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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_and_ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_and_ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Racial and ethnic minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_and_ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involuntary_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involuntary_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Involuntary minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involuntary_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Voluntary minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gender and sexuality minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disabled_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disabled_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Disabled people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disabled_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Religious minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_as_a_disadvantaged_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_as_a_disadvantaged_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Women as a disadvantaged group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_as_a_disadvantaged_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minority group</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%C3%ADa" title="Minoría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Minoría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azl%C4%B1qlar" title="Azlıqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azlıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Малцинство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малцинство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoria" title="Minoria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minoria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C5%A1ina" title="Menšina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menšina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritet" title="Minoritet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minoritet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheit" title="Minderheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minderheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hemusgrupp" title="Vähemusgrupp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vähemusgrupp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μειονότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μειονότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%C3%ADa" title="Minoría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minoría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malplimulto" title="Malplimulto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malplimulto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutxiengo" title="Gutxiengo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gutxiengo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اقلیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorit%C3%A9" title="Minorité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minorité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheid" title="Minderheid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minderheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%C3%ADa" title="Minoría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minoría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9u-su_m%C3%ACn-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Séu-su mìn-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Séu-su mìn-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98_%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8" title="소수 집단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소수 집단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փոքրամասնությունների խմբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոքրամասնությունների խմբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="अल्पसंख्यक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्पसंख्यक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjina" title="Manjina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manjina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Minority group" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_minoritas" title="Kaum minoritas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaum minoritas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoranza" title="Minoranza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minoranza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%98" title="מיעוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיעוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundi_la_wachache" title="Kundi la wachache – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kundi la wachache" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorite" title="Minorite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Minorite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindikay%C3%AE" title="Hindikayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hindikayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritas" title="Minoritas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minoritas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorit%C4%81te" title="Minoritāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minoritāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%BEuma" title="Mažuma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mažuma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisebbs%C3%A9g" title="Kisebbség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kisebbség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelompok_minoriti" title="Kelompok minoriti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelompok minoriti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Цөөнхийн бүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөөнхийн бүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheid" title="Minderheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minderheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="अल्पसङ्ख्यक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्पसङ्ख्यक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E8%80%85" title="社会的少数者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会的少数者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manerh%C3%A4ide" title="Manerhäide – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Manerhäide" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritet" title="Minoritet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minoritet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritet" title="Minoritet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minoritet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnorita%C3%A9" title="Minnoritaé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Minnoritaé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnerheit" title="Minnerheit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minnerheit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mniejszo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Mniejszość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mniejszość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoria" title="Minoria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minoria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritate" title="Minoritate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minoritate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seloro" title="Seloro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Seloro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Меншына (соціолоґія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Меншына (соціолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Группы меньшинств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Группы меньшинств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnerhaide" title="Minnerhaide – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Minnerhaide" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakica_komb%C3%ABtare" title="Pakica kombëtare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pakica kombëtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="සුළුතර කණ්ඩායම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුළුතර කණ්ඩායම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minority group" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="اقليت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اقليت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolo_tirasaqiir" title="Qolo tirasaqiir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qolo tirasaqiir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мањина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мањина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjina" title="Manjina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manjina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hemmist%C3%B6ryhm%C3%A4" title="Vähemmistöryhmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vähemmistöryhmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritet" title="Minoritet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minoritet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுபான்மையினர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுபான்மையினர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Ақалият – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ақалият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k" title="Azınlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azınlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Меншина (соціологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меншина (соціологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_thi%E1%BB%83u_s%E1%BB%91" title="Nhóm thiểu số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm thiểu số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93" title="少数群体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="少数群体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E5%8B%A2%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4" title="弱勢社群 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="弱勢社群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93" title="少数群体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="少数群体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sociological/demographic category</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minorities" redirects here. For the term used in Lebanese politics, see <a href="/wiki/Minorities_(Lebanon)" title="Minorities (Lebanon)">Minorities (Lebanon)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minority_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minority (disambiguation)">Minority (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into multiple articles. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Minority_group" title="Talk:Minority group">Discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The term "<b>minority group</b>" has different usages, depending on the context. According to its common usage, the term minority group can simply be understood in terms of demographic sizes within a population: i.e. a group in society with the least number of individuals, or less than half, is a "minority". Usually a minority group is disempowered relative to the <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority</a>, and that characteristic lends itself to different applications of the term minority. </p><p>In terms of sociology, economics, and politics, a demographic that takes up the smallest fraction of the population is not necessarily labelled the "minority" if it wields dominant power. In the academic context, the terms "minority" and "majority" are used in terms of hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structures</a>. For example, in South Africa, during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, white Europeans held virtually all social, economic, and political power over black Africans. For this reason, black Africans are the "minority group", despite the fact that they outnumber white Europeans in South Africa. This is why academics more frequently use the term "minority group" to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">category</a> of people who experience relative disadvantage, as compared to members of a dominant social group.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address this ambiguity, <a href="/wiki/Harris_Mylonas" title="Harris Mylonas">Harris Mylonas</a> has proposed the term "non-core group", instead of "minority group", to refer to any aggregation of individuals that is perceived as an unassimilated ethnic group (on a linguistic, religious, physical, or ideological basis) by the ruling political elite of a country"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reserves the term 'minority' only for groups that have been granted minority rights by their state of residence. </p><p>Minority group membership is typically based on differences in observable characteristics or practices, such as: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> (ethnic minority), <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> (racial minority), religion (<a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">religious minority</a>), sexual orientation (<a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework of <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> can be used to recognize that an individual may simultaneously hold membership in multiple minority groups (e.g. both a racial and religious minority).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, individuals may also be part of a minority group in regard to some characteristics, but part of a dominant group in regard to others.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "minority group" often occurs within the <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective rights">collective rights</a>, as members of minority groups are prone to differential treatment in the countries and societies in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority group members often face <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in multiple areas of social life, including housing, employment, healthcare, and education, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While discrimination may be committed by individuals, it may also occur through <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">structural inequalities</a>, in which rights and opportunities are not equally accessible to all.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in favour of <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> often pursue laws designed to protect minority groups from discrimination and afford members of the minority group equal social status and legal protections as held by members of the dominant group.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a>, the term "minority" primarily referred to political parties in national legislatures, not ethnic, national, linguistic or religious groups. Such minority parties were powerless relative to the majority (or plurality) political group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paris Conference has been attributed with coining the concept of minority rights and bringing prominence to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League of Nations Minorities Commission defined minority in 1919 as "nationals belonging to racial, religious, or linguistic minorities".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protection of minority groups, such as through careful drawing of boundaries of states and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, was seen as integral in preventing causes of future wars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociological">Sociological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sociological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> defined a minority group as "a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition includes both objective and subjective criteria: membership of a minority group is objectively <a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">ascribed</a> by society, based on an individual's physical or behavioral characteristics; it is also subjectively applied by its members, who may use their status as the basis of group identity or <a href="/wiki/Social_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social solidarity">solidarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, minority group status is categorical: an individual who exhibits the physical or behavioral characteristics of a given minority group is accorded the status of that group and is subject to the same treatment as other members of that group.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a>, states that a minority group has five characteristics: (1) suffering discrimination and subordination, (2) physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved by the dominant group, (3) a shared sense of collective identity and common burdens, (4) socially shared rules about who belongs and who does not determine minority status, and (5) tendency to marry within the group.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a controversy with the use of the word minority, as it has a generic and an academic usage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common usage of the term indicates a statistical minority; however, academics refer to power differences among groups rather than differences in population size among groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Barzilai_20102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barzilai_20102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above criticism is based on the idea that a group can be considered a minority even if it includes such a large number of people that it is numerically not a minority in society. </p><p>Some sociologists have criticized the concept of "minority/majority", arguing this language excludes or neglects changing or unstable cultural identities, as well as cultural affiliations across national boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the term historically excluded groups (HEGs) is often similarly used to highlight the role of historical oppression and domination, and how this results in the under-representation of particular groups in various areas of social life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term national minority is often used to discuss minority groups in international and national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All countries contain some degree of racial, ethnic, or linguistic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, minorities may also be immigrant, indigenous or landless nomadic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often results in variations in language, culture, beliefs, practices, that set some groups apart from the dominant group. As these differences are usually perceived negatively, this results in loss of social and political power for members of minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no legal definition of national minorities in international law, though protection of minority groups is outlined by the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_Belonging_to_National_or_Ethnic,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Minorities" title="Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities">Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a> can protect the rights of racial or ethnic minorities in several ways.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> is a key issue. The Council of Europe regulates minority rights in the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>. </p><p>In some places, subordinate <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> may constitute a numerical majority, such as Blacks in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">South Africa under apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, for example, non-Hispanic Whites constitute the majority (58.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all other racial and ethnic groups (<a href="/wiki/Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino Americans">Central and South Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>) are classified as "minorities".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the non-Hispanic White population falls below 50% the group will only be the <i>plurality</i>, not the majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_and_ethnic_minorities">Racial and ethnic minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Racial and ethnic minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Racial minorities, sometimes referred to synonymously as <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a> or non-white people, are minority groups that are discriminated against on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>. Though definitions vary cross-culturally, modern racism is primarily based on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">European and American classifications of race</a> that developed during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, as European countries sought to categorize the nations they colonized into <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">pseudo-scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypical">phenotypical</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States's system, <a href="/wiki/Whiteness_theory" title="Whiteness theory">whiteness</a> is at the top of a hierarchy that automatically classifies <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> individuals as <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">their subordinate race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, racist policies explicitly codified pseudo-scientific definitions of race: such as the United States' <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">blood quantum laws</a>, South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, and Nazi Germany <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_race_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg race laws">Nuremberg race laws</a>. Other times, race has been a matter of self-identification, with <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> racist policies implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to governmental policy, racism may persist as social prejudice and discrimination. </p><p>There are also social groups that are usually identified through <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like race, ethnicity is largely determined <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">hereditarily</a>. However, it can also be influenced by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. As race and ethnicity often overlap,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many ethnic minorities are also racial minorities. However, this is not always the case, and some people are ethnic minorities while also being classified as white, such as some <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>. In some cases, their ethnic identities have been seen as negating their whiteness, in both <a href="/wiki/Intergroup_relations" title="Intergroup relations">inter-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">intra-group</a> identification.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, there is a preference to categorise people by ethnicity instead of race.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_uk_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov_uk-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnicity encompasses a mix of "long shared cultural experiences, religious practices, traditions, ancestry, language, dialect or national origins".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom considers everyone but <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">white British</a> people to be an ethnic minority, including other white Europeans such as <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">White Irish</a> people (excluding in Northern Ireland).<sup id="cite_ref-gov_uk_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov_uk-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_minorities">National minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A national minority is a social group within a state that differs from the majority and/or dominant population in terms of ethnicity, language, culture, or religion, but also it also tends to have a close link with a specific territory from which the minority social group originates.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involuntary_minorities">Involuntary minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Involuntary minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as "castelike minorities", involuntary minorities are a term for people who were originally brought into any society against their will. In the United States, for instance, it includes but is not limited to Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, Puerto Ricans, African Americans,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 1800s, native-born <a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_minorities">Voluntary minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voluntary minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immigrants take on minority status in their new country, usually in hopes of a better future economically, educationally, and politically than in their homeland. Because of their focus on success, voluntary minorities are more likely to do better in school than other migrating minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adapting to a very different culture and language makes difficulties in the early stages of life in the new country. Voluntary immigrants do not experience a sense of divided identity as much as involuntary minorities and are often rich in social capital because of their educational ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major immigrant groups in the United States include Mexicans, Central and South Americans, Cubans, Africans, East Asians, and South Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality_minorities">Gender and sexuality minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_(5897488480).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg/240px-Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg/360px-Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg/480px-Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pride_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride event">Pride events</a> are held annually around the world for sexual minorities. In picture, people gathering at the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki" title="Senate Square, Helsinki">Senate Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, right before the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Pride" title="Helsinki Pride">2011 Helsinki Pride parade</a> started.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term sexual minority is frequently used by public health researchers to recognize a wide variety of individuals who engage in same-sex sexual behavior, including those who do not identify under the LGBTQ+ umbrella. For example, men who have sex with men (MSM), but do not identify as gay. In addition, the term gender minorities can include many types of <a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">gender variant</a> people, such as <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender people</a>, or non-binary individuals. However, the terms sexual and gender minority are often not preferred by LGBTQ+ people, as they represent clinical categories rather than individual identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> (LGBTQ+) people have existed throughout human history, they represent a numerical and social minority. They experience numerous <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequalities</a> stemming from their group membership as LGBTQ+ people. LGBTQ+ rights movements across many western countries led to the recognition of LGBTQ+ people as members of a minority group.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inequalities include social discrimination and isolation, unequal access to <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQIA%2B_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQIA+ community">healthcare</a>, employment, and housing, and experience negative mental and physical health outcomes due to these experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disabled_people">Disabled people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disabled people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> in the UK, a rise in the awareness relating to how disabled people were being treated began. Many started to believe that they were being denied basic human rights. This act had a section that stated if authorities did not protect people with learning disabilities from others' actions, such as harm or neglect, then they could be prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights movement</a> has contributed to an understanding of disabled people as a minority or a coalition of minorities who are disadvantaged by society, not just as people who are disadvantaged by their impairments. Advocates of disability rights emphasize the difference in physical or psychological functioning rather than inferiority. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Autistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autistic">autistic</a> people argue for acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a>, much as opponents of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> argue for acceptance of ethnic diversity. The <a href="/wiki/Deaf_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf community">deaf community</a> is often regarded as a linguistic and cultural minority rather than a group with disabilities, and some <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> people do not see themselves as having a disability at all. Rather, they are disadvantaged by technologies and social institutions designed to cater to the dominant group. (<i>See the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_minorities">Religious minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minority religion</a></div> <p>People belonging to religious minorities have a faith that is different from that held by the majority. Most countries of the world have religious minorities. It is now widely accepted in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> that people should have the freedom to choose their religion,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including the right to convert from one religion to another, or not to have any religion (<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>). However, in many countries, this freedom is constricted. In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, a new system of identity cards<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires all citizens to state their religion—and the only choices are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Egyptian identification card controversy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_as_a_disadvantaged_group">Women as a disadvantaged group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Women as a disadvantaged group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most societies, numbers of men and women <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">are roughly equal</a>. Though women are not considered to be a minority,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the status of women, as a subordinate group, has led to many social scientists to refer to them as a disadvantaged group.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though women's legal rights and status vary widely across countries, women often experience social inequalities, relative to men, in various societies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are sometimes denied access to education and access to the same opportunities as men, especially in under-developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the politics of some countries, a "minority" is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> recognized by law, and having specified rights. Speakers of a legally recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a>, for instance, might have the right to education or communication with the government in their mother tongue. Countries with special provisions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> for minorities include <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The various minority groups in a country are often not given equal treatment. Some groups are too small or indistinct to obtain minority protections. For example, a member of a particularly small ethnic group might be forced to check "Other" on a checklist of different backgrounds and so might receive fewer privileges than a member of a more defined group. </p><p>Many contemporary governments prefer to assume the people they rule all belong to the same nationality rather than separate ones based on ethnicity. The United States asks for <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">race and ethnicity</a> on its official census forms, which thus breaks up and organizes its population into sub-groups, primarily racial rather than national. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> does not divide its nationals by ethnic group or national minorities, although it does maintain an official notion of minority languages, that is one of the criteria for to determine a national minority, upon the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>. </p><p>Some especially significant or powerful minorities receive comprehensive protection and political representation. For example, the former Yugoslav Republic of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> recognizes the three constitutive nations, none of which constitutes a numerical majority (see <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina">nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>). However, other minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, are officially labelled "foreign" and are excluded from many of these protections. For example, they may be excluded from political positions, including the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is debate over recognizing minority groups and their privileges. One view<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the application of special rights to minority groups may harm some countries, such as new states in Africa or Latin America not founded on the European <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> model, since minority recognition may interfere with establishing a national identity. It may hamper the integration of the minority into mainstream society, perhaps leading to <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacist">supremacism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> feel that the failure of the dominant <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking majority to integrate <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> has provoked <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec separatism</a>. </p><p>Others assert that minorities require specific protections to ensure that they are not marginalized: for example, <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">bilingual education</a> may be needed to allow linguistic minorities to fully integrate into the school system and compete equally in society. In this view, rights for minorities strengthen the nation-building project, as members of minorities see their interests well served, and willingly accept the legitimacy of the nation and their integration (not assimilation) within it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland">Ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Interminority racism">Interminority racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_non-governmental_organizations_of_national_minorities,_indigenous_and_diasporas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active non-governmental organizations of national minorities, indigenous and diasporas">List of active NGOs of national minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minority_political_parties" title="List of minority political parties">List of minority political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Minority influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_(philosophy)" title="Minority (philosophy)">Minority (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minority religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Minorities_in_STEM_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Minorities in STEM Fields">Racial Minorities in STEM Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Moscovici#Minority_influence" title="Serge Moscovici">Serge Moscovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHealey,_Joseph_F.2018" class="citation book cs1">Healey, Joseph F. (2 March 2018). <i>Race, ethnicity, gender, & class : the sociology of group conflict and change</i>. Stepnick, Andi; O'Brien, Eileen, 1972– (Eighth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506346946" title="Special:BookSources/9781506346946"><bdi>9781506346946</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1006532841">1006532841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+ethnicity%2C+gender%2C+%26+class+%3A+the+sociology+of+group+conflict+and+change&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1006532841&rft.isbn=9781506346946&rft.au=Healey%2C+Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonas2012" class="citation book cs1">Mylonas, Harris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/politics-nation-building-making-co-nationals-refugees-and-minorities"><i>The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107661998" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107661998"><bdi>978-1107661998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Nation-Building%3A+Making+Co-Nationals%2C+Refugees%2C+and+Minorities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107661998&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics-international-relations%2Fcomparative-politics%2Fpolitics-nation-building-making-co-nationals-refugees-and-minorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (15 January 2014). <i>Essentials of sociology</i>. Los Angeles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483340173" title="Special:BookSources/9781483340173"><bdi>9781483340173</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871004576">871004576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+sociology&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871004576&rft.isbn=9781483340173&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Melanie (2011). "Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women's Political Representation Worldwide". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>3</b> (105): <span class="nowrap">604–</span>620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055411000293">10.1017/S0003055411000293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2592368">2592368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Intersectionality%2C+Quotas%2C+and+Minority+Women%27s+Political+Representation+Worldwide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E604-%3C%2Fspan%3E620&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055411000293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2592368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurieKhan2017" class="citation cs2">Laurie, Timothy; Khan, Rimi (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31725889">"The Concept of Minority for the Study of Culture"</a>, <i>Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies</i>, <b>31</b> (1): 3, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2016.1264110">10.1080/10304312.2016.1264110</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152009904">152009904</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum%3A+Journal+of+Media+%26+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Minority+for+the+Study+of+Culture&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2016.1264110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152009904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Khan%2C+Rimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31725889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/louilr63&div=34&id=&page=">"The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions among and within Minority Groups"</a>. <i>Louisiana Law Review</i>. <b>63</b>: 759. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102813/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Flouilr63&div=34&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights%3A+The+Need+for%2C+and+Impediments+to%2C+Political+Coalitions+among+and+within+Minority+Groups&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=759&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Flouilr63%26div%3D34%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1971" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Gary S. (1971). <i>The economics of discrimination</i> (2nd ed.). 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71908/1/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.pdf">"Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>896</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NYASA.896..173W">1999NYASA.896..173W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F71908">2027.42/71908</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8923">0077-8923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681897">10681897</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26852165">26852165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126203618/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71908/1/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Socioeconomic+Status%2C+and+Health+The+Added+Effects+of+Racism+and+Discrimination&rft.volume=896&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F71908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26852165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999NYASA.896..173W&rft.issn=0077-8923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10681897&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F71908%2F1%2Fj.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerloo2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mieke_Verloo" title="Mieke Verloo">Verloo, Mieke</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/22512">"Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union"</a>. <i>European Journal of Women's Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350506806065753">10.1177/1350506806065753</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F46605">2066/46605</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-5068">1350-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21752012">21752012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152558/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/22512">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Multiple+Inequalities%2C+Intersectionality+and+the+European+Union&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F46605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21752012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1350-5068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1350506806065753&rft.aulast=Verloo&rft.aufirst=Mieke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F22512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrentny2002" class="citation book cs1">Skrentny, John David (2002). <i>The minority rights revolution</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674043732" title="Special:BookSources/9780674043732"><bdi>9780674043732</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/431342257">431342257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+minority+rights+revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F431342257&rft.isbn=9780674043732&rft.aulast=Skrentny&rft.aufirst=John+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Robson, Laura (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab358">"Capitulations Redux: The Imperial Genealogy of the Post–World War I "Minority" Regimes"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>126</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">978–</span>1000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhab358">10.1093/ahr/rhab358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Capitulations+Redux%3A+The+Imperial+Genealogy+of+the+Post%E2%80%93World+War+I+%22Minority%22+Regimes&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E978-%3C%2Fspan%3E1000&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhab358&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhab358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirth1945" class="citation book cs1">Wirth, L. (1945). "The Problem of Minority Groups". In Linton, Ralph (ed.). <i>The Science of Man in the World Crisis</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Minority+Groups&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Man+in+the+World+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span> The political scientist and law professor, Gad Barzilai, has offered a theoretical definition of non-ruling communities that conceptualizes groups that do not rule and are excluded from resources of political power. Barzilai, G. <i>Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagleyHarris1958" class="citation book cs1">Wagley, Charles; Harris, Marvin (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/12323228"><i>Minorities in the new world: six case studies</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+new+world%3A+six+case+studies&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Wagley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Harris%2C+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fversion%2F12323228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_R._Feagin1984" class="citation book cs1">Joe R. Feagin (1984). <i>Racial and Ethnic Relations</i> (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-750125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-750125-0"><bdi>978-0-13-750125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Relations&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-13-750125-0&rft.au=Joe+R.+Feagin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cultural Diversity Glossary of Terms</i>. Diversity Training University International Publications Division. 2008. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity+Glossary+of+Terms&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Diversity+Training+University+International+Publications+Division&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barzilai_20102-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barzilai_20102_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilai2010" class="citation book cs1">Barzilai, Gad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sHzZbXdjggC"><i>Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472024001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472024001"><bdi>978-0472024001</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228091852/https://books.google.com/books?id=1sHzZbXdjggC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+and+Law%3A+Politics+and+Cultures+of+Legal+Identities&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0472024001&rft.aulast=Barzilai&rft.aufirst=Gad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1sHzZbXdjggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurieKhan2017" class="citation cs2">Laurie, Timothy; Khan, Rimi (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31725889">"The Concept of Minority for the Study of Culture"</a>, <i>Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies</i>, <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2016.1264110">10.1080/10304312.2016.1264110</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152009904">152009904</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum%3A+Journal+of+Media+%26+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Minority+for+the+Study+of+Culture&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2016.1264110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152009904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Khan%2C+Rimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31725889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonradLinnehan1999" class="citation cs2">Konrad, Alison M.; Linnehan, Frank (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgender0000unse/page/429">"Handbook of Gender & Work Handbook of gender & work"</a>, <i>Handbook of Gender & Work</i>, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgender0000unse/page/429">429–452</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452231365.n22">10.4135/9781452231365.n22</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761913559" title="Special:BookSources/9780761913559"><bdi>9780761913559</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Gender+%26+Work&rft.atitle=Handbook+of+Gender+%26+Work+Handbook+of+gender+%26+work&rft.pages=429-452&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452231365.n22&rft.isbn=9780761913559&rft.aulast=Konrad&rft.aufirst=Alison+M.&rft.au=Linnehan%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofgender0000unse%2Fpage%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Šmihula2008" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel Šmihula (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823110657/http://ns.ier.ro/site/documente/rjea_pdf/RJEA_Vol8_No3_Sept2008.pdf">"National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Romanian Journal of European Affairs</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>81. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lawsociety.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+race+and+ethnicity+terminology+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawsociety.org.uk%2Ftopics%2Fethnic-minority-lawyers%2Fa-guide-to-race-and-ethnicity-terminology-and-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/minorities/united-nations-guide-minorities">"United Nations Guide for Minorities"</a>. <i>www.ohchr.org/en/ohchr_homepage</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fohchr_homepage&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Guide+for+Minorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fminorities%2Funited-nations-guide-minorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbu" class="citation web cs1">Ogbu, John U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223606/http://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf">"Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Cultural+Diversity+and+Learning&rft.aulast=Ogbu&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adams.edu%2Fadministration%2Fhr%2Fsearch-procedures%2Funderstanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbu_and_Simons1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ogbu and Simons (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf">"Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropology and Education Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faeq.1998.29.2.155">10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312005949/http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+and+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Voluntary+and+Involuntary+Minorities%3A+A+Cultural-Ecological+Theory+of+School+Performance+with+Some+Implications+for+Education&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faeq.1998.29.2.155&rft.au=Ogbu+and+Simons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Frsoder%2FEDUC305%2FOgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenzuela" class="citation book cs1">Valenzuela, Angela. <i>Subtractive Schooling</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtractive+Schooling&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.aulast=Valenzuela&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerBradfordMakadonStall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Kenneth H.; Bradford, Judith B.; Makadon, Harvey J.; Stall, Ron; Goldhammer, Hilary; Landers, Stewart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288">"Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>98</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">989–</span>995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.2007.127811">10.2105/ajph.2007.127811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288">2377288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445789">18445789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Sexual+and+Gender+Minority+Health%3A+What+We+Know+and+What+Needs+to+Be+Done&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E989-%3C%2Fspan%3E995&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2377288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18445789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.2007.127811&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+H.&rft.au=Bradford%2C+Judith+B.&rft.au=Makadon%2C+Harvey+J.&rft.au=Stall%2C+Ron&rft.au=Goldhammer%2C+Hilary&rft.au=Landers%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2377288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsRead2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Luke; Read, Janet (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8964p"><i>Disabled people and European human rights: A review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK</i></a> (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1t8964p">10.2307/j.ctt1t8964p</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8964p">j.ctt1t8964p</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246084235">246084235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disabled+people+and+European+human+rights%3A+A+review+of+the+implications+of+the+1998+Human+Rights+Act+for+disabled+children+and+adults+in+the+UK&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Bristol+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246084235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8964p%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1t8964p&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Read%2C+Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8964p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "The Situation of the Bahá'í Community of Egypt" and "Religion Today: Bahais' struggle for recognition reveals a less tolerant face of Egypt", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahai.org/persecution/egypt/update">Bahai.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001140937/http://www.bahai.org/persecution/egypt/update">Archived</a> 2006-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwb.sacbee.com/24hour/religion/story/3315375p-12212722c.html">DWB.sacbee.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053747/http://dwb.sacbee.com/24hour/religion/story/3315375p-12212722c.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minority">"Definition of Minority"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Minority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fminority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker1951" class="citation journal cs1">Hacker, Helen Mayer (1951). "Women as a Minority Group". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Forces" title="Social Forces">Social Forces</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2571742">10.2307/2571742</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2571742">2571742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Women+as+a+Minority+Group&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2571742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2571742%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Helen+Mayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShachar,_Ayelet2001" class="citation book cs1">Shachar, Ayelet (2001). <i>Multicultural jurisdictions : cultural differences and women's rights</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0511040801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0511040801"><bdi>978-0511040801</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56216656">56216656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+jurisdictions+%3A+cultural+differences+and+women%27s+rights&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56216656&rft.isbn=978-0511040801&rft.au=Shachar%2C+Ayelet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Women, U. N. (2018). Annual Report 2017–2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191302/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421">"Political recognition of Roma People in Spain. [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001–2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)"</a>. <i>SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421">the original</a> on 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIOR%2C+Social+Impact+Open+Repository&rft.atitle=Political+recognition+of+Roma+People+in+Spain.+%5BSocial+Impact%5D.+WORKAL%C3%93.+The+creation+of+new+occupational+patterns+for+cultural+minorities%3A+the+Gypsy+Case+%282001%E2%80%932004%29.+Framework+Programme+5+%28FP5%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsior.ub.edu%2Fjspui%2Fcris%2Fsocialimpact%2Fsocialimpact00421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/2._framework_convention_(monitoring)/2._monitoring_mechanism/4._opinions_of_the_advisory_committee/1._country_specific_opinions/1._first_cycle/PDF_1st_OP_BiH.pdf">Opinion of the Council of Europe's Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, in particular paragraphs 37–43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616100431/http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/2._framework_convention_(monitoring)/2._monitoring_mechanism/4._opinions_of_the_advisory_committee/1._country_specific_opinions/1._first_cycle/PDF_1st_OP_BiH.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, J.A. Lindgren-Alves, member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, speaking at the Committee's 67th Session (Summary Record of the 1724th Meeting, 23 August 2005, CERD/C/SR.1724)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrard2000" class="citation book cs1">Henrard, K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFF5nzuAze0C&pg=PA218"><i>Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. <span class="nowrap">218–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041113597" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041113597"><bdi>978-9041113597</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228001145/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFF5nzuAze0C&pg=PA218">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devising+an+Adequate+System+of+Minority+Protection%3A+Individual+Human+Rights%2C+Minority+Rights+and+the+Right+to+Self-Determination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9041113597&rft.aulast=Henrard&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFF5nzuAze0C%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Minority_group" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Minority group">Minority group</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.souz-minor.ru">Union of Minority Shareholders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmi.de">ECMI – European Centre for Minority Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ooiiuu.com">Minority language tool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.udayton.edu/race/01race/minor01.htm">What is a Minority Group?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209095106/http://academic.udayton.edu/Race/01race/minor01.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> definitions from Dayton Law School.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/opinions2.htm">From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090551/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/">Minorities at Risk project at the University of Maryland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minelres.lv/index.htm">MINELRES – Minority Electronic Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020232654/http://www.eurac.edu/index/">European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurominority.eu">Eurominority – Stateless and national minorities portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=990">State of the World's Minorities</a>, an annual report by Minority Rights Group International</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/index.aspx">American Psychological Association's Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autonomyexperience.org/en/compendium/">The Protection of Minorities in Europe – Minorities ABC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119325052">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001115377">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="menšiny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122761&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058841&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536127605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642729">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&oldid=1275721959">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&oldid=1275721959</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Voting_theory" title="Category:Voting theory">Voting theory</a></li><li><a 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-wl4r5","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.662","walltime":"0.799","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4396,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138195,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5068,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":185485,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 670.390 1 -total"," 42.39% 284.178 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.38% 116.506 15 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