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id="toc-Ashes_to_Go" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashes_to_Go"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Ashes to Go </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashes_to_Go-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commination_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commination_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Commination Office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commination_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_church_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_church_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Low church ceremonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_church_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Regional customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_significance_of_ashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_significance_of_ashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biblical significance of ashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_significance_of_ashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_use_of_ashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_use_of_ashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Christian use of ashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_use_of_ashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_No_Smoking_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_No_Smoking_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 National No Smoking Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_No_Smoking_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ash Wednesday</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswoensdag" title="Aswoensdag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aswoensdag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschermittwoch" title="Aschermittwoch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aschermittwoch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="أربعاء الرماد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أربعاء الرماد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভস্ম বুধবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভস্ম বুধবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba_Habuk" title="Arba Habuk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Arba Habuk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Папялец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папялец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Папялец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папялец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пепеляна сряда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пепеляна сряда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschamigga" title="Oschamigga – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oschamigga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepelnica" title="Pepelnica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pepelnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%27her_al_Ludu" title="Merc'her al Ludu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Merc'her al Ludu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimecres_de_cendra" title="Dimecres de cendra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dimecres de cendra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myerkoles_sa_Badlis" title="Myerkoles sa Badlis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Myerkoles sa Badlis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popele%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_st%C5%99eda" title="Popeleční středa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Popeleční středa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercher_y_Lludw" title="Mercher y Lludw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mercher y Lludw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askeonsdag" title="Askeonsdag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Askeonsdag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschermittwoch" title="Aschermittwoch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Aschermittwoch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschermittwoch" title="Aschermittwoch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aschermittwoch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhkap%C3%A4ev" title="Tuhkapäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuhkapäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A9rcoles_de_Ceniza" title="Miércoles de Ceniza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miércoles de Ceniza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindra_merkredo" title="Cindra merkredo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cindra merkredo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausterre-egun" title="Hausterre-egun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hausterre-egun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چهارشنبه خاکستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهارشنبه خاکستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98skudagur" title="Øskudagur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øskudagur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercredi_des_Cendres" title="Mercredi des Cendres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercredi des Cendres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiskewoansdei" title="Jiskewoansdei – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jiskewoansdei" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9adaoin_an_Luaithrigh" title="Céadaoin an Luaithrigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céadaoin an Luaithrigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rcores_de_Cinsa" title="Mércores de Cinsa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mércores de Cinsa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%BC" title="재의 수요일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재의 수요일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF_%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Մոխրոտ չորեքշաբթի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոխրոտ չորեքշաբթի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cista_srijeda" title="Čista srijeda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čista srijeda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabu_Abu" title="Rabu Abu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rabu Abu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96skudagur" title="Öskudagur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öskudagur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercoled%C3%AC_delle_ceneri" title="Mercoledì delle ceneri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercoledì delle ceneri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="יום רביעי של האפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יום רביעי של האפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebo_Awu" title="Rebo Awu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rebo Awu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2pieln%C3%B4_Strzoda" title="Pòpielnô Strzoda – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòpielnô Strzoda" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumatano_ya_Majivu" title="Jumatano ya Majivu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jumatano ya Majivu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Cinerum" title="Dies Cinerum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dies Cinerum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelnu_diena" title="Pelnu diena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pelnu diena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84scherm%C3%ABttwoch" title="Äschermëttwoch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äschermëttwoch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelen%C5%B3_diena" title="Pelenų diena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pelenų diena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabu_Awu" title="Rabu Awu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Rabu Awu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asselegoonsdag" title="Asselegoonsdag – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Asselegoonsdag" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamvaz%C3%B3szerda" title="Hamvazószerda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamvazószerda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarobian%27_ny_Lavenona" title="Alarobian' ny Lavenona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alarobian' ny Lavenona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="വിഭൂതി ബുധൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഭൂതി ബുധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="ॲश वेनसडे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲश वेनसडे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabu_Abu" title="Rabu Abu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rabu Abu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswoensdag" title="Aswoensdag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aswoensdag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askwoonsdag" title="Askwoonsdag – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Askwoonsdag" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5" title="灰の水曜日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="灰の水曜日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askeonsdag" title="Askeonsdag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Askeonsdag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskeonsdag" title="Oskeonsdag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oskeonsdag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A8cres_de_las_Cendres" title="Dimècres de las Cendres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dimècres de las Cendres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%81%E1%9F%87" title="ថ្ងៃពុធរោយផេះ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្ងៃពុធរោយផេះ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popielec" title="Popielec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Popielec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta-feira_de_cinzas" title="Quarta-feira de cinzas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarta-feira de cinzas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84schermettwoch" title="Äschermettwoch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Äschermettwoch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Cenu%C8%99ii" title="Miercurea Cenușii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miercurea Cenușii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пепельная среда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пепельная среда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rcuris_de_sas_Chijinas" title="Mèrcuris de sas Chijinas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mèrcuris de sas Chijinas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F" title="අළු බදාදා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අළු බදාදා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ash Wednesday" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolcov%C3%A1_streda" title="Popolcová streda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Popolcová streda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepelni%C4%8Dna_sreda" title="Pepelnična sreda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pepelnična sreda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Чиста среда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чиста среда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepelnica" title="Pepelnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pepelnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhkakeskiviikko" title="Tuhkakeskiviikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuhkakeskiviikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askonsdagen" title="Askonsdagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Askonsdagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyerkules_ng_Abo" title="Miyerkules ng Abo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Miyerkules ng Abo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="திருநீற்றுப் புதன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருநீற்றுப் புதன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="วันพุธรับเถ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วันพุธรับเถ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCl_%C3%87ar%C5%9Fambas%C4%B1" title="Kül Çarşambası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kül Çarşambası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Попільна середа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Попільна середа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="راکھ کا بدھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راکھ کا بدھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9_T%C6%B0_L%E1%BB%85_Tro" 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Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣灰星期三" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%81%B0%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80%E6%97%A5" title="聖灰禮儀日 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖灰禮儀日" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelen%C4%97_(d%C4%97ina)" title="Pelenė (dėina) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pelenė (dėina)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BD%8B%E9%A6%96%E6%97%A5" title="大齋首日 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First day of Lent in Western Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the day of fasting. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ash Wednesday (disambiguation)">Ash Wednesday (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Ash Wednesday</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossofashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Crossofashes.jpg/240px-Crossofashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Crossofashes.jpg/360px-Crossofashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Crossofashes.jpg/480px-Crossofashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1030" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">A cross marked in <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> on a worshipper's forehead</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Many <a href="/wiki/Western_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christians">Western Christians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Holy Mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Service of worship</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Christianity" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstinence#Abstinence_in_religion" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a> Placing of ashes on the head</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">46 days before <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2023 date</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ash Wednesday is a holy day of <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> denominations. It is preceded by <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> and marks the first day of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, the six weeks of <a href="/wiki/Penitence" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitence">penitence</a> before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Ash Wednesday is observed by <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestants</a>, as well as by some churches in the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>, (including certain <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> churches), <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Nazarene</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-2018RCA-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipin2017-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Methodist2020-4">[4]</a> Ash Wednesday is traditionally observed with <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_religion#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting in religion">fasting</a> and abstinence from meat in several Christian denominations.<a href="#cite_note-ELCA1978-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHMC2021-7">[7]</a> As it is the first day of Lent, many Christians begin Ash Wednesday by marking a <a href="/wiki/Lenten_calendar" title="Lenten calendar">Lenten calendar</a>, praying a Lenten <a href="/wiki/Daily_devotional" title="Daily devotional">daily devotional</a>, and making a <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">Lenten sacrifice</a> that they will not partake of until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDuff2013-9">[9]</a> Many Christians attend special Ash Wednesday <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> at which churchgoers receive <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> on their foreheads or the top of their heads, as the wearing of ashes was a sign of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repentance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-Hilovsky2024-10">[10]</a> Ash Wednesday derives its name from this practice, in which the placement of ashes is accompanied by the words, "Repent, and believe in the Gospel" or the dictum "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The ashes are prepared by burning <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaves">palm leaves</a> from the previous year's <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observing_and_non-observing_denominations">Observing and non-observing denominations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observing and non-observing denominations">edit</a>]</div> Ash Wednesday is observed by numerous denominations within <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> observe it,<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 1]</a> along with certain <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-14">[14]</a> some <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> many <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Nazarenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyans</a>),<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Covenant_Church" title="Evangelical Covenant Church">Evangelical Covenant Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Metropolitan Community Churches</a> observe Ash Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Churches in the <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> tradition, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (USA) and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> honour Ash Wednesday too.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholics">Independent Catholics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2011-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manila_Standard-29">[28]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> also observe it.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> have historically not observed Ash Wednesday, nor Lent in general, due to the Reformed <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Since the mid-twentieth century, many churches in the Reformed tradition (including certain <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> churches) do observe both Ash Wednesday and Lent such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of the Netherlands">Protestant Church of the Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>, although often as a voluntary observance.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-BartlettTaylor2009-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>, for example, describes Ash Wednesday as a day "focused on prayer, fasting, and repentance."<a href="#cite_note-2018RCA-2">[2]</a> The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following "Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline" read by the presider:<a href="#cite_note-RCA2018-37">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ. I invite you, therefore, in the name of Christ, to observe a Holy Lent, by self-examination and penitence, by prayer and fasting, by practicing works of love, and by reading and reflecting on God's Holy Word.<a href="#cite_note-RCA2018-37">[36]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> does not, in general, observe Ash Wednesday. Instead, Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a> begins on <a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB2014-38">[37]</a> There are a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a>. These do observe Ash Wednesday, although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations, as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a>, which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observances">Observances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observances">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting_and_abstinence">Fasting and abstinence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fasting and abstinence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Christianity" title="Fasting">Fasting § Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_(J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert)_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jesus_Tempted_in_the_Wilderness_%28J%C3%A9sus_tent%C3%A9_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness (Jésus tenté dans le désert), <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Many Lent-observing denominations emphasize making a <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">Lenten sacrifice</a>, as well as fasting and abstinence during the season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, particularly on Ash Wednesday. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days in advance of Easter, although it is unclear whether the prescribed fast applied to all Christians, or specifically to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">new Christians</a> preparing to be <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2011GassmannOldenburg-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olsen-40">[39]</a> Whatever the council's original intent, this forty-day fast came into wide practice throughout the church.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-40">[39]</a> While starting a Lenten sacrifice on Ash Wednesday (e.g. giving up watching television), it is customary to <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> for strength to keep it through the whole season of Lent; many often wish others to do so as well, e.g. "May God bless your Lenten sacrifice."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In many places, Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening, and at sunset, Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast, which is often known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Fast" title="Black Fast">Black Fast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cléir2017-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuérangerFromage1912-43">[42]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, many Christians continue this practice of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In India, Ash Wednesday is called व्रत विभूति (Vrat Vibhuti - meaning, "the sacred ash of the Holy Fast"). After attending a worship service, often on Wednesday evenings, it is common for Christians of various denominations that celebrate Lent to break that day's Lenten fast together through a communal <a href="/wiki/Lenten_supper" title="Lenten supper">Lenten supper</a>, which is held in the church's <a href="/wiki/Parish_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish hall">parish hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lighthouse2018-45">[44]</a> Among Catholics, Ash Wednesday is observed by <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a> from meat (which begins at age 14 according to canon law 1252<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>. On Ash Wednesday and <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59, whose health enables them to fast, are permitted to consume one full meal, along with two smaller meals, which together should not equal the full meal. Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations put forth by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat (<a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>), as are all Fridays during Lent.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent, as was the Church's traditional requirement,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> concluding only after the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>. Where the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> is observed, the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent, nine days later.<a href="#cite_note-Thouret-49">[48]</a> Several Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday, with some parishioners choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent, especially on Good Friday.<a href="#cite_note-Hatch1978-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-GassmannOldenburg2011-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfatteicher1990-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-JacobsHaas1899-53">[52]</a> One Lutheran congregation's A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends that the faithful "Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat".<a href="#cite_note-ELCA1978-5">[5]</a> In the Church of England, and throughout much of the Worldwide Anglican Communion, the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting. Fridays are designated as days of abstinence in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 Book of Common Prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2015-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine%27s_Prayer_Book" title="Saint Augustine's Prayer Book">Saint Augustine's Prayer Book</a>, a resource for Anglo-Catholics, defines "Fasting" as "usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one-half meal, on the forty days of Lent."<a href="#cite_note-Gavitt1991-54">[53]</a> The same text defines <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a> as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year, except for those during <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gavitt1991-54">[53]</a> In the Methodist tradition, <a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">John Wesley's sermons</a> on the topic of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> stress the importance of the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-55">[54]</a> The United Methodist Church therefore states that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is a strong biblical base for fasting, particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter. Jesus, as part of his spiritual preparation, went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights, according to the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-UMCFasting2017-56">[55]</a></blockquote> Rev. Jacqui King, the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as "I'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal, I'm dining with God".<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> may voluntarily fast during the season of Lent, along with making a <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">Lenten sacrifice</a> for the season as a form of penitence.<a href="#cite_note-NHMC2021-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_Ash_Wednesday">Date of Ash Wednesday</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Date of Ash Wednesday">edit</a>]</div> Ash Wednesday is always 46 days before Easter. Easter is determined as the Sunday following the first full moon that happens on or after the March equinox (which is always 21 March).<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Lent is 40 days long, not including Sundays. According to the calendar, that means the season is 46 days long overall. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Northwestern_Publishing_House-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kitch_130-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">Methodist Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Langford_96-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a> {<a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>},<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western-Rite_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-Rite Orthodox Churches">Western Rite Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fenton2014-64">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant Church">United Protestant Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a>) or at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Triduum" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Triduum">Easter Triduum</a> on the evening of <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EWTN-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashes">Ashes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ashes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060301-N-5686B-001_USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV_63),_Chaplain,_Lt._Matthias_Rendon_blesses_ashes,_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_service_held_on_board_Commander_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_060301-N-5686B-001_USS_Kitty_Hawk_%28CV_63%29%2C_Chaplain%2C_Lt._Matthias_Rendon_blesses_ashes%2C_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_service_held_on_board_Commander_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_060301-N-5686B-001_USS_Kitty_Hawk_%28CV_63%29%2C_Chaplain%2C_Lt._Matthias_Rendon_blesses_ashes%2C_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_service_held_on_board_Commander_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_060301-N-5686B-001_USS_Kitty_Hawk_%28CV_63%29%2C_Chaplain%2C_Lt._Matthias_Rendon_blesses_ashes%2C_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_service_held_on_board_Commander_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A priest blesses ashes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg/220px-US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg/330px-US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg/440px-US_Navy_080206-N-7869M-057_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Leila_Tardieu_receives_the_sacramental_ashes_during_an_Ash_Wednesday_celebration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A priest draws a cross of ashes on a worshipper's forehead, the prevailing form in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McNamara-67">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg/170px-BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg/255px-BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg/340px-BurnPalmsAshWednesday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="4972" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> clergyman burning palm fronds from the previous Palm Sunday for Ash Wednesday</figcaption></figure> Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday, either by being sprinkled over their heads or, in English-speaking countries, more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross. The words (based on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 3:19) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are, "Memento, homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris." ("Remember, man, that thou art dust, and to dust thou shalt return.") This custom is credited to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> the Great (c. 540–604),<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-40">[39]</a> although this is probably incorrect since Ash Wednesday was not part of Lent in his time.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">1969 missal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, an alternative formula (based on <a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a>:15) was introduced and given first place "Repent, and believe in the Gospel" and the older formula was translated as "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return." The old formula, based on the words spoken to <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">their sin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus, implicitly, of their need to repent in time.<a href="#cite_note-Bucher-70">[69]</a> Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers' heads are in use within the Latin Church, the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkle the ashes over the crown of the head. Originally, the ashes were strewn over men's heads, but, probably because women had their heads covered in church, were placed on the foreheads of women.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom since no fixed rule has been laid down.<a href="#cite_note-McNamara-67">[66]</a> Although the account of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a> shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were "strewn" on the head,<a href="#cite_note-strew-72">[71]</a> the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English-speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea">Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea</a>, a publication described as "noticeably Anglo-Catholic in character".<a href="#cite_note-blessing-73">[72]</a> In its ritual of "Blessing of Ashes", this states that "the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist. After they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people."<a href="#cite_note-blessing-73">[72]</a> The Ash Wednesday ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, Mother Church of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, contains "The Imposition of Ashes" in its Ash Wednesday liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-CofE-74">[73]</a> On Ash Wednesday, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>, traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sant%27Anselmo_all%27Aventino,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino, Rome">Church of Saint Anselm</a> to the Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a>, where, by the custom in Italy and many other countries, ashes are sprinkled on his head, not smudged on his forehead, and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The Anglican ritual, used in Papua New Guinea states that, after the blessing of the ashes, "the priest marks his forehead and then the foreheads of the <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">servers</a> and congregation who come and kneel, or stand, where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament."<a href="#cite_note-blessing-73">[72]</a> The corresponding Catholic ritual in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> for celebration within <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> merely states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him, and says to each one ..."<a href="#cite_note-RM-76">[75]</a> Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes, but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head.<a href="#cite_note-TRM-77">[76]</a> The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads, but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass.<a href="#cite_note-RM-76">[75]</a> The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite.<a href="#cite_note-McNamara-67">[66]</a> While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building, the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere. While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes, laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person's head. Even in the solemn rite, laymen or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes. In addition, laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the heads of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing.<a href="#cite_note-McNamara-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-CUF-78">[77]</a> (In 2014, Anglican <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a> likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony.)<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In addition, those who attend such Catholic services, whether in a church or elsewhere, traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice.<a href="#cite_note-K&L-81">[80]</a> At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony. Unlike its discipline regarding <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a>, the Catholic Church does not exclude anyone from receiving <a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">sacramentals</a>, such as the placing of ashes on the head, even those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized.<a href="#cite_note-CUF-78">[77]</a> Even those who have been <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> After describing the blessing, the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes (within Mass) states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him."<a href="#cite_note-RM-76">[75]</a> The Catholic Church does not limit the distribution of blessed ashes to church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centers, nursing homes, and factories.<a href="#cite_note-K&L-81">[80]</a> Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture (at least one) and prayers, and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year's <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> service,<a href="#cite_note-RM-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> while a Church of England publication says they "may be made" from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-blessing-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-CofE-74">[73]</a> These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than, for the Catholic liturgy, a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them. An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> as a fixative.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross, many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day. The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule, and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them;<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> but some Christian leaders, such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry, recommend keeping the ashes on the forehead for the rest of the day as a public profession of the Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Morgan Guyton, a Methodist pastor, and leader in the <a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-Letter Christian">Red-Letter Christian</a> movement, encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ashes_to_Go">Ashes to Go</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ashes to Go">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg/220px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg/330px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg/440px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Mizner_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3969" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priests distribute ashes to passersby in the American city of <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton</a> as part of the Ashes to Go movement.</figcaption></figure> Since 2007, some members of major Christian Churches in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, including Anglicans, Lutherans, and Methodists, have participated in 'Ashes to Go' activities, in which clergy go outside of their <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> to public places, such as <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">city centres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad station">railroad stations</a>, to distribute ashes to passers-by,<a href="#cite_note-CatholicHerald2016-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change.<a href="#cite_note-The_United_Methodist_Church-94">[93]</a> The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in <a href="/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois" title="Lombard, Illinois">Lombard</a> took up the idea and turned it into a movement, stated that the practice was also an act of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AshesToGo-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a>, are offering Ashes to Go together: Marc Lyden-Smith, the priest of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Sunderland" title="St Mary's Church, Sunderland">Saint Mary's Church</a>, stated that the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a> effort is a "tremendous witness in our city, with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent, perhaps reminding those who have <a href="/wiki/Fallen_away" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallen away">fallen away</a> from the Church, or have never been before, that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland."<a href="#cite_note-CatholicHerald2016-91">[90]</a> The Catholic Student Association of <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>, based at the University Parish Newman Center, offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Statesboro,_Georgia" title="Statesboro, Georgia">Statesboro</a>, among others, have participated in Ashes to Go.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> On Ash Wednesday 2017, Father Paddy Mooney, the priest of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of <a href="/wiki/Glenamaddy" title="Glenamaddy">Glenamaddy</a>, set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car; the parish church also had "drive-through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car".<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Reverend Trey Hall, pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church, stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago "nearly 300 people received ashes – including two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change."<a href="#cite_note-The_United_Methodist_Church-94">[93]</a> In 2013, churches not only in the United States but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Africa, participated in Ashes to Go.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Outside of their <a href="/wiki/Church_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Church building">church building</a>, Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a> offered Ashes to Go for "believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service" in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one <a href="/wiki/Church_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Church building">church</a> taking part. Most of these churches (parishes) were Episcopal, but there were also several Methodist churches, as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commination_Office">Commination Office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commination Office">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AshWednesdayAltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AshWednesdayAltar.jpg/220px-AshWednesdayAltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AshWednesdayAltar.jpg/330px-AshWednesdayAltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AshWednesdayAltar.jpg/440px-AshWednesdayAltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral in Memphis, Tennessee on Ash Wednesday 2011. The veiled <a href="/wiki/Altar_cross" title="Altar cross">altar cross</a> and purple paraments are customary during Lent.</figcaption></figure> Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church service</a> includes Psalm 51 (the Miserere), prayers of confession, and the sign of ashes.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2010-104">[103]</a> No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements. The Anglican church's traditional Ash Wednesday service, titled A Commination,<a href="#cite_note-EnglandMant1825-105">[104]</a> contains the first two elements, but not the third. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but, while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 (the first psalm at <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> on all penitential days, including Ash Wednesday) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy,<a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-106">[105]</a> they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes.<a href="#cite_note-L'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes-107">[106]</a> The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditionally weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970 when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass, at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a <a href="/wiki/Psalms#Catholic_usage" title="Psalms">responsorial psalm</a>. Where the traditional Gregorian Chants are still used, the psalm continues to enjoy a prominent place in the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-L'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes-107">[106]</a> In the mid-16th century, the first <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In that 1549 edition, the rite was headed: "The First Day of Lent: Commonly Called Ash-Wednesday".<a href="#cite_note-EnglandMant1825A-109">[108]</a> The ashes ceremony was not forbidden, but was not included in the church's official liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34">[33]</a> Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners, to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The text of the "Commination or Denouncing of God's Anger and Judgments against Sinners" begins: "In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline, that, at the beginning of Lent, such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance, and punished in this world, that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord; and that others, admonished by their example, might be the more afraid to offend. Instead whereof, until the said discipline may be restored, (which is much to be wished,) it is thought good that at this time (in the presence of you all) should be read the general sentences of God's cursing against impenitent sinners".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In line with this, Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers "to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church". He further stated that "the sentences of the greater excommunication" within The Commination corresponded to those used in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">ancient Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maude1901-113">[112]</a> The Anglican Church's Ash Wednesday liturgy, he wrote, also traditionally included the <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Miserere</a>, which, along with "what follows" in the rest of the service (lesser Litany, Lord's Prayer, three prayers for pardon and final blessing), "was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Use">Sarum services</a> for Ash Wednesday".<a href="#cite_note-Maude1901-113">[112]</a> From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes.<a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In the Sarum Rite, the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In the 20th century, the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_church_ceremonies">Low church ceremonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Low church ceremonies">edit</a>]</div> In some of the <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> traditions, other practices are sometimes added or substituted, as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day. For example, in one common variation, small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess. These small cards are brought forth to the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar table</a> where they are burned.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_customs">Regional customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional customs">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday, so they provided other entertainment, as mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (Anglican Church).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, children "pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person",<a href="#cite_note-Lacy2000-118">[117]</a> dress up in costumes, and sing songs for candy.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> if someone in the village didn't receive ash, they "shared their blessing" by rubbing their foreheads together, and the <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángó</a> people of Moldova even cover the pots with ashes to bring good luck. Ash Wednesday also marks the start of Lent. An interesting related tradition is that since dancing was forbidden, children played dancing games (like ulicskázás and hajujvárazás) and ball games (as mancsozás, csülgözés, kutyasatú and sajbózás), all specific to Hungary. <a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_significance_of_ashes">Biblical significance of ashes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical significance of ashes">edit</a>]</div> Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief. When <a href="/wiki/Tamar_(daughter_of_David)" title="Tamar (daughter of David)">Tamar</a> was raped by her half-brother, "she sprinkled ashes on her head, tore her robe, and with her face buried in her hands went away crying" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+13:19&version=gnt">2 Samuel 13:19</a>). The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults. Ashes could be symbolic of the old sinful self dying and returning to the dust. In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Job#42:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Job">42:5–6</a>, Job says to God: "I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes." The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying: "O daughter of my people, gird on sackcloth, roll in the ashes" (Jer 6:26). The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God: "I turned to the Lord God, pleading in earnest prayer, with fasting, sackcloth, and ashes" (Daniel 9:3). Just before the New Testament period, the rebels fighting for Jewish independence, the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, prepared for battle using ashes: "That day they fasted and wore sackcloth; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes" (1 Maccabees 3:47; see also 4:39). Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books of the Bible</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#9">19:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#17">19:17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1703.htm#6">3:6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Esther+4:1">4:1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#9:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">9:13</a>. Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+11:21">11:21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+10:13">10:13</a>: "If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago (sitting) in sackcloth and ashes." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_use_of_ashes">Christian use of ashes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christian use of ashes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C5%82at_Julian,_Popielec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg/220px-Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg/330px-Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg/440px-Fa%C5%82at_Julian%2C_Popielec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>An 1881 Polish painting of a Roman Catholic priest sprinkling ashes on the heads of worshippers, the method prevailing in Italy, Poland, Spain, and parts of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-McNamara-67">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance. <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 160 – c. 225) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in <a href="/wiki/Sackcloth" title="Sackcloth">sackcloth</a> and ashes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (c. 260/265 – 339/340) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Pope Zephyrinus</a> to readmit him to communion.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> John W. Fenton writes that "by the end of the 10th century, it was customary in Western Europe (but not yet in Rome) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast. In 1091, this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome. Not long after that, the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as "Feria Quarta Cinerum" (i.e., Ash Wednesday)."<a href="#cite_note-Fenton-123">[122]</a> The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth. When, towards the end of the first millennium, the discipline of public penance was dropped, the beginning of Lent, seen as a general penitential season, was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all.<a href="#cite_note-EB2014-38">[37]</a> This practice is found in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary#The_Gregorian_Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Gregorian Sacramentary</a> of the late 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bucher-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> About two centuries later, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>, an Anglo-Saxon abbot, wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent.<a href="#cite_note-strew-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg/170px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg/255px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg/340px-Carl_Spitzweg_-_Aschermittwoch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Ash Wednesday by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a>: the end of <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a></figcaption></figure> The article on Ash Wednesday in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"> Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> states that, after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>; liturgical scholar Blair Meeks notes that the Lutheran and Anglican denominations "never lapsed in this observance".<a href="#cite_note-Meeks2003-126">[125]</a> It was even prescribed under King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> in 1538 and under King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> in 1550, but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34">[33]</a> In 1536, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Articles">Ten Articles</a> issued by authority of Henry VIII commended "the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable, such as clerical vestments, a sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday".<a href="#cite_note-Schaff1877-127">[126]</a> After Henry's death in January 1547, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, within the same year, "procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas-day, and the use of ashes on Ash-Wednesday, and of palms on Palm-Sunday, as superstitious ceremonies", an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, of which Cranmer was archbishop.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foxe-130">[129]</a> The Church Cyclopædia states that the "English office had adapted the very old <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Salisbury service</a> for Ash-Wednesday, prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal, and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood."<a href="#cite_note-Maude1901-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benton1883-131">[130]</a> The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore, in England as a whole, "soon after the Reformation, the use of ashes was discontinued as a 'vain show' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity, with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners".<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in the 19th century, observed Ash Wednesday: "as a day of fasting and humiliation, wherein we are publicly to confess our sins, meekly to implore God's mercy and forgiveness, and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour".<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In the 20th century, the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes.<a href="#cite_note-PublishingChurch1979-134">[133]</a> Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, Lutherans and Anglicans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday, and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it, such as the Methodists, encouraged its use "during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations".<a href="#cite_note-Meeks2003-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dean_Kingsbury" title="Jack Dean Kingsbury">Jack Kingsbury</a> and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Lutherans and Anglicans.<a href="#cite_note-KingsburyPennington1980-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1996-137">[136]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">liturgical revival</a> ushered in by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical movement">ecumenical movement</a>, the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches,<a href="#cite_note-Canfield-135">[134]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denominations_1-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> It has also been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Reformed</a> churches and some less liturgical <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brumley-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox churches</a> generally do not observe Ash Wednesday,<a href="#cite_note-EB2014-38">[37]</a> although in recent times, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Western_Rite_Vicariate" title="Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate">Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate</a> has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Orthodox</a> parishes.<a href="#cite_note-Fenton-123">[122]</a> In this tradition, ashes "may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service" although "commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass".<a href="#cite_note-Fenton-123">[122]</a> In Orthodoxy, historically, "serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth, including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert-dwellers."<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Byzantine Rite Catholics</a>, although in the United States use "the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite", do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is "not part of their ancient tradition".<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>, ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday, but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday, which in that rite inaugurates Lent, with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday, the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thouret-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lenten_calendar" title="Lenten calendar">Lenten calendar</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lent_calendar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lent_calendar.svg/400px-Lent_calendar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lent_calendar.svg/600px-Lent_calendar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lent_calendar.svg/800px-Lent_calendar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Ash Wednesday and other named days and day ranges around Lent and Easter in Western Christianity, with the fasting days of Lent numbered</figcaption></figure> Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday, a <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">moveable feast</a> <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">based on the cycles of the moon</a>. The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February (which is only possible during a common year with Easter Sunday on 22 March), which happened in 1598, 1693, 1761, and 1818 and will next occur in 2285.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March (when Easter Sunday falls on 25 April) which occurred in 1666, 1734, 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038. Since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> in 1582, Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day (29 February) but it will do so for the first time in 2096. The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468, 2688, 2840, and 2992.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> (Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February if and only if Easter is on 15 April in a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Sunday" title="Leap year starting on Sunday">leap year</a>.) Also, there are certain times that Ash Wednesday coincides with <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> (14 February), which occurred in 1923, 1934, 1945, 2018, 2024, and will next occur in 2029.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg/170px-High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg/255px-High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg/340px-High_Altar_of_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_during_Lent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> of a church on Ash Wednesday 2015 (the veiled <a href="/wiki/Altar_cross" title="Altar cross">altar cross</a> and purple <a href="/wiki/Parament" title="Parament">paraments</a> are customary during Lent).</figcaption></figure> Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40-day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">pray</a>. During this time he was <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">tempted</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%204:1–11&version=nrsv">Matthew 4:1–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:12–13&version=nrsv">Mark 1:12–13</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:1–13&version=nrsv">Luke 4:1–13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> While not specifically instituted in the Bible text, the 40 days of fast and pray is also analogous to the 40 days during which <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> repented and fasted in response to the making of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a> (Exo. 34:27–28). (Jews today follow 40 days of repenting in preparation for and during the <a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey,_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(LHD_6),_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Naval air officer receives ashes from a military chaplain aboard a U.S. Navy ship, 2011"><img alt="A Naval air officer receives ashes from a military chaplain aboard a U.S. Navy ship, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg/256px-US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg/383px-US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg/511px-US_Navy_110309-N-ZC343-375_Cdr._Kieran_Twomey%2C_Air_Boss_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_%28LHD_6%29%2C_receives_sacramental_ashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="2922" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Naval air officer receives ashes from a <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplain</a> aboard a U.S. Navy ship, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imposition of ashes at Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Catholic Church, Strasbourg, 2014"><img alt="Imposition of ashes at Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Catholic Church, Strasbourg, 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg/270px-Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg/405px-Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg/540px-Messe_des_Cendres_Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Strasbourg_5_mars_2014_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5527" data-file-height="3685" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imposition of ashes at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune_Catholic_Church" title="Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Catholic Church">Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church, 2015"><img alt="A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg/180px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg/270px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg/360px-Ashes_to_Go_at_Palmer_Memorial_Episcopal_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Methodist pastor distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails, 2016"><img alt="A Methodist pastor distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails, 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg/240px-Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg/360px-Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg/480px-Ash_Wednesday_at_Keystone_United_Methodist_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Methodist pastor distributing ashes to <a href="/wiki/Confirmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmand">confirmands</a> kneeling at the <a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">chancel rails</a>, 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a Divine Service, 2017"><img alt="A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a Divine Service, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg/240px-Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg/360px-Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg/480px-Imposition_of_Ashes_at_Bethany_Lutheran_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a>, 2017 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A priest has an "Ashes to Go" station for commuters at a train station"><img alt="A priest has an "Ashes to Go" station for commuters at a train station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg/135px-Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg/202px-Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg/270px-Ashes_to_Go_in_Connecticut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A priest has an "Ashes to Go" station for commuters at a train station</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_No_Smoking_Day">National No Smoking Day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National No Smoking Day">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">giving up a luxury for Lent</a>, and because of the link between <a href="/wiki/Cigar_ash" title="Cigar ash">ash and smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Smoking_Day" title="No Smoking Day">No Smoking Day</a> was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday in 1984<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Not all Catholics observe Ash Wednesday. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, which do not count <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> as part of Lent, begin the penitential season on <a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a>, the Monday before Ash Wednesday, and Latin Catholics who follow the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> begin it on the First Sunday in Lent. Ashes are blessed and ceremonially distributed at the start of Lent in the Latin Church, the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>. In the Ambrosian Rite, this is done at the end of the Sunday Mass or on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Katie (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214030411/http://articles.dailyamerican.com/2011-03-07/news/29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove">"Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions"</a>. Daily American Reporter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.dailyamerican.com/2011-03-07/news/29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove">the original</a> on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrove+Tuesday+inspires+unique+church+traditions&rft.pub=Daily+American+Reporter&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.dailyamerican.com%2F2011-03-07%2Fnews%2F29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018RCA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2018RCA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2018RCA_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/resources/liturgy-rca-basics-worship/liturgical-calendar">"The Liturgical Calendar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liturgical+Calendar&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+in+America&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fresources%2Fliturgy-rca-basics-worship%2Fliturgical-calendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipin2017-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipin2017_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipin2017" class="citation web cs1">Lipin, Bridget (27 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc-usa.org/2017/02/lenten-reflections-ash-wednesday/">"Lenten Reflections: Ash Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenten+Reflections%3A+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=American+Baptist+Churches+USA&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.aulast=Lipin&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-usa.org%2F2017%2F02%2Flenten-reflections-ash-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodist2020-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Methodist2020_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.sg/the-significance-of-lent/">"The Significance of Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Singapore" title="Methodist Church in Singapore">Methodist Church in Singapore</a>. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2024. <q>Over the last 25 years, more and more Methodist local conferences have been observing Lent, the 46 days before Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+Lent&rft.pub=Methodist+Church+in+Singapore&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.sg%2Fthe-significance-of-lent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELCA1978-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELCA1978_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELCA1978_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzel1978" class="citation web cs1">Weitzel, Thomas L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164940/http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf">"A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+for+the+Discipline+of+Lent&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Weitzel&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ststephenlutheranchurch.org%2Fpdf%2FDisciplines%2520of%2520Lent-%2520Handbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan2015-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2015_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2015_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2015" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Colin (2015). Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442250161" title="Special:BookSources/9781442250161"><bdi>9781442250161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442250161&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHMC2021-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHMC2021_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHMC2021_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140401/https://newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html">"Lent: 40 Days of Spiritual Renewal"</a>. New Hope Moravian Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lent%3A+40+Days+of+Spiritual+Renewal&rft.pub=New+Hope+Moravian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newhopemoravian.org%2Fholy-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">International Journal of Religious Education, Volume 27. <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Churches_of_Christ_in_the_U.S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.">National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.</a> 1950. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Religious+Education%2C+Volume+27&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=National+Council+of+the+Churches+of+Christ+in+the+U.S.A.&rft.date=1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDuff2013-9"><a href="#cite_ref-McDuff2013_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDuff2013" class="citation web cs1">McDuff, Mallory (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sojo.net/articles/lenten-reflections/after-giving-alcohol-i-m-addicted-lent">"After Giving up Alcohol, I'm Addicted to Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Giving+up+Alcohol%2C+I%27m+Addicted+to+Lent&rft.pub=Sojourners&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=McDuff&rft.aufirst=Mallory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsojo.net%2Farticles%2Flenten-reflections%2Fafter-giving-alcohol-i-m-addicted-lent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilovsky2024-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilovsky2024_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilovsky2024" class="citation web cs1">Hilovsky, Judy (15 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofthebible.org/magazine/featured/the-biblical-foundations-of-lent-and-ash-wednesday">"The Biblical Foundations of Lent and Ash Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>He also established the tradition of marking parishioners' foreheads with ashes in the shape of a cross. But why ashes? The symbolism of marking oneself with ashes traces its history to ancient traditions. The liturgical use of ashes can be seen in the Old Testament, where they denote mourning, mortality, and penance. In Esther 4:1, Mordecai puts on sackcloth and ashes when he hears of the decree of King Ahasuerus of Persia to kill all of the Jewish people in the Persian Empire. In Job 42:6, at the end of his confession, Job repents in sackcloth and ashes. And in the city of Nineveh, after Jonah preaches of conversion and repentance, all the people proclaim a fast and put on sackcloth, and even the king covers himself with sackcloth and sits in ashes, as told in Jonah 3:5–6.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Foundations+of+Lent+and+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+Bible&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.aulast=Hilovsky&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofthebible.org%2Fmagazine%2Ffeatured%2Fthe-biblical-foundations-of-lent-and-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2011" class="citation book cs1">Church, Catholic (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Roman-Missal-Third-Edition">The Roman Missal [Third Typical Edition, Chapel Edition]</a>. LiturgyTrainingPublications. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568549903" title="Special:BookSources/9781568549903"><bdi>9781568549903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Missal+%5BThird+Typical+Edition%2C+Chapel+Edition%5D&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=LiturgyTrainingPublications&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.isbn=9781568549903&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Catholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRoman-Missal-Third-Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation book cs1">Allen, O. Wesley (29 November 2019). Protestant Worship: A Multisensory Introduction for Students and Practitioners. Abingdon Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5018-4266-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5018-4266-5"><bdi>978-1-5018-4266-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Worship%3A+A+Multisensory+Introduction+for+Students+and+Practitioners&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.isbn=978-1-5018-4266-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=O.+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattison2019" class="citation web cs1">Pattison, Mark (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsun.org/2019/02/13/palms-to-ashes-a-few-things-to-know-about-ash-wednesday">"Palms to Ashes: A Few Things to Know About Ash Wednesday"</a>. The Catholic Sun. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palms+to+Ashes%3A+A+Few+Things+to+Know+About+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=The+Catholic+Sun&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Pattison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsun.org%2F2019%2F02%2F13%2Fpalms-to-ashes-a-few-things-to-know-about-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2011-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA49">"Ash Wednesday"</a>. In Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cronaca/2013/2/13/GIORNO-DELLE-CENERI-Cos-e-il-rito-delle-Ceneri-/363495/">Il Sussidiario, Giorno delle Ceneri: Cos'è il rito delle Ceneri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184544/http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cronaca/2013/2/13/GIORNO-DELLE-CENERI-Cos-e-il-rito-delle-Ceneri-/363495/">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/domande-risposte/storia-civilta/Perche-il-Carnevale-ambrosiano-si-festeggia-in-ritardo-rispetto-al-resto-d-Italia.html">Sapere, Perché il Carnevale ambrosiano si festeggia in ritardo rispetto al resto d’Italia?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524063435/http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/domande-risposte/storia-civilta/Perche-il-Carnevale-ambrosiano-si-festeggia-in-ritardo-rispetto-al-resto-d-Italia.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonse2014" class="citation web cs1">Koonse, Emma (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/ash-wednesday-today-christians-observe-first-day-of-lent-115628/">"Ash Wednesday Today, Christians Observe First Day of Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140305225907/http://www.christianpost.com/news/ash-wednesday-today-christians-observe-first-day-of-lent-115628/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2014. <q>Although some denominations do not practice the application of ashes to the forehead as a mark of public commitment on Ash Wednesday, those that do include Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians, and some Baptist followers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+Today%2C+Christians+Observe+First+Day+of+Lent&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.aulast=Koonse&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fash-wednesday-today-christians-observe-first-day-of-lent-115628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeth2017" class="citation web cs1">Sleeth, Nancy (23 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyan.org/how-do-you-observe-lent-6102">"How do you observe Lent?"</a>. The Wesleyan Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wesleyan+Church&rft.atitle=How+do+you+observe+Lent%3F&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=Sleeth&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyan.org%2Fhow-do-you-observe-lent-6102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311083050/http://holinesstoday.org/lent-preparation-for-easter">"Lent: Preparation for Easter | HOLINESS TODAY"</a>. www.holinesstoday.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holinesstoday.org/lent-preparation-for-easter">the original</a> on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.holinesstoday.org&rft.atitle=Lent%3A+Preparation+for+Easter+%7C+HOLINESS+TODAY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holinesstoday.org%2Flent-preparation-for-easter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202649/http://www.covchurch.ca/news/2016/2/3/first-day-of-lent-ash-wednesday">"First Day of Lent, Ash Wednesday"</a>. The Evangelical Covenant Church of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covchurch.ca/news/2016/2/3/first-day-of-lent-ash-wednesday">the original</a> on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Evangelical+Covenant+Church+of+Canada&rft.atitle=First+Day+of+Lent%2C+Ash+Wednesday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.covchurch.ca%2Fnews%2F2016%2F2%2F3%2Ffirst-day-of-lent-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlgrim2018" class="citation news cs1">Ahlgrim, Ryan (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mennoworld.org/2018/02/13/the-world-together/remember-that-you-are-dust/">"Remember that you are dust"</a>. Mennonite World Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+World+Review&rft.atitle=Remember+that+you+are+dust&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Ahlgrim&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmennoworld.org%2F2018%2F02%2F13%2Fthe-world-together%2Fremember-that-you-are-dust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarader2015" class="citation news cs1">Harader, Joanna (18 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mennoworld.org/2015/02/18/the-world-together/preparing-to-enter-lent-thoughts-on-ash-wednesday/">"Preparing to enter Lent – thoughts on Ash Wednesday"</a>. Mennonite World Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129015500/http://mennoworld.org/2015/02/18/the-world-together/preparing-to-enter-lent-thoughts-on-ash-wednesday/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mennonite+World+Review&rft.atitle=Preparing+to+enter+Lent+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bthoughts+on+Ash+Wednesday&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.aulast=Harader&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmennoworld.org%2F2015%2F02%2F18%2Fthe-world-together%2Fpreparing-to-enter-lent-thoughts-on-ash-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214141951/http://resource.moravian.org/ResourceView/1/4622">"Lent for Everyone: Matthew, Year A: A Daily Devotional"</a>. Moravian Church in North America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.moravian.org/ResourceView/1/4622">the original</a> on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moravian+Church+in+North+America&rft.atitle=Lent+for+Everyone%3A+Matthew%2C+Year+A%3A+A+Daily+Devotional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.moravian.org%2FResourceView%2F1%2F4622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravian_Women's_Association2017" class="citation web cs1">Moravian Women's Association (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073756/http://www.moravian.org.uk/attachments/article/20/Home%20%20Overseas%20-%20March%202017%20-%20Lent.pdf">"Lent around the world"</a> (PDF). The Moravian Church British Province. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moravian.org.uk/attachments/article/20/Home%20%20Overseas%20-%20March%202017%20-%20Lent.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lent+around+the+world&rft.pub=The+Moravian+Church+British+Province&rft.date=2017-03&rft.au=Moravian+Women%27s+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moravian.org.uk%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F20%2FHome%2520%2520Overseas%2520-%2520March%25202017%2520-%2520Lent.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mccchurch.org/document/ash-wednesday-2018-worship-resources/">"Ash Wednesday 2018 Worship Resources"</a>. Metropolitan Community Churches. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Community+Churches&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+2018+Worship+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmccchurch.org%2Fdocument%2Fash-wednesday-2018-worship-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Bott2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bott" title="Richard Bott">Richard Bott</a> (17 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221031537/https://united-church.ca/news/moderators-lent-message-2020">"Moderator's Lent Message 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://united-church.ca/news/moderators-lent-message-2020">the original</a> on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moderator%27s+Lent+Message+2020&rft.pub=United+Church+of+Canada&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft.au=Richard+Bott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funited-church.ca%2Fnews%2Fmoderators-lent-message-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2011-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2011_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2011" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Abp. Wynn (6 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2RgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53">A Catechism of the Liberal Catholic Church</a> (4th ed.). BookBaby. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609849306" title="Special:BookSources/9781609849306"><bdi>9781609849306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+of+the+Liberal+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.isbn=9781609849306&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Abp.+Wynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2RgDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manila_Standard-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Manila_Standard_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabie2018" class="citation news cs1">Cabie, Honor Blanco (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142045/http://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/258651/ash-wednesday-ushers-in-time-of-remorse.html">"Ash Wednesday ushers in time of remorse"</a>. Manila Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/258651/ash-wednesday-ushers-in-time-of-remorse.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+ushers+in+time+of+remorse&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.aulast=Cabie&rft.aufirst=Honor+Blanco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilastandard.net%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F258651%2Fash-wednesday-ushers-in-time-of-remorse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofchrist.org/ash-wednesday-ideas">"Ash Wednesday Ideas"</a>. Community of Christ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021211131/http://www.cofchrist.org/ash-wednesday-ideas">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Community+of+Christ&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+Ideas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofchrist.org%2Fash-wednesday-ideas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Duncan, Ligon (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/podcasts/tgc-podcast/should-you-cancel-good-friday-ligon-duncan-collin-hansen-mark-mellinger/">Should You Cancel Good Friday?</a> (Podcast). The Gospel Coalition. <q>[T]he only part of the church calendar that features in the regular cycle of services and worship at First Pres[byterian Church] would be Christmas and Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+You+Cancel+Good+Friday%3F&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fpodcasts%2Ftgc-podcast%2Fshould-you-cancel-good-friday-ligon-duncan-collin-hansen-mark-mellinger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, R. Scott (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heidelblog.net/2017/03/with-the-reformed-pubcast-on-lent-and-sola-scriptura">"With The Reformed Pubcast On Lent And Sola Scriptura"</a>. The Heidelblog. <q>According to the Western church calendar this is the Lenten season (the 40 days from 'Shrove Tuesday' to Easter) and it is being more widely observed within NAPARC. This is worth noting since, historically, most Reformed churches have not observed Lent and have often confessed against it as an infringement of Christian liberty and contrary to the formal principle of the Reformation, sola scriptura.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+The+Reformed+Pubcast+On+Lent+And+Sola+Scriptura&rft.pub=The+Heidelblog&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheidelblog.net%2F2017%2F03%2Fwith-the-reformed-pubcast-on-lent-and-sola-scriptura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Directory for the Publish Worship of God. Chapter XIV: The Westminster Assembly. 1645.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+for+the+Publish+Worship+of+God&rft.place=Chapter+XIV&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Assembly&rft.date=1645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ash_Wednesday">"Ash Wednesday" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 734.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=734&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon2005" class="citation web cs1">Scanlon, Leslie (7 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pres-outlook.org/2005/02/ash-wednesday-what-do-presbyterians-do/">"Ash Wednesday: What do Presbyterians do?"</a>. The Presbyterian Outlook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422000108/https://pres-outlook.org/2005/02/ash-wednesday-what-do-presbyterians-do/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Presbyterian+Outlook&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday%3A+What+do+Presbyterians+do%3F&rft.date=2005-02-07&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpres-outlook.org%2F2005%2F02%2Fash-wednesday-what-do-presbyterians-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BartlettTaylor2009-36"><a href="#cite_ref-BartlettTaylor2009_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettTaylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, David L.; Taylor, Barbara Brown (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=184qCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Feasting on the Word: Year C, Volume 2: Lent through Eastertide</a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611641189" title="Special:BookSources/9781611641189"><bdi>9781611641189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feasting+on+the+Word%3A+Year+C%2C+Volume+2%3A+Lent+through+Eastertide&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781611641189&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barbara+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D184qCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCA2018-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCA2018_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCA2018_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/resources/ash-wednesday">"Ash Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+in+America&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fresources%2Fash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2014-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB2014_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2014_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2014_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38098/Ash-Wednesday">"Ash Wednesday"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141952/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38098/Ash-Wednesday">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F38098%2FAsh-Wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011GassmannOldenburg-39"><a href="#cite_ref-2011GassmannOldenburg_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassmannOldenburg2011" class="citation book cs1">Gassmann, Günther; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874824" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874824"><bdi>9780810874824</bdi></a>. <q>The Council of Nicea (325) mentions for the first time Lent as a period of 40 days of fasting in preparation for Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lutheranism&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810874824&rft.aulast=Gassmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Oldenburg%2C+Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olsen-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2008" class="citation web cs1">Olsen, Ted (8 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2008/august/beginning-of-lent.html">"The Beginning of Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=The+Beginning+of+Lent&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2F2008%2Faugust%2Fbeginning-of-lent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/wiki/holidays/what-is-shrove-tuesday-meaning-and-holiday-date.html">"What is Shrove Tuesday? Meaning, Traditions, and 2021 Date"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity.com" title="Christianity.com">Christianity.com</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2021. <q>While undergoing a Lenten sacrifice, it is helpful to pray for strength; and encouraging fellow Christians in their fast saying, for example: "May God bless your Lenten sacrifice."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Shrove+Tuesday%3F+Meaning%2C+Traditions%2C+and+2021+Date&rft.pub=Christianity.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fwiki%2Fholidays%2Fwhat-is-shrove-tuesday-meaning-and-holiday-date.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cléir2017-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Cléir2017_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCléir2017" class="citation book cs1">Cléir, Síle de (2017). Popular Catholicism in 20th-Century Ireland: Locality, Identity and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350020603" title="Special:BookSources/9781350020603"><bdi>9781350020603</bdi></a>. <q>Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context, stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent, which originally involved just one meal a day, not to be eaten until after sunset.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Catholicism+in+20th-Century+Ireland%3A+Locality%2C+Identity+and+Culture&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781350020603&rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9ir&rft.aufirst=S%C3%ADle+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuérangerFromage1912-43"><a href="#cite_ref-GuérangerFromage1912_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuérangerFromage1912" class="citation book cs1">Guéranger, Prosper; Fromage, Lucien (1912). The Liturgical Year: Lent. Burns, Oates & Washbourne. p. 8. <q>St. Benedict's rule prescribed a great many fasts, over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent; but it made this great distinction between the two: that whilst Lent obliged the monks, as well as the rest of the faithful, to abstain from food till sunset, these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liturgical+Year%3A+Lent&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Burns%2C+Oates+%26+Washbourne&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9ranger&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rft.au=Fromage%2C+Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2002/02/27/some-christians-observe-lenten-fast-the-islamic-way&post_id=20178">"Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News" title="Union of Catholic Asian News">Union of Catholic Asian News</a>. 27 February 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Christians+observe+Lenten+fast+the+Islamic+way&rft.pub=Union+of+Catholic+Asian+News&rft.date=2002-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fstory-archive%2F%3Fpost_name%3D%2F2002%2F02%2F27%2Fsome-christians-observe-lenten-fast-the-islamic-way%26post_id%3D20178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lighthouse2018-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Lighthouse2018_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216003633/https://christsaviorchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/02-2018-Church-Bulletin_email-version.pdf">"The Lighthouse"</a> (PDF). Christ the Savior Orthodox Church. 2018. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christsaviorchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/02-2018-Church-Bulletin_email-version.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lighthouse&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Christ+the+Savior+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristsaviorchurch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2F02-2018-Church-Bulletin_email-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann1244-1253_en.html">"Code of Canon Law – Book IV – Function of the Church (Cann. 1244–1253)"</a>. www. Vatican.va. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.+Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+Book+IV+%E2%80%93+Function+of+the+Church+%28Cann.+1244%E2%80%931253%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcod-iuris-canonici%2Feng%2Fdocuments%2Fcic_lib4-cann1244-1253_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> 1983 <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Code of Canon Law</a>, canon 1251 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 1917 <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Code of Canon Law</a>, canon 1252 §§2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thouret-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thouret_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thouret_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212552/http://www.adorazioneeucaristica.it/S.%20Ambrogio/Quaresima%20rito%20Ambrosiano.pdf">"Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano"</a> [The time of Lent in the Ambrosian rite] (PDF) (in Italian). Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adorazioneeucaristica.it/S.%20Ambrogio/Quaresima%20rito%20Ambrosiano.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014. <q>Il rito di Imposizione delle ceneri andrebbe celebrato il Lunedì della prima settimana di Quaresima, ma da sempre viene celebrato al termine delle Messe della prima domenica di Quaresima. ... I venerdì di Quaresima sono di magro, ed il venerdì che segue la I Domenica di Quaresima è anche di digiuno.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Tempo+di+Quaresima+nel+rito+Ambrosiano&rft.pub=Parrocchia+S.+Giovanna+Antida+Thouret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adorazioneeucaristica.it%2FS.%2520Ambrogio%2FQuaresima%2520rito%2520Ambrosiano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatch1978-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatch1978_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1978" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Jane M. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc/page/163">The American Book of Days</a>. Wilson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824205935" title="Special:BookSources/9780824205935"><bdi>9780824205935</bdi></a>. <q>Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England, and in the United States by Episcopal, Lutheran, and some other Protestant churches. The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday, which is carried out according to members' wishes; however, it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion. Among Lutherans as well, there are no set rules for fasting, although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Book+of+Days&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Wilson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780824205935&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanbookofda00hatc%2Fpage%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GassmannOldenburg2011-51"><a href="#cite_ref-GassmannOldenburg2011_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassmannOldenburg2011" class="citation book cs1">Gassmann, Günther; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874824" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874824"><bdi>9780810874824</bdi></a>. <q>In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (except Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lutheranism&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810874824&rft.aulast=Gassmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Oldenburg%2C+Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfatteicher1990-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Pfatteicher1990_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfatteicher1990" class="citation book cs1">Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 223–244, 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800603922" title="Special:BookSources/9780800603922"><bdi>9780800603922</bdi></a>. <q>The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Lutheran+Book+of+Worship%3A+Lutheran+Liturgy+in+Its+Ecumenical+Context&rft.pages=223-244%2C+260&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780800603922&rft.aulast=Pfatteicher&rft.aufirst=Philip+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacobsHaas1899-53"><a href="#cite_ref-JacobsHaas1899_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsHaas1899" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John Augustus William (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029466533">The Lutheran Cyclopedia</a>. Scribner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029466533/page/n121">110</a>. <q>By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Cyclopedia&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Henry+Eyster&rft.au=Haas%2C+John+Augustus+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029466533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gavitt1991-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gavitt1991_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gavitt1991_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavitt1991" class="citation book cs1">Gavitt, Loren Nichols (1991). Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion. Holy Cross Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustine%27s+Prayer+Book%3A+A+Book+of+Devotion+for+Members+of+the+Anglican+Communion&rft.pub=Holy+Cross+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gavitt&rft.aufirst=Loren+Nichols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-55"><a href="#cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamKirby2009" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160743-1"><bdi>978-0-19-160743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Methodist+Studies&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160743-1&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMCFasting2017-56"><a href="#cite_ref-UMCFasting2017_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/what-does-the-united-methodist-church-say-about-fasting">"What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting?"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+The+United+Methodist+Church+say+about+fasting%3F&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fwhat-does-the-united-methodist-church-say-about-fasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2010" class="citation web cs1">Chavez, Kathrin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/resources/lent-a-time-to-fast-and-pray">"Lent: A Time to Fast and Pray"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lent%3A+A+Time+to+Fast+and+Pray&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fresources%2Flent-a-time-to-fast-and-pray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBianca2021" class="citation news cs1">LaBianca, Juliuana (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/holidays/easter-ideas/a31345625/when-is-lent/">"When Is Lent in 2021? Everything You Need to Know About When the Season Starts and Ends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a>. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Good+Housekeeping&rft.atitle=When+Is+Lent+in+2021%3F+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+When+the+Season+Starts+and+Ends&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=LaBianca&rft.aufirst=Juliuana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodhousekeeping.com%2Fholidays%2Feaster-ideas%2Fa31345625%2Fwhen-is-lent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140401/https://newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html">"Moravian Passion Week"</a>. New Hope Moravian Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021. <q>Lent begins with Ash Wednesday and ends with the conclusion of the Great Sabbath (Holy Saturday – Easter Eve) – forty days on the church calendar, excluding Sundays.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moravian+Passion+Week&rft.pub=New+Hope+Moravian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newhopemoravian.org%2Fholy-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northwestern_Publishing_House-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Northwestern_Publishing_House_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Northwestern Lutheran, Volumes 60–61. Northwestern Publishing House. 1973. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northwestern+Lutheran%2C+Volumes+60%E2%80%9361&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitch_130-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitch_130_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitch2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitch, Anne E. (2003). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Family+Prayer+Book&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kitch&rft.aufirst=Anne+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langford_96-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Langford_96_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1993" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Andy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueprintsforwor0000lang">Blueprints for worship: a user's guide for United Methodist congregations</a>. Abingdon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueprintsforwor0000lang/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687033126" title="Special:BookSources/9780687033126"><bdi>9780687033126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blueprints+for+worship%3A+a+user%27s+guide+for+United+Methodist+congregations&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780687033126&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblueprintsforwor0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covenantchicago.org/lent/">"The Meaning of Lent"</a>. Covenant Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Lent&rft.pub=Covenant+Presbyterian+Church+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovenantchicago.org%2Flent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenton2014-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenton2014_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton" class="citation web cs1">Fenton, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian.org/node/25432">"The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition"</a>. Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Season+of+Lent+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Western+Rite+of+the+Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese+of+North+America&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian.org%2Fnode%2F25432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://united-church.ca/worship-liturgical-season/first-sunday-lent">"First Sunday in Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Sunday+in+Lent&rft.pub=United+Church+of+Canada&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funited-church.ca%2Fworship-liturgical-season%2Ffirst-sunday-lent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWTN-66"><a href="#cite_ref-EWTN_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin" class="citation web cs1">Akin, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204060545/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/LENT.HTM">"All About Lent"</a>. EWTN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/LENT.HTM">the original</a> on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2014. <q>Lent is the forty day period before Easter, excluding Sundays, which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday (the day before Easter Sunday). [This traditional enumeration does not precisely coincide with the calendar according to the liturgical reform. To give special prominence to the Sacred Triduum (Mass of the Lord's Supper, Good Friday, Easter Vigil) the current calendar counts Lent as only from Ash Wednesday to Holy Thursday, up to the Mass of the Lord's Supper. Even so, Lenten practices are properly maintained up to the Easter Vigil, excluding Sundays, as before.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About+Lent&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FANSWERS%2FLENT.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_67-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenit_Staff" class="citation web cs1">Zenit Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/laypeople-distributing-ashes">"Laypeople Distributing Ashes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080540/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/laypeople-distributing-ashes">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laypeople+Distributing+Ashes&rft.au=Zenit+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Flaypeople-distributing-ashes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2022/03/05/did-pope-gregory-the-great-add-four-days-to-lent/">Did Pope Gregory the Great Add Four Days to Lent?</a> - Roger Pearse, 5 March 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The biblical text does not have the words "remember that", nor the vocative noun "homo" (human being) that is included in the pre-1970 <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version of the formula. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucher-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bucher_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bucher_70-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html">Richard P. Bucher, "The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413044542/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2015" class="citation web cs1">McNamara, Edward (17 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/ashes-and-how-to-impose-them">"Ashes and How to Impose Them"</a>. Zemit News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180945/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/ashes-and-how-to-impose-them">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashes+and+How+to+Impose+Them&rft.pub=Zemit+News+Agency&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fashes-and-how-to-impose-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-strew-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strew_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strew_72-1">b</a> The Lives of the Saints: "We read in the books both in the Old Law and in the New that the men who repented of their sins bestrewed themselves with ashes and clothed their bodies with sackcloth. Now let us do this little at the beginning of our Lent that we strew ashes upon our heads to signify that we ought to repent of our sins during the Lenten fast." </li> <li id="cite_note-blessing-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blessing_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blessing_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blessing_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blessing_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/special_days.html#ash_wednesday">"Ash Wednesday Blessing of Ashes"</a>. Occasional Office. Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227115750/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/special_days.html#ash_wednesday">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Office&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+Blessing+of+Ashes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbcp%2FPNG%2Fspecial_days.html%23ash_wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CofE-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_74-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/media/41155/tslent.pdf">Church of England, Lent Material</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629040053/http://www.churchofengland.org/media/41155/tslent.pdf">Archived</a> 29 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op.org/en/content/ash-wednesday-pope-francis-celebrates-santa-sabina">"Ash Wednesday: Pope Francis Celebrates at Santa Sabina"</a>. Order of preachers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125837/http://www.op.org/en/content/ash-wednesday-pope-francis-celebrates-santa-sabina">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Order+of+preachers&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday%3A+Pope+Francis+Celebrates+at+Santa+Sabina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fash-wednesday-pope-francis-celebrates-santa-sabina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_76-3">d</a> Roman Missal, Ash Wednesday </li> <li id="cite_note-TRM-77"><a href="#cite_ref-TRM_77-0">^</a> Tridentine Roman Missal, "Feria IV Cinerum" </li> <li id="cite_note-CUF-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CUF_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CUF_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuf.org/2013/02/are-you-ready-for-lent/">"Responses to frequently asked questions regarding Lenten practices"</a>. Catholics United for the Faith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075816/http://www.cuf.org/2013/02/are-you-ready-for-lent/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+United+for+the+Faith&rft.atitle=Responses+to+frequently+asked+questions+regarding+Lenten+practices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuf.org%2F2013%2F02%2Fare-you-ready-for-lent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060331/http://www.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk/404/section.aspx/403/ashes_to_go_this_ash_wednesday_">"Cathedral offers visitors 'Ashes to Go' this Ash Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a> (Anglican). 27 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk/404/section.aspx/403/ashes_to_go_this_ash_wednesday_">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cathedral+offers+visitors+%27Ashes+to+Go%27+this+Ash+Wednesday&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk%2F404%2Fsection.aspx%2F403%2Fashes_to_go_this_ash_wednesday_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_Biege" class="citation web cs1">Bernd Biege. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goireland.about.com/od/easter-and-lent/fl/Ash-Wednesday-in-Ireland.htm">"Ash Wednesday in Ireland: End of the Good Times, Start of Lent"</a>. About.com Travel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071110/http://goireland.about.com/od/easter-and-lent/fl/Ash-Wednesday-in-Ireland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Travel&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday+in+Ireland%3A+End+of+the+Good+Times%2C+Start+of+Lent&rft.au=Bernd+Biege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoireland.about.com%2Fod%2Feaster-and-lent%2Ffl%2FAsh-Wednesday-in-Ireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-K&L-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K&L_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&L_81-1">b</a> Website of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kildare_and_Leighlin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin">Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083452/http://www.kandle.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ash_Wednesday.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kandle.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ash_Wednesday.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kandle.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2FAsh_Wednesday.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4X.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 1331 §1 2°</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329021837/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4X.HTM">Archived</a> 29 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioceseofgrandrapids.org/Documents/Worship_Ash_Wed_Service_Leader_Guide.pdf">Order for the Blessing and Distribution of Ashes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074831/http://www.dioceseofgrandrapids.org/Documents/Worship_Ash_Wed_Service_Leader_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/why-ashes-on-ash-wednesday">"Why ashes on Ash Wednesday?"</a>. The United Methodist Church. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2019. <q>It is traditional to save the palm branches from the previous Palm Sunday service to burn to produce ashes for this service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Why+ashes+on+Ash+Wednesday%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fwhy-ashes-on-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.anglican.org/NewsShow_2653">"Lent and Easter"</a>. The Diocese of London. 17 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924101022/http://www.london.anglican.org/NewsShow_2653">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2006. <q>Ash Wednesday marks the first day of Lent, the period of forty days before Easter. It is so called because of the Church's tradition of making the sign of the cross on people's foreheads, as a sign of penitence and of Christian witness. The ash is made by burning palm crosses from the previous year and is usually mixed with a little holy water or oil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diocese+of+London&rft.atitle=Lent+and+Easter&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.anglican.org%2FNewsShow_2653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_P._Richert" class="citation web cs1">Scott P. Richert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicism.about.com/od/lent/f/Should-Catholics-Keep-Their-Ashes-On-All-Day-On-Ash-Wednesday.htm">"Should Catholics Keep Their Ashes on All Ash Wednesday?"</a>. About.com Religion & Spirituality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412224055/http://catholicism.about.com/od/lent/f/Should-Catholics-Keep-Their-Ashes-On-All-Day-On-Ash-Wednesday.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Religion+%26+Spirituality&rft.atitle=Should+Catholics+Keep+Their+Ashes+on+All+Ash+Wednesday%3F&rft.au=Scott+P.+Richert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicism.about.com%2Fod%2Flent%2Ff%2FShould-Catholics-Keep-Their-Ashes-On-All-Day-On-Ash-Wednesday.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin2014" class="citation web cs1">Akin, Jimmy (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/9-things-to-know-and-share-about-ash-wednesday">"9 things to know and share about Ash Wednesday"</a>. National Catholic Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311003452/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/9-things-to-know-and-share-about-ash-wednesday">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>There is no rule about this. It is a matter of personal decision based on the individual's inclinations and circumstances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+things+to+know+and+share+about+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Register&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fjimmy-akin%2F9-things-to-know-and-share-about-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucher" class="citation web cs1">Bucher, Richard P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413044542/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html">"The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Many Christians choose to leave the ashes on their forehead for the remainder of the day, not to be showy and boastful (see Matthew 6:16–18). Rather, they do it as a witness that all people are sinners in need of repentance AND that through Jesus all sins are forgiven through faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Meaning+of+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%93Missouri+Synod&rft.aulast=Bucher&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlutheran.com%2Fhtml%2Fash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArco2011" class="citation web cs1">Arco, Anna (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/03/03/dont-rub-off-your-ashes-urges-bishop/">"Don't rub off your ashes, urges bishop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Herald">The Catholic Herald</a>. Catholic Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311174617/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/03/03/dont-rub-off-your-ashes-urges-bishop/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014. <q>Catholics should try not to rub their ashes off after Ash Wednesday Mass, an English bishop has said. Bishop Kieran Conry of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arundel_and_Brighton" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton">Arundel and Brighton</a>, who heads the department of evangelization and catechesis, urged Catholics across Britain to wear "the outward sign of our inward sorrow for our sins and our commitment to Jesus as Our Lord and Savior". He said: "The wearing of the ashes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to share with people how important our faith is to us and to point them to the cross of Christ. I invite you where possible to attend a morning or lunchtime Mass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Don%27t+rub+off+your+ashes%2C+urges+bishop&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Arco&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F03%2Fdont-rub-off-your-ashes-urges-bishop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton2012" class="citation web cs1">Guyton, Morgan (21 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redletterchristians.org/like-religious-freedom-wear-ashes-on-wednesday/">"Like Religious Freedom? Wear Ashes on Wednesday!"</a>. Red Letter Christians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212035343/http://www.redletterchristians.org/like-religious-freedom-wear-ashes-on-wednesday/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015. <q>I strongly believe that wearing ashes on our foreheads on Ash Wednesday is the best way to 1) assert our religious freedom as citizens and 2) remember that our call as Christians is to be witnesses first and foremost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Like+Religious+Freedom%3F+Wear+Ashes+on+Wednesday%21&rft.pub=Red+Letter+Christians&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft.aulast=Guyton&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redletterchristians.org%2Flike-religious-freedom-wear-ashes-on-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicHerald2016-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicHerald2016_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicHerald2016_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/04/catholics-and-anglicans-to-distribute-ashes-to-shoppers-in-sunderland-city-centre/">"Catholics and Anglicans to distribute ashes to shoppers in Sunderland city centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Herald">The Catholic Herald</a>. 4 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205070901/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/04/catholics-and-anglicans-to-distribute-ashes-to-shoppers-in-sunderland-city-centre/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. <q>On Wednesday St Mary's Catholic church and Sunderland Minster, an Anglican church, will be working together to offer "Ashes to Go" – a new approach to a centuries-old Christian tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Catholics+and+Anglicans+to+distribute+ashes+to+shoppers+in+Sunderland+city+centre&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F02%2F04%2Fcatholics-and-anglicans-to-distribute-ashes-to-shoppers-in-sunderland-city-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-21/lent-ash-wednesday-ashes-to-go/53195664/1">"Episcopal priests offer 'Ashes to Go' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Dubbed Ashes to Go, it's a contemporary spin on the Ash Wednesday practice followed chiefly in Episcopal, Anglican, Catholic and Lutheran denominations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episcopal+priests+offer+%27Ashes+to+Go%27+as+Ash+Wednesday+begins+Lent&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fstory%2F2012-02-21%2Flent-ash-wednesday-ashes-to-go%2F53195664%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2014" class="citation web cs1">Banks, Adelle M. (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnews.com/2014/03/05/photo-slideshow-ashes-go-meets-commuters-washington-d-c/">"'Ashes to Go' meets commuters in Washington, D.C."</a> Religion News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060853/http://www.religionnews.com/2014/03/05/photo-slideshow-ashes-go-meets-commuters-washington-d-c/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Washington" title="Episcopal Diocese of Washington">Episcopal Diocese of Washington</a>, and members of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Paul%27s,_K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Church of St. Paul's, K Street (Washington, D.C.)">St. Paul's Parish</a> in Washington, D.C., imposed ashes on commuters and other passers-by on Ash Wednesday (5 March) near the Foggy Bottom Metro station in the nation's capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ashes+to+Go%27+meets+commuters+in+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Religion+News+Service&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Adelle+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionnews.com%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fphoto-slideshow-ashes-go-meets-commuters-washington-d-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_United_Methodist_Church-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_United_Methodist_Church_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_United_Methodist_Church_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083630/http://rethinkchurch.org/article/got-ashes-chicago-church-takes-lent-streets">"Got ashes? Chicago church takes Lent to the streets"</a>. The United Methodist Church. 27 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rethinkchurch.org/article/got-ashes-chicago-church-takes-lent-streets">the original</a> on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Got+ashes%3F+Chicago+church+takes+Lent+to+the+streets&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frethinkchurch.org%2Farticle%2Fgot-ashes-chicago-church-takes-lent-streets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AshesToGo-95"><a href="#cite_ref-AshesToGo_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ashestogo.org/about/">"About Ashes to Go"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095557/http://ashestogo.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Ashes+to+Go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashestogo.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-21/lent-ash-wednesday-ashes-to-go/53195664/1">"Episcopal priests offer 'Ashes to Go' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Anyone can accept the ashes although, Mellott says, non-Christians tend not to seek them. Still, she says, "If anyone does, we view it as an act of evangelism, and we make it clear this is a part of the Christian tradition."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episcopal+priests+offer+%27Ashes+to+Go%27+as+Ash+Wednesday+begins+Lent&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fstory%2F2012-02-21%2Flent-ash-wednesday-ashes-to-go%2F53195664%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Ezzo2012" class="citation web cs1">Anthony Ezzo (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214120423/http://www.kentwired.com/latest_updates/article_b2e8b91e-ef8a-523a-aac4-1c2623cb6497.html">"Students make time to get ashes"</a>. TV2. Kent Wired. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentwired.com/latest_updates/article_b2e8b91e-ef8a-523a-aac4-1c2623cb6497.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV2&rft.atitle=Students+make+time+to+get+ashes&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.au=Anthony+Ezzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentwired.com%2Flatest_updates%2Farticle_b2e8b91e-ef8a-523a-aac4-1c2623cb6497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon" class="citation web cs1">Brandon, Loretta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140403001330/http://www.statesboroherald.com/section/1/article/57542/">"A modern way to begin the Lenten season"</a>. Statesboro Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesboroherald.com/section/1/article/57542/">the original</a> on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014. <q>Ministers participating in Ashes to Go include the Rev. Dan Lewis from First Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Joan Kilian from Trinity Episcopal Church, the Rev. Bill Bagwell and the Rev. Jonathan Smith from Pittman Park United Methodist Church, the Rev. Douglas Clark of St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Church, and the Rev. James Byrd, from St. Andrew's Chapel Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statesboro+Herald&rft.atitle=A+modern+way+to+begin+the+Lenten+season&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesboroherald.com%2Fsection%2F1%2Farticle%2F57542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfbk.com/articles/kfbk-news-461777/catholics-who-cant-make-it-to-12127827/">"Catholics Who Can't Make it to Church can Get 'Ashes to Go'"</a>. KFBK News and Radio. 5 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065144/http://www.kfbk.com/articles/kfbk-news-461777/catholics-who-cant-make-it-to-12127827/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Some Catholics who couldn't make it to church this morning got their "Ashes on the Go." Father Tony Prandini with Good Shepherd Catholic Parish was conducting Ash Wednesday rituals – marking foreheads – outside of the State Capitol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholics+Who+Can%27t+Make+it+to+Church+can+Get+%27Ashes+to+Go%27&rft.pub=KFBK+News+and+Radio&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfbk.com%2Farticles%2Fkfbk-news-461777%2Fcatholics-who-cant-make-it-to-12127827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2017" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Harry (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/ashestogo.at.start.of.lent.as.clergy.offer.commuters.ash.n.dash/105145.htm">"#AshesToGo at Start of Lent As Clergy Offer Commuters 'Ash n' Dash'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Today" title="Christian Today">Christian Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301131053/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/ashestogo.at.start.of.lent.as.clergy.offer.commuters.ash.n.dash/105145.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. <q>Commuters can drive in the gate of St Patrick's Church, in Glenmady, receive ashes from their car and drive out the other side. 'We looked at the situation on the ground. People and families are on the move all the time,' parish priest Father Paddy Mooney told the Irish Catholic. 'It's about meeting people where they are.' The same church will also offer drive-through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left on the church grounds without having to leave their car.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23AshesToGo+at+Start+of+Lent+As+Clergy+Offer+Commuters+%27Ash+n%27+Dash%27&rft.pub=Christian+Today&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fashestogo.at.start.of.lent.as.clergy.offer.commuters.ash.n.dash%2F105145.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/what-ashes-go-where-get-atg-new-york-1559432">"What Is 'Ashes To Go'? Where To Get 'ATG' In New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. 4 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407112607/http://www.ibtimes.com/what-ashes-go-where-get-atg-new-york-1559432">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>In 2012, that initiative, "Ashes to Go," caught on nationally, and a year later the idea went international, with churches in the United Kingdom, Canada and South Africa also practicing the easy penitence method.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+%27Ashes+To+Go%27%3F+Where+To+Get+%27ATG%27+In+New+York&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwhat-ashes-go-where-get-atg-new-york-1559432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2016" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Tim (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wkyc.com/news/local/stark-county/jackson-township-church-offers-ashes-to-go/39104341">"Jackson Township church offers 'Ashes to Go'"</a>. WKYC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackson+Township+church+offers+%27Ashes+to+Go%27&rft.pub=WKYC&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wkyc.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstark-county%2Fjackson-township-church-offers-ashes-to-go%2F39104341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ashestogo.org/join-in/where-to-find-ashes-to-go/">"Where to find Ashes to Go This Year"</a>. Ashes to Go. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095738/http://ashestogo.org/join-in/where-to-find-ashes-to-go/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+to+find+Ashes+to+Go+This+Year&rft.pub=Ashes+to+Go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashestogo.org%2Fjoin-in%2Fwhere-to-find-ashes-to-go%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace2010-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace2010_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2010" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Robin Knowles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_P7BUQZVvsC&pg=PT49">The Christian Year: A Guide for Worship and Preaching</a>. Abingdon Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426731303" title="Special:BookSources/9781426731303"><bdi>9781426731303</bdi></a>. <q>The service for Ash Wednesday has traditionally included Psalm 51, prayers of confession and the sign of ashes, often in the shape of a cross.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Year%3A+A+Guide+for+Worship+and+Preaching&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781426731303&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robin+Knowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_P7BUQZVvsC%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglandMant1825-105"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglandMant1825_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMant1825" class="citation book cs1">Mant, Richard (1825). The Book of Common Prayer: And Administration of the Sacraments, and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David, Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches; and the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons; and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion: with Notes Explanatory, Practical and Historical, from Approved Writers of the Church of England. W. Baxter. p. 510.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+And+Administration+of+the+Sacraments%2C+and+Other+Rites+and+Ceremonies+of+the+Church%2C+According+to+the+Use+of+the+United+Church+of+England+and+Ireland%3A+Together+with+the+Psalter+Or+Psalms+of+David%2C+Pointed+as+They+are+to+be+Sung+Or+Said+in+Churches%3B+and+the+Form+and+Manner+of+Making%2C+Ordaining%2C+and+Consecrating+of+Bishops%2C+Priests%2C+and+Deacons%3B+and+the+Thirty-nine+Articles+of+Religion%3A+with+Notes+Explanatory%2C+Practical+and+Historical%2C+from+Approved+Writers+of+the+Church+of+England&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=W.+Baxter&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Mant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_106-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZV_f4uZUEC&pg=PA110">Sylvia A. Sweeney, An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent</a> (Peter Lang 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43310739-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43310739-9">978-1-43310739-9</a>), pp. 107–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-L'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'abbaye_Saint_Pierre_de_Solesmes" class="citation web cs1">L'abbaye Saint Pierre de Solesmes, Congregation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNjXBMdnWSY&t=1077s">"Traditional Gregorian Chants"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Traditional+Gregorian+Chants&rft.aulast=L%27abbaye+Saint+Pierre+de+Solesmes&rft.aufirst=Congregation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiNjXBMdnWSY%26t%3D1077s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeflingShattuck2006" class="citation book cs1">Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC&q=%22Ash+Wednesday%22+commination+office&pg=PA564">"Glossary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199723898" title="Special:BookSources/9780199723898"><bdi>9780199723898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199723898&rft.aulast=Hefling&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Shattuck%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC%26q%3D%2522Ash%2BWednesday%2522%2Bcommination%2Boffice%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglandMant1825A-109"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglandMant1825A_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMant1825" class="citation book cs1">Mant, Richard (1825). The Book of Common Prayer: And Administration of the Sacraments, and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David, Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches; and the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons; and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion: with Notes Explanatory, Practical and Historical, from Approved Writers of the Church of England. Oxford: W. Baxter. p. 506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+And+Administration+of+the+Sacraments%2C+and+Other+Rites+and+Ceremonies+of+the+Church%2C+According+to+the+Use+of+the+United+Church+of+England+and+Ireland%3A+Together+with+the+Psalter+Or+Psalms+of+David%2C+Pointed+as+They+are+to+be+Sung+Or+Said+in+Churches%3B+and+the+Form+and+Manner+of+Making%2C+Ordaining%2C+and+Consecrating+of+Bishops%2C+Priests%2C+and+Deacons%3B+and+the+Thirty-nine+Articles+of+Religion%3A+with+Notes+Explanatory%2C+Practical+and+Historical%2C+from+Approved+Writers+of+the+Church+of+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=W.+Baxter&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Mant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nY9AQAAMAAJ/page/n54">John Brand, Sir Henry Ellis, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (Bell & Daldy, 1873), vol. 1, p. 98</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nY9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA98&dq=%22supplied+in+our+church%22">Google books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&q=Commination">"Commination"</a> in Elizabeth A. Livingstone (editor), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19965962-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19965962-3">978-0-19965962-3</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Full text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/a-commination.aspx">the website of the Church of England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154726/http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/a-commination.aspx">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maude1901-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maude1901_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maude1901_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maude1901_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1901" class="citation book cs1">Maude, Joseph Hooper (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybookcomm00maudgoog">The History of the Book of Common Prayer</a>. E.S. Gorham. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybookcomm00maudgoog/page/n118">110</a>. <q>The Commination. This service was composed in 1549. In the ancient services, there was nothing that corresponded at all nearly to the first part of this service, except the sentences of the greater excommunication, which were commonly read in parish churches three or four times a year. Some of the reformers were very anxious to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church, which was indeed occasionally practiced, at least until the latter part of the eighteenth century, and they put forward this service as a sort of substitute. The Miserere and most of what follows were taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=E.S.+Gorham&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Hooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybookcomm00maudgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zoLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA431">Bernard Reynolds, Handbook to the Book of Common Prayer</a> (Рипол Классик <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-58-7386158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-58-7386158-3">978-58-7386158-3</a>), p. 431 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1868" class="citation book cs1">Church, Catholic (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sarumm00cath">The Sarum Missal in English</a>. Church Press Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sarumm00cath/page/52">52</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarum+Missal+in+English&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Church+Press+Company&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Catholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsarumm00cath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/why-ashes-on-ash-wednesday">"Why ashes on Ash Wednesday?"</a>. The United Methodist Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706043035/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/why-ashes-on-ash-wednesday">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Why+ashes+on+Ash+Wednesday%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fwhy-ashes-on-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulkes" class="citation book cs1">Foulkes, Richard. Church and Stage in Victorian Britain. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+Stage+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.aulast=Foulkes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacy2000-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Lacy2000_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacy2000" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Terry G. (2000). Ring of Seasons: Iceland – Its Culture and History. University of Michigan Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472086610" title="Special:BookSources/9780472086610"><bdi>9780472086610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Seasons%3A+Iceland+%E2%80%93+Its+Culture+and+History&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780472086610&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Terry+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsdottir2004" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einarsdottir, Kristin (2004). "Megum við syngja?" Rannsókn á öskudagssiðum Íslendinga fyrr og nú. ("Can we sing?" Research on öskudag customs in Iceland, past and present.) (Masters thesis) (in Icelandic). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iceland" title="University of Iceland">University of Iceland</a>, department of ethnology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22Megum+vi%C3%B0+syngja%3F%22+Ranns%C3%B3kn+%C3%A1+%C3%B6skudagssi%C3%B0um+%C3%8Dslendinga+fyrr+og+n%C3%BA.+%28%22Can+we+sing%3F%22+Research+on+%C3%B6skudag+customs+in+Iceland%2C+past+and+present.%29&rft.degree=Masters&rft.inst=University+of+Iceland%2C+department+of+ethnology&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Einarsdottir&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/MagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2/vii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C/nepi-vallasossag-ABA5/a-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6/a-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10/valtozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C/hamvazoszerda-AD50/,%20https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/MagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2/vii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C/nepi-vallasossag-ABA5/a-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6/a-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10/valtozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C/hamvazoszerda-AD50/,%20http://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/MagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2/vii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C/nepi-vallasossag-ABA5/a-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6/a-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10/valtozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C/hamvazoszerda-AD50/,%20https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/MagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2/vii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C/nepi-vallasossag-ABA5/a-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6/a-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10/valtozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C/hamvazoszerda-AD50/">"HAMVAZÓSZERDA | Magyar néprajz | Kézikönyvtár"</a>. www.arcanum.com (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arcanum.com&rft.atitle=HAMVAZ%C3%93SZERDA+%7C+Magyar+n%C3%A9prajz+%7C+K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FMagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2%2Fvii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C%2Fnepi-vallasossag-ABA5%2Fa-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6%2Fa-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10%2Fvaltozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C%2Fhamvazoszerda-AD50%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FMagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2%2Fvii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C%2Fnepi-vallasossag-ABA5%2Fa-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6%2Fa-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10%2Fvaltozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C%2Fhamvazoszerda-AD50%2F%2C%2520http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.hu%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FMagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2%2Fvii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C%2Fnepi-vallasossag-ABA5%2Fa-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6%2Fa-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10%2Fvaltozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C%2Fhamvazoszerda-AD50%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.hu%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FMagyarNeprajz-magyar-neprajz-2%2Fvii-nepszokas-nephit-nepi-vallasossag-A33C%2Fnepi-vallasossag-ABA5%2Fa-katolikus-magyarsag-vallasos-eletenek-neprajza-ABA6%2Fa-katolikus-egyhazi-ev-unnepei-AD10%2Fvaltozo-idopontu-unnepek-AD4C%2Fhamvazoszerda-AD50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0320.htm">Tertullian, On Repentance, chapter 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217013817/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0320.htm">Archived</a> 17 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_Fathers" class="citation web cs1">Church Fathers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">"Church History, Book V (Eusebius)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228204905/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Book+V+%28Eusebius%29&rft.au=Church+Fathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenton-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2013" class="citation web cs1">Fenton, John W (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian.org/content/orthodox-ash-wednesday">"Orthodox Ash Wednesday"</a>. Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416123422/http://www.antiochian.org/content/orthodox-ash-wednesday">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Ash+Wednesday&rft.pub=Antiochian+Western+Rite+Vicariate&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=John+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian.org%2Fcontent%2Forthodox-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/ASHES.HTM">"Fr. Saunders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307063659/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/ASHES.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fr.+Saunders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FANSWERS%2FASHES.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> The Lives of the Saints: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf">https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeks2003-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meeks2003_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeks2003_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeks2003" class="citation book cs1">Meeks, Blair Gilmer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--Wv5kiq-RoC">Season of Ash and Fire: Prayers and Liturgies for Lent and Easter</a>. Abingdon Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687044542" title="Special:BookSources/9780687044542"><bdi>9780687044542</bdi></a>. <q>In recent years Christians from the Reformed branch of the Protestant tradition have begun to recover a practice that dates in the Western church at least to the tenth century. That is to begin Lent on the Wednesday before the First Sunday in Lent with a service of repentance and commitment, including the imposition of ashes. The Lutheran and Anglican traditions, of course, never lapsed in this observance, and the liturgical reforms of Vatican II have made Roman Catholic prayers and rubrics more accessible to other traditions through ecumenical dialogues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Season+of+Ash+and+Fire%3A+Prayers+and+Liturgies+for+Lent+and+Easter&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780687044542&rft.aulast=Meeks&rft.aufirst=Blair+Gilmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--Wv5kiq-RoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff1877-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaff1877_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1877" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1877). A History of the Creeds of Christendom. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 612.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Creeds+of+Christendom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=612&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishbiograph00towegoog/page/n285">Joseph Towers, British Biography (Goadby 1766), vol. 2, p. 275</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrFfmsRBBogC&pg=PA275">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7ZTAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22whole+city+of+London%22&pg=PA159">John Strype, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer (London, Chiswell 1694), p. 159</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foxe-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Foxe_130-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00fo/page/500">John Foxe, John Milner, Ingram Cobbin, Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Knight and Son 1856), p. 500</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1pIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA500&dq=ashes+on+Ash-Wednesday">On Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton1883-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Benton1883_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1883" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Angelo Ames (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchcyclopaed00bentgoog">The Church Cyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Church Doctrine, History, Organization, and Ritual, and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics, Written Expressly for this Work by Bishops, Presbyters, and Laymen; Designed Especially for the Use of the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>. L. R. Hamersly. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchcyclopaed00bentgoog/page/n166">163</a>. <q>The Church Cyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Church Doctrine, History, Organization, and Ritual, and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Cyclopaedia%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Church+Doctrine%2C+History%2C+Organization%2C+and+Ritual%2C+and+Containing+Original+Articles+on+Special+Topics%2C+Written+Expressly+for+this+Work+by+Bishops%2C+Presbyters%2C+and+Laymen%3B+Designed+Especially+for+the+Use+of+the+Laity+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=L.+R.+Hamersly&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Angelo+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchcyclopaed00bentgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=Chambers+Ash+Wednesday+vain+show&pg=PA240">Robert Chambers, The Book of Days (1862), p. 240</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yawOAAAAIAAJ&dq=Fowler+%22Ash-Wednesday+observed%22&pg=PA119">Andrew Fowler, Episcopal Church, An Exposition of the Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments (1805), p. 119</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PublishingChurch1979-134"><a href="#cite_ref-PublishingChurch1979_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTMQAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+and+Administration+of+the+Sacraments+and+Other+Rites+and+Ceremonies+of+the+Church:+Together+with+the+Psalter+Or+Psalms+of+David+According+to+the+Use+of+the+Episcopal+Church">The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David According to the Use of the Episcopal Church</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 1979. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898690613" title="Special:BookSources/9780898690613"><bdi>9780898690613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+and+Administration+of+the+Sacraments+and+Other+Rites+and+Ceremonies+of+the+Church%3A+Together+with+the+Psalter+Or+Psalms+of+David+According+to+the+Use+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780898690613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTMQAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BCommon%2BPrayer%2Band%2BAdministration%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSacraments%2Band%2BOther%2BRites%2Band%2BCeremonies%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChurch%3A%2BTogether%2Bwith%2Bthe%2BPsalter%2BOr%2BPsalms%2Bof%2BDavid%2BAccording%2Bto%2Bthe%2BUse%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEpiscopal%2BChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canfield-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonte_Canfield2009" class="citation web cs1">Monte Canfield (20 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.salon.com/blog/monte_canfield/2009/02/20/ash_wednesday_what_is_it_about">"Ash Wednesday: What is it About?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306024921/http://open.salon.com/blog/monte_canfield/2009/02/20/ash_wednesday_what_is_it_about">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2014. <q>After the Reformation most Protestant church denominations, while recognizing Ash Wednesday as a holy day, did not engage in the imposition of ashes. Many Anglican, Episcopal, and some Lutheran churches did continue the rite but it was mostly reserved for use in the Roman Catholic Church. During and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations, many of the Protestant denominations encouraged a liturgical revival in their churches, and the Ash Wednesday imposition of ashes was encouraged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Ash+Wednesday%3A+What+is+it+About%3F&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft.au=Monte+Canfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen.salon.com%2Fblog%2Fmonte_canfield%2F2009%2F02%2F20%2Fash_wednesday_what_is_it_about&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingsburyPennington1980-136"><a href="#cite_ref-KingsburyPennington1980_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsburyPennington1980" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Jack D.; Pennington, Chester (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mi1I4v1KDhEC">Lent</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800640934" title="Special:BookSources/9780800640934"><bdi>9780800640934</bdi></a>. <q>The imposition of ashes symbolizes the penitential nature of the season of Lent. While this custom is still observed in the Roman Catholic church, and in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes, it has not been retained in Reformed churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lent&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780800640934&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Jack+D.&rft.au=Pennington%2C+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmi1I4v1KDhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson1996-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1996_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1996" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Russell F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbHjXgDWZdwC&pg=PA104">Lectionary Preaching Workbook</a>. CSS Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788008214" title="Special:BookSources/9780788008214"><bdi>9780788008214</bdi></a>. <q>Ashes are a traditional symbol of penitence and remorse. The practice of imposing ashes on the first day of Lent continues to this day in the church of Rome as well as in many Lutheran and Episcopalian quarters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectionary+Preaching+Workbook&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=CSS+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780788008214&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Russell+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbHjXgDWZdwC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denominations_1-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Denominations_1_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_P._Lazarus,_Mark_Sullivan2011" class="citation book cs1">William P. Lazarus, Mark Sullivan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTtcFiGbW2kC&q=lent+lutheran+catholic+methodist&pg=PA98">Comparative Religion For Dummies</a>. <a href="/wiki/For_Dummies" title="For Dummies">For Dummies</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118052273" title="Special:BookSources/9781118052273"><bdi>9781118052273</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2011. <q>This is the day Lent begins. Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads. The ashes draw on an ancient tradition and represent repentance before God. The holiday is part of Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Episcopalian liturgies, among others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion+For+Dummies&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118052273&rft.au=William+P.+Lazarus%2C+Mark+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoTtcFiGbW2kC%26q%3Dlent%2Blutheran%2Bcatholic%2Bmethodist%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=16&mid=6710">The United Methodist Church website: "When did United Methodists start the "imposition of ashes" on Ash Wednesday?"</a> retrieved 1 March 2014 | "While many think of actions such as the imposition of ashes, signing with the cross, foot-washing, and the use of incense as something that only Roman Catholics or high church Episcopalians do, there has been a move among Protestant churches, including United Methodists to recover these more multisensory ways of worship." </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumley-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumley_140-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abpnews.com/ministry/congregations/item/8214-baptists-mark-ash-wednesday-today#.Uw7ny7_C18E">Baptists mark Ash Wednesday Jeff Brumley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522185052/http://www.abpnews.com/ministry/congregations/item/8214-baptists-mark-ash-wednesday-today">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 13 February 2013 | While long associated with Catholic and various liturgical Protestant denominations, its observance has spread in recent years to traditions known more for avoiding liturgical seasons than embracing them. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman" class="citation web cs1">Roman, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/fasting/ash.html">"on Fasting"</a>. Ukrainian Orthodoxy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119214747/http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/fasting/ash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on+Fasting&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Orthodoxy&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org%2Farticles%2Ffasting%2Fash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2009" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Lou (12 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicphilly.com/2009/03/news/lenten-practices-differ-for-byzantine-catholics/">"Lenten practices differ for Byzantine Catholics"</a>. The Catholic Standard and Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415154229/http://catholicphilly.com/2009/03/news/lenten-practices-differ-for-byzantine-catholics/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Standard+and+Times&rft.atitle=Lenten+practices+differ+for+Byzantine+Catholics&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicphilly.com%2F2009%2F03%2Fnews%2Flenten-practices-differ-for-byzantine-catholics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parrocchie.it/napoli/provvidenza/il_rito_ambrosiano.html">"Il Rito Ambrosiano"</a> (in Italian). Parrocchie.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145544/http://www.parrocchie.it/napoli/provvidenza/il_rito_ambrosiano.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014. <q>la Quaresima inizia la domenica successiva al "mercoledì delle ceneri" con l'imposizione delle ceneri al termine della Messa festiva. ... Una delle pecularità di questo rito, con profili non-soltanto strettamente religiosi, è l'inizio della Quaresima, che non-parte dal Mercoledì delle Ceneri, ma dalla domenica immediatamente successiva.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Rito+Ambrosiano&rft.pub=Parrocchie.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parrocchie.it%2Fnapoli%2Fprovvidenza%2Fil_rito_ambrosiano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01394a.htm">"Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707130916/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01394a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambrosian+Liturgy+and+Rite&rft.pub=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01394a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipippo2014" class="citation web cs1">Dipippo, Gregory (16 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2014/02/septuagesima-in-ambrosian-rite.html#.U5PZQnJdWSo">"Septuagesima in the Ambrosian Rite"</a>. New Liturgical Movement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508014116/http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2014/02/septuagesima-in-ambrosian-rite.html#.U5PZQnJdWSo">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2014. <q>The Ambrosian Rite still to this day has no Ash Wednesday; it is therefore Quinquagesima that forms the prelude to Lent, properly so-called, which the Roman Rite has in Ash Wednesday and the ferias "post Cineres".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Septuagesima+in+the+Ambrosian+Rite&rft.pub=New+Liturgical+Movement&rft.date=2014-02-16&rft.aulast=Dipippo&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newliturgicalmovement.org%2F2014%2F02%2Fseptuagesima-in-ambrosian-rite.html%23.U5PZQnJdWSo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/easter.php">"Dates of Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102212630/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/easter.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dates+of+Ash+Wednesday+and+Easter+Sunday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Fdata%2Fdocs%2Feaster.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm">A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator: Days Dependent on Easter Sunday</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmaquel2024" class="citation web cs1">Esmaquel, Paterno II (10 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/ash-wednesday-valentines-day-2024-love-god-jowa-survey/">"Love for God or love for jowa? When Ash Wednesday falls on Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Love+for+God+or+love+for+jowa%3F+When+Ash+Wednesday+falls+on+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft.aulast=Esmaquel&rft.aufirst=Paterno+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Finside-track%2Fash-wednesday-valentines-day-2024-love-god-jowa-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?art=5554&l=en">"Lent with Jesus in the desert to fight the spirit of evil"</a>. Asia News.it. 3 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303052341/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5554">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2009. <q>Turning to the gospel of the day, which is about Jesus' 40 days in the desert, "where he overcame the temptations of Satan" (cfr Mk 1:12–13), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> exhorted Christians to follow "their Teacher and Lord to face together with Him 'the struggle against the spirit of evil'." He said: "The desert is rather an eloquent metaphor of the human condition."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lent+with+Jesus+in+the+desert+to+fight+the+spirit+of+evil&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Findex.php%3Fart%3D5554%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714105641/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0475/D.0475.199702180029.html">"Written Answers. – Cigarette Smoking"</a>. Dáil Éireann. 18 February 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0475/D.0475.199702180029.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.atitle=Written+Answers.+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BCigarette+Smoking.&rft.date=1997-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorical-debates.oireachtas.ie%2FD%2F0475%2FD.0475.199702180029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsh+Wednesday" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imt.ie/clinical/respiratory/chronic-longterm-costs-of-copd.html">Chronic long-term costs of COPD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610040128/http://www.imt.ie/clinical/respiratory/chronic-longterm-costs-of-copd.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dr Jarlath Healy, Irish Medical Times, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0225/1224241775710.html">Ban on smoking in cars gets Minister's support</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111195104/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0225/1224241775710.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alison Healy, <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2006/03/01/story213954161.asp">20% of smokers light up around their children every day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825204036/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2006/03/01/story213954161.asp">Archived</a> 25 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Claire O'Sullivan, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a>, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/corporate/history.htm">The History of No Smoking Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430111508/http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/corporate/history.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, No Smoking Day website </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/organisers/faq.htm#whennsd">FAQ: When is No Smoking Day 2010?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807065152/http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/organisers/faq.htm">Archived</a> 7 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, No Smoking Day website </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ash_Wednesday" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2022/03/10/the-origins-of-ash-wednesday/">The Origins of Ash Wednesday</a> – List of sources on the history</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Italic font marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Ash Wednesday at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ash_Wednesday" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ash Wednesday">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" class="extiw" title="q:Ash Wednesday">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123542" class="extiw" title="d:Q123542">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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