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searchaux" style="display:none">Study of how astronomical objects change with time</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SN2018gv.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SN2018gv.gif/440px-SN2018gv.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SN2018gv.gif/660px-SN2018gv.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/SN2018gv.gif 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Light curve of <a href="/wiki/NGC_2525" title="NGC 2525">NGC 2525</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Time-domain astronomy</b> is the study of how <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> change with time. Said to have begun with Galileo's <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_on_Sunspots" title="Letters on Sunspots">Letters on Sunspots</a></i>, the field has now naturally expanded to encompass variable objects beyond the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Temporal variation may originate from movement of the source, or changes in the object itself. Common targets include <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">pulsating stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flare_star" title="Flare star">flare stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">blazars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galactic nuclei">active galactic nuclei</a>. Optical time domain surveys include <a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a>, <a href="/wiki/HAT-South" class="mw-redirect" title="HAT-South">HAT-South</a>, <a href="/wiki/PanSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="PanSTARRS">PanSTARRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SkyMapper" title="SkyMapper">SkyMapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey" title="All Sky Automated Survey">ASAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wide_Angle_Search_for_Planets" title="Wide Angle Search for Planets">WASP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Real-time_Transient_Survey" title="Catalina Real-time Transient Survey">CRTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GOTO_(telescope_array)" title="GOTO (telescope array)">GOTO</a>, and the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">LSST</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory" title="Vera C. Rubin Observatory">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a>. </p><p>Time-domain astronomy studies <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transient" class="extiw" title="wikt:transient">transient</a> astronomical events ("<i>transients</i>"), which include various types of variable stars, including <a href="/wiki/Periodic_function" title="Periodic function">periodic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic">quasi-periodic</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> stars, and lifecycle events (<a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonovae</a>) or other changes in behavior or type. Non-stellar transients include <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">planetary transits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>. </p><p>Transients characterize <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> or phenomena whose duration of presentation may be from milliseconds to days, weeks, or even several years. This is in contrast to the timescale of the millions or billions of years during which the <a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">galaxies</a> and their component <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> have evolved. The term is used for violent <a href="/wiki/Deep-sky_object" title="Deep-sky object">deep-sky</a> events, such as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">dwarf nova</a> outbursts, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray bursts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">tidal disruption events</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">gravitational microlensing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Time-domain astronomy also involves long-term studies of <a href="/wiki/Variable_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable stars">variable stars</a> and their changes on the timescale of minutes to decades. Variability studied can be <i>intrinsic</i>, including periodic or <a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variable_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiregular variable stars">semi-regular</a> <a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">pulsating stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">young stellar objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">stars with outbursts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">asteroseismology</a> studies; or <i>extrinsic</i>, which results from <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Binary_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary stars">binary stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">planetary transits</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">stellar rotation</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsars">pulsars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Starspots">spotted</a> stars), or <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">gravitational microlensing events</a>. </p><p>Modern time-domain astronomy surveys often uses <a href="/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope">robotic telescopes</a>, automatic classification of transient events, and rapid notification of interested people. <a href="/wiki/Blink_comparator" title="Blink comparator">Blink comparators</a> have long been used to detect differences between two photographic plates, and <a href="/wiki/Image_subtraction" title="Image subtraction">image subtraction</a> became more used when digital photography eased the normalization of pairs of images.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to large fields of view required, the time-domain work involves storing and transferring a huge amount of data. This includes <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> techniques, classification, and the handling of heterogeneous data.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham-2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of time-domain astronomy was recognized in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/German_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="German Astronomical Society">German Astronomical Society</a> by awarding a <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild_Medal" title="Karl Schwarzschild Medal">Karl Schwarzschild Medal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Udalski" title="Andrzej Udalski">Andrzej Udalski</a> for "pioneering contribution to the growth of a <i>new field of astrophysics research, time-domain astronomy</i>, which studies the variability of brightness and other parameters of objects in the universe in different time scales."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> was awarded to the three leading researchers in the field of time-domain astronomy: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels" title="Neil Gehrels">Neil Gehrels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission">Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shrinivas_Kulkarni" title="Shrinivas Kulkarni">Shrinivas Kulkarni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palomar_Transient_Factory" title="Palomar Transient Factory">Palomar Transient Factory</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Udalski" title="Andrzej Udalski">Andrzej Udalski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-domain_astronomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, transient events that were visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, from within or near the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> Galaxy, were very rare, and sometimes hundreds of years apart. However, such events were recorded in antiquity, such as the <a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">supernova in 1054</a> observed by Chinese, Japanese and Arab astronomers, and the event in 1572 known as "<a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's Supernova</a>" after <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, who studied it until it faded after two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford,_2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford,_2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though telescopes made it possible to see more distant events, their small fields of view – typically less than 1 <a href="/wiki/Square_degree" title="Square degree">square degree</a> – meant that the chances of looking in the right place at the right time were low. <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt cameras</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrographs</a> with wide field were invented in the 20th century, but mostly used <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">to survey</a> the unchanging heavens. </p><p>Historically time domain astronomy has come to include appearance of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and variable brightness of <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid-type variable stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old astronomical plates exposed from the 1880s through the early 1990s held by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> are being digitized by the <a href="/wiki/DASCH" class="mw-redirect" title="DASCH">DASCH</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-Drout-2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout-2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interest in transients has intensified when large <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> detectors started to be available to the astronomical community. As telescopes with larger fields of view and larger detectors come into use in the 1990s, first massive and regular survey observations were initiated - pioneered by the gravitational microlensing surveys such as <a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MACHO_Project" title="MACHO Project">MACHO Project</a>. These efforts, beside the discovery of the microlensing events itself, resulted in the orders of magnitude more variable stars known to mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent, dedicated sky surveys such as the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Transient_Factory" title="Palomar Transient Factory">Palomar Transient Factory</a>, the spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">LSST</a>, focused on expanding the coverage of the sky monitoring to fainter objects, more optical filters and better positional and proper motions measurement capabilities. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/GOTO_(telescope_array)" title="GOTO (telescope array)">Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO)</a> began looking for collisions between neutron stars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of modern instruments to observe in <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> invisible to the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>) increases the amount of information that may be obtained when a transient is studied. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">LOFAR</a> is looking for radio transients. Radio time domain studies have long included <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> and scintillation. Projects to look for transients in X-ray and gamma rays include <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array" title="Cherenkov Telescope Array">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a>, <a href="/wiki/EROSITA" title="EROSITA">eROSITA</a>, <a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Water_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment">HAWC</a>, <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission">Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">Space Variable Objects Monitor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burst">Gamma ray bursts</a> are a well known high energy electromagnetic transient.<sup id="cite_ref-Conference_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conference-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed <a href="/wiki/ULTRASAT" title="ULTRASAT">ULTRASAT</a> satellite will observe a field of more than 200 square degrees continuously in an ultraviolet wavelength that is particularly important for detecting supernovae within minutes of their occurrence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-domain_astronomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gamma-ray_bursts" title="List of gamma-ray bursts">List of gamma-ray bursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">List of gravitational wave observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">List of exoplanets detected by microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_transient" title="X-ray transient">X-ray transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">Stellar pulsation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-domain_astronomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Brian (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921312000129">"Optical Transient Surveys"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_International_Astronomical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union">Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</a></i>. <b>7</b> (S285): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IAUS..285....9S">2012IAUS..285....9S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921312000129">10.1017/S1743921312000129</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=Optical+Transient+Surveys&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=S285&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921312000129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IAUS..285....9S&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1743921312000129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt-2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt-2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2011" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Brian (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/users/timedomainconf/participants/talks/Schmidt.pdf">"Transient Studies have played a key role in the history of Astronomy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transient+Studies+have+played+a+key+role+in+the+history+of+Astronomy&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.ox.ac.uk%2Fusers%2Ftimedomainconf%2Fparticipants%2Ftalks%2FSchmidt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamG._DjorgovskiAshish_MahabalCiro_Donalek2012" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Matthew J.S.; G. Djorgovski; Ashish Mahabal; Ciro Donalek; Andrew Drake; Giuseppe Longo (August 2012). "Data challenges of time domain astronomy". <i>Distributed and Parallel Databases</i>. <b>30</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.2480">1208.2480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10619-012-7101-7">10.1007/s10619-012-7101-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11166899">11166899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distributed+and+Parallel+Databases&rft.atitle=Data+challenges+of+time+domain+astronomy&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.2480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11166899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10619-012-7101-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.S.&rft.au=G.+Djorgovski&rft.au=Ashish+Mahabal&rft.au=Ciro+Donalek&rft.au=Andrew+Drake&rft.au=Giuseppe+Longo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press release from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fnp.org.pl/en/prof-andrzej-udalski-nagrodzony-medalem-karla-schwarzschilda/">Foundation for Polish Science</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/neil-gehrels-october-1952-february-2017/">"Neil Gehrels"</a>. 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neil+Gehrels&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdandavidprize.org%2Flaureates%2Fneil-gehrels-october-1952-february-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/shrinivas-kulkarni/">"Shrinivas Kulkarni"</a>. 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrinivas+Kulkarni&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdandavidprize.org%2Flaureates%2Fshrinivas-kulkarni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/andrzej-udalski/">"Andrzej Udalski"</a>. 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrzej+Udalski&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdandavidprize.org%2Flaureates%2Fandrzej-udalski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford,_2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford,_2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-transient-universe">Lecture by Prof. Carolin Crawford, 2014, “The Transient Universe”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drout-2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drout-2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrout2012" class="citation news cs1">Drout, Maria (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobites.org/2012/11/12/a-big-step-backward-for-time-domain-astronomy/">"A Big Step Backward for Time Domain Astronomy"</a>. <i>Astrobites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobites&rft.atitle=A+Big+Step+Backward+for+Time+Domain+Astronomy&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Drout&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobites.org%2F2012%2F11%2F12%2Fa-big-step-backward-for-time-domain-astronomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">68 000 variables in the Magellanic Clouds: K. Żebruń et al. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acta.astrouw.edu.pl/Vol51/n4/a_51_4_2.html">Acta Astronomica, Vol. 51 (2001), No. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">200 000 variables toward the Galactic bulge, P. Woźniak et al. (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acta.astrouw.edu.pl/Vol52/n2/a_52_2_2.html">Acta Astronomica, Vol. 52 (2002), No. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeghs2022" class="citation journal cs1">Steeghs, D. T. H (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac013">"The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO): Prototype performance and prospects for transient science"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>511</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">2405–</span>2422. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.05539">2110.05539</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac013">10.1093/mnras/stac013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Gravitational-wave+Optical+Transient+Observer+%28GOTO%29%3A+Prototype+performance+and+prospects+for+transient+science&rft.volume=511&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2405-%3C%2Fspan%3E2422&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2110.05539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac013&rft.aulast=Steeghs&rft.aufirst=D.+T.+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstac013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conference-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conference_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/conferences/TDA_conference.html/">"Multi-Messenger Time Domain Astronomy Conference"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-Messenger+Time+Domain+Astronomy+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasd.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fconferences%2FTDA_conference.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-domain_astronomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedrenne,_G.Atteia,_J.-L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Vedrenne, G. & Atteia, J.-L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC"><i>Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-39085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-39085-5"><bdi>978-3-540-39085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamma-Ray+Bursts%3A+The+brightest+explosions+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-39085-5&rft.au=Vedrenne%2C+G.&rft.au=Atteia%2C+J.-L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZHSdrvzz0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGezariMartinForsterNeill2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gezari, S.; Martin, D. C.; Forster, K.; Neill, J. D.; Huber, M.; Heckman, T.; Bianchi, L.; Morrissey, P.; Neff, S. G.; Seibert, M.; Schiminovich, D.; Wyder, T. K.; Burgett, W. S.; Chambers, K. C.; Kaiser, N.; Magnier, E. A.; Price, P. A.; Tonry, J. L. (2013). "Thegalextime Domain Survey. I. Selection and Classification of over a Thousand Ultraviolet Variable Sources". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>766</b> (1): 60. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.1581">1302.1581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...766...60G">2013ApJ...766...60G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F60">10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/60</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13841776">13841776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Thegalextime+Domain+Survey.+I.+Selection+and+Classification+of+over+a+Thousand+Ultraviolet+Variable+Sources&rft.volume=766&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1302.1581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13841776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F60&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...766...60G&rft.aulast=Gezari&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Martin%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Forster%2C+K.&rft.au=Neill%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Huber%2C+M.&rft.au=Heckman%2C+T.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+L.&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+P.&rft.au=Neff%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Seibert%2C+M.&rft.au=Schiminovich%2C+D.&rft.au=Wyder%2C+T.+K.&rft.au=Burgett%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+K.+C.&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+N.&rft.au=Magnier%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Price%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Tonry%2C+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-domain_astronomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/cftdinfo/">"Centre for Time-Domain Informatics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Time-Domain+Informatics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fcftdinfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citris-uc.org/research/project/center-for-time-domain-informatics/">"possible present URL of Centre for Time-Domain Informatics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=possible+present+URL+of+Centre+for+Time-Domain+Informatics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitris-uc.org%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2Fcenter-for-time-domain-informatics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bernardini, E. (2011). "Astronomy in the Time Domain". <i>Science</i>. <b>331</b> (6018): <span class="nowrap">686–</span>687. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..686B">2011Sci...331..686B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201365">10.1126/science.1201365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21212319">21212319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206531635">206531635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Astronomy+in+the+Time+Domain&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6018&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E686-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206531635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331..686B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201365&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21212319&rft.aulast=Bernardini&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/">SIMBAD Astronomical Database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidoli2008" class="citation arxiv cs1">Sidoli, L. (2008). "Transient outburst mechanisms in Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.3157">0809.3157</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph">astro-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Transient+outburst+mechanisms+in+Supergiant+Fast+X-ray+Transients&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0809.3157&rft.aulast=Sidoli&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime-domain+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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