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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Operational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Advocacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Public relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Staffing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overhead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Overhead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Monitoring and control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economic theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_world_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_world_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence on world affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_world_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence on world affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_world_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Track_II_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_II_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Track II diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_II_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_NGO_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_NGO_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 World NGO Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_NGO_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Non-governmental organization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieregeringsorganisasie" title="Nieregeringsorganisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieregeringsorganisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="Non-governmental organization" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منظمة غير حكومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة غير حكومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Non_Gubernamental" title="Organización Non Gubernamental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Organización Non Gubernamental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeyri-h%C3%B6kum%C9%99t_t%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1" title="Qeyri-hökumət təşkilatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qeyri-hökumət təşkilatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বেসরকারি সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেসরকারি সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA_cho%CD%98-chit" title="Hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Грамадская арганізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадская арганізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Грамадзкія арганізацыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзкія арганізацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="गैर सरकारी संगठन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैर सरकारी संगठन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неправителствена организация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неправителствена организация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevladina_organizacija" title="Nevladina organizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nevladina organizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_no_governamental" title="Organització no governamental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organització no governamental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Пĕрлĕх организацийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрлĕх организацийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_neziskov%C3%A1_organizace" title="Nestátní nezisková organizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nestátní nezisková organizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO" title="NGO – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NGO" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichtregierungsorganisation" title="Nichtregierungsorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichtregierungsorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsusv%C3%A4line_organisatsioon" title="Valitsusväline organisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsusväline organisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μη κυβερνητική οργάνωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μη κυβερνητική οργάνωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_no_gubernamental" title="Organización no gubernamental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización no gubernamental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-registara_organiza%C4%B5o" title="Ne-registara organizaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ne-registara organizaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernuz_kanpoko_erakunde" title="Gobernuz kanpoko erakunde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gobernuz kanpoko erakunde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سازمان مردم‌نهاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان مردم‌نهاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_non_gouvernementale" title="Organisation non gouvernementale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation non gouvernementale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagra%C3%ADocht_neamhrialtasach" title="Eagraíocht neamhrialtasach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eagraíocht neamhrialtasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_non_gobernamental" title="Organización non gobernamental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organización non gobernamental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="비정부 기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비정부 기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հասարակական կազմակերպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հասարակական կազմակերպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="अशासकीय संस्था – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अशासकीय संस्था" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevladina_udruga" title="Nevladina udruga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nevladina udruga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-guvernerial_organizuro" title="Ne-guvernerial organizuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ne-guvernerial organizuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_swadaya_masyarakat" title="Lembaga swadaya masyarakat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lembaga swadaya masyarakat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenn_f%C3%A9lagasamt%C3%B6k" title="Almenn félagasamtök – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almenn félagasamtök" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_non_governativa" title="Organizzazione non governativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione non governativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99" title="ארגון חוץ-ממשלתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארגון חוץ-ממשלתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸರ್ಕಾರೇತರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ಕಾರೇತರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არასამთავრობო ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არასამთავრობო ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81_%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үкіметтік емес ұйымдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үкіметтік емес ұйымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_Lisilo_la_Kiserikali" title="Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganizasyon_non-gouv%C3%A8nmantal" title="Òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizatio_re_publica_vacans" title="Organizatio re publica vacans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Organizatio re publica vacans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevalstiska_organiz%C4%81cija" title="Nevalstiska organizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nevalstiska organizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netregierungsorganisatioun" title="Netregierungsorganisatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Netregierungsorganisatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevyriausybin%C4%97_organizacija" title="Nevyriausybinė organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nevyriausybinė organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_szervezet" title="Civil szervezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Civil szervezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="സർക്കാരിതര സംഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർക്കാരിതര സംഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_bukan_kerajaan" title="Pertubuhan bukan kerajaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertubuhan bukan kerajaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B_%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အစိုးရ မဟုတ်သော အဖွဲ့အစည်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရ မဟုတ်သော အဖွဲ့အစည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niet-gouvernementele_organisatie" title="Niet-gouvernementele organisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niet-gouvernementele organisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="非政府組織 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非政府組織" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%A7%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%A0%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B0%DF%9F%DF%8A_%DF%9B%DF%98%DF%9E" title="ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߘߍ߲ߓߊߟߌ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߊ ߛߘߞ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߘߍ߲ߓߊߟߌ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߊ ߛߘߞ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-statlig_organisasjon" title="Ikke-statlig organisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikke-statlig organisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkje-statleg_organisasjon" title="Ikkje-statleg organisasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ikkje-statleg organisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodavlat_notijorat_tashkilot" title="Nodavlat notijorat tashkilot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nodavlat notijorat tashkilot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="خیریه ټولنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خیریه ټولنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_pozarz%C4%85dowa" title="Organizacja pozarządowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizacja pozarządowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_n%C3%A3o_governamental" title="Organização não governamental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização não governamental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bie_neguvernamental%C4%83" title="Organizație neguvernamentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizație neguvernamentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_kamachiy_tantanakuy" title="Mana kamachiy tantanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mana kamachiy tantanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общественная организация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественная организация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_joqeveritare" title="Organizata joqeveritare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata joqeveritare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1" title="රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Non-governmental organization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimovl%C3%A1dna_organiz%C3%A1cia" title="Mimovládna organizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mimovládna organizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevladna_organizacija" title="Nevladna organizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevladna organizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ڕێکخراوەی ناحکوومی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێکخراوەی ناحکوومی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Невладина организација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Невладина организација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevladina_organizacija" title="Nevladina organizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nevladina organizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansalaisj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Kansalaisjärjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansalaisjärjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icke-statlig_organisation" title="Icke-statlig organisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Icke-statlig organisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization, usually created to aid those in need</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NGO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NGO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NGO (disambiguation)">NGO (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roomful of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg/290px-Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg/435px-Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg/580px-Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europe-Georgia_Institute" title="Europe-Georgia Institute">Europe-Georgia Institute</a> head <a href="/wiki/George_Melashvili" title="George Melashvili">George Melashvili</a> addresses the audience at the launch of the "Europe in a suitcase" project by two NGOs (the EGI and the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation" title="Friedrich Naumann Foundation">Friedrich Naumann Foundation</a>), which aims to increase cooperation between European politicians, journalists and representatives of the civic sector and academia with their counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-egisutcase-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> that operates outside government control. NGOs often focus on humanitarian or social issues but can also include clubs and associations offering services to members. Some NGOs, like the World Economic Forum, may also act as lobby groups for corporations. Unlike international organizations (IOs), which directly interact with sovereign states and governments, NGOs are independent from them. The term as it is used today was first introduced in <a href="/wiki/Article_71_of_the_UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 71 of the UN Charter">Article 71</a> of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations' Charter</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> While there is no fixed or formal definition for what NGOs are, they are generally defined as nonprofit entities that are independent of governmental influence—although they may receive <a href="/wiki/Government_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Government funding">government funding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UN Department of Global Communications</a>, an NGO is "a <a href="/wiki/Not-for-Profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-Profit">not-for profit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">voluntary</a> citizen's group that is organized on a local, national or international level to address issues in support of the public good".<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> The term NGO is used inconsistently, and is sometimes used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organization (CSO), which is any association founded by citizens.<a href="#cite_note-usstate-4">[4]</a> In some countries, NGOs are known as nonprofit organizations while <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> are sometimes considered NGOs as well.<a href="#cite_note-:9-5">[5]</a> NGOs are classified by (1) orientation- entailing the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, or development; and (2) level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international.<a href="#cite_note-:9-5">[5]</a> Russia had about 277,000 NGOs in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> India is estimated to have had about 2 million NGOs in 2009 (approximately one per 600 Indians), many more than the number of the country's primary schools and health centers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The United States, by comparison, has approximately 1.5 million NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> NGOs further the social goals of their members (or founders): improving the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>, encouraging the observance of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. Their goals cover a wide range of issues. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects.<a href="#cite_note-Lawry_2009_29-30-10">[10]</a> NGOs can be in the following ways;:<a href="#cite_note-:9-5">[5]</a> <ol><li>orientation, i.e. the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, or development.</li> <li>level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientation">Orientation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orientation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">Charity</a> — often a <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">top-down</a> effort, with little participation or input from <a href="/wiki/Beneficiary" title="Beneficiary">beneficiaries</a>. They include NGOs directed at meeting the needs of disadvantaged people and groups.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Service organisation">Service</a> — includes NGOs that provide <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_organization" title="Participatory organization">Participatory</a> — <a href="/wiki/Self-help_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-help groups">self-help projects</a> with local involvement in the form of <a href="/wiki/Self-help_group_(finance)" title="Self-help group (finance)">money</a>, tools, land, materials, or labor</li> <li>Empowerment — aim to help poor people to understand the social, political, and economic factors affecting their lives, and to increase awareness of their power to control their lives. With maximum involvement by the beneficiaries, the NGOs are facilitators.<a href="#cite_note-Lawry_2009_29-30-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">(trade) union</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">(association)</a> – a voluntary association or union of people with common interests including spots, culture, others, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_of_operation">Level of operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Level of operation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Community-based organizations">Community-based organizations</a> (CBOs) — popular initiatives which can <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">raise the consciousness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban poverty">urban poor</a>, helping them understand their right to services, and providing such services.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-wide_organizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City-wide organizations (page does not exist)">City-wide organizations</a> — include <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of commerce and industry">chambers of commerce and industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalitions</a> of business, ethnic or <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational</a> groups, and <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizations</a>.</li> <li>State NGOs — include state-level organizations, associations, and groups. Some state NGOs are guided by national and international NGOs.</li> <li>National NGOs — an NGO that exists in only one country.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> These include national organizations such as <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCAs</a> and <a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional associations</a>, and similar groups. Some have state or city branches, and assist local NGOs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">International NGOs</a> (INGOs) — range from secular agencies, such as <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>, to religious groups. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects.<a href="#cite_note-Lawry_2009_29-30-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms/acronyms">Other terms/acronyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other terms/acronyms">edit</a>]</div> Similar terms include <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">third-sector</a> organization (TSO), <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organization (CSO), <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organization (GO), <a href="/wiki/Social_movement_organization" title="Social movement organization">social movement organization</a> (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> organization (SHO), and <a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state actors</a> (NSAs). Numerous variations exist for the NGO acronym, either due to language, region, or specificity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> use the synonymous abbreviation ONG; for example:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: organisation non gouvernementale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: organizzazione non governativa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: organização não governmental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: organización no gubernamental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: organizație neguvernamentală</li></ul> Other acronyms that are typically used to describe non-governmental organizations include:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>BINGO: Business-friendly international NGO or Big international NGO</li> <li>CSO: <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a> organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENGO" title="ENGO">ENGO</a>: Environmental NGO — organizations that advocate for the environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a></li> <li>DONGO: Donor-organized NGO</li> <li>GONGO: <a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">Government-organized non-governmental organization</a> — often used derogatorily, these are government-backed NGOs that are set up to advocate on behalf of a repressive regime on the international stage.<a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a></li> <li>GSO: <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Support_Organization" title="Grassroots Support Organization">Grassroots Support Organization</a></li> <li>INGO: <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">International NGO</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a></li> <li>MANGO: Market advocacy NGO</li> <li>NGDO: Non-governmental development organization</li> <li>NNGO: Northern (UK) NGO</li> <li>PANGO: Party NGO — addressing political matters</li> <li>PVDO: Private voluntary development organization<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> — the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID) refers to NGOs as "private voluntary organizations".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">Quango</a>: Quasi-autonomous NGO — often used derogatorily, these organizations rely on <a href="/wiki/Public_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Public funding">public funding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a> They are prevalent in the United Kingdom (where there are more than 1,200), Ireland, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.</li> <li>SBO: <a href="/wiki/Social_benefit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Social benefit organization">Social benefit organization</a> — a goal-oriented designation</li> <li>SCO: <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a> organization</li> <li>SNGO: Southern (UK) NGO</li> <li>TANGO: Technical assistance NGO</li> <li>TNGO: <a href="/wiki/Transnational_organization" title="Transnational organization">Transnational NGO</a> — coined during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGOs exist in two (or more) countries.</li> <li>YOUNGO: Youth NGOs - advocacing for youth rights.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a>]</div> Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in improving the lives of people who have been affected by natural disasters or are facing other challenges. NGOs can act as implementers, catalysts, and partners to provide essential goods and services to those in need. They work to mobilize resources, both financial and human, to ensure that aid is delivered in a timely and effective manner.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NGOs also play a critical role in driving change by advocating for policies and practices that benefit disadvantaged communities. They often work in partnership with other organizations, including government agencies, to address complex challenges that require a collaborative approach.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> One of the key strengths of NGOs is their ability to work at the grassroots level and to connect with communities directly. This allows them to gain a deep understanding of the issues facing people and to tailor their services to meet the specific needs of each community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NGOs vary by method; some are primarily <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a>, and others conduct programs and activities. <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>, concerned with poverty alleviation, may provide needy people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Fact-finding_Documentation_and_Advocacy" title="Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy">Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy</a> (FFDA) helps provide legal assistance to victims of human-rights abuses. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Information_Management_Services" title="Afghanistan Information Management Services">Afghanistan Information Management Services</a> provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations. Management techniques are crucial to project success.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> classifies NGO activity into two general categories:<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a> <ol><li>operational NGOs, whose primary function is the design and implementation of development-related projects</li> <li>advocacy NGOs, whose primary function is to defend or promote a particular cause and who seek to influence the policies and practices of <a href="/wiki/International_governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International governmental organisation">International governmental organisations</a> (IGOs).</li></ol> NGOs may also conduct both activities: operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they face issues in the field, which could be remedied by policy change, and campaigning NGOs (such as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organizations">human-rights organizations</a>) often have programs which assist individual victims for whom they are trying to advocate.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational">Operational</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operational">edit</a>]</div> Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects",<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> mobilizing financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create local programs. They hold large-scale <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise money for projects. Operational NGOs often have a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> structure; their headquarters are staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and report to and communicate with operational fieldworkers on projects.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> They are most often associated with the delivery of services or environmental issues, emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs may be subdivided into relief or development organizations, service-delivery or participatory, religious or secular, and public or private. Although operational NGOs may be community-based, many are national or international. The defining activity of an operational NGO is the implementation of projects.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advocacy">edit</a>]</div> Advocacy NGOs or campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through the influence of the political system".<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> They require an active, efficient group of professional members who can keep supporters informed and motivated. Campaigning NGOs must plan and host demonstrations and events which will attract media, their defining activity.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues related to human rights, women's rights, and children's rights, and their primary purpose is to defend (or promote) a specific cause.<a href="#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations">Public relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public relations">edit</a>]</div> Non-governmental organisations need healthy <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> in order to meet their goals, and use sophisticated public-relations campaigns to raise funds and deal with governments. Interest groups may be politically important, influencing social and political outcomes. A <a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">code of ethics</a> was established in 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church#Family_Federation_for_World_Peace_and_Unification_(1994–present)" title="Unification Church">World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staffing">Staffing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Staffing">edit</a>]</div> Some NGOs rely on paid staff while others are based on <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>. Although many NGOs use international staff in developing countries, others rely on local employees or volunteers. Foreign staff may satisfy a <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donor</a> who wants to see the supported project managed by a person from an <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized country</a>. The expertise of these employees (or volunteers) may be counterbalanced by several factors, such as ; the cost of <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">foreigners</a> is typically higher, they have no <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">grassroots connections</a> in the country, and local expertise may be undervalued.<a href="#cite_note-definition-17">[17]</a> By the end of 1995, <a href="/wiki/Concern_Worldwide" title="Concern Worldwide">Concern Worldwide</a> (an international anti-poverty NGO) employed 174 foreigners and just over 5,000 local staff in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and ten developing countries in Africa and Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On average, employees in NGOs earn 11-12% less compared to employees of for-profit organizations and government workers with the same number of qualifications .<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, in many cases NGOs employees receive more fringe benefits.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_funding_of_NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign funding of NGOs">Foreign funding of NGOs</a></div> NGOs are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding and are run by volunteers. NGOs may have charitable status, or may be tax-exempt in recognition of their social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. Since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, NGOs have had an increased role in <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">international development</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Funding sources include membership dues, the sale of <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">goods</a> and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a> (CSR) funds and private donations. Although the term "non-governmental organization" implies <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from governments, many NGOs depend on government funding;<a href="#cite_note-global-23">[23]</a> one-fourth of <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>'s US$162 million 1998 income was donated by the British government and the EU, and <a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a> collected $55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government. Several EU grants provide funds accessible to NGOs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precise that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some NGOs, such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations.<a href="#cite_note-HBS-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-GP_Annual_report_2008-26">[26]</a> The 1999 budget of the American Association of Retired Persons (<a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a>) was over $540 million.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In America, government funding of NGOs relating to immigration is common, and is one of the stated methods the Office of Refugee Resettlement uses to help integrate immigrants to America.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Government funding sometimes accounts for the vast majority of overall funding for these NGOs, for example Global Refuge received 180 million dollars of its 207 million dollar budget from federal funding.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In recent years, government contracts to non-profits have exploded both in number and size. The Budget for the Office of Refugee Resettlement has increased from 1.8 billion in 2018 to 6.3 billion in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Critics point to the million-dollar salaries of CEOS and the use of funds for "music therapy" and "pet therapy" as a worrying sign that the money might not be appropriated to help the migrant crisis, but rather as a political move to keep wealthy backers loyal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhead">Overhead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Overhead">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">Overhead</a> is the amount of money spent on running an NGO, rather than on projects.<a href="#cite_note-Overhead1-31">[31]</a> It includes office expenses,<a href="#cite_note-Overhead1-31">[31]</a> salaries, and banking and bookkeeping costs. An NGO's percentage of its overall budget spent on overhead is often used to judge it; less than four percent is considered good.<a href="#cite_note-Overhead1-31">[31]</a> According to the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations, more than 86 percent should be spent on programs (less than 20 percent on overhead).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a> has guidelines of five to seven percent overhead to receive funding;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> typically allows 37 percent.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A high percentage of overhead relative to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> High overhead costs may also generate public criticism.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A sole focus on overhead, however, can be counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Research published by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s Center for Social Innovation have shown that rating agencies create incentives for NGOs to lower (and hide) overhead costs, which may reduce organizational effectiveness by starving organizations of infrastructure to deliver services.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> An alternative rating system would provide, in addition to financial data, a qualitative evaluation of an organization's transparency and governance: <ol><li>An assessment of program effectiveness</li> <li>Evaluation of feedback mechanisms for donors and beneficiaries</li> <li>Allowing a rated organization to respond to an evaluation by a rating agency<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_control">Monitoring and control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monitoring and control">edit</a>]</div> In a March 2000 report on United Nations reform priorities, former UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> favored international humanitarian intervention as the <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">responsibility to protect</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> citizens from ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. After that report, the Canadian government launched its Responsibility to Protect (R2P)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> project outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. The R2P project has wide applications, and among its more controversial has been the Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention in the coup in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Large corporations have increased their <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a> departments to preempt NGO campaigns against corporate practices. Collaboration between corporations and NGOs risks <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-option</a> of the weaker partner, typically the NGO.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Health_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Ward_Casscells" title="S. Ward Casscells">S. Ward Casscells</a> established an International Health Division of Force Health Protection & Readiness.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs about areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> in 2005, required the US Defense Department to regard stability-enhancing activities as equally important as combat. In compliance with <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">international law</a>, the department has developed a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict (such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) where customary lead agencies like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> and USAID have difficulty operating. International Health cultivates collaborative, arm's-length relationships with NGOs, recognizing their independence, expertise, and honest-broker status.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">International non-governmental organizations</a> date back to at least the late 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and there were an estimated 1,083 NGOs by 1914.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> International NGOs were important to the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">anti-slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> movements, and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934 <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The term became popular with the 1945 founding of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945;<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Article 71 in <a href="/wiki/Chapter_X_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter X of the United Nations Charter">Chapter X of its charter</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> stipulated <a href="/wiki/Consultative_status" title="Consultative status">consultative status</a> for organizations which are neither governments nor member states.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> An international NGO was first defined in resolution 288 (X) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC) on February 27, 1950, as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The role of NGOs and other "major groups" in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> was recognized in Chapter 27<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The rise and fall of international NGOs matches contemporary events, waxing in periods of growth and waning in times of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The United Nations gave non-governmental organizations observer status at its assemblies and some meetings. According to the UN, an NGO is a private, not-for-profit organization which is independent of government control and is not merely an opposition <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in Western countries as a result of the restructuring of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system, and was an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-global-23">[23]</a> Twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> increased the importance of NGOs. <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">International treaties</a> and organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, focused on <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> interests. To counterbalance this trend, NGOs emphasize <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarian issues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. An example is the <a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a>, a rival convention of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> held each January in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum, in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil in January 2005, was attended by representatives of over 1,000 NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, attended by about 2,400 representatives, was the first to demonstrate the power of international NGOs in environmental issues and sustainable development. Transnational NGO networking has become extensive.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> Although NGOs are subject to national laws and practices, four main groups may be found worldwide:<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_association" title="Unincorporated association">Unincorporated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusts">Trusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities">charities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit companies">Not-for-profit companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operatives">co-operatives</a></li> <li>Entities formed (or registered) under special NGO or <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit</a> laws</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> drafted the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_the_Recognition_of_the_Legal_Personality_of_International_Non-Governmental_Organisations" title="European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations">European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in 1986, creating a common legal basis for European NGOs. Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> protects the right to associate, which is fundamental for NGOs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_theory">Economic theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic theory">edit</a>]</div> The question whether a public project should be owned by an NGO or by the government has been studied in economics using the tools of the <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_contracts" title="Incomplete contracts">incomplete contracting</a> theory. According to this theory, not every detail of a relationship between decision makers can be contractually specified. Hence, in the future, the parties will bargain with each other to adapt their relationship to changing circumstances. Ownership matters because it determines the parties' willingness to make non-contractible investments. In the context of private firms, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> has shown that the party with the more important investment task should be owner.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Yet, Besley and Ghatak have argued that in the context of public projects the investment technology does not matter.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Specifically, even when the government is the key investor, ownership by an NGO is optimal if and only if the NGO has a larger valuation of the project than the government. However, the general validity of this argument has been questioned by follow-up research. In particular, ownership by the party with the larger valuation need not be optimal when the public good is partially excludable,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> when both NGO and government may be indispensable,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> or when the NGO and the government have different bargaining powers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Moreover, the investment technology can matter for the optimal ownership structure when there are bargaining frictions,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> when the parties interact repeatedly<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> or when the parties are asymmetrically informed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_world_affairs">Influence on world affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence on world affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group of people (mostly women) in a room, with a woman speaking into a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg/290px-World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg/435px-World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg/580px-World_NGO_Day_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>World NGO Day 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Today we celebrate the World NGO Day, we celebrate the key civil society's contribution to public space and their unique ability to give voice to those who would have went [sic] otherwise unheard. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">European Commission Vice-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a>, commemorating the 2017 World NGO Day in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></cite> </div> Service-delivery NGOs provide public goods and services which governments of developing countries are unable to provide due to a lack of resources. They may be contractors or collaborate with government agencies to reduce the cost of public goods. Capacity-building NGOs affect "culture, structure, projects and daily operations".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Advocacy and public-education NGOs aim to modify behavior and ideas through communication, crafting messages to promote social, political, or environmental changes (and as news organisations have cut foreign bureaux, many NGOs have begun to expand into news reporting).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Movement NGOs mobilize the public and coordinate large-scale collective activities to advance an activist agenda.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, more NGOs in developed countries have pursued international outreach. By being involved in local and national social resistance, they have influenced domestic policy change in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Specialized NGOs have forged partnerships, built networks, and found policy niches.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_II_diplomacy">Track II diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Track II diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II diplomacy</a> (or dialogue) is transnational coordination by non-official members of the government, including <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_community" title="Epistemic community">epistemic communities</a> and former policymakers or analysts. It aims to help policymakers and policy analysts reach a common solution through unofficial discussions. Unlike official diplomacy, conducted by government officials, diplomats, and elected leaders, Track II diplomacy involves experts, scientists, professors and other figures who are not part of government affairs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_NGO_Day">World NGO Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World NGO Day">edit</a>]</div> World NGO Day, which is observed annually on 27 February, was recognised on 17 April 2010 by 12 countries of the IX <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> NGO Forum at the eighth Summit of the Baltic Sea States in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It was internationally recognised on 28 February 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> administrator and former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unric.org-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> In the context of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), diplomacy refers to the practice of building and maintaining partnerships with other organizations, stakeholders, and governments to achieve common objectives related to social or environmental issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NGOs often work in complex environments, where multiple stakeholders have different interests and goals. Diplomacy allows NGOs to navigate these complex environments and engage in constructive dialogue with different actors to promote understanding, build consensus, and facilitate cooperation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Effective NGO diplomacy involves building trust, fostering dialogue, and promoting transparency and accountability. NGOs may engage in diplomacy through various means such as including advocacy, lobbying, partnerships, and negotiations. By working collaboratively with other organizations and stakeholders, NGOs can achieve greater impact and reach their goals more effectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> author and academic <a href="/wiki/Issa_G._Shivji" title="Issa G. Shivji">Issa G. Shivji</a> has criticised NGOs in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role and future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be". Shivji writes that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According to Shivji, the rise of NGOs is part of a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> paradigm and not motivated purely by altruism; NGOs want to change the world without understanding it, continuing an <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> relationship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In his study of NGO involvement in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, James Pfeiffer addresses their negative effects on the country's health. According to Pfeiffer, NGOs in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a> They can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects which divert health-service workers from their normal duties to instead serve the NGOs. This undermines local primary-healthcare efforts, and removes the government's ability to maintain agency over its health sector.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a> Pfeiffer suggested a collaborative model of the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate); the NGO should be "formally held to standard and adherence within the host country", reduce "showcase" projects and unsustainable parallel programs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a> In her 1997 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> article, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mathews" title="Jessica Mathews">Jessica Mathews</a> wrote: "For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them ... often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it affects their particular interest".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> NGOs are unencumbered by policy trade-offs.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Vijay Prashad</a>, since the 1970s "the World Bank, under <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and production."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> NGOs have been accused of preserving imperialism<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> (sometimes operating in a <a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">racialized</a> manner in <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries), with a function similar to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hallward" title="Peter Hallward">Peter Hallward</a> has called them an aristocratic form of politics,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> noting that <a href="/wiki/ActionAid" title="ActionAid">ActionAid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Aid" title="Christian Aid">Christian Aid</a> "effectively condoned the [2004 US-backed] coup" against an elected government in Haiti and are the "humanitarian face of imperialism".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Movements in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a>) have refused to work with NGOs, concerned that doing so would compromise their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> NGOs have been accused of weakening people by allowing their funders to prioritize stability over social justice.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_(463962755).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg/220px-Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg/330px-Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg/440px-Finally_an_honest_days_labor_for_an_NGO_%28463962755%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Workers from an NGO participating in local community work - some critics allege that NGOs prioritize their special interests over community wellbeing.</figcaption></figure> They have been accused of being designed by, and used as extensions of, the foreign-policy instruments of some Western countries and groups of countries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> made that accusation at the 43rd <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a> in 2007, saying that NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to Michael Bond, "Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and ActionAid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> NGOs have been accused of using misinformation in their campaigns out of self-interest. According to Doug Parr of <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, there had been "a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool ... but political and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way."<a href="#cite_note-bond323-95">[95]</a> Former policy-maker for the German branch of <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> Jens Katjek said, "If NGOs want the best for the environment, they have to learn to compromise."<a href="#cite_note-bond323-95">[95]</a> They have been questioned as "too much of a good thing".<a href="#cite_note-Werker-96">[96]</a> Eric Werker and Faisal Ahmed made three critiques of NGOs in developing nations. Too many NGOs in a nation (particularly one ruled by a warlord) reduces an NGO's influence, since it can easily be replaced by another NGO. Resource allocation and outsourcing to local organizations in international-development projects incurs expenses for an NGO, lessening the resources and money available to the intended beneficiaries. NGO missions tend to be paternalistic, as well as expensive.<a href="#cite_note-Werker-96">[96]</a> Legitimacy, an important asset of an NGO, is its perception as an "independent voice".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-2002aHD-98">[98]</a> Neera Chandhoke wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World-Systems_Research" title="Journal of World-Systems Research">Journal of World-Systems Research</a> article, "To put the point starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation? And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An NGO's funding affects its legitimacy, and they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors.<a href="#cite_note-1996HD-100">[100]</a> Competition for funds has increased, in addition to the expectations of donors who may add conditions threatening an NGO's independence.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Dependence on official aid may dilute "the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments",<a href="#cite_note-2002aHD-98">[98]</a> and changes in NGO funding sources have altered their function.<a href="#cite_note-2002aHD-98">[98]</a> NGOs have been challenged as not representing the needs of the developing world, diminishing the "Southern voice" and preserving the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-linden-102">[102]</a> The equality of relationships between northern and southern parts of an NGO, and between southern and northern NGOs working in partnership, has been questioned; the north may lead in advocacy and resource mobilization, and the south delivers services in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-linden-102">[102]</a> The needs of the developing world may not be addressed appropriately, as northern NGOs do not consult (or participate in) partnerships or assign unrepresentative priorities.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> NGOs have been accused of damaging the public sector in target countries, such as mismanagement resulting in the breakdown of public healthcare systems.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a> The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate have grown rapidly since 1980, and particularly since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> NGOs need to balance centralization and decentralization. Centralizing NGOs, particularly at the international level, can assign a common theme or set of goals. It may also be advantageous to decentralize an NGO, increasing its chances of responding flexibly and effectively to local issues by implementing projects which are modest in scale, easily monitored, produce immediate benefits, and where all involved know that corruption would be punished.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_funding_of_NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign funding of NGOs">Foreign funding of NGOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a> (interest group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">Charitable organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_foundation" title="Community foundation">Community foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">Government-organized non-governmental organization</a> (GONGO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGO-ization" title="NGO-ization">NGO-ization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_non-governmental_organizations_of_national_minorities,_indigenous_and_diasporas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active non-governmental organizations of national minorities, indigenous and diasporas">List of active NGOs of national minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-governmental_organizations" title="Category:Non-governmental organizations">Category:Non-governmental organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">Quango</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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Journal of World-Systems Research. 11 (2): 326–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2005.388">10.5195/JWSR.2005.388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=How+Global+Is+Global+Civil+Society%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-327&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2005.388&rft.aulast=Chandhoke&rft.aufirst=Neera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2005.388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-governmental+organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996HD-100"><a href="#cite_ref-1996HD_100-0">^</a> Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) Too Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. "World Development." 24(6), pp. 961–973. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Ebrahim, A. (2003) "Accountability in practice: Mechanisms for NGOs". World Development 31(5), pp. 813–829. </li> <li id="cite_note-linden-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linden_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linden_102-1">b</a> Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. (2001) Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> , Jenkins, R. (2001) "Corporate Codes of Conduct: Self-Regulation in a Global Economy". Technology, Business and Society Programme Paper Number 2. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">United Nations Research Institute for Social Development</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. "Public Administration and Development." 13(5), pp. 453–474. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society: Implications of going global. In: Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354066108089242">Norbert Götz. "Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter." European Journal of International Relations 14 (2008) 2: 231–258. </a></li> <li>Norbert Götz. "Civil Society and NGO: Far from Unproblematic Concepts." The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors. Bob Reinalda (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011. 185–196.</li> <li>Hilton, Matthew et al. eds. The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkinsCottsSwidlerHannan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Watkins; Cotts, Susan; Swidler, Ann; Hannan, Thomas (2012). "Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations". Annual Review of Sociology. 38: 285–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-071811-145516">10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Outsourcing+Social+Transformation%3A+Development+NGOs+as+Organizations&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=285-315&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-071811-145516&rft.au=Watkins&rft.au=Cotts%2C+Susan&rft.au=Swidler%2C+Ann&rft.au=Hannan%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-governmental+organization" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Davies, T. 2014. NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938753-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938753-3">978-0-19-938753-3</a>.</li> <li>Velusamy M. Non-Governmental Organisation, Dominant Publishers & Distribution Ltd, New Delhi</li> <li>Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205081725/http://www.churchland.co.za/upload/files/OccasionalPaperNo3.pdf">Churchland.co.za</a></li> <li>Olivier Berthoud, NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1526">Envio.org.ni</a>, PDF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinter.net/docs/ONGBOLEN0102.pdf">Edinter.net</a> Envio, Managua, 2001</li> <li>Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey</li> <li>Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-22030-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-22030-8">3-598-22030-8</a></li> <li>Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson, and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research iNGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007 – <a href="/wiki/European_University_Center_for_Peace_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="European University Center for Peace Studies">EPU</a> Research Papers: Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (in German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyal_Sunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyal Sunga">Lyal S. Sunga</a>, "Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyal_Sunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyal Sunga">Lyal S. Sunga</a>, "NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41–69.</li> <li>Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnovitz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Charnovitz, Steve (1997). "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance". Michigan Journal of International Law. 18: 183–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Two+Centuries+of+Participation%3A+NGOs+and+International+Governance&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=183-286&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Charnovitz&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-governmental+organization" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Abahlali baseMjondolo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322205607/http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/">Rethinking Public Participation from Below</a>, 'Critical Dialogue', 2006</li> <li>Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).</li> <li>Edward A. L. Turner (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/97p470sx">Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliodynamics" title="Cliodynamics">Cliodynamics</a>, 1, (1).</li> <li>Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient – Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books.</li> <li>David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009): Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Issa G. Shivji (2007): Silence in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi: Fahamu.</li> <li>Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010): Evaluating Transnational NGOs: Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yearbook_of_International_Organizations" title="Yearbook of International Organizations">Yearbook of International Organizations</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Associations" title="Union of International Associations">Union of International Associations</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Non-governmental_organization" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM">"What is a Non-Governmental Organization?"</a>. 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title="Fundraising">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity (virtue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">Charitable trust / Registered charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation">Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-governmental organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">Public-benefit nonprofit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_club" title="Service club">Service club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_corporation" title="Religious corporation">Religious corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charity and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity (Christian virtue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charity_evaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity evaluation">Charity evaluation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Charity_Evaluators" title="Animal Charity Evaluators">Animal Charity Evaluators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_(organization)" title="Candid (organization)">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_assessment" title="Charity assessment">Charity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Navigator" title="Charity Navigator">Charity Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CharityWatch" title="CharityWatch">CharityWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis">Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveWell" title="GiveWell">GiveWell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Multiplier" title="Giving Multiplier">Giving Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreatNonprofits" title="GreatNonprofits">GreatNonprofits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Further topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_giving" title="Alternative giving">Alternative giving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">Benefit concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Charity / thrift / op shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click-to-donate_site" title="Click-to-donate site">Click-to-donate site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_(charity)" title="Drive (charity)">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor-advised_fund" title="Donor-advised fund">Donor-advised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_intent" title="Donor intent">Donor intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earning_to_give" title="Earning to give">Earning to give</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_barriers_to_effective_altruism" title="Psychological barriers to effective altruism">Psychological barriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_philanthropy" title="Ethics of philanthropy">Ethics of philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charitable_foundations" title="List of charitable foundations">List of charitable foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">wealthiest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Nonprofit_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Nonprofit Organizations">Master of Nonprofit Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_funds" title="Matching funds">Matching funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telethon" title="Telethon">Telethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_the_sick" title="Visiting the sick">Visiting the sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_grant" title="Volunteer grant">Volunteer grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_kindness" title="Wall of kindness">Wall of kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm-glow_giving" title="Warm-glow giving">Warm-glow giving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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