CINXE.COM
Vanuma language - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vanuma language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"eace50a8-cae7-4a34-8d1b-d1c600e7bc61","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vanuma_language","wgTitle":"Vanuma language","wgCurRevisionId":1211557333,"wgRevisionId":1211557333,"wgArticleId":33632549,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Language articles citing Ethnologue 18","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data","All stub articles","Nyali languages","Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","Bantu language stubs","Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Vanuma_language","wgRelevantArticleId":33632549,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":1000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7915259","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vanuma language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuma_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuma_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vanuma_language rootpage-Vanuma_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vanuma+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vanuma+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vanuma+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vanuma+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanuma language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivanuma_(lugha)" title="Kivanuma (lugha) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kivanuma (lugha)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Vanuma" title="Lenga Vanuma – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Vanuma" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7915259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vanuma_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vanuma_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vanuma_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&oldid=1211557333" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vanuma_language&id=1211557333&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVanuma_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVanuma_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vanuma_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7915259" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language spoken in DR Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Vanuma</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">South Nyali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(6,700 cited 1993)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_D" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone D.30</a>)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nyali_languages" title="Nyali languages">Nyali</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Vanuma</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vau" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vau">vau</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vanu1242">vanu1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>D.331</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Vanuma</b> (Bvanuma), or <b>South Nyali</b>, is a minor <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a> of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to <a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vau/">Vanuma</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zmw">"Mbo"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Mbo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dzmw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuma+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">province</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bandundu_Province" title="Bandundu Province">Bandundu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boma_language" title="Boma language">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_language" title="Ding language">Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hungana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpuono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpuono language">Mpuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzadi_language" title="Nzadi language">Nzadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Shinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiene_language" title="Tiene language">Tiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yansi_language" title="Yansi language">Yansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur Province">Équateur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Banda_language" title="Central Banda language">Central Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Losengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_language" title="Mbaka language">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Congo)" title="Mono language (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndunga_language" title="Ndunga language">Ndunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_Minagende_language" title="Ngbaka Minagende language">Ngbaka Minagende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbundu_language" title="Ngbundu language">Ngbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngombe language (Bantu)">Ngombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Banda_language" title="South Banda language">South Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangere_language" title="Yangere language">Yangere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazi language">Yazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfinu_language" title="Mfinu language">Mfinu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Hendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangba_language" title="Bangba language">Bangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_language" title="Barambu language">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_language" title="Dongo language">Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliko language">Kaliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango (Bas-Uélé District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Tshopo_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language (Tshopo District)">Kango (Tshopo District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language" title="Ma language">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_language" title="Mayogo language">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mba_language" title="Mba language">Mba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Ngelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakara_language" title="Nzakara language">Nzakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambia_language" title="Pambia language">Pambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">Soko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbo_language" title="Tagbo language">Tagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">French African Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones C–D) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C11 <a href="/wiki/Ngondi_language" title="Ngondi language">Ngondi</a></li> <li>C12a <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Pande</a></li> <li>C12b <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Bogongo</a></li> <li>C13 <a href="/wiki/Mbati_language" title="Mbati language">Mbati</a></li> <li>C14 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbomotaba</a></li> <li>C15 <a href="/wiki/Bongili_language" title="Bongili language">Bongili</a></li> <li>C16 <a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Lobala</a></li> <li>[C101 <a href="/wiki/Bole_language_(Bantu)" title="Bole language (Bantu)">Dibole</a></li> <li>C102 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Ngando</a></li> <li>C103 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Kota</a></li> <li>C104 <a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Yaka</a></li> <li>C105 <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages#Mbenga" title="Classification of Pygmy languages">Mbenga</a></li> <li>C141 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Enyele</a></li> <li>C142 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Bondongo</a></li> <li>C143 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbonzo</a></li> <li>C161 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bomboli</a></li> <li>C162 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bozaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C21 <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Mboko</a></li> <li>C22 <a href="/wiki/Akwa_language" title="Akwa language">Akwa</a></li> <li>C23[21] <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Ngare</a></li> <li>C24 <a href="/wiki/Koyo_language_(Congo)" title="Koyo language (Congo)">Koyo</a></li> <li>C25 <a href="/wiki/Mbosi_language" title="Mbosi language">Mbosi</a></li> <li>C26 <a href="/wiki/Kwala_language" title="Kwala language">Kwala</a></li> <li>C27 <a href="/wiki/Kuba_language" title="Kuba language">Kuba</a></li> <li>[C201 <a href="/wiki/Bwenyi_language" title="Bwenyi language">Bwenyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C31a <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Loi</a></li> <li>C31b <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ngiri</a></li> <li>C31c <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Nunu</a></li> <li>C32 <a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bobangi</a></li> <li>C33 <a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li>C34 <a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li>C35a <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Ntomba</a></li> <li>C35b <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Bolia</a></li> <li>C36a <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Poto</a></li> <li>C36b <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mpesa</a></li> <li>C36c <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mbudza</a></li> <li>C36d <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Mangala</a></li> <li>C36e <a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Boloki</a></li> <li>C36f <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Kangana</a></li> <li>C36g <a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li>C37 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Buja</a></li> <li>[C301 <a href="/wiki/Doko_language_(Bantu)" title="Doko language (Bantu)">Doko</a></li> <li>C302 <a href="/wiki/Londo_language" title="Londo language">Bolondo</a></li> <li>C311 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Mabaale</a></li> <li>C312 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ndoobo</a></li> <li>C313 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Litoka</a></li> <li>C314 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Balobo</a></li> <li>C315 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Enga</a></li> <li>C321 <a href="/wiki/Binza_language" title="Binza language">Binza</a></li> <li>C322 <a href="/wiki/Zamba_language" title="Zamba language">Dzamba</a></li> <li>C323 <a href="/wiki/Mpama_language" title="Mpama language">Mpama</a></li> <li>C371 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Tembo</a></li> <li>C372 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Kunda</a></li> <li>C373 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Gbuta</a></li> <li>C374 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Babale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C41 <a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language" title="Ngombe language">Ngombe</a></li> <li>C42 <a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li>C43 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bati</a></li> <li>C44 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Boa</a></li> <li>C45 <a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Angba</a></li> <li>[C401 <a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li>C403 <a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango</a></li> <li>C411 <a href="/wiki/Bomboma_language" title="Bomboma language">Bomboma</a></li> <li>C412 <a href="/wiki/Bamwe_language" title="Bamwe language">Bamwe</a></li> <li>C413 <a href="/wiki/Dzando_language" title="Dzando language">Dzando</a></li> <li>C414 <a href="/wiki/Gendza_language" title="Gendza language">Ligendza</a></li> <li>C415 <a href="/wiki/Kula_language_(Bantu)" title="Kula language (Bantu)">Likula</a></li> <li>C441 <a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C51 <a href="/wiki/Mbesa_language" title="Mbesa language">Mbesa</a></li> <li>C52 <a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">So</a></li> <li>C53 <a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li>C54 <a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li>C55 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Kele</a></li> <li>C56 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Foma</a></li> <li>[C501 <a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li>C502 <a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C61a <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northeast Mongo</a></li> <li>C61b <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northwest Mongo</a></li> <li>C62 <a href="/wiki/Lalia_language" title="Lalia language">Lalia</a></li> <li>[C63 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language" title="Ngando language">Ngando</a></li> <li>C611 <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Bafoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C71 <a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li> <li>C72 <a href="/wiki/Kusu_language" title="Kusu language">Kusu</a></li> <li>C73 <a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li>C74 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Yela</a></li> <li>C75 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Kela</a></li> <li>C76 <a href="/wiki/Ombo_language" title="Ombo language">Ombo</a></li> <li>[C701 <a href="/wiki/Langa_language" title="Langa language">Langa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C80</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C81 <a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li>C82 <a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Songomeno</a></li> <li>C83 <a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Busoong</a></li> <li>C84 <a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li>C85 <a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D11 <a href="/wiki/Mbole_language" title="Mbole language">Mbole</a></li> <li>D12 <a href="/wiki/Lengola_language" title="Lengola language">Lengola</a></li> <li>D13 <a href="/wiki/Mituku_language" title="Mituku language">Metoko</a></li> <li>D14 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Enya</a></li> <li>[D141 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Zura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D21 <a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(DRC)" title="Bali language (DRC)">Bali</a></li> <li>D22 <a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li>D23 <a href="/wiki/Komo_language_(Bantu)" title="Komo language (Bantu)">Komo</a></li> <li>D24 <a href="/wiki/Songola_language" title="Songola language">Songola</a></li> <li>D25 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega</a></li> <li>D26 <a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li> <li>D27 <a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li>D28a <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">West Holoholo</a></li> <li>D28b <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">East Holoholo</a></li> <li>[D201 <a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Liko</a></li> <li>D211 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Kango</a></li> <li>D251 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega-Malinga</a></li> <li>D281 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Tumbwe</a></li> <li>D282 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Lumbwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D31 <a href="/wiki/Bhele_language" title="Bhele language">Peri</a></li> <li>D32 <a href="/wiki/Bira_language" title="Bira language">Bira</a></li> <li>D33 <a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li>[D301 <a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li>D302 <a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li>D303 <a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li>D304 <a href="/wiki/Homa_language" title="Homa language">Homa</a></li> <li>D305 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li>D306 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Gbati-ri</a></li> <li>D307 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Mayeka</a></li> <li>D308 <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language_(Bantu)" title="Bodo language (Bantu)">Bodo</a></li> <li>D311 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li>D312 <a href="/wiki/Kaiku_language" title="Kaiku language">Kaiku</a></li> <li>D313 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Ibutu</a></li> <li>D331 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bvanuma</a></li> <li>D332 <a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li>D333 <a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaaka</a></li> <li>D334 <a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li>D335 <a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li>D336 <a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D41 <a href="/wiki/Konjo_language_(Bantu)" title="Konjo language (Bantu)">Konzo</a></li> <li>[J]D42 <a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Ndandi</a></li> <li>[J]D43 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D51 <a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li>[J]D52 <a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Haavu</a></li> <li>[J]D53 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyabungu</a></li> <li>[J]D54 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Ibembe)" title="Bembe language (Ibembe)">Bembe</a></li> <li>[J]D55 <a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyi</a></li> <li>[J]D56 <a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li>[JD501 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyindu</a></li> <li>[J]JD502 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li> <li>[J]JD531 <a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D61 <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Ruanda</a></li> <li>[J]D62 <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi</a></li> <li>[J]D63 <a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiro</a></li> <li>[J]D64 <a href="/wiki/Shubi_language" title="Shubi language">Shubi</a></li> <li>[J]D65 <a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li>[J]D66 <a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li>[J]D67 <a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li>[JD631 <a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Vira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HJ-1-P32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HJ-1-P32.png/30px-HJ-1-P32.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HJ-1-P32.png/45px-HJ-1-P32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HJ-1-P32.png/60px-HJ-1-P32.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bantu-lang-stub" title="Template:Bantu-lang-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bantu-lang-stub" title="Template talk:Bantu-lang-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bantu-lang-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bantu-lang-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1012311289"><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DRCongo-stub" title="Template:DRCongo-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DRCongo-stub" title="Template talk:DRCongo-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DRCongo-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DRCongo-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐m2fcx Cached time: 20241122161011 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.380 seconds Real time usage: 0.655 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3138/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 116194/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2696/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31656/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.202/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4043526/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 514.163 1 -total 24.94% 128.207 1 Template:Infobox_language 21.24% 109.197 5 Template:Navbox 21.09% 108.435 1 Template:Bantu-lang-stub 20.95% 107.738 1 Template:Infobox 19.32% 99.351 1 Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo 18.03% 92.699 1 Template:Reflist 15.34% 78.847 1 Template:Cite_web 13.00% 66.856 1 Template:Short_description 6.75% 34.704 2 Template:Pagetype --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33632549-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122161011 and revision id 1211557333. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&oldid=1211557333">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&oldid=1211557333</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nyali_languages" title="Category:Nyali languages">Nyali languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bantu_language_stubs" title="Category:Bantu language stubs">Bantu language stubs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_stubs" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs">Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_18" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 18">Language articles citing Ethnologue 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_old_Ethnologue_18_speaker_data" title="Category:Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data">Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles" title="Category:All stub articles">All stub articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 March 2024, at 04:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuma_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qpbcg","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.380","walltime":"0.655","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3138,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":116194,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2696,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":31656,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 514.163 1 -total"," 24.94% 128.207 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 21.24% 109.197 5 Template:Navbox"," 21.09% 108.435 1 Template:Bantu-lang-stub"," 20.95% 107.738 1 Template:Infobox"," 19.32% 99.351 1 Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"," 18.03% 92.699 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.34% 78.847 1 Template:Cite_web"," 13.00% 66.856 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.75% 34.704 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.202","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4043526,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-m2fcx","timestamp":"20241122161011","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vanuma language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanuma_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7915259","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7915259","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-11-04T03:29:01Z","dateModified":"2024-03-03T04:55:52Z","headline":"language"}</script> </body> </html>