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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Vowel shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prenasalized_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenasalized_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Prenasalized consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenasalized_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tonal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Tonal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_class_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_class_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noun class system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_class_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_inflections_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_inflections_and_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verb inflections and morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_inflections_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbal_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Verbal extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense_inflections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense_inflections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Tense inflections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense_inflections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text_from_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text_from_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sample text from Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text_from_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mandombe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Лингалабзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лингалабзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8B" title="ሊንጋላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊንጋላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لينغالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينغالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lingala" title="Idioma lingala – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma lingala" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লিংগালা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিংগালা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лінгала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лінгала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngal%C5%A1tina" title="Ngalština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ngalština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_keel" title="Lingala keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lingala keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lingala" title="Idioma lingala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lingala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_lingvo" title="Lingala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لینگالایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لینگالایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lingala" title="Lingua lingala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lingala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="링갈라어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="링갈라어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिंगाला भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिंगाला भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_jezik" title="Lingala jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lingala jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lingala" title="Bahasa Lingala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Lingala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiLingala" title="IsiLingala – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiLingala" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lingala" title="Lingua lingala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lingala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%8Bgala_k%CA%8Bn%CA%8B%C5%8B" title="Liŋgala kʋnʋŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liŋgala kʋnʋŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilingala" title="Ilingala – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ilingala" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingala_(Kongo)" title="Kingala (Kongo) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kingala (Kongo)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Лингала (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лингала (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingala" title="Dingala – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dingala" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Ngalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ngalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%A1la" title="Lingála – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lingála" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_lingala" title="Fiteny lingala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny lingala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لينغالا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينغالا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لینگالا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لینگالا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिङ्गाला भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिङ्गाला भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="リンガラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンガラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_(Spriik)" title="Lingala (Spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lingala (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لنگالا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لنگالا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لینګالایي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینګالایي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Lingala" title="Lenga Lingala – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Lingala" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_lingala" title="Język lingala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język lingala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lingala" title="Língua lingala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lingala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_simi" title="Lingala simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lingala simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лингала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_language" title="Lingala language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lingala language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingal%C4%8Dina" title="Lingalčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lingalčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لینگالا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینگالا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Лингала (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лингала (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலிங்கள மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலிங்கள மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Лингала теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лингала теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лінґала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінґала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%95" title="لىنگالاچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لىنگالاچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Lingala" title="Tiếng Lingala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Lingala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingala" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="林加拉语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="林加拉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="林加拉语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="林加拉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lingala" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language spoken in western central Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Lingala language. For Lingala music, see <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lingala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lingala (disambiguation)">Lingala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ngala_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ngala language (disambiguation)">Ngala language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Lingala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Ngala</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>Lingála</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Congo River</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 21 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 20 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_C" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone C</a>)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bangi%E2%80%93Ntomba_languages" title="Bangi–Ntomba languages">Bangi–Ntomba</a> (C.30)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Bangi–Moi<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lingala</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/African_Reference_Alphabet" title="African Reference Alphabet">African Reference Alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo–Kinshasa</a> (<i>national language</i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a> (<i>national language</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ln">ln</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=261">lin</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lin">lin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ling1269">ling1269</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>C30B</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=99-AUI-f">99-AUI-f</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger_Location.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger_Location.png/320px-LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger_Location.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger_Location.png 1.5x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of Lingala speakers, showing regions of native speakers (dark green) and regions where Lingala is spoken by a minority. (light green)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Lingala</b> (or <b>Ngala</b>, Lingala: <span title="Lingala-language text"><i lang="ln">Lingála</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a> spoken in the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, the northern half of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, in their capitals, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, and to a lesser degree as a trade language or because of emigration in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. Lingala has 20 million native speakers and about another 20 million second-language speakers, for an approximate total of 40 million speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant portion of both Congolese diasporas speaks Lingala in their countries of immigration like <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pidgin_Bobangi"></span>Before 1880, <a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bobangi</a> was an important trade language on the western sections of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Pool">Stanley Pool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>) and the confluence of the Congo and <a href="/wiki/Ubangi_River" title="Ubangi River">Ubangi</a> rivers(Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the first Europeans and their West- and East-African troops started founding state posts for the Belgian king along this river section in the early 1880s, they noticed the widespread use and prestige of Bobangi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempted to learn it, but only cared to acquire an imperfect knowledge of it, a process that gave rise to a new, strongly restructured variety, called "the trade language", "the language of the river", or "Bobangi-pidgin", among other names.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Europeans introduced this restructured variety of Bobangi in the state post <a href="/wiki/Bangala_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangala Station">Bangala Station</a> to communicate with local Congolese, some of whom had second-language knowledge of original Bobangi, and with the Congolese from more remote areas whom missionaries and colonials had been relocating to the station by force.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>language of the river</i> was therefore soon renamed "Bangala", a label the Europeans had since 1876 also been using as a convenient, but erroneous and non-original<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnic name for all Congolese of that region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1901–2, <a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Immaculati_Cordis_Mariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae">CICM</a> missionaries started a project to "purify" the <i>Bangala</i> language by cleansing it from the "impure", pidginlike features it had acquired when it emerged out of Bobangi in the early 1880s. </p> <blockquote><p>Around and shortly after 1901, a number of both Catholic and Protestant missionaries working in the western and northern Congo Free State, independently of one another but in strikingly parallel terms, judged that Bangala as it had developed out of Bobangi was too "pidgin like", "too poor" a language to function as a proper means of education and evangelization. Each of them set out on a program of massive corpus planning, aimed at actively "correcting" and "enlarging" Bangala from above [...]. One of them was the Catholic missionary Egide De Boeck of the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (CICM, commonly known as "the Missionaries of Scheut" or "Scheutists"), who arrived in Bangala Station – Nouvelle Anvers in 1901. Another one was the Protestant missionary Walter H. Stapleton [...], and a third one the Catholic Léon Derikx of the Premonstratensian Fathers [...]. By 1915, De Boeck's endeavors had proven to be more influential than Stapleton's, whose language creative suggestions, as the Protestant missionaries' conference of 1911 admitted, had never been truly implemented [...]. Under the dominance of De Boeck's work, Derikx's discontinued his after less than 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lingala's importance as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> has since grown with the size and importance of its main centers of use, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>; with its use as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the armed forces; and with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a> music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first the language the European pioneers and their African troops had forged out of Bobangi was called "the river language", "the trade language", and other volatile names. Beginning in 1884, it was called "Bangala", due to its introduction in <a href="/wiki/Bangala_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangala Station">Bangala Station</a>. After 1901, Catholic missionaries of <a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">CICM</a>, also called the Congregation of Scheutists, proposed to rename the language "Lingala". It took some decades for this to be generally accepted both by colonials and the Congolese.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Lingala</i> first appears in writing in a 1901-2 publication by the <a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">CICM</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gide_de_Boeck" title="Égide de Boeck">Égide De Boeck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name change was accepted in western and northwestern Congo, and in other countries where the language was spoken, but not in northeastern Congo, where the variety of the language spoken locally is still called <i><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_usage">Characteristics and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingala is a Bantu-based creole of Central Africa<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roots in the Bobangi language, which provided most of its lexicon and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its basic vocabulary, Lingala also borrows from other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a> varieties, <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and various African languages (note local and foreign interaction with Krumen). </p><p>In practice, the extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i>momí</i> comes from the old French <i>ma mie</i> ("my dear"), and can sound like it means "grandmother", but means "girlfriend"</li> <li><i>kelási</i> for <a href="/wiki/Class_(education)" title="Class (education)">class</a>/<a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i>chiclé</i> for <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i>manteka</i> for <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a></li> <li><i>mésa</i> for <a href="/wiki/Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">table</a></li> <li><i>sapátu</i> for <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i>míliki</i> for <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a></li> <li><i>súpu</i> for <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a></li> <li><i>mamiwata</i> for <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>, literally <a href="/wiki/Mammy_archetype" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammy archetype">mammy</a>/water</li> <li><i>búku</i> for <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>mótuka</i>, from <i>motor-car</i>, for <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation">Variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lingala language can be divided into several <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">regiolects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>. The major regional varieties are northwestern Lingala, Kinshasa Lingala and Brazzaville Lingala. </p><p>Literary Lingala (<i>lingala littéraire</i> or <i>lingala classique</i> in French) is a standardized form used mostly in education and news broadcasts on state-owned radio or television and in Roman Catholic religious services, It is taught as a subject at some educational levels. It is historically associated with the work of the Catholic Church, the Belgian <a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">CICM</a> missionaries in particular. It has a seven-vowel system (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/<span class="wrap"> </span>/e/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/i/<span class="wrap"> </span>/o/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/u/</span>) with an obligatory tense-lax <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. It also has a full range of morphological noun prefixes with mandatory grammatical agreement system with subject–verb, or noun–modifier for each of class. It is largely used in formal functions and in some forms of writing. Most native speakers of Spoken Lingala and Kinshasa Lingala consider it incomprehensible.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northwestern (or <i>Equateur</i>) Lingala is the product of the (incomplete) internalization by Congolese of the prescriptive rules the CICM missionaries intended when designing Literary Lingala.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northwest is a zone where the CICM missionaries strongly supported the network of schools. </p><p>Spoken Lingala (called <i>lingala parlé</i> in French) is the variety mostly used in Lingalaphones' day-to-day lives. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system in the noun phrase is laxer than the literary variety's. There is a five-vowel system and no vowel harmony. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala. Modern spoken Lingala is influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized", adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" ("he did not understand", using the French word <i>comprendre</i>) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: "s/he grasped/held the root/cause not"). These French influences are more prevalent in Kinshasa and indicate an erosion of the language as education in French becomes accessible to more of the population. There are pronunciation differences between "Catholic Lingala" and "Protestant Lingala", for example nzala/njala ("hunger"). </p><p><i>Lingala ya Bayankee</i> (sometimes called <i>Yanké</i>) is a sociolect widely used in Kinshasa, e.g., by street youth, street vendors, criminal gangs and homeless children.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Langila</i> is a little-studied language game (or ludic practice) musicians initially created shortly after 2000 that is increasingly used in social media and sites of cultural production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Example (IPA) </th> <th>Example (written) </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lilála/</span> </td> <td>lilála </td> <td>orange </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kulutu/</span> </td> <td>kulútu </td> <td>elder </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eloᵑɡi/</span> </td> <td>elongi </td> <td>face </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mobáli/</span> </td> <td>mobáli </td> <td>boy </td> <td>pronounced slightly higher than the cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>,<br /> realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̝]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɛlɔ́/</span> </td> <td>lɛlɔ́ </td> <td>today </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/</span> </td> <td>mbɔ́ngɔ </td> <td>money </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/áwa/</span> </td> <td>áwa </td> <td>here </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingala words show <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> to some extent. The close-mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> in words. For example, the words <i>ndɔbɔ</i> 'fishhook' and <i>ndobo</i> 'mouse trap' are found, but not <i>*ndɔbo</i> or <i>*ndobɔ</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_shift">Vowel shift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, leading to the absence of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> in favor of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>. The same occurs with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, leading to just <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say <i>mbóte</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐbóte/</span>, compared to the more traditional pronunciation, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐbɔ́tɛ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><i>m</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>n</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>ny</i> /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>/ </td> <td style="border-right:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><i>p</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>t</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>k</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><i>mp</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐp/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>nt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿt/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>nk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑk/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><i>b</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>d</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>g</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><i>mb</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐb/</span> </td> <td><i>nd</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿd/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>ng</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><i>f</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>s</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>sh</i> /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td style="border-right:0"> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>ns</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿs/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><i>v</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>z</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>(/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>/) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><i>nz</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿz/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><i>w</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><i>l</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>y</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Example (IPA) </th> <th>Example (written) </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/napɛ́si/</span> </td> <td>napɛ́sí </td> <td>I give </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐp</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/</span> </td> <td>mpɛmbɛ́ni </td> <td>near </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/boliᵑɡo/</span> </td> <td>bolingo </td> <td>love </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐb</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐbɛlí/</span> </td> <td>mbɛlí </td> <td>knife </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/litéja/</span> </td> <td>litéya </td> <td>lesson </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/</span> </td> <td>ntɔ́ngó </td> <td>dawn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/daidai/</span> </td> <td>daidai </td> <td>sticky </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿd</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿdeko/</span> </td> <td>ndeko </td> <td>sibling, cousin, relative </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mokɔlɔ/</span> </td> <td>mokɔlɔ </td> <td>day </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑk</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑkóló/</span> </td> <td>nkóló </td> <td>owner </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡalamɛ́lɛ/</span> </td> <td>galamɛ́lɛ </td> <td>grammar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑɡ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑɡáí/</span> </td> <td>ngáí </td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mamá/</span> </td> <td>mamá </td> <td>mother </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bojini/</span> </td> <td>boyini </td> <td>hate </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲama/</span> </td> <td>nyama </td> <td>animal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɔtɔ́/</span> </td> <td>fɔtɔ́ </td> <td>photograph </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/veló/</span> </td> <td>veló </td> <td>bicycle </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɔ̂lɔ/</span> </td> <td>sɔ̂lɔ </td> <td>truly </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿs</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/</span> </td> <td>nyɔ́nsɔ </td> <td>all </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zɛ́lɔ/</span> </td> <td>zɛ́lɔ </td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿz</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿzáᵐbe/</span> </td> <td>nzámbe </td> <td>God </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃakú/</span> </td> <td>cakú or shakú </td> <td>African grey parrot </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ́lɔ/</span> </td> <td>ɔ́lɔ </td> <td>gold </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jé/</span> </td> <td>yé </td> <td>him; her (object pronoun) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: larger;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wápi/</span> </td> <td>wápi </td> <td>where </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶮʒ]</span> is allophonic with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> depending on the dialect.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prenasalized_consonants">Prenasalized consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prenasalized consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized stop">prenasalized stops</a> formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala. </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐp/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐp]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> <dl><dd>e.g.: mpɛmbɛ́ni is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni]</span> but in some variations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛᵐbɛ́ni]</span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿt/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿt]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> <dl><dd>e.g.: ntɔ́ngó is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡó</span> but in some variations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɔ́ᵑɡó]</span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑk/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑk]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> <dl><dd>e.g.: nkanya (<i>fork</i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑkaɲa]</span> but in some variations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaɲa]</span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿs/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿs]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> (inside a word) <dl><dd>e.g.: nyɔnsɔ is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ]</span> but in some variations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲɔ́sɔ]</span></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>The prenasalized voiced occlusives, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵐb/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ⁿd/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ᵑɡ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ⁿz/</span>, do not vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingala is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>. Tone is a distinguishing feature in <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a>, e.g.: <i>mutu</i> (human being) and <i>mutú</i> (head), or kokoma (to write) and kokóma (to arrive). There are two main tones, low and high, and two less common ones: starting high, dipping low, and ending high, all within the same vowel sound, e.g., <i>mǐso</i> (eyes); and starting low, rising high, and ending low, e.g., <i>bôngó</i> (therefore). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonal_morphology">Tonal morphology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tonal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tense <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> carry tones. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><i>koma</i>     kom<sup>L</sup>-a <br /> write </th> <th><i>sepela</i>     se<sup>L</sup>pel-a <br /> enjoy </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Simple_present" title="Simple present">simple present</a> </th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><sup>L</sup>-a<sup>L</sup></span> </th> <td><i>nakoma</i>     na<sup>L</sup>-kom<sup>L</sup>-a<sup>L</sup> <br /> I write </td> <td><i>osepela</i>     o<sup>L</sup>-se<sup>L</sup>pel<sup>L</sup>-a<sup>L</sup> <br /> you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> enjoy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><sup>H</sup>-a<sup>L</sup></span> </th> <td><i>nákoma</i>     na<sup>H</sup>-kom<sup>L</sup>-a<sup>L</sup> <br /> I would write </td> <td><i>ósepéla</i>     o<sup>H</sup>-se<sup>L</sup>pel<sup>H</sup>-a<sup>H</sup> <br /> you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> would enjoy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><sup>L</sup>-i<sup>H</sup></span> </th> <td><i>nakomí</i>     na<sup>L</sup>-kom<sup>L</sup>-i<sup>H</sup> <br /> I have been writing </td> <td><i>osepelí</i>     o<sup>L</sup>-se<sup>L</sup>pel<sup>L</sup>-i<sup>H</sup> <br /> you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> have been enjoying </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png/220px-Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png/330px-Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png/440px-Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Body parts in Lingala</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_class_system">Noun class system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Noun class system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akin to all <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>, Lingala has a <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> system in which nouns are classified according to the <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a> they bear and the prefixes they trigger in sentences. The table below shows Lingala's noun classes ordered according to the numbering system widely used in descriptions of Bantu languages. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Noun prefix</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b></td> <td>mo-</td> <td>mopési</td> <td><i>giver</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b></td> <td>ba-</td> <td>bapési</td> <td><i>givers</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b></td> <td>mo-</td> <td>mokíla</td> <td><i>tail</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b></td> <td>mi-</td> <td>mikíla</td> <td><i>tails</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b></td> <td>li-</td> <td>liloba</td> <td><i>word</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b></td> <td>ma-</td> <td>maloba</td> <td><i>words</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b></td> <td>e-</td> <td>elɔ́kɔ</td> <td><i>thing</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b></td> <td>bi-</td> <td>bilɔ́kɔ</td> <td><i>things</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9</b></td> <td>m-/n-</td> <td>ntaba</td> <td><i>goat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b></td> <td>m-/n-</td> <td>ntaba</td> <td><i>goats</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9a</b></td> <td>Ø</td> <td>sánzá</td> <td><i>moon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10a</b></td> <td>Ø</td> <td>sánzá</td> <td><i>moons</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>11</b></td> <td>lo-</td> <td>lolému</td> <td><i>tongue</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>14</b></td> <td>bo-</td> <td>bosɔtɔ</td> <td><i>dirt</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>15</b></td> <td>ko-</td> <td>kosála</td> <td><i>to work (infinitive)</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Individual classes pair up to form singular/plural pairs, sometimes called genders. There are seven genders. The singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 take their plural forms from classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, respectively. Additionally, many household items found in class 9 take a class 2 prefix (<i>ba</i>) in the plural: <i>lútu</i> → <i>balútu</i> 'spoon', <i>mésa</i> → <i>bamésa</i> 'table', <i>sáni</i> → <i>basáni</i> 'plate'. Words in class 11 usually take a class 10 plural. Most words from class 14 (abstract nouns) do not have a plural counterpart. </p><p>Class 9 and 10 have a nasal prefix, which <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilates</a> to the following consonant. Thus, the prefix shows up as 'n' on words that start with <i>t</i> or <i>d</i>, e.g. <i>ntaba</i> 'goat', but as 'm' on words that start with <i>b</i> or <i>p</i> (e.g. <i>mbísi</i> 'fish'). There is also a prefixless class 9a and 10a, exemplified by <i>sánzá</i> → <i>sánzá</i> 'moon(s) or month(s)'. Possible ambiguities are resolved by context. </p><p>Noun class prefixes show up not only on the noun itself, but as markers throughout a sentence. In the sentences below, the class prefixes are underlined. (There is a special verbal form 'a' of the prefix for class 1 nouns.) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>mo</u>lakisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL1</abbr>.teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>mo</u>laí</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL1</abbr>.tall</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yangó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>a</u>bíkí</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL1</abbr>:recovered</p></div><p style="display: none;"><u>mo</u>lakisi <u>mo</u>laí yangó <u>a</u>bíkí</p><p style="display: none;">CL1.teacher CL1.tall that CL1:recovered</p><p style="clear: left;">'That tall teacher recovered'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>ba</u>to</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL2</abbr>.people</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>ba</u>kúmisa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL2</abbr>.praise</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nkómbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">name</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yɔ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You</p></div><p style="display: none;"><u>ba</u>to <u>ba</u>kúmisa Nkómbó ya Yɔ́</p><p style="display: none;">CL2.people CL2.praise name of You</p><p style="clear: left;">'(Let) people praise Your name' (a sentence from the Lord's Prayer)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>To a certain extent, noun class allocation is <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> governed. Classes 1/2, as in all Bantu languages, mainly contain words for human beings; similarly, classes 9/10 contain many words for animals. In other classes, semantical regularities are mostly absent or obscured by many exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_inflections_and_morphology">Verb inflections and morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verb inflections and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbal_extensions">Verbal extensions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbal extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four morphemes modify verbs. They are added to a verb root in the following order: </p> <ol><li>Reversive (-ol-) <dl><dd>e.g.: kozinga <i>to wrap</i> and kozingola <i>to develop</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Causative (-is-) <dl><dd>e.g. : koyéba <i>to know</i> and koyébisa <i>to inform</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Applicative (-el-) <dl><dd>e.g. : kobíka <i>to heal (self), to save (self)</i> and kobíkela <i>to heal (someone else), to save (someone)</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Passive (-am-) <dl><dd>e.g. : koboma <i>to kill</i> and kobomama <i>to be killed</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Reciprocal or stationary (-an-, sometimes -en-) <dl><dd>e.g. : kokúta <i>to find</i> and kokútana <i>to meet</i></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense_inflections">Tense inflections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tense inflections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first tone segment affects the subject part of the verb; the second attaches to the semantic morpheme attached to its root. </p> <ul><li>present perfect (LH-í)</li> <li>simple present (LL-a)</li> <li>recurrent present (LL-aka)</li> <li>undefined recent past (LH-ákí)</li> <li>undefined distant past (LH-áká)</li> <li>future (L-ko-L-a)</li> <li>subjunctive (HL-a)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingala is more a spoken than a written language, and has several different writing systems, most of them ad hoc. As literacy in Lingala tends to be low, its popular orthography is very flexible and varies among the two republics. Some orthographies are heavily influenced by French; influences include a double S, <i>ss</i>, to transcribe [s] (in the Republic of the Congo); <i>ou</i> for [u] (in the Republic of the Congo); i with trema, <i>aï</i>, to transcribe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[áí]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aí]</span>; e with acute accent, <i>é</i>, to transcribe [e]; <i>e</i> to transcribe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, o with acute accent, ó, to transcribe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> or sometimes [o] in opposition to o transcribing [o] or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>; i or y can both transcribe [j]. The allophones are also found as alternating forms in the popular orthography; <i>sango</i> is an alternative to <i>nsango</i> (information or news); <i>nyonso</i>, <i>nyoso</i>, <i>nionso</i>, <i>nioso</i> (every) are all transcriptions of <i>nyɔ́nsɔ</i>. </p><p>In 1976, the <i>Société Zaïroise des Linguistes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zairian</a> Linguists Society) adopted a writing system for Lingala, using the open e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ɛ)</span> and the open o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ɔ)</span> to write the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, and sporadic usage of accents to mark tone, though the limitation of input methods prevents Lingala writers from easily using the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> and the accents. For example, it is almost impossible to type Lingala according to that convention with a common English or French keyboard. The convention of 1976 reduced the alternative orthography of characters but did not enforce tone marking. The lack of consistent accentuation is lessened by contextual disambiguation. </p><p>The popular orthographies are often more simplified and ambiguous than the academic-based ones. Many Lingala books, papers, the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, Internet forums, newsletters, and major websites such as Google's Lingala do not use the Lingala-specific characters ɛ and ɔ. Tone marking is found in most literary works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid19-lingala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Covid19-lingala.png/220px-Covid19-lingala.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Covid19-lingala.png/330px-Covid19-lingala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Covid19-lingala.png/440px-Covid19-lingala.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> information in Lingala</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lingala alphabet has 35 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. Each digraph has a specific place in the alphabet; for example, <i>mza</i> comes before <i>mba</i>, because the digraph <i>mb</i> follows the letter <i>m</i>. The letters <i>r</i> and <i>h</i> are rare but present in borrowed words. Accents indicate the tones as follows: </p> <ul><li>no accent for default tone, the low tone</li> <li>acute accent for the high tone</li> <li>circumflex for descending tone</li> <li>caron for ascending tone</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:30px;"> </th> <th style="width:30px;"> </th> <th>Variants </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>A </td> <td>á â ǎ </td> <td>nyama, matáta, sâmbóle, libwǎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>B </td> <td> </td> <td>bísó </td></tr> <tr> <td>c </td> <td>C </td> <td> </td> <td>ciluba </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>D </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">madɛ́su</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>E </td> <td>é ê ě </td> <td>komeka, mésa, kobênga </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ́<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̂<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̌</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lɛlɔ́,<span class="wrap"> </span>lɛ́ki,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛ̂</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>F </td> <td> </td> <td>lifúta </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>G </td> <td> </td> <td>kogánga </td></tr> <tr> <td>gb </td> <td>Gb </td> <td> </td> <td>gbagba </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>H </td> <td> </td> <td>bo<b>h</b>lu (bohrium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>I </td> <td>í î ǐ </td> <td>wápi, zíko, tî, esǐ </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>K </td> <td> </td> <td>kokoma </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>L </td> <td> </td> <td>kolála </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>M </td> <td> </td> <td>kokóma </td></tr> <tr> <td>mb </td> <td>Mb </td> <td> </td> <td>kolámba, mbwá, mbɛlí </td></tr> <tr> <td>mp </td> <td>Mp </td> <td> </td> <td>límpa </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>N </td> <td> </td> <td>líno </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td>Nd </td> <td> </td> <td>ndeko </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td>Ng </td> <td> </td> <td>ndéngé </td></tr> <tr> <td>nk </td> <td>Nk </td> <td> </td> <td>nkámá </td></tr> <tr> <td>ns </td> <td>Ns </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nsɔ́mi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nt </td> <td>Nt </td> <td> </td> <td>ntaba </td></tr> <tr> <td>ny </td> <td>Ny </td> <td> </td> <td>nyama </td></tr> <tr> <td>nz </td> <td>Nz </td> <td> </td> <td>nzala </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>ó ô ǒ </td> <td>moto, sóngóló, sékô </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ɔ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ́<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̂<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̌</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɔsɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>yɔ́,<span class="wrap"> </span>sɔ̂lɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɔ̌</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>P </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pɛnɛpɛnɛ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>R </td> <td> </td> <td>mala<b>r</b>íya </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>S </td> <td> </td> <td>kopésa </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td> <td>tatá </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td>U </td> <td>ú </td> <td>butú, koúma </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>V </td> <td> </td> <td>kovánda </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>W </td> <td> </td> <td>káwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>Y </td> <td> </td> <td>koyéba </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td>Z </td> <td> </td> <td>kozala </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample">Sample</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Lingala </th></tr> <tr> <td>I moved to Luanda in January this year due to a new job that I had applied for last year. I am happy that I got it and now I'm thinking of building a house in Mbanza Kongo next year so that my family can have a house. </td> <td>Mbula oyo na bonguani na sanza ya yambo pona Luanda likolo ya mosala ya sika esika na mikomisaki kuna mbula eleki. Nazali na esengo pona ndenge na zui mosala oyo sikoyo nazali ko kanisa kotonga ndaku na Mbanza Kongo na mbula ezali ko ya pona ete libota bazala na ndaku. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingala-pn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lingala-pn.jpg/220px-Lingala-pn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Lingala-pn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Lord's Prayer</figcaption></figure> <p><b>The Lord's Prayer (Catholic version)</b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Tatá wa bísó, ozala o likoló,</dd> <dd>bato bakúmisa Nkómbó ya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Yɔ́</span>,</dd> <dd>bandima bokonzi bwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Yɔ́</span>, mpo elingo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Yɔ́</span>,</dd> <dd>basálá yangó o nsé,</dd> <dd>lokóla bakosalaka o likoló</dd> <dd>Pésa bísó <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lɛlɔ́</span> biléi bya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mokɔlɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>na<span class="wrap"> </span>mokɔlɔ</span>,</dd> <dd>límbisa mabé ma bísó,</dd> <dd>lokóla bísó tokolimbisaka baníngá.</dd> <dd>Sálisa bísó tondima masɛ́nginyá tê,</dd> <dd>mpe bíkisa bísó o mabé.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yɔ́</span> bokonzi,</dd> <dd>nguyá na nkembo,</dd> <dd>o bileko o binso sékô.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>The Lord's Prayer (Protestant version used in Ubangi-Mongala region)</b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Tatá na bísó na likoló,</dd> <dd>nkómbó na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yɔ́</span> ezala mosanto,</dd> <dd>bokonzi na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yɔ́</span> eya,</dd> <dd>mokano na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yɔ́</span> esalama na nsé</dd> <dd>lokola na likoló.</dd> <dd>Pésa bísó kwanga ekokí <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lɛlɔ́</span>.</dd> <dd>Límbisa bísó nyongo na bísó,</dd> <dd>pelamoko elimbisi bísó bango nyongo na bango.</dd> <dd>Kamba bísó kati na komekama tê,</dd> <dd>kasi bíkisa bísó na mabé.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Mpo ete na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yɔ́</span> ezalí bokonzi,</dd> <dd>na nguyá, na nkembo,</dd> <dd>lobiko na lobiko.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_text_from_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Sample text from Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample text from Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Bato nyonso na mbotama bazali nzomi pe bakokani na limemya pe makoki. Bazali na mayele pe base, geli kofanda na bondeko okati na bango.</i></dd> <dd><i>(Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</i></dd> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandombe">Mandombe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mandombe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandombe">Mandombe</a> script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, primarily used to write <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a>, that can also be used for Lingala. It is used as a liturgical script in the church of <a href="/wiki/Kimbangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbangu">Kimbangu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lin">Lingala</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarms1981" class="citation book cs1">Harms, Robert W. (1981). <i>River of wealth, river of sorrow: The central Zaire basin in the era of the slave and ivory trade, 1500–1891</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+of+wealth%2C+river+of+sorrow%3A+The+central+Zaire+basin+in+the+era+of+the+slave+and+ivory+trade%2C+1500%E2%80%931891&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Harms&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamarin1989" class="citation book cs1">Samarin, William (1989). <i>The Black man's burden: African colonial labor on the Congo and Ubangi rivers, 1880–1900</i>. Westview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+man%27s+burden%3A+African+colonial+labor+on+the+Congo+and+Ubangi+rivers%2C+1880%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Samarin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeuwis2020" class="citation book cs1">Meeuwis, Michael (2020). <i>A Grammatical Overview of Lingala</i>. Lincom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Overview+of+Lingala&rft.pub=Lincom&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Meeuwis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For linguistic sources, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pidg1259">"Pidgin Bobangi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pidgin+Bobangi&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fpidg1259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumbanza1971" class="citation book cs1">Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérôme (1971). <i>Les Bangala et la première décennie du poste de Nouvelle-Anvers (1884–1894)</i>. Kinshasa: Université Lovanium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Bangala+et+la+premi%C3%A8re+d%C3%A9cennie+du+poste+de+Nouvelle-Anvers+%281884%E2%80%931894%29&rft.place=Kinshasa&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Lovanium&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Mumbanza&rft.aufirst=mwa+Bawele+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbulamoko1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mbulamoko, Nzenge M. (1991). "Etat des recherches sur le lingala comme groupe linguistique autonome: Contribution aux études sur l'histoire et l'expansion du lingala". <i>Annales Aequatoria</i>. <b>12</b>: 377–406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Aequatoria&rft.atitle=Etat+des+recherches+sur+le+lingala+comme+groupe+linguistique+autonome%3A+Contribution+aux+%C3%A9tudes+sur+l%27histoire+et+l%27expansion+du+lingala&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=377-406&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mbulamoko&rft.aufirst=Nzenge+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurssens1954" class="citation journal cs1">Burssens, Herman (1954). "The so-called "Bangala" and a few problems of art-historical and ethnographical order". <i>Kongo-Overzee</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 221–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongo-Overzee&rft.atitle=The+so-called+%22Bangala%22+and+a+few+problems+of+art-historical+and+ethnographical+order&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Burssens&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamarin1989" class="citation book cs1">Samarin, William J. (1989). <i>The Black man's burden: African colonial labor on the Congo and Ubangi rivers, 1880–1900</i>. Westview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+man%27s+burden%3A+African+colonial+labor+on+the+Congo+and+Ubangi+rivers%2C+1880%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Samarin&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumbanza1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérome (1995). "La dynamique sociale et l'épisode colonial: La formation de la société "Bangala" dans l'entre Zaïre-Ubangi". <i>Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines</i>. <b>29</b>: 351–374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Canadienne+des+%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=La+dynamique+sociale+et+l%27%C3%A9pisode+colonial%3A+La+formation+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+%22Bangala%22+dans+l%27entre+Za%C3%AFre-Ubangi&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=351-374&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mumbanza&rft.aufirst=mwa+Bawele+J%C3%A9rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeuwis2020" class="citation book cs1">Meeuwis, Michael (2020). <i>A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition</i>. München: Lincom. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783969390047" title="Special:BookSources/9783969390047"><bdi>9783969390047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammatical+overview+of+Lingala%3A+Revised+and+extended+edition&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Lincom&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783969390047&rft.aulast=Meeuwis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeuwis2020" class="citation book cs1">Meeuwis, Michael (2020). <i>A Grammatical Overview of Lingala</i>. München: Lincom. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783969390047" title="Special:BookSources/9783969390047"><bdi>9783969390047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Overview+of+Lingala&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Lincom&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783969390047&rft.aulast=Meeuwis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeuwis2020" class="citation book cs1">Meeuwis, Michael (2020). <i>A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition</i>. München: Lincom. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96939-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96939-004-7"><bdi>978-3-96939-004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammatical+overview+of+Lingala%3A+Revised+and+extended+edition&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Lincom&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-96939-004-7&rft.aulast=Meeuwis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdema1994" class="citation book cs1">Edema, A.B. (1994). <i>Dictionnaire bangala-français-lingala</i>. Paris: ACCT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+bangala-fran%C3%A7ais-lingala&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=ACCT&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Edema&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingala-language">"Lingala language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lingala+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLingala-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bobangi.wordpress.com">"Bobangi language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Oct</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bobangi+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbobangi.wordpress.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le grand Dzo : nouveau dictionnaire illustré lingala-français / Adolphe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lingala – Malóba ma lokóta/Dictionnaire</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazadi1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kazadi, Ntole (1987). "Rapport Général". <i>Linguistique et Sciences Humaines</i>. <b>27</b>: 287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistique+et+Sciences+Humaines&rft.atitle=Rapport+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=287&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kazadi&rft.aufirst=Ntole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Boeck1952" class="citation book cs1">De Boeck, Louis B. (1952). <i>Manuel de lingala tenant compte du langage parlé et du langage littéraire</i>. Brussels: Schuet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+de+lingala+tenant+compte+du+langage+parl%C3%A9+et+du+langage+litt%C3%A9raire&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Schuet&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=De+Boeck&rft.aufirst=Louis+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokambaBokamba2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokamba, Eyamba G.; Bokamba, Molingo V. (2004). <i>Tósolola na Lingála: A multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Lingála as a foreign language</i>. Madison: NALRC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B3solola+na+Ling%C3%A1la%3A+A+multidimensional+approach+to+the+teaching+and+learning+of+Ling%C3%A1la+as+a+foreign+language&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=NALRC&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bokamba&rft.aufirst=Eyamba+G.&rft.au=Bokamba%2C+Molingo+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nassenstein, Nico. "Democratic Republic of the Congo: lingala ya Bayankee/Yanké." In <i>Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change</i>, pp. 28–46. Routledge, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkindipeMaselaKiala" class="citation web cs1">Akindipe, Omotola; Masela, Ulama; Kiala, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingala.mofeko.com/months.html">"Learn Lingala (Months)"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Learn_Lingala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learn Lingala (page does not exist)">Learn Lingala</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Lingala&rft.atitle=Learn+Lingala+%28Months%29&rft.aulast=Akindipe&rft.aufirst=Omotola&rft.au=Masela%2C+Ulama&rft.au=Kiala%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingala.mofeko.com%2Fmonths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Van Everbroeck, René C.I.C.M. (1985) <i>Lingala – Malóba ma lokóta/Dictionnaire.</i> Editions l'Epiphanie. B.P. 724 LIMETE (Kinshasa).</li> <li>Edama, Atibakwa Baboya (1994) <i>Dictionnaire bangála–français–lingála</i>. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique SÉPIA.</li> <li>Etsio, Edouard (2003) <i>Parlons lingala / Tobola lingala.</i> Paris: L'Harmattan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-3931-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-3931-8">2-7475-3931-8</a></li> <li>Bokamba, Eyamba George et Bokamba, Molingo Virginie. Tósolola Na Lingála: Let's Speak Lingala (Let's Speak Series). National African Language Resource Center (May 30, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9679587-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9679587-5-X">0-9679587-5-X</a></li> <li>Guthrie, Malcolm & <a href="/wiki/John_F._Carrington" title="John F. Carrington">Carrington, John F</a>. (1988) <i>Lingala: grammar and dictionary: English-Lingala, Lingala-English.</i> London: Baptist Missionary Society.</li> <li>Meeuwis, Michael (2020) 'A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition'. (Studies in African Linguistics vol. 81). München: LINCOM Europa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96939-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96939-004-7">978-3-96939-004-7</a></li> <li>Samarin, William J. (1990) 'The origins of Kituba and Lingala', <i>Journal of African Languages and Linguistics</i>, 12, 47–77.</li> <li>Bwantsa-Kafungu, <i>J'apprends le lingala tout seul en trois mois'</i>. Centre de recherche pédagogique, Centre Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée, Kinshasa 1982.</li> <li>Khabirov, Valeri. (1998) "Maloba ma nkota Russ-Lingala-Falanse. Русско-лингала-французский словарь". Moscow: Institute of Linguistics-Russian Academy of Sciences (соавторы Мухина Л.М., Топорова И.Н.), 384 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1909" class="citation journal cs1">Weeks, John H. (Jan–Jun 1909). "Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River". <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>39</b>: 97–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843286">10.2307/2843286</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951002029415b">2027/umn.31951002029415b</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843286">2843286</a>. weeks1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Anthropological+Notes+on+the+Bangala+of+the+Upper+Congo+River&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=97-136&rft.date=1909-01%2F1909-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fumn.31951002029415b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843286&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingala&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lingala" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Lingala">Lingala</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ln:"> Lingala edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingala.mofeko.com/">Learn Lingala online (Mofeko)</a>, Omotola Akindipe, Ulama Masela & Laura Kiala <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pascal.grouselle/">First words in Lingala</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suka-epoque.de/SukaE-B-dictionaire%20lingala.htm">Maloba ya lingála</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125802/http://www.kasaflo.net/lingala/lingala.htm">Dictionnaire bilingues lingala – français</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/dico.html">Dictionary of Congo-Brazzaville National Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/lingala.php">Lingala-English dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Freelang" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelang">Freelang</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Lingala_Swadesh_list">Lingala Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Lingala">PanAfriL10n page on Lingala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044949/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=14&menu=004">UCLA Language Profiles : Lingala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/intl/ln/">Google in Lingala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/problems.html">Inflections: Problems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212120136/http://dicts.info/1/lingala.php">Small Collection of Lingala Online resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carelinks.net/gospel/lingala.htm">Parallel French-Lingala-English texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720125508/http://www.maneno.org/lin/home/">Maneno (African blogging platform) in Lingala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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id="Languages_of_Angola" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Languages of Angola</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_language" title="Bolo language">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakaona_language" title="Hakaona language">Hakaona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Holu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibinda" title="Ibinda">Ibinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu">Kimbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">!Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoka_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoka !Kung">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvale_language" title="Kuvale language">Kuvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Kwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama dialect">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga dialect">Ndonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Oshiwambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucazi language">Lucazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luimbi_language" title="Luimbi language">Luimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvale_language" title="Luvale language">Luvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyana_language" title="Luyana language">Luyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashi_language" title="Mashi language">Mashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbali_language" title="Mbali language">Mbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbangala_language" title="Mbangala language">Mbangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndombe_language" title="Ndombe language">Ndombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambwe_language" title="Ngambwe language">Ngambwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoya_language" title="Ngoya language">Ngoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkumbi_language" title="Nkumbi language">Nkumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsongo_language" title="Nsongo language">Nsongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaneka_language" title="Nyaneka language">Nyaneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyengo_language" title="Nyengo language">Nyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language_(Angola)" title="Sama language (Angola)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekele_language" title="Sekele language">Sekele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">province</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bandundu_Province" title="Bandundu Province">Bandundu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boma_language" title="Boma language">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_language" title="Ding language">Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hungana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpuono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpuono language">Mpuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzadi_language" title="Nzadi language">Nzadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Shinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiene_language" title="Tiene language">Tiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yansi_language" title="Yansi language">Yansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur Province">Équateur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Banda_language" title="Central Banda language">Central Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Losengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_language" title="Mbaka language">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Congo)" title="Mono language (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndunga_language" title="Ndunga language">Ndunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_Minagende_language" title="Ngbaka Minagende language">Ngbaka Minagende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbundu_language" title="Ngbundu language">Ngbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngombe language (Bantu)">Ngombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Banda_language" title="South Banda language">South Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangere_language" title="Yangere language">Yangere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazi language">Yazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfinu_language" title="Mfinu language">Mfinu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Hendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Vanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangba_language" title="Bangba language">Bangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_language" title="Barambu language">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_language" title="Dongo language">Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliko language">Kaliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango (Bas-Uélé District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Tshopo_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language (Tshopo District)">Kango (Tshopo District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language" title="Ma language">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_language" title="Mayogo language">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mba_language" title="Mba language">Mba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Ngelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakara_language" title="Nzakara language">Nzakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambia_language" title="Pambia language">Pambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">Soko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbo_language" title="Tagbo language">Tagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">French African Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Languages of the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Languages of the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_language" title="Akwa language">Akwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekwil_language" title="Bekwil language">Bekwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Bomitaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjo_language" title="Bonjo language">Bonjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwenyi_language" title="Bwenyi language">Bwenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwisi_language" title="Bwisi language">Bwisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_language" title="Fang language">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaning%27i_language" title="Kaning'i language">Kaning'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(Gabon)" title="Kota language (Gabon)">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyo_language_(Congo)" title="Koyo language (Congo)">Koyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwala_language" title="Kwala language">Kwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbu_language" title="Lumbu language">Lumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbama_language" title="Mbama language">Mbama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbere_language" title="Mbere language">Mbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Mboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mboshi language">Mboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njebi_language" title="Njebi language">Njebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punu_language" title="Punu language">Punu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaangi_language" title="Tsaangi language">Tsaangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_language" title="Vili language">Vili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones C–D) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C11 <a href="/wiki/Ngondi_language" title="Ngondi language">Ngondi</a></li> <li>C12a <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Pande</a></li> <li>C12b <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Bogongo</a></li> <li>C13 <a href="/wiki/Mbati_language" title="Mbati language">Mbati</a></li> <li>C14 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbomotaba</a></li> <li>C15 <a href="/wiki/Bongili_language" title="Bongili language">Bongili</a></li> <li>C16 <a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Lobala</a></li> <li>[C101 <a href="/wiki/Bole_language_(Bantu)" title="Bole language (Bantu)">Dibole</a></li> <li>C102 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Ngando</a></li> <li>C103 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Kota</a></li> <li>C104 <a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Yaka</a></li> <li>C105 <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages#Mbenga" title="Classification of Pygmy languages">Mbenga</a></li> <li>C141 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Enyele</a></li> <li>C142 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Bondongo</a></li> <li>C143 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbonzo</a></li> <li>C161 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bomboli</a></li> <li>C162 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bozaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C21 <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Mboko</a></li> <li>C22 <a href="/wiki/Akwa_language" title="Akwa language">Akwa</a></li> <li>C23[21] <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Ngare</a></li> <li>C24 <a href="/wiki/Koyo_language_(Congo)" title="Koyo language (Congo)">Koyo</a></li> <li>C25 <a href="/wiki/Mbosi_language" title="Mbosi language">Mbosi</a></li> <li>C26 <a href="/wiki/Kwala_language" title="Kwala language">Kwala</a></li> <li>C27 <a href="/wiki/Kuba_language" title="Kuba language">Kuba</a></li> <li>[C201 <a href="/wiki/Bwenyi_language" title="Bwenyi language">Bwenyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C31a <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Loi</a></li> <li>C31b <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ngiri</a></li> <li>C31c <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Nunu</a></li> <li>C32 <a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bobangi</a></li> <li>C33 <a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li>C34 <a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li>C35a <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Ntomba</a></li> <li>C35b <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Bolia</a></li> <li>C36a <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Poto</a></li> <li>C36b <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mpesa</a></li> <li>C36c <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mbudza</a></li> <li>C36d <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangala</a></li> <li>C36e <a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Boloki</a></li> <li>C36f <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Kangana</a></li> <li>C36g <a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li>C37 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Buja</a></li> <li>[C301 <a href="/wiki/Doko_language_(Bantu)" title="Doko language (Bantu)">Doko</a></li> <li>C302 <a href="/wiki/Londo_language" title="Londo language">Bolondo</a></li> <li>C311 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Mabaale</a></li> <li>C312 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ndoobo</a></li> <li>C313 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Litoka</a></li> <li>C314 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Balobo</a></li> <li>C315 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Enga</a></li> <li>C321 <a href="/wiki/Binza_language" title="Binza language">Binza</a></li> <li>C322 <a href="/wiki/Zamba_language" title="Zamba language">Dzamba</a></li> <li>C323 <a href="/wiki/Mpama_language" title="Mpama language">Mpama</a></li> <li>C371 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Tembo</a></li> <li>C372 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Kunda</a></li> <li>C373 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Gbuta</a></li> <li>C374 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Babale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C41 <a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language" title="Ngombe language">Ngombe</a></li> <li>C42 <a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li>C43 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bati</a></li> <li>C44 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Boa</a></li> <li>C45 <a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Angba</a></li> <li>[C401 <a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li>C403 <a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango</a></li> <li>C411 <a href="/wiki/Bomboma_language" title="Bomboma language">Bomboma</a></li> <li>C412 <a href="/wiki/Bamwe_language" title="Bamwe language">Bamwe</a></li> <li>C413 <a href="/wiki/Dzando_language" title="Dzando language">Dzando</a></li> <li>C414 <a href="/wiki/Gendza_language" title="Gendza language">Ligendza</a></li> <li>C415 <a href="/wiki/Kula_language_(Bantu)" title="Kula language (Bantu)">Likula</a></li> <li>C441 <a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C51 <a href="/wiki/Mbesa_language" title="Mbesa language">Mbesa</a></li> <li>C52 <a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">So</a></li> <li>C53 <a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li>C54 <a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li>C55 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Kele</a></li> <li>C56 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Foma</a></li> <li>[C501 <a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li>C502 <a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C61a <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northeast Mongo</a></li> <li>C61b <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northwest Mongo</a></li> <li>C62 <a href="/wiki/Lalia_language" title="Lalia language">Lalia</a></li> <li>[C63 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language" title="Ngando language">Ngando</a></li> <li>C611 <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Bafoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C71 <a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li> <li>C72 <a href="/wiki/Kusu_language" title="Kusu language">Kusu</a></li> <li>C73 <a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li>C74 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Yela</a></li> <li>C75 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Kela</a></li> <li>C76 <a href="/wiki/Ombo_language" title="Ombo language">Ombo</a></li> <li>[C701 <a href="/wiki/Langa_language" title="Langa language">Langa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C80</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C81 <a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li>C82 <a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Songomeno</a></li> <li>C83 <a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Busoong</a></li> <li>C84 <a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li>C85 <a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D11 <a href="/wiki/Mbole_language" title="Mbole language">Mbole</a></li> <li>D12 <a href="/wiki/Lengola_language" title="Lengola language">Lengola</a></li> <li>D13 <a href="/wiki/Mituku_language" title="Mituku language">Metoko</a></li> <li>D14 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Enya</a></li> <li>[D141 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Zura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D21 <a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(DRC)" title="Bali language (DRC)">Bali</a></li> <li>D22 <a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li>D23 <a href="/wiki/Komo_language_(Bantu)" title="Komo language (Bantu)">Komo</a></li> <li>D24 <a href="/wiki/Songola_language" title="Songola language">Songola</a></li> <li>D25 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega</a></li> <li>D26 <a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li> <li>D27 <a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li>D28a <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">West Holoholo</a></li> <li>D28b <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">East Holoholo</a></li> <li>[D201 <a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Liko</a></li> <li>D211 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Kango</a></li> <li>D251 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega-Malinga</a></li> <li>D281 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Tumbwe</a></li> <li>D282 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Lumbwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D31 <a href="/wiki/Bhele_language" title="Bhele language">Peri</a></li> <li>D32 <a href="/wiki/Bira_language" title="Bira language">Bira</a></li> <li>D33 <a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li>[D301 <a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li>D302 <a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li>D303 <a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li>D304 <a href="/wiki/Homa_language" title="Homa language">Homa</a></li> <li>D305 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li>D306 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Gbati-ri</a></li> <li>D307 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Mayeka</a></li> <li>D308 <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language_(Bantu)" title="Bodo language (Bantu)">Bodo</a></li> <li>D311 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li>D312 <a href="/wiki/Kaiku_language" title="Kaiku language">Kaiku</a></li> <li>D313 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Ibutu</a></li> <li>D331 <a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Bvanuma</a></li> <li>D332 <a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li>D333 <a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaaka</a></li> <li>D334 <a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li>D335 <a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li>D336 <a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D41 <a href="/wiki/Konjo_language_(Bantu)" title="Konjo language (Bantu)">Konzo</a></li> <li>[J]D42 <a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Ndandi</a></li> <li>[J]D43 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D51 <a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li>[J]D52 <a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Haavu</a></li> <li>[J]D53 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyabungu</a></li> <li>[J]D54 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Ibembe)" title="Bembe language (Ibembe)">Bembe</a></li> <li>[J]D55 <a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyi</a></li> <li>[J]D56 <a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li>[JD501 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyindu</a></li> <li>[J]JD502 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li> <li>[J]JD531 <a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D61 <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Ruanda</a></li> <li>[J]D62 <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi</a></li> <li>[J]D63 <a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiro</a></li> <li>[J]D64 <a href="/wiki/Shubi_language" title="Shubi language">Shubi</a></li> <li>[J]D65 <a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li>[J]D66 <a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li>[J]D67 <a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li>[JD631 <a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Vira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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