138420">19138420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Bear+bile%3A+dilemma+of+traditional+medicinal+use+and+animal+protection&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19138420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Yibin&rft.au=Siu%2C+Kayu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ning&rft.au=Ng%2C+Kwan-Ming&rft.au=Tsao%2C+Sai-Wah&rft.au=Nagamatsu%2C+Tadashi&rft.au=Tong%2C+Yao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VetTimes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VetTimes_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon,_H.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/implications-of-bear-bile-farming/">"Implications of bear bile farming"</a>. <i>Veterinary Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Times&rft.atitle=Implications+of+bear+bile+farming&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Bacon%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vettimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fimplications-of-bear-bile-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalsasia.org/uk/our-work/end-bear-bile-farming/">"End Bear Bile Farming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals+Asia+Foundation&rft.atitle=End+Bear+Bile+Farming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Fuk%2Four-work%2Fend-bear-bile-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinness-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524171627/http://www.cagesofshame.com/page2.html">"Cages of shame"</a>. Guinness Entertainment Pty Ltd. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cagesofshame.com/page2.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cages+of+shame&rft.pub=Guinness+Entertainment+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagesofshame.com%2Fpage2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavoussi,_Ben2011" class="citation web cs1">Kavoussi, Ben (March 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/asian-bear-bile-remedies-barbarism-or-medicine/">"Asian Bear Bile Remedies: Traditional Medicine or Barbarism?"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Based_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Based medicine (page does not exist)">Science Based medicine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Based+medicine&rft.atitle=Asian+Bear+Bile+Remedies%3A+Traditional+Medicine+or+Barbarism%3F&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.au=Kavoussi%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fasian-bear-bile-remedies-barbarism-or-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8727071/Chinese-doctors-to-call-for-cruel-bear-farms-to-be-closed.html">"Chinese doctors to call for 'cruel' bear farms to be closed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Aug 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chinese+doctors+to+call+for+%27cruel%27+bear+farms+to+be+closed&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F8727071%2FChinese-doctors-to-call-for-cruel-bear-farms-to-be-closed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSU659" class="citation book cs1">SU, Jin (659). "卷第二病通用药". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=931413&remap=gb#p525"><i>新修本草</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C+%E7%97%85%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%8D%AF&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89&rft.date=659&rft.aulast=SU&rft.aufirst=Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Den%26chapter%3D931413%26remap%3Dgb%23p525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsai-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai,_L.2008" class="citation web cs1">Tsai, L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-bears-used-traditional-chinese-medicine">"Detailed discussion of bears used in traditional Chinese medicine"</a>. Michigan State University College of Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+discussion+of+bears+used+in+traditional+Chinese+medicine&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+College+of+Law&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Tsai%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animallaw.info%2Farticle%2Fdetailed-discussion-bears-used-traditional-chinese-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaccs-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaccs_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaccs,_J._R.2013" class="citation web cs1">Isaccs, J. R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0131-isaacs-bear-bile.html#QvvvZWi4roC1RUhw.99">"Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation"</a>. Mongabay.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+bear+farming%3A+breaking+the+cycle+of+exploitation&rft.pub=Mongabay.com&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Isaccs%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2013%2F0131-isaacs-bear-bile.html%23QvvvZWi4roC1RUhw.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalsasia.org/index.php?module=2&menupos=5&lg=en">"Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3D2%26menupos%3D5%26lg%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi,_P.J.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Li, P.J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=acwp_awap">"China's bear farming and long-term solutions"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 71–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327604jaws0701_5">10.1207/s15327604jaws0701_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15066772">15066772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11451648">11451648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Animal+Welfare+Science&rft.atitle=China%27s+bear+farming+and+long-term+solutions.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11451648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15066772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327604jaws0701_5&rft.au=Li%2C+P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalstudiesrepository.org%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1053%26context%3Dacwp_awap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton2011_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonHepburnMacdonald2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, A.J.; Hepburn, C.; Macdonald, D.W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140486">"A stated preference investigation into the Chinese demand for farmed vs. wild bear bile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>6</b> (7): e21243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...621243D">2011PLoSO...621243D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021243">10.1371/journal.pone.0021243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140486">3140486</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21799733">21799733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=A+stated+preference+investigation+into+the+Chinese+demand+for+farmed+vs.+wild+bear+bile&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e21243&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140486%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21799733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...621243D&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.au=Hepburn%2C+C.&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUS1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSUS1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2012/06">"The Humane Society of the United States and Born Free USA Praise Hawaii Governor for Signing Bear Bile Prohibition into Law"</a>. June 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Humane+Society+of+the+United+States+and+Born+Free+USA+Praise+Hawaii+Governor+for+Signing+Bear+Bile+Prohibition+into+Law&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2F2012%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalsasia.org/uk/our-work/end-bear-bile-farming/what-is-bear-bile-farming/overview.html">"Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals+Asia+Foundation&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Fuk%2Four-work%2Fend-bear-bile-farming%2Fwhat-is-bear-bile-farming%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maas-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2000" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Barbara (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922132126/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/000ADOBES/Bears/D263WSPABearFarmingAsiaMaas.pdf"><i>The veterinary, behavioural and welfare implications of bear farming in Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Society for the Protection of Animals. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183098084">183098084</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/000ADOBES/Bears/D263WSPABearFarmingAsiaMaas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+veterinary%2C+behavioural+and+welfare+implications+of+bear+farming+in+Asia&rft.pub=World+Society+for+the+Protection+of+Animals&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183098084&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildpro.twycrosszoo.org%2F000ADOBES%2FBears%2FD263WSPABearFarmingAsiaMaas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm,_K.D.McShea,_W.J.Van_Deelen,_T.R.Bacon,_H.J.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Malcolm, K.D.; McShea, W.J.; Van Deelen, T.R.; Bacon, H.J.; Liu, F.; Putman, S.; Brown, J.L. (2013). "Analyses of fecal and hair glucocorticoids to evaluate short-and long-term stress and recovery of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) removed from bile farms in China". <i><a href="/wiki/General_and_Comparative_Endocrinology" title="General and Comparative Endocrinology">General and Comparative Endocrinology</a></i>. <b>185</b>: 97–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2013.01.014">10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23416358">23416358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+and+Comparative+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Analyses+of+fecal+and+hair+glucocorticoids+to+evaluate+short-and+long-term+stress+and+recovery+of+Asiatic+black+bears+%28Ursus+thibetanus%29+removed+from+bile+farms+in+China&rft.volume=185&rft.pages=97-106&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2013.01.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23416358&rft.au=Malcolm%2C+K.D.&rft.au=McShea%2C+W.J.&rft.au=Van+Deelen%2C+T.R.&rft.au=Bacon%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Liu%2C+F.&rft.au=Putman%2C+S.&rft.au=Brown%2C+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuBayneWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lu J, Bayne K, Wang J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026119291304100505">"Current status of animal welfare and animal rights in China"</a>. <i>Alternatives to Laboratory Animals</i>. <b>41</b> (5): 351–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026119291304100505">10.1177/026119291304100505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24329743">24329743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27944352">27944352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternatives+to+Laboratory+Animals&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+animal+welfare+and+animal+rights+in+China&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=351-357&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27944352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24329743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026119291304100505&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bayne%2C+K&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F026119291304100505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Embassy of China: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/BearBileFarming.htm">"Bile Bear Report."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617163427/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/BearBileFarming.htm">Archived</a> June 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asiaone-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asiaone_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813074420/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20110805-292947.html">"Mother bear kills cub then itself"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AsiaOne" title="AsiaOne">AsiaOne</a></i>. 5 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20110805-292947.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AsiaOne&rft.atitle=Mother+bear+kills+cub+then+itself&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FLatest%252BNews%2FAsia%2FStory%2FA1Story20110805-292947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalsasia.org/uk/media/news/news-archive/suicide-bear-story-likely-false-but-bile-farming-is-real.html">"Suicide bear story likely false - but bile farming is real"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a></i>. October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals+Asia+Foundation&rft.atitle=Suicide+bear+story+likely+false+-+but+bile+farming+is+real&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Fuk%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Fnews-archive%2Fsuicide-bear-story-likely-false-but-bile-farming-is-real.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2006" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Catharine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQLlK0phVNcC&q=1994+bear+licenses"><i>The No-nonsense Guide to Animal Rights</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904456-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904456-40-7"><bdi>978-1-904456-40-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+No-nonsense+Guide+to+Animal+Rights&rft.pub=New+Internationalist&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904456-40-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQLlK0phVNcC%26q%3D1994%2Bbear%2Blicenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/xw/t231011.htm">"Press Conference on Animal Welfare, Sponsored by the State Council Information Office(12/01/2006)"</a>. Embassy of the People's Republic of China. 1 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Conference+on+Animal+Welfare%2C+Sponsored+by+the+State+Council+Information+Office%2812%2F01%2F2006%29&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinese-embassy.org.uk%2Feng%2Fxw%2Ft231011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAP-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WAP_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214033257/http://www.worldanimalprotection.org.uk/campaigns/wildlife/bear-bile-farming">"Bear bile industry"</a>. World Animal Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldanimalprotection.org.uk/campaigns/wildlife/bear-bile-farming">the original</a> on 2016-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bear+bile+industry&rft.pub=World+Animal+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldanimalprotection.org.uk%2Fcampaigns%2Fwildlife%2Fbear-bile-farming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrudgeNguyenCao2018" class="citation journal cs1">Crudge, Brian; Nguyen, Trang; Cao, Tien Trung (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605317001752">"The challenges and conservation implications of bear bile farming in Viet Nam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i>. <b>54</b> (2): 252–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605317001752">10.1017/S0030605317001752</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=The+challenges+and+conservation+implications+of+bear+bile+farming+in+Viet+Nam&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-259&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605317001752&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft.aulast=Crudge&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Trang&rft.au=Cao%2C+Tien+Trung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605317001752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry-JonesVincent1998" class="citation journal cs1">Parry-Jones, R.; Vincent, A. (1998). "Can we tame wild medicine?". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>157</b> (2115): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Can+we+tame+wild+medicine%3F&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=2115&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Parry-Jones&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Vincent%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalsasia.org/index.php?module=8&menupos=1&submenupos=8&item=4&lg=en">"Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3D8%26menupos%3D1%26submenupos%3D8%26item%3D4%26lg%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625021421/http://earthtrust.org/archive/bear.html">"Bear Farming and Trade in China and Taiwan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earthtrust" title="Earthtrust">Earthtrust</a></i>. 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthtrust.org/archive/bear.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earthtrust&rft.atitle=Bear+Farming+and+Trade+in+China+and+Taiwan&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthtrust.org%2Farchive%2Fbear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160712000904">"Couple seeks to end bear bile trade in Korea, build sanctuaries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>. 2016-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Couple+seeks+to+end+bear+bile+trade+in+Korea%2C+build+sanctuaries&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20160712000904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldanimalprotection.ca/sites/default/files/media/ca_-_en_files/bearbilejapan_tcm22-2713.pdf">"Japan's illegal trade in bear products: A threat to bears worldwide (page 3)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japan Wildlife Conservation Society</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Wildlife+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+illegal+trade+in+bear+products%3A+A+threat+to+bears+worldwide+%28page+3%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldanimalprotection.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fca_-_en_files%2Fbearbilejapan_tcm22-2713.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingBurgessChng2015" class="citation web cs1">Ling, L.S.; Burgess, E.A.; Chng, S.C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traffic.org/home/2015/5/29/survey-finds-medicines-from-bear-parts-widely-available-in-m.html">"Hard to bear: An assessment of trade in bear bile and gall bladder in Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">Traffic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+to+bear%3A+An+assessment+of+trade+in+bear+bile+and+gall+bladder+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Traffic&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Chng%2C+S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traffic.org%2Fhome%2F2015%2F5%2F29%2Fsurvey-finds-medicines-from-bear-parts-widely-available-in-m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone,_E.Shepherd,_C.R.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Livingstone, E. & Shepherd, C.R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605314000477">"Bear farms in Lao PDR expand illegally and fail to conserve wild bears"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 176–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605314000477">10.1017/s0030605314000477</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Bear+farms+in+Lao+PDR+expand+illegally+and+fail+to+conserve+wild+bears&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176-184&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0030605314000477&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+E.&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0030605314000477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moorhouse-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moorhouse_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouseDahlsjöBakerD'Cruze2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moorhouse, T.P.; Dahlsjö, C.A.; Baker, S.E.; D'Cruze, N.C.; Macdonald, D.W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619427">"The customer isn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>10</b> (10): e0138939. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1038939M">2015PLoSO..1038939M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138939">10.1371/journal.pone.0138939</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619427">4619427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26489092">26489092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=The+customer+isn%27t+always+right%E2%80%94conservation+and+animal+welfare+implications+of+the+increasing+demand+for+wildlife+tourism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0138939&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4619427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26489092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1038939M&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rft.au=Dahlsj%C3%B6%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Baker%2C+S.E.&rft.au=D%27Cruze%2C+N.C.&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4619427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neme-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neme_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeme,_L.A.2009" class="citation book cs1">Neme, L.A. (2009). <i>Animal Investigators: How the World's First Wildlife Forensics Lab is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Investigators%3A+How+the+World%27s+First+Wildlife+Forensics+Lab+is+Solving+Crimes+and+Saving+Endangered+Species&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Neme%2C+L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCM-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCM_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCM_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207210704/https://www.jcm.co.uk/news/asiatic-black-bear-alternatives-to-bear-bile/">"Alternatives to bear bile"</a>. Journal of Chinese Medicine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcm.co.uk/news/asiatic-black-bear-alternatives-to-bear-bile/">the original</a> on December 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+bear+bile&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chinese+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcm.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fasiatic-black-bear-alternatives-to-bear-bile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kavoussi-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kavoussi_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavoussi,_B.2001" class="citation web cs1">Kavoussi, B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/asian-bear-bile-remedies-barbarism-or-medicine/">"Asian bear bile remedies: Traditional medicine or barbarism?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Asian+bear+bile+remedies%3A+Traditional+medicine+or+barbarism%3F&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Kavoussi%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fasian-bear-bile-remedies-barbarism-or-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kikuchi-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kikuchi_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKikuchi,_R.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kikuchi, R. (2012). "Captive bears in human–animal welfare conflict: A case study of bile extraction on Asia's bear farms". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 55–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10806-010-9290-2">10.1007/s10806-010-9290-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153660795">153660795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Ethics&rft.atitle=Captive+bears+in+human%E2%80%93animal+welfare+conflict%3A+A+case+study+of+bile+extraction+on+Asia%27s+bear+farms&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-77&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10806-010-9290-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153660795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kikuchi%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speroforum-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Speroforum_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speroforum_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203151225/http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=58050&t=Laos:+++Authorities+shut+down+bear+farm+that+extracted+the+animal%92s+bile">"Laos: Authorities shut down bear farm that extracted the animal's bile"</a>. SperoNews. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=58050&t=Laos%3A+++Authorities+shut+down+bear+farm+that+extracted+the+animal%92s+bile">the original</a> on 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos%3A+Authorities+shut+down+bear+farm+that+extracted+the+animal%27s+bile&rft.pub=SperoNews&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speroforum.com%2Fsite%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D58050%26t%3DLaos%253A%2B%2B%2BAuthorities%2Bshut%2Bdown%2Bbear%2Bfarm%2Bthat%2Bextracted%2Bthe%2Banimal%2592s%2Bbile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parry-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parry_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry-Jones,_RobVincent,_Amanda1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Parry-Jones, Rob; Vincent, Amanda (January 3, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015002358/http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/pdfs/parryjones_and_vincent1998_newscientist.html">"Can we tame wild medicine?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. Vol. 157, no. 2115. p. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/pdfs/parryjones_and_vincent1998_newscientist.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Can+we+tame+wild+medicine%3F&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=2115&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1998-01-03&rft.au=Parry-Jones%2C+Rob&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca%2Fpdfs%2Fparryjones_and_vincent1998_newscientist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2011" class="citation web cs1">Platt, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/vile-illegal-trade-in-bear-bile-flourishes-throughout-asia/">"Vile: Illegal Trade in Bear Bile Flourishes throughout Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Vile%3A+Illegal+Trade+in+Bear+Bile+Flourishes+throughout+Asia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fextinction-countdown%2Fvile-illegal-trade-in-bear-bile-flourishes-throughout-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez,_L.2019" class="citation report cs1">Gomez, L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/12480/malaysia-bear-bile-industry-1.pdf">An update on the bear bile trade in Peninsular Malaysia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">Traffic</a> Southeast Asia Regional Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=An+update+on+the+bear+bile+trade+in+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.place=Petaling+Jaya%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Traffic+Southeast+Asia+Regional+Office&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Gomez%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traffic.org%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F12480%2Fmalaysia-bear-bile-industry-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellChoi" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, J.; Choi, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10165245/1/Powell_International%20Bear%20News%20-%20Bear%20Farms%20ROK%20-%20Powell%20and%20Choi.pdf">"Bear Farms in South Korea: An End to Policy Deadlock in Sight?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Bear News</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 28–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bear+News&rft.atitle=Bear+Farms+in+South+Korea%3A+An+End+to+Policy+Deadlock+in+Sight%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=28-31&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Choi%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10165245%2F1%2FPowell_International%2520Bear%2520News%2520-%2520Bear%2520Farms%2520ROK%2520-%2520Powell%2520and%2520Choi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukananAnthony2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sukanan, Darunee; Anthony, Brandon P. (2019-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390540">"Community attitudes towards bears, bear bile use, and bear conservation in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13002-019-0292-5">10.1186/s13002-019-0292-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-4269">1746-4269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390540">6390540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30808395">30808395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Community+attitudes+towards+bears%2C+bear+bile+use%2C+and+bear+conservation+in+Luang+Prabang%2C+Lao+PDR&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6390540%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1746-4269&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30808395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13002-019-0292-5&rft.aulast=Sukanan&rft.aufirst=Darunee&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Brandon+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6390540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlicia_NgoShannon_Randolph2019" class="citation journal cs1">Alicia Ngo; Shannon Randolph (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=envirolabasia">"Can't bear it! Employing Culturally Sensitive Initiatives to Reduce Bear Bile Demand in Northern Vietnam"</a>. <i>EnviroLab Asia</i>. <b>2</b>: 21, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EnviroLab+Asia&rft.atitle=Can%27t+bear+it%21+Employing+Culturally+Sensitive+Initiatives+to+Reduce+Bear+Bile+Demand+in+Northern+Vietnam&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=21%2C+22&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Alicia+Ngo&rft.au=Shannon+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.claremont.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1045%26context%3Denvirolabasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2020/03/chinese-government-reportedly-recommending-bear-bile-injections-to-treat-coronavirus/">"Chinese government reportedly recommending bear bile injections to treat coronavirus"</a>. <i>Mongabay</i>. 2020-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Chinese+government+reportedly+recommending+bear+bile+injections+to+treat+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F03%2Fchinese-government-reportedly-recommending-bear-bile-injections-to-treat-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratik_Jakhar2020" class="citation news cs1">Pratik Jakhar (2020-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53094603">"Covid-19: China pushes traditional remedies amid outbreak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Covid-19%3A+China+pushes+traditional+remedies+amid+outbreak&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.au=Pratik+Jakhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-53094603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin_Ji_Koo2020" class="citation web cs1">Min Ji Koo (August 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7qx8z/endangered-moon-bears-are-being-farmed-in-south-korea-for-a-covid-cure">"Endangered Moon Bears Are Being Farmed in South Korea for a COVID Cure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Endangered+Moon+Bears+Are+Being+Farmed+in+South+Korea+for+a+COVID+Cure&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.au=Min+Ji+Koo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fk7qx8z%2Fendangered-moon-bears-are-being-farmed-in-south-korea-for-a-covid-cure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4475741&ref=A">"[현장K] "코로나엔 갓 뽑은 웅담"…반달곰 불법 도축·번식에 고기 섭취까지"</a>. <i>KBS 뉴스</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBS+%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%5B%ED%98%84%EC%9E%A5K%5D+%22%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EC%97%94+%EA%B0%93+%EB%BD%91%EC%9D%80+%EC%9B%85%EB%8B%B4%22%E2%80%A6%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%B0+%EB%B6%88%EB%B2%95+%EB%8F%84%EC%B6%95%C2%B7%EB%B2%88%EC%8B%9D%EC%97%90+%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0+%EC%84%AD%EC%B7%A8%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.kbs.co.kr%2Fnews%2Fview.do%3Fncd%3D4475741%26ref%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Yibin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>5</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2">10.1186/1746-4269-5-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">2630947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138420">19138420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Bear+bile%3A+dilemma+of+traditional+medicinal+use+and+animal+protection&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19138420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Yibin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Appiah, S (2017). "Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoproective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile". <i>International Review of Neurobiology</i>. <b>135</b>: 149–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2017.02.008">10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811779-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811779-8"><bdi>978-0-12-811779-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28807157">28807157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Anti-inflammatory+and+Hepatoproective+Medicinal+Herbs+as+Potential+Substitutes+for+Bear+Bile.&rft.volume=135&rft.pages=149-180&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28807157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2017.02.008&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811779-8&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardLajczakKellyO'Dwyer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ward JB, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00256.2016">"Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology</i>. <b>312</b> (6): G550–G558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00256.2016">10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28360029">28360029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Gastrointestinal+and+Liver+Physiology&rft.atitle=Ursodeoxycholic+acid+and+lithocholic+acid+exert+anti-inflammatory+actions+in+the+colon&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=G550-G558&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpgi.00256.2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28360029&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Lajczak%2C+NK&rft.au=Kelly%2C+OB&rft.au=O%27Dwyer%2C+AM&rft.au=Giddam%2C+AK&rft.au=N%C3%AD+Gabhann%2C+J&rft.au=Franco%2C+P&rft.au=Tambuwala%2C+MM&rft.au=Jefferies%2C+CA&rft.au=Keely%2C+S&rft.au=Roda%2C+A&rft.au=Keely%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1152%252Fajpgi.00256.2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLajczakSaint-CriqO'DwyerPerino2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lajczak NK, Saint-Criq V, O'Dwyer AM, Perino A, Adorini L, Schoonjans K, Keely SJ (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.201601365R">"Bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid differentially regulate human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion by colonic epithelial cells"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (9): 3848–3857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.201601365R">10.1096/fj.201601365R</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28487283">28487283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Bile+acids+deoxycholic+acid+and+ursodeoxycholic+acid+differentially+regulate+human+%CE%B2-defensin-1+and+-2+secretion+by+colonic+epithelial+cells&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3848-3857&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.201601365R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28487283&rft.aulast=Lajczak&rft.aufirst=NK&rft.au=Saint-Criq%2C+V&rft.au=O%27Dwyer%2C+AM&rft.au=Perino%2C+A&rft.au=Adorini%2C+L&rft.au=Schoonjans%2C+K&rft.au=Keely%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.201601365R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrozLajczakGogginsKeely2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mroz MS, Lajczak NK, Goggins BJ, Keely S, Keely SJ (March 2018). "The bile acids, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, regulate colonic epithelial wound healing". <i>American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology</i>. <b>314</b> (3): G378–G387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00435.2016">10.1152/ajpgi.00435.2016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351391">29351391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3767047">3767047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Gastrointestinal+and+Liver+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+bile+acids%2C+deoxycholic+acid+and+ursodeoxycholic+acid%2C+regulate+colonic+epithelial+wound+healing&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=G378-G387&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3767047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29351391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpgi.00435.2016&rft.aulast=Mroz&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Lajczak%2C+NK&rft.au=Goggins%2C+BJ&rft.au=Keely%2C+S&rft.au=Keely%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DwyerLajczakKeyesWard2016" class="citation journal cs1">O'Dwyer AM, Lajczak NK, Keyes JA, Ward JB, Greene CM, Keely SJ (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epubs.rcsi.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=molmedart">"Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology</i>. <b>311</b> (2): G334–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00406.2015">10.1152/ajpgi.00406.2015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340129">27340129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Gastrointestinal+and+Liver+Physiology&rft.atitle=Ursodeoxycholic+acid+inhibits+TNF%CE%B1-induced+IL-8+release+from+monocytes&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=G334-41&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpgi.00406.2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27340129&rft.aulast=O%27Dwyer&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Lajczak%2C+NK&rft.au=Keyes%2C+JA&rft.au=Ward%2C+JB&rft.au=Greene%2C+CM&rft.au=Keely%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepubs.rcsi.ie%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1039%26context%3Dmolmedart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTintSalenColalilloGraber1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tint, G. S.; Salen, G.; Colalillo, A.; Graber, D.; Verga, D.; Speck, J.; Shefer, S. (September 1982). "Ursodeoxycholic acid: a safe and effective agent for dissolving cholesterol gallstones". <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 351–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-97-3-351">10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4819">0003-4819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7051912">7051912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ursodeoxycholic+acid%3A+a+safe+and+effective+agent+for+dissolving+cholesterol+gallstones&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351-356&rft.date=1982-09&rft.issn=0003-4819&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7051912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-97-3-351&rft.aulast=Tint&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft.au=Salen%2C+G.&rft.au=Colalillo%2C+A.&rft.au=Graber%2C+D.&rft.au=Verga%2C+D.&rft.au=Speck%2C+J.&rft.au=Shefer%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101095005/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reference/bear-bile-explained/">"Bear bile, explained"</a>. <i>Animals</i>. 2019-02-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reference/bear-bile-explained/">the original</a> on November 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=Bear+bile%2C+explained&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Freference%2Fbear-bile-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Sha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819118">"Substitutes for Bear Bile for the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Research Progress and Future Perspective"</a>. <i>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>. <b>2016</b>: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F4305074">10.1155/2016/4305074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819118">4819118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087822">27087822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Substitutes+for+Bear+Bile+for+the+Treatment+of+Liver+Diseases%3A+Research+Progress+and+Future+Perspective&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4819118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27087822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F4305074&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Sha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4819118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Xiaomei (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40643-015-0058-4">"Preparation of ursodeoxycholic acid from 7-ketone lithocholic acid by stereoselective electroreduction"</a>. <i>Bioresources and Bioprocessing</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40643-015-0058-4">10.1186/s40643-015-0058-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioresources+and+Bioprocessing&rft.atitle=Preparation+of+ursodeoxycholic+acid+from+7-ketone+lithocholic+acid+by+stereoselective+electroreduction&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40643-015-0058-4&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Xiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40643-015-0058-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tonin, Fabio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5827811">"Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review"</a>. <i>Beilstein J Org Chem</i>. <b>14</b>: 470–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3762%2Fbjoc.14.33">10.3762/bjoc.14.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5827811">5827811</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29520309">29520309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beilstein+J+Org+Chem&rft.atitle=Latest+development+in+the+synthesis+of+ursodeoxycholic+acid+%28UDCA%29%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=470-483&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5827811%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29520309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3762%2Fbjoc.14.33&rft.aulast=Tonin&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5827811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarenac2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sarenac, Tanja M (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168039">"Bile Acid Synthesis: From Nature to the Chemical Modification and Synthesis and Their Applications as Drugs and Nutrients"</a>. <i>Front. Pharmacol</i>. <b>9</b>: 939. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2018.00939">10.3389/fphar.2018.00939</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168039">6168039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30319399">30319399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Bile+Acid+Synthesis%3A+From+Nature+to+the+Chemical+Modification+and+Synthesis+and+Their+Applications+as+Drugs+and+Nutrients&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=939&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6168039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30319399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2018.00939&rft.aulast=Sarenac&rft.aufirst=Tanja+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6168039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Ellis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(biologist)" title="Richard Ellis (biologist)">Richard Ellis</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPmLjw2ukfAC&q=%22bear+gall%22++price+korea+was"><i>Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-953-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-953-7"><bdi>978-1-59726-953-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger+Bone+%26+Rhino+Horn%3A+The+Destruction+of+Wildlife+for+Traditional+Chinese+Medicine&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-953-7&rft.au=Richard+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPmLjw2ukfAC%26q%3D%2522bear%2Bgall%2522%2B%2Bprice%2Bkorea%2Bwas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/awi_quarterly_issue/digital_magazine/02-Fall-Q.pdf">"AWI Quarterly (page 5)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Institute" title="Animal Welfare Institute">Animal Welfare Institute</a></i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Welfare+Institute&rft.atitle=AWI+Quarterly+%28page+5%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawionline.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fawi_quarterly_issue%2Fdigital_magazine%2F02-Fall-Q.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao,_D.2013" class="citation web cs1">Zhao, D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723031149/http://beargallbladder.net/bear-gall-bladder/">"Bear gall bladder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beargallbladder.net/bear-gall-bladder/">the original</a> on July 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bear+gall+bladder&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Zhao%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeargallbladder.net%2Fbear-gall-bladder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jinghua1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jinghua1_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608194139/http://news.jinghua.cn/351/c/201202/24/n3642737.shtml">"业内人士称受舆论影响归真堂上市前景再生变数 _京华网"</a>. News.jinghua.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.jinghua.cn/351/c/201202/24/n3642737.shtml">the original</a> on 2015-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%9A%E5%86%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%97%E8%88%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E5%BD%92%E7%9C%9F%E5%A0%82%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%89%8D%E6%99%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%98%E6%95%B0+_%E4%BA%AC%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.pub=News.jinghua.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.jinghua.cn%2F351%2Fc%2F201202%2F24%2Fn3642737.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifaw.org/international/journal/thousands-cry-out-online-against-bear-farming-china">"Thousands cry out online against bear farming in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a></i>. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Fund+for+Animal+Welfare&rft.atitle=Thousands+cry+out+online+against+bear+farming+in+China&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifaw.org%2Finternational%2Fjournal%2Fthousands-cry-out-online-against-bear-farming-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news1631-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news1631_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625215032/http://news.163.com/12/0227/10/7R8T62KG00011229.html">"归真堂深圳门店遭"围观" 志愿者扮熊模仿被取胆_网易新闻中心"</a>. News.163.com. 2012-02-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/12/0227/10/7R8T62KG00011229.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%92%E7%9C%9F%E5%A0%82%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E9%97%A8%E5%BA%97%E9%81%AD%22%E5%9B%B4%E8%A7%82%22+%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E8%80%85%E6%89%AE%E7%86%8A%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF%E8%A2%AB%E5%8F%96%E8%83%86_%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.pub=News.163.com&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F12%2F0227%2F10%2F7R8T62KG00011229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moneyycwb1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moneyycwb1_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF来源:新华网_发表时间：2012-02-28_11:13" class="citation web cs1">来源:新华网发表时间：2012-02-28 11:13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626173735/http://money.ycwb.com/2012-02/28/content_3731563.htm">"归真堂创始人哭诉被陷害：早知道这样就不搞上市_理财_金羊网"</a>. Money.ycwb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.ycwb.com/2012-02/28/content_3731563.htm">the original</a> on 2012-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%92%E7%9C%9F%E5%A0%82%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%AD%E8%AF%89%E8%A2%AB%E9%99%B7%E5%AE%B3%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A9%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E5%B0%B1%E4%B8%8D%E6%90%9E%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82_%E7%90%86%E8%B4%A2_%E9%87%91%E7%BE%8A%E7%BD%91&rft.pub=Money.ycwb.com&rft.au=%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%3A%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91+%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%9A2012-02-28+11%3A13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.ycwb.com%2F2012-02%2F28%2Fcontent_3731563.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-17188043">"China bear bile farms stir anger among campaigners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2012-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+bear+bile+farms+stir+anger+among+campaigners&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-17188043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHUANG2014" class="citation web cs1">HUANG, SHAOJIE (2014-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027082128/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140416/c16animal/en-us/">"Animal Rights Group to Turn Bear-Bile Farm into Sanctuary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140416/c16animal/en-us/">the original</a> on 2020-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Animal+Rights+Group+to+Turn+Bear-Bile+Farm+into+Sanctuary&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.aulast=HUANG&rft.aufirst=SHAOJIE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20140416%2Fc16animal%2Fen-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/animalrights/story/0,11917,1589415,00.html">"Torment of the moon bears"</a> by Pat Sinclair, <i>The Guardian</i>, October 11, 2005, retrieved October 18, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722003454/http://www.aapn.org/endangered.html#Bile%20Bears">Chinese government attends official opening of Animals Asia's Moon bear rescue centre ..."</a> Animals Asia Foundation press release, December 2002, retrieved October 18, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506132555/http://www.animalsvoice.com/PAGES/writes/editorial/features/misc/bearbile_wspa1.html">"The Trade in Bear Bile"</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a>, 2000, retrieved October 18, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/xw/t231011.htm">Press Conference on Animal Welfare</a>, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland, January 12, 2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McLaughlin, Kathleen E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/25/MNGFECEIVO1.DTL">"Freeing China's Caged Bile Bears"</a>, <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, April 25, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldanimalprotection.org/our-work/animals-wild/ending-bear-bile-industry">"Ending the bear bile industry"</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bear_bile" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bear bile">Bear bile</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.four-paws.org/campaigns-topics/sanctuaries/bear-sanctuary-ninh-binh">"New home for bile bears at the Bear Sanctuary Ninh Binh"</a>. <i>Four-paws.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Four-paws.org&rft.atitle=New+home+for+bile+bears+at+the+Bear+Sanctuary+Ninh+Binh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.four-paws.org%2Fcampaigns-topics%2Fsanctuaries%2Fbear-sanctuary-ninh-binh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalsasia.org">"Animals Asia Foundation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals+Asia+Foundation&rft.atitle=Animals+Asia+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsasia.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile+bear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.esdaw.eu/bear-bile-farming---china.html">[1]</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESDAW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESDAW (page does not exist)">ESDAW</a> website which has video of conditions on bile bear farms</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.worldanimalprotection.org/our-work/animals-wild/ending-bear-bile-industry">[2]</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0131-isaacs-bear-bile.html">mongobay.com : <i>Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation (warning: graphic images)</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moonbears.org">MoonBears.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebeartruth.org">TheBearTruth.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610090223/http://thebeartruth.org/">Archived</a> 2021-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&oldid=1256014673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&oldid=1256014673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_glandular_products" title="Category:Animal glandular products">Animal glandular products</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_keeping_by_humans" title="Category:Animal keeping by humans">Animal keeping by humans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_products" title="Category:Animal products">Animal products</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_China" title="Category:Animal welfare and rights in China">Animal welfare and rights in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asiatic_black_bears" title="Category:Asiatic black bears">Asiatic black bears</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethically_disputed_business_practices_towards_animals" title="Category:Ethically disputed business practices towards animals">Ethically disputed business practices towards animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Category:Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 20:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile_bear&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tfkkl","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.365","walltime":"1.700","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7684,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":335078,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8184,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":329032,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1408.852 1 -total"," 45.83% 645.675 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.12% 269.400 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.45% 161.367 1 Template:Animal_rights"," 11.13% 156.842 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 10.54% 148.475 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.41% 146.696 36 Template:Cite_web"," 10.15% 142.969 10 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.37% 132.001 11 Template:Fix"," 6.73% 94.796 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.808","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7427535,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x4q2f","timestamp":"20241125041326","ttl":3600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bile bear","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bile_bear","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1019113","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1019113","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-18T23:03:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T20:05:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Bilebear2.jpg","headline":"bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile"}</script> </body> </html>