CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vegetarianism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"40c9d89d-bdbc-4371-844c-7df2df7560ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vegetarianism","wgTitle":"Vegetarianism","wgCurRevisionId":1277701478,"wgRevisionId":1277701478,"wgArticleId":32591,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2021","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from January 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023","Articles needing additional references from September 2020","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Vegetarianism","Vegetables","Diets","Applied ethics","Intentional living","Nonviolence"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vegetarianism","wgRelevantArticleId":32591,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q83364","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/1200px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="784"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/800px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/640px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="418"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vegetarianism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vegetarianism rootpage-Vegetarianism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vegetarianism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vegetarianism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vegetarianism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vegetarianism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Health research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diabetes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Cardiovascular system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Eating disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Mortality risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_composition_and_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_composition_and_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diet composition and nutrition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diet_composition_and_nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diet composition and nutrition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diet_composition_and_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Protein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamin_B12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_B12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Vitamin B12 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_B12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatty_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatty_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fatty acids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatty_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calcium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Calcium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamin_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Vitamin D </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vitamin_D2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_D2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Vitamin D2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_D2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Choline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ethics and diet </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics_and_diet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethics and diet subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_of_killing_for_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_of_killing_for_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethics of killing for food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_of_killing_for_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy_and_eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_and_eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Dairy and eggs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_and_eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Treatment of animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion and diet </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_diet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion and diet subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Seventh-day Adventist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastafari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Rastafari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastafari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Environment and diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_conditions_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_conditions_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Labor conditions and diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_conditions_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Economics and diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turnover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Turnover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-specific_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Country-specific information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-specific_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vegetarianism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C7%A3scl%C4%93as_%C7%A2t" title="Flǣsclēas Ǣt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Flǣsclēas Ǣt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نباتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نباتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexetarianismu" title="Vexetarianismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vexetarianismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianl%C4%B1q" title="Vegetarianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vegetarianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="নিরামিষ ভোজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিরামিষ ভোজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia%CC%8Dh-chh%C3%A0i-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chia̍h-chhài-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chia̍h-chhài-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вегетарыянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вегетарыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вэгетарыянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэгетарыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вегетарианство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вегетарианство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianisme" title="Vegetarianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vegetarianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetari%C3%A1nstv%C3%AD" title="Vegetariánství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vegetariánství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llysieuaeth" title="Llysieuaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llysieuaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarismus" title="Vegetarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vegetarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimetoitlus" title="Taimetoitlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimetoitlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χορτοφαγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χορτοφαγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianismo" title="Vegetarianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vegetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarismo" title="Vegetarismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vegetarismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begetarianismo" title="Begetarianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Begetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="گیاه‌خواری (انسان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه‌خواری (انسان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tarisme" title="Végétarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Végétarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegetarisme" title="Fegetarisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veigeat%C3%B3ireachas" title="Veigeatóireachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veigeatóireachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasraicheachd" title="Glasraicheachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Glasraicheachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexetarianismo" title="Vexetarianismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vexetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="શાકાહારી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાકાહારી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%84%EC%8B%9D%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="채식주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="채식주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin_ganyayyaki_kawai" title="Cin ganyayyaki kawai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cin ganyayyaki kawai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուսակերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուսակերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शाकाहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाकाहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarijanska_prehrana" title="Vegetarijanska prehrana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vegetarijanska prehrana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nmetis%C3%A6ta" title="Grænmetisæta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænmetisæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianismo" title="Vegetarianismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vegetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="צמחונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמחונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian" title="Vegetarian – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vegetarian" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვეგეტარიანელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეგეტარიანელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Вегетарианшылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вегетарианшылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaji_mboga" title="Ulaji mboga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulaji mboga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejetaryan%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Vejetaryanîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vejetaryanîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarismus" title="Vegetarismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vegetarismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%A3et%C4%81risms" title="Veģetārisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veģetārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarizmas" title="Vegetarizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vegetarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazvossy%C3%B6ndy" title="Kazvossyöndy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazvossyöndy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nalre%27ucti" title="nalre'ucti – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nalre'ucti" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianizmus" title="Vegetarianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegetarianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शाकाहार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शाकाहार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вегетаријанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вегетаријанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സസ്യഭോജനസമ്പ്രദായം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യഭോജനസമ്പ്രദായം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शाकाहार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शाकाहार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian" title="Vegetarian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vegetarian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83%CC%A4-ch%C3%A1i" title="Că̤-chái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Că̤-chái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begetarianismo" title="Begetarianismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Begetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शाकाहार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शाकाहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शाकाहार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शाकाहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="菜食主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菜食主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianisme" title="Vegetarianisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vegetarianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianisme" title="Vegetarianisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vegetarianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vegetarisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶାକାହାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶାକାହାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianlik" title="Vegetarianlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vegetarianlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਾਕਾਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਕਾਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سبزی خوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سبزی خوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="سابه خوړونکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سابه خوړونکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegetarianizm" title="Wegetarianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wegetarianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianismo" title="Vegetarianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vegetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vegetarianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вегетарианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вегетарианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vegetarianism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegjetarianizmi" title="Vegjetarianizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vegjetarianizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vegetarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetari%C3%A1nstvo" title="Vegetariánstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vegetariánstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarijanstvo" title="Vegetarijanstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vegetarijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarijanstvo" title="Vegetarijanstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vegetarijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarijanstvo" title="Vegetarijanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vegetarijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvissy%C3%B6nti" title="Kasvissyönti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvissyönti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vegetarianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggugulayin" title="Panggugulayin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panggugulayin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="சைவ உணவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைவ உணவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శాకాహారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాకాహారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ลัทธิมังสวิรัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิมังสวิรัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Гиёҳхорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гиёҳхорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejetaryenlik" title="Vejetaryenlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vejetaryenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вегетаріанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вегетаріанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سبزی خوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سبزی خوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="كۆكتاتۋازلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆكتاتۋازلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82n_chay" title="Ăn chay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ăn chay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvos%C3%BC%C3%BCmine" title="Kasvosüümine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kasvosüümine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B9%E7%B4%A0" title="茹素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="茹素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianismo" title="Vegetarianismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vegetarianismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="素食主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="素食主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="וועגעטאריאניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועגעטאריאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="食素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="食素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejetaryen" title="Vejetaryen – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vejetaryen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="素食主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="素食主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vegetarianism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vegetarianism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vegetarianism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&oldid=1277701478" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vegetarianism&id=1277701478&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVegetarianism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVegetarianism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vegetarianism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Travel_as_a_vegetarian" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83364" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abstaining from the consumption of meat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Vegetarianism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/250px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/375px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg/500px-Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1764" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Description</th><td class="infobox-data">Diet derived from <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>, with or without <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Varieties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">lacto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">raw veganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">fruitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">consumption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">insects</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flesh" title="Flesh">flesh</a> of any other <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>). It may also include abstaining from eating all <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> of <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">animal slaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vegsoc.org-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-navs-online.org-2">[2]</a> A person who practices vegetarianism is known as a vegetarian. Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons. Many people <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">object to eating meat</a> out of respect for <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> animal life. Such ethical motivations have been codified <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">under various religious beliefs</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> advocacy. Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">environmental</a>, cultural, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">taste-related</a>, or relate to other <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personal</a> <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preferences</a>. There are many variations of the vegetarian diet: an <a href="/wiki/Ovo-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovo-vegetarian">ovo-vegetarian</a> diet includes <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarian">lacto-vegetarian</a> diet includes <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">lacto-ovo vegetarian</a> diet includes both. As the strictest of vegetarian diets, a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> diet excludes all <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a>, and can be accompanied by abstention from the use of animal-derived products, such as leather shoes. Vegetarian diets pose some difficulties. For <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, depending on the presence or absence of eggs and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> in the diet or other reliable B12 sources, vegetarians may incur a <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiency">nutritional deficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Packaged and processed foods may contain minor quantities of animal ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-navs-online.org-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vegsoc.org2-4">[4]</a> While some vegetarians scrutinize product labels for such ingredients, others do not object to consuming them, or are unaware of their presence.<a href="#cite_note-navs-online.org-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vrg.org-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-VRG_FAQ-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The first written use of the term "vegetarian" originated in the early 19th century, when authors referred to a vegetable regimen diet.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Historically, 'vegetable' could be used to refer to any type of edible <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Modern dictionaries explain its origin as a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>) and the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-arian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-arian">-arian</a> (in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-oed-9">[9]</a> The term was popularized with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 1847,<a href="#cite_note-OED-10">[10]</a> although it may have appeared in print before 1847.<a href="#cite_note-OED-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-veghistory-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemble-12">[12]</a> The earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to <a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a>—a school on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Ham_Common,_London" title="Ham Common, London">Ham Common, London</a>—which was opened in July 1838 by <a href="/wiki/James_Pierrepont_Greaves" title="James Pierrepont Greaves">James Pierrepont Greaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-veghistory-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemble-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> From 1841, it was known as A Concordium, or Industry Harmony College, and the institution then began to publish its own pamphlet, The Healthian. It provides some of the earliest appearances of the term "vegetarian".<a href="#cite_note-veghistory-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg/170px-Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg/255px-Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg/340px-Tirthankar_Parshvanath_Bhagwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parshwanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshwanatha">Parshwanatha</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a> in the 9th century BCE</figcaption></figure> The earliest record of vegetarianism comes from the 9th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> inculcating tolerance towards all living beings.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshwanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshwanatha">Parshwanatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the 23rd and 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">tirthankaras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, respectively, revived and advocated <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a> between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE; the most comprehensive and strictest form of vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In Indian culture, vegetarianism has been closely connected with the attitude of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> towards animals (called <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> in India) for millennia and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-rv-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a> from 5th century BCE advocates Jain-vegetarianism; and forbids the monks from walking on grass in order to avoid inflicting pain on them and prevent small insects dwelling inside from getting killed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The ancient Indian work of the <a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a>, dated before the 5th century CE, explicitly and unambiguously emphasizes shunning meat and <a href="/wiki/Non-killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-killing">non-killing</a> as a common man's virtues.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>: 156–171 <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>: 127–129  Chapter 26 of the Tirukkural, particularly <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a> 251–260, deals exclusively on moral vegetarianism or veganism.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>: 156–171 <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Vegetarianism in ancient India Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. The only exception is that of the Chandalas. That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. ... In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle; in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. In buying and selling commodities they use cowries. Only the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>, Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE), A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodhipaksa-28">[28]</a></cite></div> </div> Among the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, and others, vegetarianism had medical or <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> purposes. Vegetarianism was also practiced in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the earliest reliable evidence for vegetarian theory and practice in Greece dates from the 6th century BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphics</a>, a religious movement spreading in Greece at that time, also practiced and promoted vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Greek teacher <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, who promoted the altruistic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>, may have practiced vegetarianism,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> but is also recorded as eating meat.<a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-31">[31]</a> A fictionalized portrayal of Pythagoras appears in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, in which he advocates a form of <a href="/wiki/Strict_vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strict vegetarianism">strict vegetarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borlik-32">[32]</a> It was through this portrayal that Pythagoras was best known to English-speakers throughout the early modern period and, prior to the coinage of the word "vegetarianism", vegetarians were referred to in English as "<a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean diet">Pythagoreans</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Borlik-32">[32]</a> Vegetarianism was also practiced about six centuries later in another instance (30 BCE–50 CE) in the northern <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> region by the <a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a> tribe (who inhabited present-day <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), feeding themselves on honey, milk, and cheese.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Tenmu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Emperor_Tenmu.jpg/170px-Emperor_Tenmu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Emperor_Tenmu.jpg/255px-Emperor_Tenmu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Emperor_Tenmu.jpg/340px-Emperor_Tenmu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> began bans on killing and eating meat in 675 CE in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 675, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> prohibited the killing and the eating of meat during the busy farming period between April and September but excluded the eating of wild birds and wild animals. These bans and several others that followed over the centuries were overturned in the nineteenth century during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In China, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist cuisine</a> became popular enough that vegetarian restaurants appeared where chefs used ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, root vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">meat analogues</a> including pork, fowl, eggs and crab roe<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and many meat substitutes used even today such as <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seitan" title="Seitan">seitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">konjac</a> originate in Chinese Buddhist cuisine. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg/220px-Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg/330px-Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg/440px-Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Labeling is mandatory in India to distinguish vegetarian products (green) from non-vegetarian products (brown).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe, as it did elsewhere, except in India.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Several orders of <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> restricted or banned the consumption of meat for <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> reasons, but none of them eschewed fish.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Moreover, the medieval definition of "fish" included such animals as seals, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacle geese">barnacle geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puffin" title="Puffin">puffins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beavers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beavers">beavers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Vegetarianism re-emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> becoming more widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a> was founded in the United Kingdom;<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries followed. In 1886, the vegetarian colony <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Germania" title="Nueva Germania">Nueva Germania</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, though its vegetarian aspect would prove short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>: 345–358  The <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>, an association of the national societies, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the 20th century as a result of nutritional, ethical, and—more recently—environmental and economic concerns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg/440px-Vegan_Gardein_Tofu_Foods_Display_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> and vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">deli</a> <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg/220px-Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg/330px-Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg/440px-Veggie_burger_miikkahoo_flickr_creative_commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A vegetarian hamburger with potato slices</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Comparison of the main vegetarian diets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">Eggs</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">Vegan</a> diet </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> There are a number of vegetarian diets that exclude or include various foods: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a> permits only fruit, nuts, seeds, and other plant matter that can be gathered without harming the plant.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diets</a> consist mostly of <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a> includes dairy products but not eggs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a> includes eggs but not dairy products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a> (or ovo-lacto vegetarianism) includes animal products such as eggs, milk, and honey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a> (also known as yogic diet), a <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diet</a> which may also include dairy and honey, but excludes eggs, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">red lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, mushrooms, <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">alliums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">blue cheeses</a>, fermented foods or sauces, and alcoholic drinks. Coffee, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">black or green tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, and any other type of stimulant (including excessively <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungent</a> spices) are sometimes excluded, as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> excludes all animal flesh and by-products, such as eggs, milk, honey, <a href="#cite_note-Slate-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edible_bird%27s_nest" title="Edible bird's nest">edible bird's nest</a> and items refined or manufactured through any such product, such as animal-tested <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> or white sugar refined with <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism#Raw_veganism" title="Raw foodism">Raw veganism</a> includes only fresh and uncooked fruit, nuts, seeds, and vegetables. Food must not be heated above 118 °F (48 °C) to be considered "raw". Usually, raw vegan food is only ever "cooked" with a <a href="/wiki/Food_dehydrator" title="Food dehydrator">food dehydrator</a> at low temperatures.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 92%; float:right; clear:right; margin:1em; margin-right:0em;"> <caption>Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (<a href="/wiki/Template:Comparison_of_vegetarian_and_semi-vegetarian_diets" title="Template:Comparison of vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets">view template</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th style="width: 4em;">Plants</th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Eggs</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th> <th style="width: 4.5em; line-height: 1em;">All other animals </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> Within the "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ovo-" class="extiw" title="wikt:ovo-">ovo-</a>" groups, there are many who refuse to consume fertilized <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Balut_(food)" title="Balut (food)">balut</a> being an extreme example); however, such distinction is typically not specifically addressed. Some vegetarians also avoid products that may use animal ingredients not included in their labels or which use animal products in their manufacturing. For example, sugars that are whitened with <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>, cheeses that use animal <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> from animal stomach lining), gelatin (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> inside animals' skin, bones, and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>), some <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">cane sugar</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">beet sugar</a>) and beverages (such as apple juice and alcohol) clarified with gelatin or crushed shellfish and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, while other vegetarians are unaware of, or do not mind, such ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-navs-online.org-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vegsoc.org2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-vrg.org-5">[5]</a> In the 21st century, 90% of rennet and <a href="/wiki/Chymosin" title="Chymosin">chymosin</a> used in cheesemaking are derived from industrial <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> processes, which satisfy both <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">halal</a> requirements.<a href="#cite_note-johnson2017-46">[46]</a> Individuals sometimes label themselves "vegetarian" while practicing a <a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">semi-vegetarian</a> diet,<a href="#cite_note-Barr-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> as some dictionary definitions describe vegetarianism as sometimes including the consumption of fish,<a href="#cite_note-Shorter_Oxford-50">[50]</a> or only include <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> flesh as part of their definition of meat,<a href="#cite_note-Shorter_Oxford-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> while other definitions exclude fish and all animal flesh.<a href="#cite_note-Vegsoc.org,_fish-52">[52]</a> In other cases, individuals may describe themselves as "flexitarian".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-americandialect.org-53">[53]</a> These diets may be followed by those who reduce animal flesh consumed as a way of transitioning to a complete vegetarian diet or for health, ethical, environmental, or other reasons. Semi-vegetarian diets include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a>, which includes fish and possibly other forms of seafood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a>, which includes chicken and possibly other poultry.</li></ul> Semi-vegetarianism is contested by vegetarian groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>, which states that vegetarianism excludes all animal flesh.<a href="#cite_note-Vegsoc.org,_fish-52">[52]</a> Consumption of eggs is not considered to be a part of a vegetarian diet in India, as egg is an animal product that gives birth to the next generation of the relevant species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_research">Health research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> On average, vegetarians consume a lower proportion of calories from fat (particularly saturated fatty acids), fewer overall calories, more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C, than do non-vegetarians. Vegetarians generally have a lower body mass index. These characteristics and other lifestyle factors associated with a vegetarian diet may contribute to the positive health outcomes that have been identified among vegetarians. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 – A report issued by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_(States_and_Subnational_Regions)_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg/220px-Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg/330px-Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg/440px-Countries_%28States_and_Subnational_Regions%29_and_Their_Positions_on_Vegetarian_Diets_in_Food-Based_Dietary_Guidelines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">Countries</a>' positions on vegetarian diets within their food-based <a href="/wiki/Dietary_guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary guidelines">dietary guidelines</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Supporters</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Informers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Uninformed</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Critics</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No guidelines</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Guideline not analysed</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acorn_Soup_(4827753894).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg/170px-Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg/255px-Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg/340px-Acorn_Soup_%284827753894%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acorn_noodle_soup" title="Acorn noodle soup">Acorn noodle soup</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg/220px-Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg/330px-Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg/440px-Fruit_Stall_in_Barcelona_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>A fruit stall in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> In Western countries, the most common motive for people practicing vegetarianism is health consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a> has stated that at all stages of life, a properly planned vegetarian diet can be "healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases."<a href="#cite_note-ada-09-57">[57]</a> Vegetarian diets offer lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ada-09-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19321569-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones">Bones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bones">edit</a>]</div> Studies have shown that a (non-lacto) vegetarian diet may increase the risk of calcium deficiency and low <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Li_2020-59">[59]</a> A 2019 review found that vegetarians have lower bone mineral density at the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femoral neck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar spine</a> compared to omnivores.<a href="#cite_note-Iguacel_2019-60">[60]</a> A 2020 meta-analysis found that infants fed a lacto-vegetarian diet exhibited normal growth and development.<a href="#cite_note-Li_2020-59">[59]</a> A 2021 review found no differences in growth between vegetarian and meat-eating children.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diabetes">edit</a>]</div> Vegetarian diets are under preliminary research for their potential to help people with <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ada-09-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-pap-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vig-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_system">Cardiovascular system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular system">edit</a>]</div> Meta-analyses have reported a reduced risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a> among vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-nutsoc-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Reviews of vegan and vegetarian diets showed a possible association with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, particularly among people under 26 years old.<a href="#cite_note-iguacel-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Another review found no significant associations between a vegetarian diet and depression or anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_disorders">Eating disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eating disorders">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Dietetic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dietetic Association">American Dietetic Association</a> discussed that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, indicating that vegetarian diets do not cause eating disorders, but rather "vegetarian diets may be selected to camouflage an existing eating disorder".<a href="#cite_note-adajournal-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_risk">Mortality risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mortality risk">edit</a>]</div> A 2012 study found a reduced risk in <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">all-cause mortality</a> in vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A 2017 review found a lower mortality (−25%) from ischemic heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-Dinu-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_composition_and_nutrition">Diet composition and nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet composition and nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">vegan nutrition</a></div> Western vegetarian diets are typically high in <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, but relatively low in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Key2006-71">[71]</a> Vegans can have particularly low intake of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> if they do not eat enough items such as <a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leafy greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> (soy).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> High levels of dietary fiber, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>, vitamins C and E, and magnesium, and low consumption of saturated fat are all considered to be beneficial aspects of a vegetarian diet.<a href="#cite_note-Davey-73">[73]</a> A well planned vegetarian diet will provide all nutrients in a meat-eater's diet to the same level for all stages of life.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein">Protein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protein">edit</a>]</div> Protein intake in vegetarian diets tends to be lower than in meat diets but can meet the daily requirements for most people.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> as well as other studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and various European countries, confirmed that vegetarian diets provide sufficient protein intake as long as a variety of plant sources are available and consumed.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron">Iron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iron">edit</a>]</div> Vegetarian diets typically contain similar levels of iron to non-vegetarian diets, but this has lower <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> than iron from meat sources, and its absorption can sometimes be inhibited by other dietary constituents.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> According to the Vegetarian Resource Group, consuming food that contains vitamin C, such as citrus fruit or juices, tomatoes, or broccoli, is a good way to increase the amount of iron absorbed at a meal.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Vegetarian foods rich in iron include <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hempseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hempseed">hempseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, lettuce, <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato_juice" title="Tomato juice">tomato juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whole-wheat_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-wheat bread">whole-wheat bread</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The related vegan diets can often be higher in iron than vegetarian diets, because dairy products are low in iron.<a href="#cite_note-Davey-73">[73]</a> Iron stores often tend to be lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians, and a few small studies report very high rates of iron deficiency (up to 40%,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and 58%<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> of the respective vegetarian or vegan groups). However, the <a href="/wiki/American_Dietetic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dietetic Association">American Dietetic Association</a> states that iron deficiency is no more common in vegetarians than non-vegetarians (adult males are rarely iron deficient); iron deficiency <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anaemia</a> is rare no matter the diet.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_B12">Vitamin B12</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vitamin B12">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a> is not generally present in plants but is naturally found in foods of animal origin.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODS_B12-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarians</a> can obtain B12 from <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and eggs, and vegans can obtain it from manufactured <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified foods</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>) and dietary supplements.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vegan_Society_B12_factsheet-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A strict vegan diet avoiding consumption of all animal products risks vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hyperhomocysteinemia" title="Hyperhomocysteinemia">hyperhomocysteinemia</a>, a risk factor for several health disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurological_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological deficit">neurological deficits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> problems, <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> disorders, and increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obersby-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">recommended daily dietary intake</a> of B12 in the United States and Canada is 0.4 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">mcg</a> (ages 0–6 months), rising to 1.8 mcg (9–13 years), 2.4 mcg (14+ years), and 2.8 mcg (lactating female).<a href="#cite_note-ODS_B12-84">[84]</a> While the body's daily requirement for vitamin B12 is in <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">microgram</a> amounts, deficiency of the vitamin through strict practice of a vegetarian diet without supplementation can increase the risk of several chronic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obersby-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODS_B12-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatty_acids">Fatty acids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fatty acids">edit</a>]</div> Plant-based, or vegetarian, sources of <a href="/wiki/Omega_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega 3">Omega 3</a> fatty acids include <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, pumpkin seeds, <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">canola oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hempseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hempseed">hempseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chia_seed" title="Chia seed">chia seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed">flaxseed</a>, echium seed and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leafy vegetables</a> such as lettuce, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" title="Portulaca oleracea">purslane</a>. Purslane contains more Omega 3 than any other known leafy green. <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>) are another important plant source of unsaturated fatty acids. Plant foods can provide <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> which the human body uses to synthesize the long-chain n-3 fatty acids <a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">EPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">DHA</a>. EPA and DHA can be obtained directly in high amounts from oily fish, fish oil, or algae oil. Vegetarians, and particularly vegans, have lower levels of EPA and DHA than meat-eaters. While the health effects of low levels of EPA and DHA are unknown, it is unlikely that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid will significantly increase levels.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. Significantly, for vegetarians, certain <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">spirulina</a> are good sources of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-linolenic acid">gamma-linolenic acid</a> (GLA), <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (ALA), <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (LA), <a href="/wiki/Stearidonic_acid" title="Stearidonic acid">stearidonic acid</a> (SDA), <a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA), and <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> (AA).<a href="#cite_note-uzbek-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-biomass-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcium">Calcium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Calcium">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> intake in vegetarians and vegans can be similar to non-vegetarians, as long as the diet is properly planned.<a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics-91">[91]</a> Lacto-ovo vegetarians that include dairy products can still obtain calcium from dairy sources like milk, yogurt, and cheese.<a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a> Non-dairy milks that are fortified with calcium, such as soymilk and <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a> can also contribute a significant amount of calcium in the diet.<a href="#cite_note-Mangels-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">Broccoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">bok choy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a> have also been found to have calcium that is well absorbed in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_Calcium-94">[94]</a> Though the calcium content per serving is lower in these vegetables than a glass of milk, the absorption of the calcium into the body is higher.<a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_Calcium-94">[94]</a> Other foods that contain calcium include calcium-set tofu, blackstrap molasses, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip greens</a>, mustard greens, soybeans, tempeh, almonds, okra, dried figs, and <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mangels-93">[93]</a> Though calcium can be found in <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">Spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_chard" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss chard">swiss chard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beet greens</a>, they are generally not considered to be a good source since the calcium binds to oxalic acid and is poorly absorbed into the body.<a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a> Phytic acid found in nuts, seeds, and beans may also impact calcium absorption rates.<a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a> See the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements for calcium needs for various ages,<a href="#cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">[92]</a> the Vegetarian Resource Group<a href="#cite_note-Mangels-93">[93]</a> and the Vegetarian Nutrition Calcium Fact Sheet from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics-91">[91]</a> for more specifics on how to obtain adequate calcium intake on a vegetarian or vegan diet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_D">Vitamin D</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vitamin D">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></div> Vitamin D needs can be met via the human body's own generation upon sufficient and sensible exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Products including milk, <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grains</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> to provide a source of vitamin D.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> For those who do not get adequate sun exposure or food sources, vitamin D supplementation may be necessary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vitamin_D2">Vitamin D2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vitamin D2">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">Alfalfa</a> (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192 IU) vitamin D2, 0.1 μg (4 IU) vitamin D3<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a>, from USDA nutrient database,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> per 100 g: <ul><li>Mushrooms, portabella, exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, raw: Vitamin D2: 11.2 μg (446 IU)</li> <li>Mushrooms, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, grilled: Vitamin D2: 13.1 μg (524 IU)</li> <li>Mushrooms, shiitake, dried: Vitamin D2: 3.9 μg (154 IU)</li> <li>Mushrooms, shiitake, raw: Vitamin D2: 0.4 μg (18 IU)</li> <li>Mushrooms, portabella, raw: Vitamin D2: 0.3 μg (10 IU)</li> <li>Mushroom powder, any species, illuminated with sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light sources</li></ul></li></ul> Vitamin D2, or <a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a> is found in fungus (except <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">plantae</a>) and created from <a href="/wiki/Viosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Viosterol">viosterol</a>, which in turn is created when ultraviolet light activates <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">ergosterol</a> (which is found in fungi and named as a <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterol</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">ergot</a>). Any <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">UV</a>-irradiated fungus including <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> form vitamin D2.<a href="#cite_note-Bowerman-100">[100]</a> Human bioavailability of vitamin D2 from vitamin D2-enhanced button mushrooms via UV-B irradiation is effective in improving vitamin D status and not different from a vitamin D2 supplement according to study.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> For example, vitamin D2 from UV-irradiated yeast baked into bread is bioavailable.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> By visual assessment or using a chromometer, no significant discoloration of irradiated mushrooms, as measured by the degree of "whiteness", was observed<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> making it hard to discover if they have been treated without labeling. Claims have been made that a normal serving (approx. 3 oz or 1/2 cup, or 60 grams) of mushrooms treated with ultraviolet light increase their vitamin D content to levels up to 80 micrograms,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> or 2700 IU if exposed to just 5 minutes of UV light after being harvested.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choline">Choline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Choline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> is a nutrient that helps transfer signals between nerve cells and is involved in liver function. It is highest in dairy foods and meat but it is possible to be obtained through a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_and_diet">Ethics and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethics and diet">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></div> With regard to the ethics of eating meat, scholars consider vegetarianism an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Ethical reasons for choosing vegetarianism vary and are usually predicated on the interests of <a href="/wiki/Non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human animals">non-human animals</a>. In many societies, controversies and debates have arisen over the ethics of eating animals. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals due to cultural <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>, such as cats, dogs, horses or rabbits. Others support meat eating for scientific, nutritional and cultural reasons, including religious ones. Some meat eaters abstain from the meat of animals reared in particular ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Factory_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farms">factory farms</a>, or avoid certain meats, such as <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a>. Some people follow vegetarian or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> diets not because of moral concerns involving the raising or consumption of animals in general, but because of concerns about the specific treatment and practices involved in the processing of animals for food. Others still avoid meat out of concern that meat production places a greater burden on the environment than production of an equivalent amount of plant <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Ethical objections based on consideration for animals are generally divided into opposition to the act of killing in general, and opposition to certain <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">agricultural practices</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">production</a> of meat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics_of_killing_for_food">Ethics of killing for food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethics of killing for food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></div> Ethical vegetarians believe that killing an animal, like killing a human, especially one who has equal or lesser cognitive abilities than the animals in question, can only be justified in extreme circumstances and that consuming a living creature for its enjoyable taste, convenience, or <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> value is not a sufficient cause.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Another common view is that humans are morally conscious of their behavior in a way other animals are not, and therefore subject to higher standards.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">Jeff McMahan</a> proposes that denying the right to life and humane treatment to animals with equal or greater cognitive abilities than mentally disabled humans is an arbitrary and discriminatory practice based on habit instead of logic.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Opponents of ethical vegetarianism argue that animals are not <a href="/wiki/Moral_equivalence" title="Moral equivalence">moral equals</a> to humans and so consider the comparison of eating livestock with killing people to be fallacious. This view does not excuse cruelty, but maintains that animals do not possess the rights a human has.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_and_eggs">Dairy and eggs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dairy and eggs">edit</a>]</div> One of the main differences between a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">lacto-ovo vegetarian diet</a> is the avoidance of both <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt. <a href="/wiki/Veganism#Ethical_veganism" title="Veganism">Ethical vegans</a> do not consume dairy or eggs because they state that their production causes the animal suffering or a premature death.<a href="#cite_note-marcus-114">[114]</a> To produce milk from <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>, farmers separate calves from their mothers soon after birth to retain cow milk for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-milk-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_animals">Treatment of animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Treatment of animals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ethical_vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical vegetarianism">Ethical vegetarianism</a> has become popular in developed countries particularly because of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a> and environmental consciousness. Some believe that the current mass-demand for meat cannot be satisfied without a mass-production system that disregards the welfare of animals, while others believe that practices like well-managed <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free-range</a> farming or the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> (particularly from species whose natural predators have been significantly eliminated) could substantially alleviate consumer demand for mass-produced meat.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_diet">Religion and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion and diet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism and religion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> teaches vegetarianism as moral conduct, as do some<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> sects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Buddhism in general does not prohibit meat eating, but <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> encourages vegetarianism as beneficial for developing compassion.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Other denominations that advocate a vegetarian diet include the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishnas">Hare Krishnas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> does not equate spirituality with diet and does not specify a vegetarian or meat diet.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> While there are no dietary restrictions in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, the son of the religion's founder, noted that a vegetarian diet consisting of fruits and grains was desirable, except for people with a weak constitution or those that are sick.<a href="#cite_note-PSmith-122">[122]</a> He stated that there are no requirements that Baháʼís become vegetarian, but that a future society should gradually become vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-PSmith-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> `Abdu'l-Bahá also stated that killing animals was contrary to compassion.<a href="#cite_note-PSmith-122">[122]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, stated that a purely vegetarian diet would be preferable since it avoided killing animals,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> both he and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>, the governing body of the Baháʼís have stated that these teachings do not constitute a Baháʼí practice and that Baháʼís can choose to eat whatever they wish but should be respectful of others' beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-PSmith-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery,_Spiti,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg/220px-Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg/330px-Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg/440px-Sign_promoting_vegetarianism_at_Key_Monastery%2C_Spiti%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sign promoting vegetarianism at <a href="/wiki/Key_Monastery" title="Key Monastery">Key Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Theravadins in general eat meat.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> If Buddhist monks "see, hear or know" a living animal was killed specifically for them to eat, they must refuse it or else incur an offense.<a href="#cite_note-Gunasekara-127">[127]</a> However, this does not include eating meat which was given as alms or commercially purchased. In the Theravada canon, <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> did not make any comment discouraging them from eating meat (except specific types, such as human, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake meat">snake</a>, lion, tiger, leopard, <a href="/wiki/Bear_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear meat">bear</a>, and hyena flesh<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>) but he specifically refused to institute vegetarianism in his monastic code when a suggestion had been made.<a href="#cite_note-129">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In several <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, Buddha instructs his followers to avoid meat.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> However, each branch of Mahayana Buddhism selects which sutra to follow, and some branches, including the majority of Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, actually do eat meat.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Meanwhile, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese Buddhism (in some sectors of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>) monks and nuns are expected to abstain from meat, and traditionally, to abstain from eggs and dairy as well.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Different Buddhist traditions have differing teachings on diet, which may also vary for ordained monks and nuns compared to others. Many interpret the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">precept</a> "not to kill" to require abstinence from meat, but not all. In Taiwan, su vegetarianism excludes not only all animal products but also vegetables in the <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">allium</a> family (which have the characteristic aroma of onion and garlic): onion, garlic, scallions, leeks, chives, or shallots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christian vegetarianism</a></div> Various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> in around 50 AD, recommended Christians keep following some of the Jewish food laws concerning meat. The early sect known as the <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a> are considered to have practiced vegetarianism. Surviving fragments from their <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites#Vegetarianism" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel</a> indicate their belief that – as Christ is the Passover sacrifice and eating the Passover lamb is no longer required – a vegetarian diet may (or should) be observed. However, orthodox Christianity does not accept their teaching as authentic. Indeed, their specific injunction to strict vegetarianism was cited as one of the Ebionites' "errors".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> At a much later time, the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a> founded by Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Cowherd" title="William Cowherd">William Cowherd</a> in 1809 followed a vegetarian diet.<a href="#cite_note-desc-145">[144]</a> Cowherd was one of the philosophical forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-146">[145]</a> Cowherd encouraged members to abstain from eating of meat as a form of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> are encouraged to engage in healthy eating practices, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets are recommended by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Nutrition Council (GCNC). They have also sponsored and participated in many scientific studies exploring the impact of dietary decisions upon health outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-sdada1-148">[147]</a> The GCNC has in addition adapted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Food_guide_pyramid#USDA_food_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Food guide pyramid">food pyramid</a> for a vegetarian dietary approach.<a href="#cite_note-sdada1-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> However, the only kinds of meat specifically frowned upon by the SDA health message are <a href="/wiki/Unclean_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean animals">unclean meats</a>, or those forbidden in scripture.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Additionally, some <a href="/wiki/Monastic_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic orders">monastic orders</a> follow a <a href="/wiki/Pescatarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescatarian">pescatarian</a> diet, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> follow a vegan diet during fasts.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> There is also a strong association between the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and vegetarianism dating back at least to the 18th century. The association grew in prominence during the 19th century, coupled with growing Quaker concerns in connection with alcohol consumption, anti-vivisection and social purity. The association between the Quaker tradition and vegetarianism, however, becomes most significant with the founding of the Friends' Vegetarian Society in 1902 "to spread a kindlier way of living amongst the Society of Friends."<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventist">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_health_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/San_health_food.jpg/220px-San_health_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/San_health_food.jpg/330px-San_health_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/San_health_food.jpg/440px-San_health_food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanitarium_Health_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitarium Health Food Company">Sanitarium</a> products for sale</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> is well known for presenting a health message that recommends <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and expects adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> laws in Leviticus 11. Obedience to these laws means abstinence from pork, shellfish, and other animals proscribed as "<a href="/wiki/Unclean_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean animals">unclean</a>". The church discourages its members from consuming <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> or illegal drugs (compare <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and alcohol">Christianity and alcohol</a>). In addition, some Adventists avoid <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">cola</a>, and other beverages containing <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The pioneers of the Adventist Church had much to do with the common acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> into the Western diet, and the "modern commercial concept of cereal food" originated among Adventists.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a> was one of the early founders of Adventist health work. His development of breakfast cereals as a health food led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Company">Kellogg's</a> by his brother <a href="/wiki/William_K._Kellogg" class="mw-redirect" title="William K. Kellogg">William</a>. In both <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the church-owned <a href="/wiki/Sanitarium_Health_and_Wellbeing_Company" title="Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company">Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company</a> is a leading manufacturer of health and vegetarian-related products, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Weet-Bix" title="Weet-Bix">Weet-Bix</a>. Kellogg encouraged his students <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauretta_E._Kress" title="Lauretta E. Kress">Lauretta E. Kress</a> to study medicine together at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Medical School">University of Michigan Medical School</a> and become public advocates of vegetarianism; together they published an important vegetarian cookbook and became early founders of what was later <a href="/wiki/Washington_Adventist_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Adventist Hospital">Washington Adventist Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Research funded by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> has shown that the average Adventist in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> lives 4 to 10 years longer than the average Californian. <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies" title="Adventist Health Studies">The research</a>, as cited by the cover story of the November 2005 issue of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>, asserts that Adventists live longer because they do not smoke or drink alcohol, have a day of rest every week, and maintain a healthy, low-fat vegetarian diet that is rich in nuts and beans.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The cohesiveness of Adventists' social networks has also been put forward as an explanation for their extended lifespan.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Dan_Buettner" title="Dan Buettner">Dan Buettner</a>'s 2005 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> story about Adventist longevity, his book, The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People Who've Lived the Longest, named <a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California" title="Loma Linda, California">Loma Linda, California</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Zone">blue zone</a>" because of the large concentration of Seventh-day Adventists. He cites the Adventist emphasis on health, diet, and Sabbath-keeping as primary factors for Adventist longevity.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> An estimated 35% of Adventists practice vegetarianism or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>, according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> North American Adventist health study recruitments from 2001 to 2007 found a similar prevalence of vegetarianism/veganism. A small majority of Adventists, 54%, were conventional meat-eaters. Of the remaining 46% it was found that 28% were <a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">vegetarians</a>, 10% were <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pesco-vegetarians</a> and 8% were vegans. It is common for Adventists who choose to eat meat to also eat plant-based foods; 6% of the "meat-eaters" group restricted their intake of meat/fish to no more than once per week.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/142px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" decoding="async" width="142" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/213px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/284px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Complete_Meal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Complete_Meal.jpg/92px-The_Complete_Meal.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Complete_Meal.jpg/138px-The_Complete_Meal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Complete_Meal.jpg/184px-The_Complete_Meal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2268" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%278%27_A_Thali,_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/238px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/357px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/476px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Illustrative of vegetarian Hindu meals</div></div></div></div> Though there is no strict rule on what to consume and what not to, the food habits of Hindus vary according to their specific caste and sub-caste, community, location, custom and varying traditions. Historically and currently, a majority of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (about 70%) eat meat, while a large proportion of Hindus are vegetarian (about 30%).<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Some sects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> follow the purest form of vegetarianism as an ideal while <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantric_hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric hinduism">Tantric</a> sects freely consume chicken, mutton (goat and sheep meat), fish and eggs. The reasons stated by <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnav" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnav">Vaishnavas</a> are: the principle of nonviolence (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>) applied to animals;<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> the intention to offer only "pure" (vegetarian) food to a deity and then to receive it back as <a href="/wiki/Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasad">prasada</a>; and the conviction that a <a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">sattvic diet</a> is beneficial for a healthy body. A sattvic diet is <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarian</a>, which includes dairy, but excludes eggs.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> An overwhelming majority of the Hindus consider the cow to be a holy and sacred animal whose <a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">slaughter</a> for meat is forbidden. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> is a taboo for the majority of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a></div> Some followers of Islam, or Muslims, chose to be vegetarian for health, ethical, or personal reasons. However, the choice to become vegetarian for non-medical reasons can sometimes be controversial due to conflicting <a href="/wiki/Fatwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatwas">fatwas</a> and differing interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Though some more traditional Muslims may keep quiet about their vegetarian diet, the number of vegetarian Muslims is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-huffpostca-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muslims_can't_be_vegetarian-166">[165]</a> Sri Lankan Sufi master <a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a>, who established The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in Philadelphia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">Indian president</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> was also famously a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalam-168">[167]</a> In January 1996, The International Vegetarian Union announced the formation of the Muslim Vegetarian/Vegan Society.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Many non-vegetarian Muslims will select vegetarian (or seafood) options when dining in non-<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> restaurants. However, this is a matter of not having the right kind of meat rather than preferring not to eat meat on the whole.<a href="#cite_note-Muslims_can't_be_vegetarian-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Vegetarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vegetarianism%22">"Vegetarianism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vegetarianism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vegetarianism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vegetarianism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vegetarianism%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vegetarianism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/220px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/330px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/440px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>The food choices of Jains are based on the value of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa (non-violence)</a>.</figcaption></figure> Followers of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> believe that all living organisms, including microorganisms, are living and have a soul, and have one or more senses out of five senses. They go to great lengths to minimise any harm to any living organism. Most Jains are lacto-vegetarians, but more devout Jains do not eat root vegetables, because they believe that root vegetables contain many more microorganisms as compared to other vegetables, and that, by eating them, violence against these microorganisms is inevitable. They therefore prefer eating beans and fruits, whose cultivation involves killing fewer microorganisms. No products obtained from already-dead animals are allowed because of potential violence against decomposing microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Some particularly dedicated individuals are <a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">fruitarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Honey is forbidden, being the regurgitation of nectar by bees <a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> and potentially containing eggs, excreta and dead bees. Many Jains do not consume plant parts that grow underground such as roots and bulbs, because the plants themselves and tiny animals may be killed when the plants are pulled up.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></div> While classical Jewish law neither requires nor prohibits the consumption of meat, Jewish vegetarians often cite Jewish principles regarding <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Treatment_of_animals" title="Jewish ethics">animal welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Environmental_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">environmental ethics</a>, moral character, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Health_and_self-respect" title="Jewish ethics">health</a> as reasons for adopting a vegetarian or vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Rabbis may advocate vegetarianism or veganism primarily because of concerns about animal welfare, especially in light of the traditional prohibition on causing unnecessary "pain to living creatures" (<a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim" title="Tza'ar ba'alei chayim">tza'ar ba'alei hayyim</a>).<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Some Jewish vegetarian groups and activists believe that the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> permission to eat meat is a temporary leniency for those who are not ready yet to accept the vegetarian diet.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">book of Daniel</a> starts in its first chapter with the benefits of vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Due to its size, its late time of origin and its revealing content, the book is of particular importance for the time of the following exile, which lasts now for 2000 years and technically still goes on until the Temple in Jerusalem is rebuilt. A diet described as "pulse and water" is presented along benefits such as accordance with the biblical dietary laws, health, beauty, wisdom and vision. Vegetarianism can be seen as a safeguard around the dietary laws or the beautification of them. Jewish vegetarianism and veganism have become especially popular among <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>. In 2016, Israel was described as "the most vegan country on Earth", as five percent of its population eschewed all animal products.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Interest in veganism has grown among both non-Orthodox and Orthodox Jews in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rastafari">Rastafari</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rastafari">edit</a>]</div> Within the Afro-Caribbean community, a minority are <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari</a> and follow the dietary regulations with varying degrees of strictness. The most orthodox eat only "<a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a>" or natural foods, in which the matching of herbs or spices with vegetables is the result of long tradition originating from the African ancestry and cultural heritage of Rastafari.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> "Ital", which is derived from the word vital, means essential to human existence. Ital cooking in its strictest form prohibits the use of salt, meat (especially pork), preservatives, colorings, flavorings and anything artificial.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Most Rastafari are vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/220px-Langar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/330px-Langar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/440px-Langar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>At the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a>, all people eat a vegetarian meal as equals.</figcaption></figure> The tenets of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> do not advocate a particular stance on either vegetarianism or the consumption of meat,<a href="#cite_note-SHP-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-hsp-188">[187]</a> but leave the decision of diet to the individual.<a href="#cite_note-fool-189">[188]</a> The tenth guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, however, prohibited "Amritdhari" Sikhs, or those that follow the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a> (the Official Sikh Code of Conduct)<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> from eating <a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha meat</a>, or meat which has been obtained from animals which have been killed in a ritualistic way. This is understood to have been for the political reason of maintaining independence from the then-new Muslim hegemony, as Muslims largely adhere to the ritualistic <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> diet.<a href="#cite_note-SHP-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-fool-189">[188]</a> "Amritdharis" that belong to some Sikh sects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> and Rarionwalay,<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> etc.) are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese).<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> This vegetarian stance has been traced back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, with the advent of many new <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> converts.<a href="#cite_note-fool-189">[188]</a> In response to the varying views on diet throughout the Sikh population, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</a> have sought to clarify the Sikh view on diet, stressing their preference only for simplicity of diet. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> said that over-consumption of food (<a href="/wiki/Lobh" title="Lobh">Lobh</a>, Greed) involves a drain on the Earth's resources and thus on life.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Passages from the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (the holy book of Sikhs, also known as the Adi Granth) say that it is "foolish" to argue for the superiority of animal life, because though all life is related, only human life carries more importance: "Only fools argue whether to eat meat or not. Who can define what is meat and what is not meat? Who knows where the sin lies, being a vegetarian or a non-vegetarian?"<a href="#cite_note-fool-189">[188]</a> The Sikh <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a>, or free temple meal, is largely lacto-vegetarian, though this is understood to be a result of efforts to present a meal that is respectful of the diets of any person who would wish to dine, rather than out of dogma.<a href="#cite_note-hsp-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-fool-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment_and_diet">Environment and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Environment and diet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Food_vs._feed" title="Food vs. feed">Food vs. feed</a></div> Environmental vegetarianism is based on the concern that the production of meat and animal products for mass consumption, especially through <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentally</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">unsustainable</a>. According to a 2006 United Nations initiative, the livestock industry is one of the largest contributors to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> worldwide, and modern practices of raising animals for food contribute on a "massive scale" to air and water pollution, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, climate change, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>. The initiative concluded that "the livestock sector emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global."<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases. According to a 2006 report it is responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as estimated in 100-year CO2 equivalents. Livestock sources (including enteric fermentation and manure) account for about 3.1 percent of US anthropogenic GHG emissions expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> This EPA estimate is based on methodologies agreed to by the Conference of Parties of the UNFCCC, with 100-year global warming potentials from the IPCC Second Assessment Report used in estimating GHG emissions as carbon dioxide equivalents. Meat produced in a laboratory (called <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro meat">in vitro meat</a>) may be more environmentally sustainable than regularly produced meat.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Reactions of vegetarians vary.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Rearing a relatively small number of grazing animals can be beneficial, as the Food Climate Research Network at Surrey University reports: "A little bit of livestock production is probably a good thing for the environment".<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, Belgium, was reported to be "the first [city] in the world to go vegetarian at least once a week" for environmental reasons, when local authorities decided to implement a "weekly meatless day". Civil servants would eat vegetarian meals one day per week, in recognition of the United Nations' report. Posters were put up by local authorities to encourage the population to take part on vegetarian days, and "veggie street maps" were printed to highlight vegetarian restaurants. In September 2009, schools in Ghent are due to have a weekly veggiedag ("vegetarian day") too.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Public opinion and acceptance of meat-free food is expected to be more successful if its descriptive words focus less on the health aspects and more on the flavor.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor_conditions_and_diet">Labor conditions and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Labor conditions and diet">edit</a>]</div> Some groups, such as <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a>, promote vegetarianism as a way to offset poor treatment and working conditions of workers in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> These groups cite studies showing the psychological damage caused by working in the meat industry, especially in factory and industrialised settings, and argue that the meat industry violates its labourers' human rights by assigning difficult and distressing tasks without adequate counselling, training and debriefing.<a href="#cite_note-labor-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-labor2-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-labor3-206">[205]</a> However, the working conditions of agricultural workers as a whole, particularly non-permanent workers, remain poor and well below conditions prevailing in other economic sectors.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Accidents, including pesticide poisoning, among farmers and plantation workers contribute to increased health risks, including increased mortality.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, agriculture is one of the three most dangerous jobs in the world[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>].<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_and_diet">Economics and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Economics and diet">edit</a>]</div> Similar to environmental vegetarianism is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">economic vegetarianism</a>. An economic vegetarian is someone who practices vegetarianism from either the philosophical viewpoint concerning issues such as public health and curbing world starvation, the belief that the consumption of meat is economically unsound, part of a conscious <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a> strategy or just out of necessity. According to the <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a>, "Massive reductions in meat consumption in industrial nations will ease their health care burden while improving public health; declining livestock herds will take pressure off rangelands and grainlands, allowing the agricultural resource base to rejuvenate. As populations grow, lowering meat consumption worldwide will allow more efficient use of declining per capita land and water resources, while at the same time making grain more affordable to the world's chronically hungry."<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> According to estimates in 2016, adoption of vegetarianism would contribute substantially to global healthcare and environmental savings.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Prejudice researcher Gordon Hodson argues that vegetarians and vegans frequently face <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> where eating meat is held as a cultural norm.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turnover">Turnover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Turnover">edit</a>]</div> Research suggests that, at least in the United States, vegetarianism has a high turnover rate, with less than 20% of adopters persisting for more than a year.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Research shows that lacking social support contributes to lapses.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] A 2019 analysis found that adhering to any kind of restricted diet (gluten-free, vegetarian, kosher, teetotal) was associated with feelings of loneliness and increased social isolation.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Vegetarians or vegans who adopted their diet abruptly might be more likely to eventually abandon it when compared to individuals adopting their diet gradually with incremental changes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country-specific_information">Country-specific information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Country-specific information">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">Vegetarianism by country</a></div> The rate of vegetarianism by country varies substantially from relatively low levels in countries such as the Netherlands (5%)<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> to more considerable levels in India (20–40%).<a href="#cite_note-:7-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Estimates for the number of vegetarians per country can be subject to methodological difficulties, as respondents may identify as vegetarian even if they include some meat in their diet, and thus some researchers suggest the percentage of vegetarians may be significantly overestimated.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Vegetarianism is occasionally <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional vegetarian characters">depicted in mass media</a>. Some scholars have argued that <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> serves as a "source of information for individuals" interested in vegetarianism or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> while there are "increasing social sanctions against eating meat".<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Attitudes_Towards_Environm-224">[223]</a> Over time, societal attitudes of vegetarianism have changed, as have perceptions of vegetarianism in popular culture, leading to more "vegetarian sentiment".<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Even so, there are still existing "meat-based" food metaphors which infuse daily speech,<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> and those who are vegetarian and vegan are met with "acceptance, tolerance, or hostility" after they divulge they are vegetarian or vegan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Some writers, such as John L. Cunningham, editor of the Vegetarian Resource Group's newsletter, have argued for "more sympathetic vegetarian characters in the mass media".<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> In Western literature, vegetarianism, and topics that relate to it, have informed a "gamut of literary genres", whether <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a> or those fictions focusing on <a href="/wiki/Utopias" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopias">utopias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dystopias" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopias">dystopias</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apocalypses" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypses">apocalypses</a>, with authors shaped by questions about human identity and "our relation to the environment", implicating vegetarianism and veganism.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Others have pointed to the lack of "memorable characters" who are vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2016-231">[230]</a> There are also vegetarian themes in <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In 1818, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> published the novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>. Writer and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a> argued in her seminal book, <a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a> that <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">the unnamed creature</a> in the novel was a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> She argued that the book was "indebted to the vegetarian climate" of its day and that vegetarianism is a major theme in the novel as a whole. She notes that the creature gives an "emotional speech" talking about its dietary principles, which makes it a "more sympathetic being" than others. She also said that it connected with <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era</a> who believed that the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> was meatless, rewrote the myth of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> symbolism. Adams concludes that it is more likely that the "vegetarian revelations" in the novel are "silenced" due to the lack of a "framework into which we can assimilate them." Apart from Adams, scholar Suzanne Samples pointed to "gendered spaces of eating and consumption" within <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian England</a> which influenced literary characters of the time.<a href="#cite_note-samples-236">[235]</a> This included works such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>'s poem titled <a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>'s volume of poetry titled <a href="/wiki/Goblin_Market_and_Other_Poems" title="Goblin Market and Other Poems">Goblin Market and Other Poems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Seacole" title="Mary Seacole">Mary Seacole</a>'s autographical account titled <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Adventures_of_Mrs._Seacole_in_Many_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands">Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a>'s novel titled <a href="/wiki/Orley_Farm_(novel)" title="Orley Farm (novel)">Orley Farm</a>. Samples also argued that vegetarianism in the Victorian era "presented a unique lifestyle choice that avoided meat but promoted an awareness of health", which initially was seen as rebellious but later became more normalized.<a href="#cite_note-samples-236">[235]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Irene_Clyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Clyde">Irene Clyde</a>'s 1909 <a href="/wiki/Feminist_utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist utopia">feminist utopian</a> novel, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_the_Sixteenth" title="Beatrice the Sixteenth">Beatrice the Sixteenth</a>, Mary Hatherley accidentally <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">travels through time</a>, discovering a <a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">lost world</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">postgender</a> society named Armeria, with the inhabitants following a strict vegetarian diet, having ceased to slaughter animals for over a thousand years. Some reviewers of the book praised the vegetarianism of the Armerians.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s 1922 novel, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> is said to have vegetarian themes. Scholar Peter Adkins argued that while Joyce was critical of the vegetarianism of George A.E. Russell, the novel engages with "questions of animal ethics through its portrayal of Ireland's cattle industry, animal slaughter and the cultural currency of meat," unlike some of his other novels. He also stated that the novel "historicizes and theorizes animal life and death," and that it demonstrates the ways that symbolism and materiality of meat are "co-opted within patriarchal political structures," putting it in the same space as theorists like <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright" title="Laura Wright">Laura Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Wolfe" title="Cary Wolfe">Cary Wolfe</a>, and writers such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> In 1997, S. Reneé Wheeler wrote in the Vegetarian Journal, saying that "finding books with vegetarian themes" is important for helping children "feel legitimate in being vegetarian."<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In 2004, writer <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> argued that since the "mode of consciousness of nonhuman species is quite different from human consciousness," it is hard for writers to realize this for animals, with a "temptation to project upon them feelings and thoughts that <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">may belong only to our own human mind and heart</a>," and stated that reviewers have ignored the presence of animals in his books. He also stated that animals are present in his "fiction either not at all or in a merely subsidiary role" because they occupy "a subsidiary place in our lives" and argued that it is not "possible to write about the inner lives of animals in any complex way."<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lethem" title="Jonathan Lethem">Jonathan Lethem</a> titled "Pending Vegan"<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> which follows "one family, a husband and wife and their four-year-old twin daughters" on a trip to <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. The protagonist of the story, Paul Espeseth, renames himself "Pending Vegan" in order to acknowledge his "increasing uneasiness with the relationship between man and beast."<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> In 2016, a three-part Korean novel by <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a> titled <a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian" title="The Vegetarian">The Vegetarian</a> was published in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-243">[b]</a> which focuses on a woman named Young-hye, who "sees vegetarianism as a way of not inflicting harm on anything," with eating meat symbolizing human violence itself, and later identifies as a plant rather than as a human "and stops eating entirely."<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Some argued the book was more about <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> than vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Others compared it to fictional works by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Vegetarians, and vegetarian themes, have appeared in various TV shows, such as <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-publicbooks-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-avclub-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-siegel2015-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-commentary-250">[248]</a> Mr. <a href="/wiki/Spock" title="Spock">Spock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> has been called "television's first vegetarian." He and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Vulcans" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcans">Vulcans</a> do not eat meat due to a "philosophy of non-violence."<a href="#cite_note-Laughton-251">[249]</a> He is identified as vegetarian following an episode where he was "transported back to pre-civilised times" and ate meat, and in Richard Marranca, in an issue of the Vegetarian Journal, said that for Spock, like <a href="/wiki/Kwai_Chang_Caine" title="Kwai Chang Caine">Kwai Chang Caine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)">Kung Fu</a>, "vegetarianism was something authentic and taken for granted; it was the right thing to do based on compassion and logic."<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> In 1995, The Simpsons episode "<a href="/wiki/Lisa_the_Vegetarian" title="Lisa the Vegetarian">Lisa the Vegetarian</a>" aired. Before recording their lines for the episode, showrunner David Mirkin, who had recently stopped consuming meat, gave Linda and Paul McCartney "a container of his favorite turkey substitute," with both voicing characters in an episode which focused around vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-siegel2015-249">[247]</a> Critic Alan Siegel said that before the episode vegetarians had been portrayed as "rarely as anything but one-dimensional hippies" but that this episode was different as it was "told from the point of view of the person becoming a vegetarian." He said that the episode was one of the "first times on television that vegetarians saw an honest depiction of themselves" and of people's reaction to their dietary choices. The idea for the episode was originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/David_X._Cohen" title="David X. Cohen">David X. Cohen</a> and the McCartneys agreed on the condition that Lisa remain a vegetarian, with both satisfied with how the episode turned out.<a href="#cite_note-siegel2015-249">[247]</a> In the episode, Lisa decides to stop eating meat after bonding with a lamb at a petting zoo. Her schoolmates and family members ridicule her for her beliefs, but with the help of Apu as well as <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a>, she commits to vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-253">[251]</a> The staff promised that she would remain a vegetarian,<a href="#cite_note-NZ-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> resulting in one of the few permanent character changes made in the show.<a href="#cite_note-Groening-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In an August 2020 interview, McCartney said that he and is wife were worried that Lisa "would be a vegetarian for a week, then Homer would persuade her to eat a hot dog," but were assured by the producers that she would remain that way, and he was delighted that they "kept their word."<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> In September 1998, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a> episode "And They Call It Bobby Love" aired on FOX. In the episode, "<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hill_(King_of_the_Hill)" title="Bobby Hill (King of the Hill)">Bobby</a> has a relationship with a vegetarian named Marie. She later dumps him after he eats a steak in front of her."<a href="#cite_note-avclub-248">[246]</a> In the March 2002 <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Fun_with_Veal" title="Fun with Veal">Fun with Veal</a>", <a href="/wiki/Stan_Marsh" title="Stan Marsh">Stan Marsh</a> becomes a vegetarian after he learns that veal is made of baby cows, which Cartman makes fun of. The episode ends with the boys, including Stan, getting grounded, but not before going out with their parents for burgers, meaning that Stan is no longer a vegetarian. In the DVD commentary, the creators said they wanted to balance their message of not eating baby animals, by at the same time not advocating people abstain from meat consumption altogether.<a href="#cite_note-commentary-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aang" title="Aang">Aang</a>, in the animated series <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra" title="The Legend of Korra">The Legend of Korra</a> was vegetarian. According to the show's creators, "Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> have been huge inspirations behind the idea for Avatar."<a href="#cite_note-NickMagInterview2-259">[257]</a> As shown in "The King of Omashu"<a href="#cite_note-The_King_of_Omashu-260">[258]</a> and "The Headband",<a href="#cite_note-The_Headband-261">[259]</a> a notable aspect of Aang's character is his vegetarian diet,<a href="#cite_note-Dean-262">[260]</a> which is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NickMagInterview2-259">[257]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutta_(Theravada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)">Brahmajala Sutra</a>, a Buddhist code of ethics, vegetarianism is encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Other fictional characters who are vegetarians include <a href="/wiki/Count_Duckula#Count_Duckula" title="Count Duckula">Count Duckula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Count_Duckula" title="Count Duckula">Count Duckula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beast_Boy" title="Beast Boy">Beast Boy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teen_Titans_(TV_series)" title="Teen Titans (TV series)">Teen Titans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teen_Titans_Go!" title="Teen Titans Go!">Teen Titans Go!</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Supernatural characters">Lenore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)">Supernatural</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaggy_Rogers" title="Shaggy Rogers">Norville "Shaggy" Rogers</a> in the animated series <a href="/wiki/What%27s_New,_Scooby_Doo%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What's New, Scooby Doo?">What's New, Scooby Doo?</a>.<a href="#cite_note-screenrant2020-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Before the latter animated series, Shaggy was known for having an "enormous appetite" earlier in the Scooby-Doo franchise. The decision to make Shaggy a vegetarian occurred after his voice actor, <a href="/wiki/Casey_Kasem" title="Casey Kasem">Casey Kasem</a>, convinced the producers to do so, since he was a vegan who supported <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a>, saying he would refuse to voice Shaggy unless the character was vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-screenrant2020-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laughton-251">[249]</a> The Netflix original, <a href="/wiki/Okja" title="Okja">Okja</a>, focused on vegetarianism. An October 2019 <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a> episode, "<a href="/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Goo" title="Let Them Eat Goo">Let Them Eat Goo</a>", featured a vegetarian character.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe_(character)" title="Steven Universe (character)">Steven Universe</a>, the protagonist in the show <a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe" title="Steven Universe">Steven Universe</a> and the limited epilogue series, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe_Future" title="Steven Universe Future">Steven Universe Future</a>, is a vegetarian. In the episode "Snow Day" of <a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe_Future" title="Steven Universe Future">Steven Universe Future</a>, Steven tells the Gems he lives with that he has been a vegetarian for a month, drinks protein shakes and mentions that he does "his own skincare routine."<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> In the 1999 film, <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)" title="Notting Hill (film)">Notting Hill</a>, Keziah, played by Emma Bernard is a vegetarian. In one scene, Keziah tells William "Will" Thacker (played by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>), that she is a <a href="/wiki/Fruitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruitarian">fruitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> She says she believes that "fruits and vegetables have feeling", meaning she opposes cooking them, only eating things that have "actually fallen off a tree or bush" and that are dead already, leading to what some describe as a negative depiction.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> In the 2000 film, <a href="/wiki/But_I%27m_A_Cheerleader" class="mw-redirect" title="But I'm A Cheerleader">But I'm A Cheerleader</a>, before Megan, one of the film's protagonists, is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a> camp, her parents and others claim she is a lesbian because she is a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde">Legally Blonde</a>, a 2001 film, also featured a vegetarian--Elle Woods. When she introduces herself at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, she describes herself and her dog as "Gemini vegetarians".<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> In the 2012 film, <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi_(film)" title="Life of Pi (film)">Life of Pi</a>, Pi, played by <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Sharma" title="Suraj Sharma">Suraj Sharma</a>, is a vegetarian based on his 3 religions: Hindu, Christian, and Muslim. And in the ship scene, one Taiwanese Sailor, played by Bo-Chieh Wang, is a vegetarian from his Buddhism religion to eat rice and the vegetarian gravy. In the 2018 Hollywood blockbuster, <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a>, M’Baku (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Duke" title="Winston Duke">Winston Duke</a>), the Jabari tribe leader who lives in the mountains of Wakanda, declares to a White CIA agent named Everett Ross (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Freeman" title="Martin Freeman">Martin Freeman</a>), "if you say one more word, I'll feed you to my children!" After Everett is shaken by these words, he jokes, saying he is kidding because all those in his tribe, including himself, are vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Some praised this scene for challenging a stereotype of Black culture and the perception of what vegetarians look like.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Duke later said that some Black outlets cooked vegan meals for him, and said that the scene is "kind of teaching kids that eating vegetables is cool," which is something he is for.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Vegetarian themes have also been noted in the Twilight <a href="/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)" title="Twilight (novel series)">novel</a> (2005–2008) and <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_(film_series)" title="The Twilight Saga (film series)">film</a> franchise (2008–2012), <a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a> (2006) and <a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Flood" title="The Year of the Flood">The Year of the Flood</a> (2009).<a href="#cite_note-publicbooks-247">[245]</a> In March 2020, scholar Nathan Poirer reviewed Thinking Veganism in Literature and Culture: Towards a Vegan Theory, a book edited by Emelia Quinn and Benjamin Westwood, and he concluded that veganism could "infiltrate popular culture without being perceived as threatening," while noting others who contribute to the book examining vegan cinema that "challenges the normality of human supremacy by situating humans as potential prey," and stating that the essays outline ways veganism can be successful in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Other scholars noted vegetarian themes in the films <a href="/wiki/The_Fault_in_Our_Stars_(film)" title="The Fault in Our Stars (film)">The Fault in Our Stars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thehub-279">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diaries_(film)" title="The Princess Diaries (film)">The Princess Diaries</a> series,<a href="#cite_note-Martin2016-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehub-279">[277]</a> and the 2009 film, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_(film)" title="Vegetarian (film)">Vegetarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">List of vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "The rule of vegetarianism was the fifth of a list of rules which Devadatta had proposed to the Buddha. Devadatta was the founder of the tapasa movement in Buddhism and his special rules involved ascetic and austere practices (forest-dwelling, wearing only rags, etc). The Buddha rejected all the proposed revisions of Devadatta, and it was in this context that he reiterated the tikoiparisuddha rule. (On this see the author's Western Buddhism and a Theravada heterodoxy, BSQ Tracts on Buddhism."<a href="#cite_note-Gunasekara-127">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> It was published in 2015 in the U.K. and in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 2007 </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vegsoc.org-1"><a href="#cite_ref-vegsoc.org_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=508">"What is a vegetarian?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318164124/https://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=508">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+vegetarian%3F&rft.pub=Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navs-online.org-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navs-online.org_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navs-online.org_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navs-online.org_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navs-online.org_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navs-online.org/articles/why-avoid-hidden-animal-ingredients/">"Why Avoid Hidden Animal Ingredients?"</a>. North American Vegetarian Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318173332/https://navs-online.org/articles/why-avoid-hidden-animal-ingredients/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Avoid+Hidden+Animal+Ingredients%3F&rft.pub=North+American+Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavs-online.org%2Farticles%2Fwhy-avoid-hidden-animal-ingredients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/the-vegetarian-diet/">"The vegetarian diet"</a>. nhs.uk. February 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815115229/https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/the-vegetarian-diet/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=The+vegetarian+diet&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Flive-well%2Feat-well%2Fhow-to-eat-a-balanced-diet%2Fthe-vegetarian-diet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegsoc.org2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vegsoc.org2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vegsoc.org2_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318175347/https://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=729">"Fact Sheets: Things to look out for if you are a vegetarian/vegan"</a>. Vegetarian Society. September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=729">the original</a> on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheets%3A+Things+to+look+out+for+if+you+are+a+vegetarian%2Fvegan&rft.pub=Vegetarian+Society&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vrg.org-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vrg.org_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vrg.org_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeevican2003" class="citation web cs1">Keevican, Michael (November 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/nutshell/cheese.htm">"What's in Your Cheese?"</a>. Vegetarian Resource Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318175819/https://www.vrg.org/nutshell/cheese.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+Your+Cheese%3F&rft.pub=Vegetarian+Resource+Group&rft.date=2003-11-05&rft.aulast=Keevican&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fnutshell%2Fcheese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRG_FAQ-6"><a href="#cite_ref-VRG_FAQ_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104203320/https://www.vrg.org/nutshell/faqingredients.htm#cheese">"FAQ: Food Ingredients"</a>. Vegetarian Resource Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/nutshell/faqingredients.htm#cheese">the original</a> on November 4, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Food+Ingredients&rft.pub=Vegetarian+Resource+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fnutshell%2Ffaqingredients.htm%23cheese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreece2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Preece, Rod</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12">The origins of the term "vegetarian". In: Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought</a>. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774858496" title="Special:BookSources/9780774858496"><bdi>9780774858496</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220043/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+term+%22vegetarian%22.+In%3A+Sins+of+the+Flesh%3A+A+History+of+Ethical+Vegetarian+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press%2C+Vancouver&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780774858496&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMnubkF5HjAC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/definitions.html">"Definitions - IVU - International Vegetarian Union"</a>. ivu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021172543/https://ivu.org/definitions.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ivu.org&rft.atitle=Definitions+-+IVU+-+International+Vegetarian+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-9"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vegetarian">"Vegetarian"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper Inc. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706232449/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vegetarian">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarian&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dvegetarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_10-1">b</a> OED vol. 19, second edition (1989), p. 476; Webster's Third New International Dictionary p. 2537; The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford, 1966, p. 972; The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (1988), p. 1196; Colin Spencer, The Heretic's Feast. A History of Vegetarianism, London 1993, p. 252. The OED writes that the word came into general use after the formation of the Vegetarian Society at Ramsgate in 1847, though it offers two examples of usage from 1839 and 1842: <ul><li>1839: "If I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian." (F. A. Kemble, Jrnl. Residence on Georgian Plantation (1863) 251)</li> <li>1842: "To tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature." (Healthian, Apr. 34) The 1839 occurrence remains under discussion; the Oxford English Dictionary's 1839 source is in fact an 1863 publication: <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Kemble" title="Fanny Kemble">Fanny Kemble</a>, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation 1838–1839. The original manuscript has not been located.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-veghistory-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-veghistory_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-veghistory_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-veghistory_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html">"History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318223303/https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>In 1841 the [Alcott House] was re-invented as A Concordium, or Industry Harmony College though the building remained 'Alcott House'. Also in 1841 they began printing and publishing their own pamphlets, which now seem to be lost, but we have the relevant extracts, with the earliest known use of 'vegetarian', from their first journal which began in December 1841[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism%3A+Extracts+from+some+journals+1842%E2%80%9348+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+known+uses+of+the+word+%27vegetarian%27&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fvegetarian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemble-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemble_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemble_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html">"History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian' (Appendix 2 – The 1839 journal of Fanny Kemble)"</a>. International Vegetarian Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318222547/https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism%3A+Extracts+from+some+journals+1842%E2%80%9348+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+known+uses+of+the+word+%27vegetarian%27+%28Appendix+2+%E2%80%93+The+1839+journal+of+Fanny+Kemble%29&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fkemble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416000814/https://www.worldvegfest.org/index.php/definitions">"FAQ: Definitions"</a>. IVU World Vegfest. <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>. March 8, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvegfest.org/index.php/definitions">the original</a> on April 16, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>The term 'Vegetarian' was first used around 1840 by the community closely associated with Alcott House School, near London, and they used it to refer exclusively to foods derived from plants—plus all the ethical values associated today with Veganism. [...] The word 'Vegetarian' was first formally used on September 30th of 1847 at Northwood Villa in Kent, England. The occasion is the inaugural meeting of The <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IVU+World+Vegfest&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+Definitions&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvegfest.org%2Findex.php%2Fdefinitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, transl. from the original Sanskrit by Patrick (1998). Upaniṣads (Reissued ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192835765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192835765"><bdi>978-0192835765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=Reissued&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0192835765&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=transl.+from+the+original+Sanskrit+by+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2011" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai, Shiva (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8"><bdi>978-1-934145-38-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India+%E2%80%93+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy+Publications+%28Hawaii%2C+USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-934145-38-8&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=Shiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Spencer" title="Colin Spencer">Spencer, Colin</a> (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874517606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874517606"><bdi>978-0874517606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heretic%27s+Feast%3A+A+History+of+Vegetarianism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E68%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate+Classic+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0874517606&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&q=Parshwanatha+vegetarian&pg=PA435">People of India: Maharashtra</a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179911006" title="Special:BookSources/9788179911006"><bdi>9788179911006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788179911006&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmBjoAFMfjoC%26q%3DParshwanatha%2Bvegetarian%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, Paul (April 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&q=jain+food+strictest&pg=PA307">Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610694124" title="Special:BookSources/9781610694124"><bdi>9781610694124</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220231/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&q=jain+food+strictest&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=9781610694124&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djain%2Bfood%2Bstrictest%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2012" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Kerry (June 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_Xn3QW9wfQC&q=mahavira+6th+century+vegetarian&pg=PA165">Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441115294" title="Special:BookSources/9781441115294"><bdi>9781441115294</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220044/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_Xn3QW9wfQC&q=mahavira+6th+century+vegetarian&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.isbn=9781441115294&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_Xn3QW9wfQC%26q%3Dmahavira%2B6th%2Bcentury%2Bvegetarian%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rv-20"><a href="#cite_ref-rv_20-0">^</a> Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama, ed. <a href="/wiki/Kerry_S._Walters" title="Kerry S. Walters">Kerry S. Walters</a> and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 13–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281046">"The Acharang Sutra"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Acharang+Sutra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Zvelebil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155">The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</a>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5"><bdi>90-04-03591-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220135/https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=90-04-03591-5&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.S._Sundaram1990" class="citation book cs1">P.S. Sundaram (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC">Kural (Tiruvalluvar)</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-015-9"><bdi>978-93-5118-015-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220115/https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kural+%28Tiruvalluvar%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-015-9&rft.au=P.S.+Sundaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPpv2F2RRgcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._A._Manavalan2009" class="citation book cs1">A. A. Manavalan (2009). Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) (1 ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Tributes+on+Tirukkural+%281886%E2%80%931986+AD%29&rft.place=Chennai&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.au=A.+A.+Manavalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155">The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004035915" title="Special:BookSources/9004035915"><bdi>9004035915</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9004035915&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dharani, D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906235">"Medicine in Thirukkural, The Universal Veda of Tamil Literature"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 79 (2018–19): 101–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906235">26906235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528084819/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906235">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Medicine+in+Thirukkural%2C+The+Universal+Veda+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2018%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26906235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dharani&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26906235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaxian1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (1886). "On To Mathura Or Muttra. Condition And Customs Of Central India; Of The Monks, Viharas, And Monasteries.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2124/2124-h/2124-h.htm">A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215001158/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2124/2124-h/2124-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+To+Mathura+Or+Muttra.+Condition+And+Customs+Of+Central+India%3B+Of+The+Monks%2C+Viharas%2C+And+Monasteries.&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Buddhistic+Kingdoms&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Faxian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2124%2F2124-h%2F2124-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhipaksa-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Bodhipaksa_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhipaksa2016" class="citation book cs1">Bodhipaksa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro5QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">Vegetarianism</a>. Windhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19093-14-740" title="Special:BookSources/978-19093-14-740"><bdi>978-19093-14-740</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220150/https://books.google.com/books?id=ro5QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism&rft.pub=Windhorse&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-19093-14-740&rft.au=Bodhipaksa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro5QDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Spencer p. 38–55, 61–63; Haussleiter p. 79–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivio2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Livio, Mario</a> (2003) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUARfgWRH14C">The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number</a> (First trade paperback ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Broadway Books</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0816-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0816-0"><bdi>978-0-7679-0816-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313121951/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUARfgWRH14C">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Ratio%3A+The+Story+of+Phi%2C+the+World%27s+Most+Astonishing+Number&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=First+trade+paperback&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-0816-0&rft.aulast=Livio&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUARfgWRH14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhmud-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhmud2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhmud, Leonid (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC&pg=PP235">Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans</a>. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928931-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220134/https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC&pg=PP235">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928931-8&rft.aulast=Zhmud&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-ghBD9q1QC%26pg%3DPP235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borlik-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borlik_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borlik_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorlik2011" class="citation book cs1">Borlik, Todd A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecocriticismearl0000borl">Ecocriticism and Early Modern English Literature: Green Pastures</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecocriticismearl0000borl/page/189">189</a>–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81924-1"><bdi>978-0-203-81924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecocriticism+and+Early+Modern+English+Literature%3A+Green+Pastures&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=189-192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81924-1&rft.aulast=Borlik&rft.aufirst=Todd+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecocriticismearl0000borl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjUOAQAAMAAJ&q=the+moesi+vegetarian">Encyclopedia of religion</a> (13 ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028659824" title="Special:BookSources/9780028659824"><bdi>9780028659824</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220142/https://books.google.com/books?id=cjUOAQAAMAAJ&q=the+moesi+vegetarian">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.edition=13&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780028659824&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjUOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmoesi%2Bvegetarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe" class="citation web cs1">Watanabe, Zenjiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf">"Removal of the Ban on Meat: The Meat-Eating Culture of Japan at the Beginning of Westernization"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429063516/http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Removal+of+the+Ban+on+Meat%3A+The+Meat-Eating+Culture+of+Japan+at+the+Beginning+of+Westernization&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Zenjiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kikkoman.co.jp%2Fkiifc%2Ffoodculture%2Fpdf_09%2Fe_002_008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoon2019" class="citation web cs1">Koon, Wee Kek (November 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3038384/vegetarianism-china-nothing-new-meat-free-diets">"Vegetarianism in China is nothing new: meat-free diets have ancient origins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324055143/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3038384/vegetarianism-china-nothing-new-meat-free-diets">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism+in+China+is+nothing+new%3A+meat-free+diets+have+ancient+origins&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=Wee+Kek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Fshort-reads%2Farticle%2F3038384%2Fvegetarianism-china-nothing-new-meat-free-diets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2020" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Jenny (August 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3097180/buddhist-food-how-healthy-vegetarian-dishes-full-seasonal">"Buddhist food: how the healthy, vegetarian dishes full of seasonal ingredients can imitate meat with funguses and plants"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214300/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3097180/buddhist-food-how-healthy-vegetarian-dishes-full-seasonal">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+food%3A+how+the+healthy%2C+vegetarian+dishes+full+of+seasonal+ingredients+can+imitate+meat+with+funguses+and+plants&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood-drink%2Farticle%2F3097180%2Fbuddhist-food-how-healthy-vegetarian-dishes-full-seasonal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2001" class="citation news cs1">Datta, P. T. Jyothi (September 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/09/05/stories/14050204.htm">"Health goes dotty with brown eggs & green milk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Business_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Business Line">Hindu Business Line</a>. New Delhi: Kasturi & Sons (published September 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319005736/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/09/05/stories/14050204.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>For discerning consumers, a recent <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Health Ministry</a> notification had made it mandatory for packed food containing animal parts contained in a box, to sport a brown dot prominently on its label.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Health+goes+dotty+with+brown+eggs+%26+green+milk&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=P.+T.+Jyothi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2F2001%2F09%2F05%2Fstories%2F14050204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassmore_John1975" class="citation journal cs1">Passmore John (1975). "The Treatment of Animals". Journal of the History of Ideas. 36 (2): 196–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708924">10.2307/2708924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708924">2708924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11610245">11610245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43847928">43847928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Treatment+of+Animals&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43847928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708924&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11610245&rft.au=Passmore+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Lutterbach, Hubertus. "Der Fleischverzicht im Christentum", Saeculum 50/II (1999) p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mortimer_(historian)" title="Ian Mortimer (historian)">Mortimer, Ian</a> (January 2010) [Originally published in Great Britain in 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Random_House_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House UK">Random House UK</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqWVlAEACAAJ">"What to Eat and Drink: Noble Households"</a> (Hardcover). In Sulkin, Will; Hensgen, Jörg (eds.). The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England (1st Touchstone hardcover ed.). New York, NY: Touchstone (<a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>). p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1289-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-1289-2</bdi></a>. <q>Seals, porpoises, dolphins, barnacle geese, puffins, and beavers are all classed as fish as their lives begin in the sea or in a river. Hence they are eaten gleefully, even on nonmeat days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+to+Eat+and+Drink%3A+Noble+Households&rft.btitle=The+Time+Traveler%27s+Guide+to+Medieval+England&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=1st+Touchstone+hardcover&rft.pub=Touchstone+%28Simon+%26+Schuster%29&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1289-2&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqWVlAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Spencer p. 180–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Spencer p. 252–253, 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Bauer, K., "The Domestication of Radical Ideas and Colonial Spaces", in M. Schulze, et al., eds., German Diasporic Experiences (<a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_ON" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo, ON">Waterloo, ON</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press" title="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a>, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu90CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348">pp. 345–358</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu90CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348">Archived</a> April 5, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigMangels2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig WJ, Mangels AR (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S0002-8223(09)00700-7/fulltext">"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets"</a>. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 109 (7): 1266–1282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027">10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562864">19562864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7906168">7906168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728114525/https://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223%2809%2900700-7/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academy+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association%3A+Vegetarian+Diets&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1266-%3C%2Fspan%3E1282&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7906168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19562864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Mangels%2C+AR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andjrnl.org%2Farticle%2FS0002-8223%2809%2900700-7%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slate-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Slate_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngber2008" class="citation web cs1">Engber, Daniel (July 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2008/07/the_great_vegan_honey_debate.html">"The Great Vegan Honey Debate: Is honey the dairy of the insect world?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309213633/https://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2008/07/the_great_vegan_honey_debate.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Great+Vegan+Honey+Debate%3A+Is+honey+the+dairy+of+the+insect+world%3F&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.aulast=Engber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Ffood%2F2008%2F07%2Fthe_great_vegan_honey_debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson2017-46"><a href="#cite_ref-johnson2017_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, M.E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(17)31054-8/fulltext">"A 100-Year Review: Cheese production and quality"</a>. Journal of Dairy Science. 100 (12): 9952–9965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.2017-12979">10.3168/jds.2017-12979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0302">0022-0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153182">29153182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=A+100-Year+Review%3A+Cheese+production+and+quality&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9952-%3C%2Fspan%3E9965&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0022-0302&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29153182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.2017-12979&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2817%2931054-8%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Barr_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrChapman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Barr SI, Chapman GE (March 2002). "Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian and nonvegetarian women". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102 (3): 354–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-8223%2802%2990083-0">10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90083-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11902368">11902368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Perceptions+and+practices+of+self-defined+current+vegetarian+and+nonvegetarian+women&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-8223%2802%2990083-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11902368&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.au=Chapman%2C+GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek.com-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek.com_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek.com_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYabroff2009" class="citation web cs1">Yabroff, Jennie (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/vegetarians-who-eat-meat-75433">"Vegetarians Who Eat Meat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319023944/http://www.newsweek.com/vegetarians-who-eat-meat-75433">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Vegetarians+Who+Eat+Meat&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Yabroff&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fvegetarians-who-eat-meat-75433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Gale, Catharine R. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu-lib.us/bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/bmj.39030.675069.55v1?hrss=1">"IQ in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood: 1970 British cohort study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000531/http://www.edu-lib.us/bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/bmj.39030.675069.55v1?hrss=1">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, British Medial Journal, December 15, 2006, vol 333, issue 7581, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorter_Oxford-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter_Oxford_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter_Oxford_50-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2002 and 2007) defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; esp. one who avoids meat but will eat dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> VEGAN noun)." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meat">"Meat"</a>. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319025828/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meat">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>Definition of meat [2a]: 2b; also: flesh of a mammal as opposed to fowl or fish</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meat&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vegsoc.org,_fish-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vegsoc.org,_fish_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vegsoc.org,_fish_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113323/https://www.vegsoc.org/fish">"Vegetarians don't eat fish, shellfish or crustacea, but they can still enjoy one of the healthiest diets available"</a>. Vegetarian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegsoc.org/fish">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>Many things have changed since the Vegetarian Society was founded way back in 1847, but fish have always been cold-blooded water dwelling animals and vegetarians do not eat animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarians+don%27t+eat+fish%2C+shellfish+or+crustacea%2C+but+they+can+still+enjoy+one+of+the+healthiest+diets+available&rft.pub=Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Ffish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-americandialect.org-53"><a href="#cite_ref-americandialect.org_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americandialect.org/2003_words_of_the_year">"2003 Words of the Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Dialect_Society" title="American Dialect Society">American Dialect Society</a>. January 13, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319030627/https://www.americandialect.org/2003_words_of_the_year">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018. <q>Most Useful: word or phrase which most fills a need for a new word – Winner flexitarian: noun, a vegetarian who occasionally eats meat. 31–41</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2003+Words+of+the+Year&rft.date=2004-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americandialect.org%2F2003_words_of_the_year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001728/http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/PolicyDoc/Chapter5.pdf">"Chapter 5: Building Healthy Eating Patterns"</a> (PDF). Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Report). 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/PolicyDoc/Chapter5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dietary+Guidelines+for+Americans&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnpp.usda.gov%2FPublications%2FDietaryGuidelines%2F2010%2FPolicyDoc%2FChapter5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/health-is-the-biggest-motivation-for-people-to-consider-turning-vegetarian-study-6351364/">"Study reveals biggest motivation for people to consider turning vegetarian"</a>. The Indian Express. April 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430220616/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/health-is-the-biggest-motivation-for-people-to-consider-turning-vegetarian-study-6351364/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Study+reveals+biggest+motivation+for+people+to+consider+turning+vegetarian&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-is-the-biggest-motivation-for-people-to-consider-turning-vegetarian-study-6351364%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopwoodBleidornSchwabaChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hopwood, Christopher J.; Bleidorn, Wiebke; Schwaba, Ted; Chen, Sophia (April 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117663">"Health, environmental, and animal rights motives for vegetarian eating"</a>. PLOS ONE. 15 (4): e0230609. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1530609H">2020PLoSO..1530609H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230609">10.1371/journal.pone.0230609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117663">7117663</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240198">32240198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Health%2C+environmental%2C+and+animal+rights+motives+for+vegetarian+eating&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0230609&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7117663%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1530609H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32240198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230609&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Hopwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Bleidorn%2C+Wiebke&rft.au=Schwaba%2C+Ted&rft.au=Chen%2C+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7117663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ada-09-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ada-09_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ada-09_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ada-09_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigMangels2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig WJ, Mangels AR (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pubs/1954">"Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets"</a>. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 1266–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027">10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562864">19562864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7906168">7906168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062508/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pubs/1954/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association%3A+vegetarian+diets&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1266-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7906168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19562864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Mangels%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fpubs%2F1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19321569-58"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19321569_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser GE (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677008">"Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (5): 1607S – 1612S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736K">10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677008">2677008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19321569">19321569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+diets%3A+what+do+we+know+of+their+effects+on+common+chronic+diseases%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1607S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1612S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2677008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19321569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736K&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2677008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_2020-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2020_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2020_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhouHuangWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jianfeng; Zhou, Ruiyun; Huang, Wei; Wang, Jianjun (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7534950">"Bone loss, low height, and low weight in different populations and district: a meta-analysis between vegans and non-vegans"</a>. Food and Nutrition Research. 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29219%2Ffnr.v64.3315">10.29219/fnr.v64.3315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1654-661X">1654-661X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7534950">7534950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061885">33061885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Nutrition+Research&rft.atitle=Bone+loss%2C+low+height%2C+and+low+weight+in+different+populations+and+district%3A+a+meta-analysis+between+vegans+and+non-vegans&rft.volume=64&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7534950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1654-661X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33061885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29219%2Ffnr.v64.3315&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jianfeng&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ruiyun&rft.au=Huang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jianjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7534950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iguacel_2019-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Iguacel_2019_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIguacelMiguel-BergesGómez-BrutonMoreno2019" class="citation journal cs1">Iguacel, Isabel; Miguel-Berges, María L; Gómez-Bruton, Alejandro; Moreno, Luis A; Julián, Cristina (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/84310">"Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Nutrition Reviews. 77 (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuy045">10.1093/nutrit/nuy045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30376075">30376075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53111636">53111636</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160333/http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/84310">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Veganism%2C+vegetarianism%2C+bone+mineral+density%2C+and+fracture+risk%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53111636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30376075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuy045&rft.aulast=Iguacel&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Miguel-Berges%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+L&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Bruton%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Luis+A&rft.au=Juli%C3%A1n%2C+Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzaguan.unizar.es%2Frecord%2F84310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComité_Nacional_de_Crecimiento_y_Desarrollo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Comité Nacional de Crecimiento y Desarrollo (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5546%2Faap.2021.S77">"Growth in children and in the offspring whose mothers adhere to vegetarian diets: Literature review"</a>. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria. 119 (4): S77 – S106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5546%2Faap.2021.S77">10.5546/aap.2021.S77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1668-3501">1668-3501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34309323">34309323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242376642">242376642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivos+Argentinos+de+Pediatria&rft.atitle=Growth+in+children+and+in+the+offspring+whose+mothers+adhere+to+vegetarian+diets%3A+Literature+review&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES77+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES106%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2021-08&rft.issn=1668-3501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242376642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34309323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5546%2Faap.2021.S77&rft.au=Comit%C3%A9+Nacional+de+Crecimiento+y+Desarrollo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5546%252Faap.2021.S77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pap-62"><a href="#cite_ref-pap_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapamichouPanagiotakosItsiopoulos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Itsiopoulos C (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (Systematic Review). 29 (6): 531–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.numecd.2019.02.004">10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30952576">30952576</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86497236">86497236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutr+Metab+Cardiovasc+Dis&rft.atitle=Dietary+patterns+and+management+of+type+2+diabetes%3A+A+systematic+review+of+randomised+clinical+trials&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86497236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30952576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.numecd.2019.02.004&rft.aulast=Papamichou&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Panagiotakos%2C+DB&rft.au=Itsiopoulos%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vig-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Vig_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViguilioukKendallKahleováRahelić2019" class="citation journal cs1">Viguiliouk, Effie; Kendall, Cyril WC.; Kahleová, Hana; et al. (2019). "Effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clinical Nutrition. 38 (3): 1133–1145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2018.05.032">10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-5614">0261-5614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29960809">29960809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49649078">49649078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Effect+of+vegetarian+dietary+patterns+on+cardiometabolic+risk+factors+in+diabetes%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1133-%3C%2Fspan%3E1145&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0261-5614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49649078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29960809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2018.05.032&rft.aulast=Viguiliouk&rft.aufirst=Effie&rft.au=Kendall%2C+Cyril+WC.&rft.au=Kahleov%C3%A1%2C+Hana&rft.au=Raheli%C4%87%2C+Dario&rft.au=Salas-Salvad%C3%B3%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Choo%2C+Vivian+L.&rft.au=Mejia%2C+Sonia+Blanco&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Leiter%2C+Lawrence+A.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+David+JA.&rft.au=Sievenpiper%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nutsoc-64"><a href="#cite_ref-nutsoc_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZampelasMagriplis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zampelas, Antonis; Magriplis, Emmanuella (June 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0029665119000946">"Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence"</a>. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 79 (1): 68–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0029665119000946">10.1017/s0029665119000946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-6651">0029-6651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31250769">31250769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195757764">195757764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Nutrition+Society&rft.atitle=Dietary+patterns+and+risk+of+cardiovascular+diseases%3A+a+review+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.issn=0029-6651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195757764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31250769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0029665119000946&rft.aulast=Zampelas&rft.aufirst=Antonis&rft.au=Magriplis%2C+Emmanuella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0029665119000946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iguacel-65"><a href="#cite_ref-iguacel_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIguacelHuybrechtsMorenoMichels2020" class="citation journal cs1">Iguacel, Isabel; Huybrechts, Inge; Moreno, Luis A.; Michels, Nathalie (June 1, 2020). "Vegetarianism and veganism compared with mental health and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 79 (4): 361–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuaa030">10.1093/nutrit/nuaa030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8680862">1854/LU-8680862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-6643">0029-6643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32483598">32483598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vegetarianism+and+veganism+compared+with+mental+health+and+cognitive+outcomes%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8680862&rft.issn=0029-6643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32483598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuaa030&rft.aulast=Iguacel&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Huybrechts%2C+Inge&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Luis+A.&rft.au=Michels%2C+Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcklenburgBorawski2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ocklenburg, Sebastian; Borawski, Jette (November 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032721007771">"Vegetarian diet and depression scores: A meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 294: 813–815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2021.07.098">10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0327">0165-0327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375207">34375207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+diet+and+depression+scores%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E815&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.issn=0165-0327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34375207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2021.07.098&rft.aulast=Ocklenburg&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Borawski%2C+Jette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0165032721007771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskari,_MohammadrezaDaneshzad,_ElnazMofrad,_Manije_DarooghegiBellissimo,_Nick2020" class="citation journal cs1">Askari, Mohammadreza; Daneshzad, Elnaz; Mofrad, Manije Darooghegi; Bellissimo, Nick; Suitor, Katherine; Azadbakht, Leila (2020). "Vegetarian diet and the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 4 (1): 261–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2020.1814991">10.1080/10408398.2020.1814991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32885996">32885996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221497075">221497075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+diet+and+the+risk+of+depression%2C+anxiety%2C+and+stress+symptoms%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+observational+studies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221497075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32885996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2020.1814991&rft.au=Askari%2C+Mohammadreza&rft.au=Daneshzad%2C+Elnaz&rft.au=Mofrad%2C+Manije+Darooghegi&rft.au=Bellissimo%2C+Nick&rft.au=Suitor%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Azadbakht%2C+Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adajournal-68"><a href="#cite_ref-adajournal_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigMangels2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig WJ, Mangels AR (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andeal.org/vault/2440/web/JADA_VEG.pdf">"Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets"</a> (PDF). Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 1266–1282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027">10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562864">19562864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7906168">7906168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206001616/https://www.andeal.org/vault/2440/web/JADA_VEG.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association%3A+vegetarian+diets&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1266-%3C%2Fspan%3E1282&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7906168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19562864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Mangels%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeal.org%2Fvault%2F2440%2Fweb%2FJADA_VEG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangYangZhengLi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Tao; Yang, Bin; Zheng, Jusheng; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000337301">"Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review"</a>. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 60 (4): 233–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000337301">10.1159/000337301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1421-9697">1421-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22677895">22677895</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3671512">3671512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Nutrition+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Cardiovascular+disease+mortality+and+cancer+incidence+in+vegetarians%3A+a+meta-analysis+and+systematic+review&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1421-9697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3671512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22677895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000337301&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft.au=Yang%2C+Bin&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Jusheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Guipu&rft.au=Wahlqvist%2C+Mark+L.&rft.au=Li%2C+Duo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000337301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinu-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Dinu_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinuAbbateGensiniCasini2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinu, Monica; Abbate, Rosanna; Gensini, Gian Franco; Casini, Alessandro; Sofi, Francesco (June 13, 2017). "Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 57 (17): 3640–3649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2016.1138447">10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F1079985">2158/1079985</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-8398">1040-8398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26853923">26853923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10073754">10073754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Vegetarian%2C+vegan+diets+and+multiple+health+outcomes%3A+A+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis+of+observational+studies&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3640-%3C%2Fspan%3E3649&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F1079985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10073754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2016.1138447&rft.issn=1040-8398&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26853923&rft.aulast=Dinu&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Abbate%2C+Rosanna&rft.au=Gensini%2C+Gian+Franco&rft.au=Casini%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Sofi%2C+Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key2006-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Key2006_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyApplebyRosell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Key TJ, Appleby PN, Rosell MS (2006). "Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 65 (1): 35–41. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.6411">10.1.1.486.6411</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FPNS2005481">10.1079/PNS2005481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16441942">16441942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3796770">3796770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Nutrition+Society&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+vegetarian+and+vegan+diets&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.486.6411%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3796770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16441942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2FPNS2005481&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Appleby%2C+PN&rft.au=Rosell%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, W. J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736n">"Health effects of vegan diets"</a>. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (5): 1627S – 33S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736n">10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279075">19279075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+vegan+diets&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1627S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736n&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19279075&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.2009.26736n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaveySpencerApplebyAllen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FPHN2002430">"EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK"</a>. Public Health Nutrition. 6 (3): 259–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FPHN2002430">10.1079/PHN2002430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740075">12740075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Nutrition&rft.atitle=EPIC-Oxford%3A+lifestyle+characteristics+and+nutrient+intakes+in+a+cohort+of+33+883+meat-eaters+and+31+546+non+meat-eaters+in+the+UK&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2FPHN2002430&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12740075&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=Spencer%2C+EA&rft.au=Appleby%2C+PN&rft.au=Allen%2C+NE&rft.au=Knox%2C+KH&rft.au=Key%2C+TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1079%252FPHN2002430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113541/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Vegetarian_and_vegan_eating">"Vegetarian and vegan eating | Better Health Channel"</a>. Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Vegetarian_and_vegan_eating">the original</a> on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarian+and+vegan+eating+%26%23124%3B+Better+Health+Channel&rft.pub=Betterhealth.vic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fbhcv2%2Fbhcarticles.nsf%2Fpages%2FVegetarian_and_vegan_eating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Emery2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Emery, Tom Sanders (2002). Molecular Basis of Human Nutrition. Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0753-8"><bdi>978-0-7484-0753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Basis+of+Human+Nutrition&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0753-8&rft.aulast=Peter+Emery&rft.aufirst=Tom+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenda_Davis2003" class="citation book cs1">Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina (2003). The New Becoming Vegetarian. Book Publishing Company. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57067-144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57067-144-9"><bdi>978-1-57067-144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Becoming+Vegetarian&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Book+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57067-144-9&rft.aulast=Brenda+Davis&rft.aufirst=Vesanto+Melina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429230632/http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=782">"Vegetarian Society - Factsheet - Iron"</a>. Vegsoc.org. September 22, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=782">the original</a> on April 29, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarian+Society+-+Factsheet+-+Iron&rft.pub=Vegsoc.org&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/nutshell.htm#iron">"Vegetarianism in a Nutshell"</a>. Vrg.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122237/http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/nutshell.htm#iron">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pub=Vrg.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fnutshell%2Fnutshell.htm%23iron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goveg.com/essential_nutrients.asp#iron">"// Health Issues // Optimal Vegan Nutrition"</a>. Goveg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404064615/http://www.goveg.com/essential_nutrients.asp#iron">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2F%2F+Health+Issues+%2F%2F+Optimal+Vegan+Nutrition&rft.pub=Goveg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoveg.com%2Fessential_nutrients.asp%23iron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmannKoschizkeLeitzmannHahn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/2754">"Dietary Iron Intake and Iron Status of German Female Vegans: Results of the German Vegan Study"</a>. Ann Nutr Metab. 48 (2): 103–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077045">10.1159/000077045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988640">14988640</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21370991">21370991</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116213523/https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/2754">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Nutr+Metab&rft.atitle=Dietary+Iron+Intake+and+Iron+Status+of+German+Female+Vegans%3A+Results+of+the+German+Vegan+Study&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21370991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14988640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000077045&rft.aulast=Waldmann&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Koschizke%2C+JW&rft.au=Leitzmann%2C+C&rft.au=Hahn%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repo.uni-hannover.de%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajcovicová-KudláckováSimoncicBéderováGrancicová1997" class="citation journal cs1">Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Simoncic R, Béderová A, Grancicová E, Magálová T (1997). "Influence of vegetarian and mixed nutrition on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in children". Nahrung. 41 (5): 311–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffood.19970410513">10.1002/food.19970410513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9399258">9399258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nahrung&rft.atitle=Influence+of+vegetarian+and+mixed+nutrition+on+selected+haematological+and+biochemical+parameters+in+children&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ffood.19970410513&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9399258&rft.aulast=Krajcovicov%C3%A1-Kudl%C3%A1ckov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Simoncic%2C+R&rft.au=B%C3%A9derov%C3%A1%2C+A&rft.au=Grancicov%C3%A1%2C+E&rft.au=Mag%C3%A1lov%C3%A1%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigMangels2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig WJ, Mangels AR (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pubs/1954">"Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets"</a>. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 1266–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027">10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562864">19562864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7906168">7906168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062508/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pubs/1954/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association%3A+vegetarian+diets&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1266-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7906168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19562864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.05.027&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Mangels%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fpubs%2F1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpi-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_83-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12">"Vitamin B12"</a>. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. June 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117190259/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitamin+B12&rft.pub=Micronutrient+Information+Center%2C+Linus+Pauling+Institute%2C+Oregon+State+University%2C+Corvallis%2C+OR&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flpi.oregonstate.edu%2Fmic%2Fvitamins%2Fvitamin-B12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODS_B12-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODS_B12_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODS_B12_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODS_B12_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp">"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B12"</a>. US National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125222656/http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminB12.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Supplement+Fact+Sheet%3A+Vitamin+B%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.pub=US+National+Institutes+of+Health%3A+Office+of+Dietary+Supplements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fods.od.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fvitaminb12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vegan_Society_B12_factsheet-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Vegan_Society_B12_factsheet_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegansociety.com/lifestyle/nutrition/b12.aspx">"What Every Vegan Should Know About Vitamin B12"</a>. Vegan Society. October 31, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220140454/http://www.vegansociety.com/lifestyle/nutrition/b12.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Every+Vegan+Should+Know+About+Vitamin+B12&rft.pub=Vegan+Society&rft.date=2001-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Flifestyle%2Fnutrition%2Fb12.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/">"Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid"</a>. UK National Health Service. March 3, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090421/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitamins+and+minerals+-+B+vitamins+and+folic+acid&rft.pub=UK+National+Health+Service&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fvitamins-and-minerals%2Fvitamin-b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obersby-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obersby_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obersby_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObersbyChappellDunnettTsiami2013" class="citation journal cs1">Obersby, Derek; Chappell, David C.; Dunnett, Andrew; Tsiami, Amalia A. (January 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/928/1/Plasma%20total%20homocysteine%20status%20of%20vegetarians%20compared%20with%20omnivores.pdf">"Plasma total homocysteine status of vegetarians compared with omnivores: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a> (PDF). British Journal of Nutrition. 109 (5): 785–794. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs000711451200520x">10.1017/s000711451200520x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1145">0007-1145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23298782">23298782</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025103512/https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/928/1/Plasma%20total%20homocysteine%20status%20of%20vegetarians%20compared%20with%20omnivores.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Plasma+total+homocysteine+status+of+vegetarians+compared+with+omnivores%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.issn=0007-1145&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23298782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs000711451200520x&rft.aulast=Obersby&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Chappell%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Dunnett%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Tsiami%2C+Amalia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uwl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F928%2F1%2FPlasma%2520total%2520homocysteine%2520status%2520of%2520vegetarians%2520compared%2520with%2520omnivores.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosellLloyd-WrightApplebySanders2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rosell MS, Lloyd-Wright Z, Appleby PN, Sanders TA, Allen NE, Key TJ (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn.82.2.327">"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men"</a>. Am J Clin Nutr. 82 (2): 327–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn.82.2.327">10.1093/ajcn.82.2.327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087975">16087975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&rft.atitle=Long-chain+n-3+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+in+plasma+in+British+meat-eating%2C+vegetarian%2C+and+vegan+men&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn.82.2.327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16087975&rft.aulast=Rosell&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Lloyd-Wright%2C+Z&rft.au=Appleby%2C+PN&rft.au=Sanders%2C+TA&rft.au=Allen%2C+NE&rft.au=Key%2C+TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn.82.2.327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uzbek-89"><a href="#cite_ref-uzbek_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabadzhanov_AAbdusamatova_NYusupova_FFaizullaeva_N2004" class="citation journal cs1">Babadzhanov A; Abdusamatova N; Yusupova F; Faizullaeva N; Mezhlumyan LG; Malikova MKh (2004). "Chemical Composition of Spirulina platensis Cultivated in Uzbekistan". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 40 (3): 276–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CNatC..40..276B">2004CNatC..40..276B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ACONC.0000039141.98247.e8">10.1023/B:CONC.0000039141.98247.e8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23130198">23130198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+of+Natural+Compounds&rft.atitle=Chemical+Composition+of+Spirulina+platensis+Cultivated+in+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23130198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ACONC.0000039141.98247.e8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CNatC..40..276B&rft.au=Babadzhanov+A&rft.au=Abdusamatova+N&rft.au=Yusupova+F&rft.au=Faizullaeva+N&rft.au=Mezhlumyan+LG&rft.au=Malikova+MKh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biomass-90"><a href="#cite_ref-biomass_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokuşogluUunal2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tokuşoglu Ö, Uunal MK (2003). "Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Three Microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galena". Journal of Food Science. 68 (4): 1144–1148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Biomass+Nutrient+Profiles+of+Three+Microalgae%3A+Spirulina+platensis%2C+Chlorella+vulgaris%2C+and+Isochrisis+galena&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1144-%3C%2Fspan%3E1148&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x&rft.aulast=Toku%C5%9Foglu&rft.aufirst=%C3%96&rft.au=Uunal%2C+MK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics_91-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vegetariannutrition.net/docs/Calcium-Vegetarian-Nutrition.pdf">"Meeting Calcium Recommendations on a Vegan Diet"</a> (PDF). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045652/http://vegetariannutrition.net/docs/Calcium-Vegetarian-Nutrition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meeting+Calcium+Recommendations+on+a+Vegan+Diet&rft.pub=Academy+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvegetariannutrition.net%2Fdocs%2FCalcium-Vegetarian-Nutrition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calcium_Fact_Sheet-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calcium_Fact_Sheet_92-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional">"Calcium Fact Sheet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429075612/http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calcium+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fods.od.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2FCalcium-HealthProfessional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangels-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mangels_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangels_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangels_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangels" class="citation web cs1">Mangels, Reed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/calcium.php">"Calcium in the Vegan Diet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530003649/http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/calcium.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calcium+in+the+Vegan+Diet&rft.aulast=Mangels&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fnutrition%2Fcalcium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overview_of_Calcium-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_of_Calcium_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_of_Calcium_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Committee_to_Review_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Vitamin_D_and_Calcium2011" class="citation report cs1">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium (2011). Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56060/?report=reader">Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D</a> (Report). Vol. 2, Overview of Calcium. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904031151/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56060/?report=reader">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Calcium+and+Vitamin+D&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Vol.+2%2C+Overview+of+Calcium&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Committee+to+Review+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Vitamin+D+and+Calcium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK56060%2F%3Freport%3Dreader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817204329/http://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Vitamin-D.html">"Vitamin D is Synthesized From Cholesterol and Found in Cholesterol-Rich Foods"</a>. Cholesterol and Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Vitamin-D.html">the original</a> on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitamin+D+is+Synthesized+From+Cholesterol+and+Found+in+Cholesterol-Rich+Foods&rft.pub=Cholesterol+and+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cholesterol-and-health.com%2FVitamin-D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisseyAngeJacobsenSlifka2003" class="citation journal cs1">Crissey SD, Ange KD, Jacobsen KL, Slifka KA, Bowen PE, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Langman CB, Sadler W, Kahn S, Ward A (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.1.160">"Serum concentrations of lipids, vitamin D metabolites, retinol, retinyl esters, tocopherols and selected carotenoids in twelve captive wild felid species at four zoos"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (1): 160–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.1.160">10.1093/jn/133.1.160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514284">12514284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Serum+concentrations+of+lipids%2C+vitamin+D+metabolites%2C+retinol%2C+retinyl+esters%2C+tocopherols+and+selected+carotenoids+in+twelve+captive+wild+felid+species+at+four+zoos&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.1.160&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12514284&rft.aulast=Crissey&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Ange%2C+KD&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+KL&rft.au=Slifka%2C+KA&rft.au=Bowen%2C+PE&rft.au=Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis%2C+M&rft.au=Langman%2C+CB&rft.au=Sadler%2C+W&rft.au=Kahn%2C+S&rft.au=Ward%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F133.1.160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716065832/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp">"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D"</a>. National Institutes of Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp">the original</a> on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Supplement+Fact+Sheet%3A+Vitamin+D&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdietary-supplements.info.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fvitamind.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016051622/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=606">"Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases"</a>. Sun.ars-grin.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=606">the original</a> on October 16, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Duke%27s+Phytochemical+and+Ethnobotanical+Databases&rft.pub=Sun.ars-grin.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsun.ars-grin.gov%3A8080%2Fnpgspub%2Fxsql%2Fduke%2Fplantdisp.xsql%3Ftaxon%3D606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222164135/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/index.html">"USDA nutrient database – use the keyword 'portabella' and then click submit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/index.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+nutrient+database+%E2%80%93+use+the+keyword+%27portabella%27+and+then+click+submit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nal.usda.gov%2Ffnic%2Ffoodcomp%2Fsearch%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowerman-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowerman_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowerman2008" class="citation news cs1">Bowerman, Susan (March 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-31-he-eat31-story.html">"If mushrooms see the light"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904135924/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-eat31">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=If+mushrooms+see+the+light&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft.aulast=Bowerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-mar-31-he-eat31-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP_UrbainF_SinglerG_IhorstH-K_Biesalski2011" class="citation journal cs1">P Urbain; F Singler; G Ihorst; H-K Biesalski; H Bertz (May 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejcn.2011.53">"Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial"</a>. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 65 (8): 965–971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejcn.2011.53">10.1038/ejcn.2011.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21540874">21540874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Bioavailability+of+vitamin+D2+from+UV-B-irradiated+button+mushrooms+in+healthy+adults+deficient+in+serum+25-hydroxyvitamin+D%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E965-%3C%2Fspan%3E971&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejcn.2011.53&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21540874&rft.au=P+Urbain&rft.au=F+Singler&rft.au=G+Ihorst&rft.au=H-K+Biesalski&rft.au=H+Bertz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fejcn.2011.53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohmanMartinLachcikGordon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hohman EE, Martin BR, Lachcik PJ, Gordon DT, Fleet JC, Weaver CM (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235799">"Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vitamin D 2 from UV-Irradiated Yeast in Growing, Vitamin D-Deficient Rats"</a>. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 (6): 2341–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf104679c">10.1021/jf104679c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235799">3235799</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21332187">21332187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.atitle=Bioavailability+and+Efficacy+of+Vitamin+D+2+from+UV-Irradiated+Yeast+in+Growing%2C+Vitamin+D-Deficient+Rats&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2341-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3235799%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21332187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf104679c&rft.aulast=Hohman&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Martin%2C+BR&rft.au=Lachcik%2C+PJ&rft.au=Gordon%2C+DT&rft.au=Fleet%2C+JC&rft.au=Weaver%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3235799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyyalamudiJeongSongCho2009" class="citation journal cs1">Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Song CH, Cho KY, Pang G (2009). "Vitamin D2 formation and bioavailability from Agaricus bisporus button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (8): 3351–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf803908q">10.1021/jf803908q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19281276">19281276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Vitamin+D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+formation+and+bioavailability+from+Agaricus+bisporus+button+mushrooms+treated+with+ultraviolet+irradiation&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3351-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf803908q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19281276&rft.aulast=Koyyalamudi&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Jeong%2C+SC&rft.au=Song%2C+CH&rft.au=Cho%2C+KY&rft.au=Pang%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsing_Fresh_Mushrooms_as_a_Source_of_Vitamin_D" class="citation web cs1">Using Fresh Mushrooms as a Source of Vitamin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/using-fresh-mushrooms-as-a-source-of-vitamin-d.html">"Using Fresh Mushrooms as a Source of Vitamin D / Nutrition / Healthy Eating"</a>. Fitday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923065357/http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/using-fresh-mushrooms-as-a-source-of-vitamin-d.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Fresh+Mushrooms+as+a+Source+of+Vitamin+D+%2F+Nutrition+%2F+Healthy+Eating&rft.pub=Fitday.com&rft.au=Using+Fresh+Mushrooms+as+a+Source+of+Vitamin+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitday.com%2Ffitness-articles%2Fnutrition%2Fhealthy-eating%2Fusing-fresh-mushrooms-as-a-source-of-vitamin-d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101072649/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12370708">"Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark"</a>. MSNBC. April 18, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12370708">the original</a> on November 1, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Bringing+Mushrooms+Out+of+the+Dark&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F12370708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2019" class="citation news cs1">Parkinson, Caroline (August 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-49509504">"The brain nutrient vegans need to know about"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521124416/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-49509504">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+brain+nutrient+vegans+need+to+know+about&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth-49509504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorvett" class="citation web cs1">Gorvett, Zaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200203-the-hidden-biases-that-drive-anti-vegan-hatred">"The hidden biases that drive anti-vegan hatred"</a>. www.bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209122636/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200203-the-hidden-biases-that-drive-anti-vegan-hatred">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=The+hidden+biases+that+drive+anti-vegan+hatred&rft.aulast=Gorvett&rft.aufirst=Zaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200203-the-hidden-biases-that-drive-anti-vegan-hatred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/153600">"Review of Adam D. Shprintzen's "The Vegetarian Crusade""</a>. History News Network. November 11, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122035734/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/153600">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=Review+of+Adam+D.+Shprintzen%27s+%22The+Vegetarian+Crusade%22&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F153600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Searchinger, T.D., Wirsenius, S., Beringer, T. et al. Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change. Nature 564, 249–253 (2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0757-z">10.1038/s41586-018-0757-z</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindeman_M.,_Väänänen_M.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lindeman M., Väänänen M. (2000). "Measurement of ethical food choice motives". Appetite. 34 (1): 55–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fappe.1999.0293">10.1006/appe.1999.0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10744892">10744892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37406748">37406748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+ethical+food+choice+motives&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37406748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10744892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fappe.1999.0293&rft.au=Lindeman+M.%2C+V%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Benatar2001" class="citation journal cs1">David Benatar (2001). "Why the Naive Argument against Moral Vegetarianism Really is Naive". Environmental Values. 10 (1): 103–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327101129340769">10.3197/096327101129340769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Values&rft.atitle=Why+the+Naive+Argument+against+Moral+Vegetarianism+Really+is+Naive&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3197%2F096327101129340769&rft.au=David+Benatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2002" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, Jeff (2002). The Ethics of Killing. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Killing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/#SH2b">"Animals and Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]"</a>. Iep.utm.edu. January 13, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705222257/http://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/#SH2b">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Ethics+%5BInternet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Iep.utm.edu&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fanim-eth%2F%23SH2b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcus-114"><a href="#cite_ref-marcus_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_Marcus2000" class="citation book cs1">Erik Marcus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hHjqs43t8oC">Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating</a>. McBooks Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590133446" title="Special:BookSources/9781590133446"><bdi>9781590133446</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220137/https://books.google.com/books?id=3hHjqs43t8oC">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegan%3A+The+New+Ethics+of+Eating&rft.pub=McBooks+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781590133446&rft.au=Erik+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hHjqs43t8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milk-115"><a href="#cite_ref-milk_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVegetarian_Society" class="citation web cs1">Vegetarian Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506181359/http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=556">"Dairy cows and welfare"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=556">the original</a> on May 6, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dairy+cows+and+welfare&rft.au=Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuby2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ruby, Matthew B. (2012). "Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study". Appetite. 58 (1): 141–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2011.09.019">10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-8304">1095-8304</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22001025">22001025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30991920">30991920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Vegetarianism.+A+blossoming+field+of+study&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1095-8304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30991920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22001025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.appet.2011.09.019&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochhal,_M.2004" class="citation web cs1">Kochhal, M. (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720113316/http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~manishk/vegetarianism.htm">"Vegetarianism: Jainism and vegetarianism (ahisma)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~manishk/vegetarianism.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism%3A+Jainism+and+vegetarianism+%28ahisma%29&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Kochhal%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.wayne.edu%2F~manishk%2Fvegetarianism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Teachings on Love, Thich Nhat Hanh, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/Parallax_Press" title="Parallax Press">Parallax Press</a>, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Junior Encyclopaedia of Sikhism (1985)l by H. S. Singha; p. 124 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-2844-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-2844-X">0-7069-2844-X</a> / 0-7069-2844-X </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060825/http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikhism4.asp">"Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandhak Committee"</a>. Sgpc.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgpc.net/sikhism/sikhism4.asp">the original</a> on May 25, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiromani+Gurudwara+Prabhandhak+Committee&rft.pub=Sgpc.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsgpc.net%2Fsikhism%2Fsikhism4.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/meat.htm">"The Sikhism Home Page"</a>. Sikhs.org. February 15, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607010055/http://www.sikhs.org/meat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sikhism+Home+Page&rft.pub=Sikhs.org&rft.date=1980-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhs.org%2Fmeat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSmith-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_122-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/121">"Diet"</a>. A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/121">121–122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diet&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslemont,_J.E.1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esslemont" title="John Esslemont">Esslemont, J.E.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/o/BNE/bne-83.html.iso8859-1">Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era</a> (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2"><bdi>978-0-87743-160-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107103940/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/o/BNE/bne-83.html.iso8859-1">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h+and+the+New+Era&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-160-2&rft.au=Esslemont%2C+J.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fo%2FBNE%2Fbne-83.html.iso8859-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF`Abdu'l-Bahá1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> (1912). MacNutt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-60.html.iso8859-1">The Promulgation of Universal Peace</a>. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Bahá'í Publishing Trust (published 1982). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-172-5"><bdi>978-0-87743-172-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426051144/https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-60.html.iso8859-1">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promulgation+of+Universal+Peace&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+US&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-172-5&rft.au=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fab%2FPUP%2Fpup-60.html.iso8859-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Department,_Universal_House_of_Justice" class="citation web cs1">Research Department, Universal House of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/compilation_health_healing_nutrition#III">"Writings Concerning Health, Healing, and Nutrition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030452/https://bahai-library.com/compilation_health_healing_nutrition#III">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writings+Concerning+Health%2C+Healing%2C+and+Nutrition&rft.au=Research+Department%2C+Universal+House+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fcompilation_health_healing_nutrition%23III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd21.htm">"Buddhist Studies: Vegetarianism"</a>. Buddhanet.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124629/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd21.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhanet.net&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Studies%3A+Vegetarianism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fdharmadata%2Ffdd21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunasekara-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunasekara_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunasekara_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._A._Gunasekara" class="citation web cs1">V. A. Gunasekara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007043230/http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/ebdha069.htm">"Buddhism and Vegetarianism, The Rationale for the Buddha's Views on the Consumption of Meat"</a>. Buddhanet.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/ebdha069.htm">the original</a> on October 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhanet.net&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Vegetarianism%2C+The+Rationale+for+the+Buddha%27s+Views+on+the+Consumption+of+Meat&rft.au=V.+A.+Gunasekara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fbudsas%2Febud%2Febdha069.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Mahavagga Pali – Bhesajjakkhandhaka – Vinaya Pitaka </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/meat.html">"Buddhism and Eating Meat"</a>. Urbandharma.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815212610/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/meat.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Eating+Meat&rft.pub=Urbandharma.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbandharma.org%2Fudharma3%2Fmeat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730034051/http://www.serv-online.org/Eileen-Weintraub.htm">"Life as a Vegetarian Tibetan Buddhist Practitioner"</a>. Serv-online.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+Vegetarian+Tibetan+Buddhist+Practitioner&rft.pub=Serv-online.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serv-online.org%2FEileen-Weintraub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyatso1999" class="citation book cs1">Gyatso, Janet (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmqSoNsRSx8C">Apparitions of the Self: The Secret Autobiographies of a Tibetan Visionary - Google Books</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691009483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691009483"><bdi>978-0691009483</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220140/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmqSoNsRSx8C">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apparitions+of+the+Self%3A+The+Secret+Autobiographies+of+a+Tibetan+Visionary+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11&rft.isbn=978-0691009483&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmqSoNsRSx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXAUkoM0esMC">The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin</a>. Shambhala. June 3, 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559398749" title="Special:BookSources/9781559398749"><bdi>9781559398749</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Shabkar%3A+The+Autobiography+of+a+Tibetan+Yogin&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.isbn=9781559398749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXAUkoM0esMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032808/http://www.webspawner.com/users/tathagatagarbha18/index.html">"Tathagatagarbha Buddhism (18)"</a>. webspawner.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webspawner.com/users/tathagatagarbha18/index.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webspawner.com&rft.atitle=Tathagatagarbha+Buddhism+%2818%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webspawner.com%2Fusers%2Ftathagatagarbha18%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.ucla.edu/apc/event/13526#:~:text=Vegetarianism%20lies%20at%20the%20center,allows%20monks%20to%20eat%20meat.">"Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Tibetan Buddhism"</a>. international.ucla.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521000229/https://international.ucla.edu/apc/event/13526#:~:text=Vegetarianism%20lies%20at%20the%20center,allows%20monks%20to%20eat%20meat.">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=international.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Vegetarianism+and+Animal+Ethics+in+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.ucla.edu%2Fapc%2Fevent%2F13526%23%3A~%3Atext%3DVegetarianism%2520lies%2520at%2520the%2520center%2Callows%2520monks%2520to%2520eat%2520meat.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodiford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bodiford, William M., ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824851774/pdf#page=265">Going Forth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824851774">10.1515/9780824851774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824851774" title="Special:BookSources/9780824851774"><bdi>9780824851774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Forth&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824851774&rft.isbn=9780824851774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824851774%2Fpdf%23page%3D265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieschnick2005" class="citation cs2">Kieschnick, John (2005), Sterckx, Roel (ed.), "Buddhist Vegetarianism in China", Of Tripod and Palate: Food, Politics, and Religion in Traditional China, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 186–212, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403979278_10">10.1057/9781403979278_10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7927-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-7927-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Of+Tripod+and+Palate%3A+Food%2C+Politics%2C+and+Religion+in+Traditional+China&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Vegetarianism+in+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403979278_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7927-8&rft.aulast=Kieschnick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabkar_Tsogdruk_Rangdrol2004" class="citation book cs1">Shabkar Tsogdruk Rangdrol (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxJ8x9f8BNYC">Food of Bodhisattvas: Buddhist teachings on abstaining from meat</a>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-3482-410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-3482-410-2"><bdi>978-08-3482-410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+of+Bodhisattvas%3A+Buddhist+teachings+on+abstaining+from+meat&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-08-3482-410-2&rft.au=Shabkar+Tsogdruk+Rangdrol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxJ8x9f8BNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYujin_Lee" class="citation thesis cs1">Yujin Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56344913.pdf">The nutritional status of vegetarian Buddhist nuns compared to omnivorous women in South Korea</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Giessen, Germany: Justus-Liebig-University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412012945/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56344913.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+nutritional+status+of+vegetarian+Buddhist+nuns+compared+to+omnivorous+women+in+South+Korea&rft.inst=Justus-Liebig-University&rft.au=Yujin+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F56344913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo-PhamNguyenLeDoan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ho-Pham, LT; Nguyen, PLT; Le, TTT; Doan, TAT; Tran, NT; Le, TA; Nguyen, TV (April 7, 2009). "Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist nuns". Osteoporosis International. 20 (12): 2087–2093. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-009-0916-z">10.1007/s00198-009-0916-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-2965">1433-2965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19350341">19350341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20305849">20305849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osteoporosis+International&rft.atitle=Veganism%2C+bone+mineral+density%2C+and+body+composition%3A+a+study+in+Buddhist+nuns&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2087-%3C%2Fspan%3E2093&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft.issn=1433-2965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20305849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19350341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00198-009-0916-z&rft.aulast=Ho-Pham&rft.aufirst=LT&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+PLT&rft.au=Le%2C+TTT&rft.au=Doan%2C+TAT&rft.au=Tran%2C+NT&rft.au=Le%2C+TA&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+TV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Davidson, Jo Ann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1056&context=pd">"World Religions and the Vegetarian Diet"</a>. Perspective Digest. Vol. 12, no. 1. Article 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124258/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1056&context=pd">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspective+Digest&rft.atitle=World+Religions+and+the+Vegetarian+Diet&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1056%26context%3Dpd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P4O.HTM#37">"Code of Canon Law"</a>. vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129223503/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P4O.HTM#37">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_P4O.HTM%2337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Epiphanius, Panarion, 30.22.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Isidore of Seville, Etymologies, VIII.v.36 </li> <li id="cite_note-desc-145"><a href="#cite_ref-desc_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/bible-christian.html">"The Bible Christian Church"</a>. International Vegetarian Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505020050/http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/bible-christian.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Christian+Church&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fthesis%2Fbible-christian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-146"><a href="#cite_ref-history_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716205137/http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=827">"History of Vegetarianism – Early Ideas"</a>. The Vegetarian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=827">the original</a> on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism+%E2%80%93+Early+Ideas&rft.pub=The+Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988">; Gregory, James (2007) Of Victorians and Vegetarians. London: I. B. Tauris pp. 30–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-147"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101006496/">"William Cowherd (brief information)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022711/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101006496/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Cowherd+%28brief+information%29&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F101006496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdada1-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdada1_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdada1_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062331/http://sdada.org/position.htm">"Position Statement on Vegetarian Diet"</a>. Sdada.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdada.org/position.htm">the original</a> on May 29, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Position+Statement+on+Vegetarian+Diet&rft.pub=Sdada.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdada.org%2Fposition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513033958/http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg">"The Vegetarian Food Pyramid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg">the original</a> on May 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vegetarian+Food+Pyramid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdada.org%2FPyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513031730/http://www.sdada.org/sdahealth.htm">"The Seventh-day Adventist Health Message"</a>. Sdada.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdada.org/sdahealth.htm">the original</a> on May 13, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seventh-day+Adventist+Health+Message&rft.pub=Sdada.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdada.org%2Fsdahealth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/pr_fasting.aspx">"Living an Orthodox Life: Fasting"</a>. Orthodoxinfo.com. May 27, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925050218/http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/pr_fasting.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+an+Orthodox+Life%3A+Fasting&rft.pub=Orthodoxinfo.com&rft.date=1997-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fpraxis%2Fpr_fasting.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/quakers.html">"The Great War and the Interwar Period"</a>. ivu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217224500/http://ivu.org/history/thesis/quakers.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+and+the+Interwar+Period&rft.pub=ivu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fthesis%2Fquakers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78499/breakfast-cereal">"breakfast cereal"</a>. Britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403134921/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78499/breakfast-cereal">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=breakfast+cereal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F78499%2Fbreakfast-cereal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKressKress1932" class="citation book cs1">Kress, Daniel; Kress, Loretta (1932). Under the Guiding Hand: Life Experiences of the Doctors Kress. Washington, DC: College Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Guiding+Hand%3A+Life+Experiences+of+the+Doctors+Kress&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Kress&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Kress%2C+Loretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettner2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Buettner, Dan (November 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&an=18574682">"The Secrets of Long Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Vol. 208, no. 5. pp. 2–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130165751/http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&an=18574682">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Secrets+of+Long+Life&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.epnet.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Danh%26an%3D18574682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/feature1/index.html">Excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116202303/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/feature1/index.html">Archived</a> November 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See also National Geographic, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/sights_n_sounds/index.html">Sights & Sounds of Longevity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722215402/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/sights_n_sounds/index.html">Archived</a> July 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2007" class="citation news cs1">Kolata, Gina (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html">"A Surprising Secret to a Long Life: Stay in School"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517110147/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Surprising+Secret+to+a+Long+Life%3A+Stay+in+School&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F03%2Fhealth%2F03aging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Lechleitner2008" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth Lechleitner (May 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://news.adventist.org/data/2008/1211899368/index.html.en">"Researcher says California Adventists are America's 'Blue Zone'"</a>. Adventist News Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/data/2008/1211899368/index.html.en">the original</a> on February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventist+News+Network&rft.atitle=Researcher+says+California+Adventists+are+America%27s+%27Blue+Zone%27&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.au=Elizabeth+Lechleitner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2Fdata%2F2008%2F1211899368%2Findex.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Three Strategic Issues: A World Survey</a>". <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a>, 2002. See question 26, on page 14 etc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185642/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf">Archived</a> December 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> See also "The Myth of Vegetarianism" Keith Lockhart. Spectrum 34 (Winter 2006), p22–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies/AHS-2">"Adventist Health Study-2 | Adventist Health Study"</a>. adventisthealthstudy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107145925/https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies/AHS-2">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adventisthealthstudy.org&rft.atitle=Adventist+Health+Study-2+%7C+Adventist+Health+Study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventisthealthstudy.org%2Fstudies%2FAHS-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122930/http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm">"Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science : Changes in the Indian menu over the ages"</a>. The Hindu. October 21, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sci+Tech+%2F+Speaking+Of+Science+%3A+Changes+in+the+Indian+menu+over+the+ages&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fseta%2F2004%2F10%2F21%2Fstories%2F2004102100111600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Tähtinen, Unto: Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition, London 1976, p. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Paul Insel (2013), Discovering Nutrition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1284021165" title="Special:BookSources/978-1284021165">978-1284021165</a>, page 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-no-beef-nation/">"The states where cow slaughter is legal in India"</a>. The Indian Express. October 8, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125132322/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-no-beef-nation/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+states+where+cow+slaughter+is+legal+in+India&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-no-beef-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffpostca-165"><a href="#cite_ref-huffpostca_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/anila-muhammad/vegetarian-msulim_b_3124110.html">"Vegetarian Muslim: Turning Away From a Meat-Based Diet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614030807/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/anila-muhammad/vegetarian-msulim_b_3124110.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+Muslim%3A+Turning+Away+From+a+Meat-Based+Diet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fanila-muhammad%2Fvegetarian-msulim_b_3124110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslims_can't_be_vegetarian-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muslims_can't_be_vegetarian_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslims_can't_be_vegetarian_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220035357/http://ipaki.com/content/html/28/1203.html">"Muslims can't be Vegetarian? : Islam : Dietery Law"</a>. Ipaki.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipaki.com/content/html/28/1203.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+can%27t+be+Vegetarian%3F+%3A+Islam+%3A+Dietery+Law&rft.pub=Ipaki.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipaki.com%2Fcontent%2Fhtml%2F28%2F1203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalams-death-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-11th-president-of-india-2247985.html">"APJ Abdul Kalam's Death Anniversary: 10 Lesser Known Facts About the 11th President of India"</a>. News18. July 27, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211233828/https://www.news18.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalams-death-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-11th-president-of-india-2247985.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=APJ+Abdul+Kalam%27s+Death+Anniversary%3A+10+Lesser+Known+Facts+About+the+11th+President+of+India&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fapj-abdul-kalams-death-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-11th-president-of-india-2247985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalam-168"><a href="#cite_ref-kalam_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321042322/http://www.lokpriya.com/personalities/scientists/kalam.html">"lokpriya!"</a>. Lokpriya.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lokpriya.com/personalities/scientists/kalam.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lokpriya%21&rft.pub=Lokpriya.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lokpriya.com%2Fpersonalities%2Fscientists%2Fkalam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/news/1-96/muslim.html">"IVU News – Islam and Vegetarianism"</a>. Ivu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505120844/http://www.ivu.org/news/1-96/muslim.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IVU+News+%E2%80%93+Islam+and+Vegetarianism&rft.pub=Ivu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fnews%2F1-96%2Fmuslim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainstudy.org/JSC6.02-Vegetarianism.htm">"Vegetarianism Good For The Self And Good For The Environment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203447/http://www.jainstudy.org/JSC6.02-Vegetarianism.htm">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at The Jain Study Circle </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsc.org/spiritual.htm">"Spiritual Traditions and Vegetarianism"</a> at the Vegetarian Society of Colorado website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301215408/http://www.vsc.org/spiritual.htm">Archived</a> March 1, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Matthews, Warren: World Religions, 4th edition, Belmont: <a href="/wiki/Thomson/Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson/Wadsworth">Thomson/Wadsworth</a> 2005, p. 180. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-52762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-52762-0">0-534-52762-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Noah Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegetus.org/honey/honey.htm">"Why honey is not vegan"</a>. vegetus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105235044/http://www.vegetus.org/honey/honey.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vegetus.org&rft.atitle=Why+honey+is+not+vegan&rft.au=Noah+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegetus.org%2Fhoney%2Fhoney.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002010300/http://www.jainuniversity.org/jainism.aspx">"Jainism Sect"</a>. JainUniversity.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainuniversity.org/jainism.aspx">the original</a> on October 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JainUniversity.org&rft.atitle=Jainism+Sect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainuniversity.org%2Fjainism.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Mary L. Zamore, ed. The Sacred Table: Creating a Jewish Food Ethic (New York, NY: CCAR Press, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabendzYanklowitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Labendz, Jacob Ari; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (March 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPOODwAAQBAJ">Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7361-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-7361-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220129/https://books.google.com/books?id=KPOODwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Veganism+and+Vegetarianism%3A+Studies+and+New+Directions&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7361-1&rft.aulast=Labendz&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Ari&rft.au=Yanklowitz%2C+Shmuly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPOODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalechofsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Kalechofsky, Roberta (1995). Rabbis and Vegetarianism: An Evolving Tradition. Micah Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbis+and+Vegetarianism%3A+An+Evolving+Tradition&rft.pub=Micah+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kalechofsky&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902154013/http://www.jewishveg.com/torah.html">"Judaism & Vegetarianism"</a>. Jewishveg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishveg.com/torah.html">the original</a> on September 2, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaism+%26+Vegetarianism&rft.pub=Jewishveg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishveg.com%2Ftorah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et3401.htm">http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et3401.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetower.org/article/how-israel-became-the-global-center-of-veganism/">"How Israel Became the Global Center of Veganism"</a>. The Tower. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223220922/http://www.thetower.org/article/how-israel-became-the-global-center-of-veganism/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tower&rft.atitle=How+Israel+Became+the+Global+Center+of+Veganism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetower.org%2Farticle%2Fhow-israel-became-the-global-center-of-veganism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/197361/life-after-brisket">"The Rise of Israel's Orthodox Vegan Movement"</a>. Tablet Magazine. February 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509192452/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/197361/life-after-brisket">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Israel%27s+Orthodox+Vegan+Movement&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-life-and-religion%2F197361%2Flife-after-brisket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Osborne, L (1980), The Rasta Cookbook, 3rd ed. Mac Donald, London. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eatjamaican.com/ital-recipes/rastafarian-cooking.html">"Ital Cooking"</a>. Eat Jamaican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190919/https://www.eatjamaican.com/ital-recipes/rastafarian-cooking.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ital+Cooking&rft.pub=Eat+Jamaican&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Featjamaican.com%2Fital-recipes%2Frastafarian-cooking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKebedeKnotternus1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kebede A, Knotternus D (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1389561">"Beyond the pales of babylon: the ideational components and social psychological foundations of rastafari"</a>. Sociological Perspectives. 41 (3): 499–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1389561">10.2307/1389561</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1389561">1389561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147000068">147000068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+pales+of+babylon%3A+the+ideational+components+and+social+psychological+foundations+of+rastafari&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E517&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147000068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1389561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1389561&rft.aulast=Kebede&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Knotternus%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F1389561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHP-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHP_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHP_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm">"Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People"</a>. Sikhs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061910/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Religion+of+the+Sikh+People&rft.pub=Sikhs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhs.org%2Fmeat_au.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> I.J. Singh, Sikhs and Sikhism, Manohar, Delhi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-058-0">978-81-7304-058-0</a>: "Throughout Sikh history, there have been movements or subsects of Sikhism which have espoused vegetarianism. I think there is no basis for such dogma or practice in Sikhism." </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Surindar Singh Kohli, Guru Granth Sahib, An Analytical Study, Singh Bros. Amritsar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7205-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7205-060-7">81-7205-060-7</a>: "The ideas of devotion and service in Vaishnavism have been accepted by Adi Granth, but the insistence of Vaishnavas on vegetarian diet has been rejected." </li> <li id="cite_note-hsp-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsp_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsp_188-1">b</a> Gopal Singh, History of the Sikh People, World Sikh Univ. Press, Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-139-4">978-81-7023-139-4</a>: "Nowadays in the Community Kitchen attached to the Sikh temples, and called the Guru's Kitchen (or Guru-ka-langar), meat dishes are not served at all. Maybe it is on account of its being, perhaps, expensive or not easy to keep for long. Or perhaps the Vaishnava tradition is too strong to be shaken off." </li> <li id="cite_note-fool-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fool_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fool_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fool_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fool_189-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fool_189-4">e</a> Randip Singh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/sikh-sikhi-sikhism/8828-fools-who-wrangle-over-flesh.html">Fools Who Wrangle Over Flesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626010926/http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/sikh-sikhi-sikhism/8828-fools-who-wrangle-over-flesh.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sikh Philosophy Network, December 7, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234942/http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html">"Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India"</a>. sgpc.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Reht+Maryada%2C+The+Definition+of+Sikh%2C+Sikh+Conduct+%26+Conventions%2C+Sikh+Religion+Living%2C+India&rft.pub=sgpc.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgpc.net%2Fsikhism%2Fsikh-dharma-manual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Jane Srivastava, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1541">Vegetarianism and Meat-Eating in 8 Religions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225808/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1541">Archived</a> June 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_Today" title="Hinduism Today">Hinduism Today</a>, Spring 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Gyani Sher Singh, Philosophy of Sikhism, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar: "As a true Vaisnavite, Kabir remained a strict vegetarian. Kabir, far from defying Brahmanical tradition as to the eating of meat, would not permit so much as the plucking of a flower (G.G.S. p. 479), whereas Nanak deemed all such scruples to be superstitions." </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm">"Volunteer. Guru Ka Langar. Mata Khivi Made Langar a Reality"</a>. Sikhwomen.com. March 6, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502042059/http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volunteer.+Guru+Ka+Langar.+Mata+Khivi+Made+Langar+a+Reality&rft.pub=Sikhwomen.com&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhwomen.com%2FCommunity%2FVolunteer%2Flangar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm">"Sikhism Home Page"</a>. Sikhs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627192504/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Home+Page&rft.pub=Sikhs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhs.org%2Fmeat_gn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC">"3 Guru Amar Das"</a>. The History of Sikh Gurus. New Delhi: Lotus Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2"><bdi>978-81-8382-075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+Guru+Amar+Das&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-8382-075-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prithi+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhGkVkhUuqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM">"Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental issues and options"</a>. Fao.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726214204/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock%27s+Long+Shadow+%E2%80%93+Environmental+issues+and+options&rft.pub=Fao.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F010%2Fa0701e%2Fa0701e00.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> EPA. 2011. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2009. United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 430-R-11-005. 459 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsson2008" class="citation news cs1">Olsson, Anna (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19926635.600-comment-growing-m">"Comment: Lab-grown meat could ease food shortage"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227154639/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19926635.600-comment-growing-m">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+Lab-grown+meat+could+ease+food+shortage&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19926635.600-comment-growing-m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzundu2012" class="citation news cs1">Izundu, Chi Chi (February 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17113214">"Could vegetarians eat a 'test tube' burger? - BBC News"</a>. BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403084652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17113214">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Could+vegetarians+eat+a+%27test+tube%27+burger%3F+-+BBC+News&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Izundu&rft.aufirst=Chi+Chi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-17113214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/nov/11/food.climatechange">"Why eating less meat could cut global warming | Environment"</a>. Guardian.co.uk. November 10, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626180221/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/nov/11/food.climatechange">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=Why+eating+less+meat+could+cut+global+warming+%26%23124%3B+Environment&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2007%2Fnov%2F11%2Ffood.climatechange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2009" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Chris (May 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8046970.stm">"Europe | Belgian city plans 'veggie' days"</a>. News.bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523194537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8046970.stm">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe+%26%23124%3B+Belgian+city+plans+%27veggie%27+days&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8046970.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/02/10/692114918/how-to-get-meat-eaters-to-eat-more-plant-based-foods-make-their-mouths-water">"How To Get Meat Eaters To Eat More Plant-Based Foods? Make Their Mouths Water"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022315/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/02/10/692114918/how-to-get-meat-eaters-to-eat-more-plant-based-foods-make-their-mouths-water">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=How+To+Get+Meat+Eaters+To+Eat+More+Plant-Based+Foods%3F+Make+Their+Mouths+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2019%2F02%2F10%2F692114918%2Fhow-to-get-meat-eaters-to-eat-more-plant-based-foods-make-their-mouths-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goveg.com/workerrights.asp">"Killing for a Living: How the Meat Industry Exploits Workers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171835/http://www.goveg.com/workerrights.asp">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Killing+for+a+Living%3A+How+the+Meat+Industry+Exploits+Workers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goveg.com%2Fworkerrights.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-labor-204"><a href="#cite_ref-labor_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/usa0105/4.htm">"Worker Health and Safety in the Meat and Poultry Industry"</a>. Hrw.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612080111/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/usa0105/4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worker+Health+and+Safety+in+the+Meat+and+Poultry+Industry&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2005%2Fusa0105%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-labor2-205"><a href="#cite_ref-labor2_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223175929/http://www.ncrlc.com/academic-SR-webpages/food_safety.html">"Food Safety, the Slaughterhouse, and Rights"</a>. Ncrlc.com. March 30, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncrlc.com/academic-SR-webpages/food_safety.html">the original</a> on December 23, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Safety%2C+the+Slaughterhouse%2C+and+Rights&rft.pub=Ncrlc.com&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncrlc.com%2Facademic-SR-webpages%2Ffood_safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-labor3-206"><a href="#cite_ref-labor3_206-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/docs/meatCultureLiteratureReviewV81.pdf">Positive Safety Culture. The key to a safer meat industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412054210/http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/docs/meatCultureLiteratureReviewV81.pdf">Archived</a> April 12, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A literature review July 2000, safework.sa.gov.au </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/agri/wkingcond.htm">"Sectoral Policies Department (SECTOR)"</a>. Ilo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604191552/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/agri/wkingcond.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sectoral+Policies+Department+%28SECTOR%29&rft.pub=Ilo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fdialogue%2Fsector%2Fsectors%2Fagri%2Fwkingcond.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125355/http://www.evb.ch/en/p5785.html">"Working conditions in agriculture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evb.ch/en/p5785.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+conditions+in+agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evb.ch%2Fen%2Fp5785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development, Published by World Bank Publications p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050751/http://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/1998/07/02/">"United States Leads World Meat Stampede"</a>. WorldWatch Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/1998/07/02">the original</a> on May 17, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Leads+World+Meat+Stampede&rft.pub=WorldWatch+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatch.org%2Fpress%2Fnews%2F1998%2F07%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringmannGodfrayRaynarScarborough2016" class="citation journal cs1">Springmann, Marco; Godfray, H.C.J.; Raynar, Mike; Scarborough, Peter (February 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2016/03/16/1523119113.full.pdf">"Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (15): 4146–4151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.4146S">2016PNAS..113.4146S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1523119113">10.1073/pnas.1523119113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839446">4839446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27001851">27001851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708194554/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2016/03/16/1523119113.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+valuation+of+the+health+and+climate+change+cobenefits+of+dietary+change&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4146-%3C%2Fspan%3E4151&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27001851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1523119113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.4146S&rft.aulast=Springmann&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Godfray%2C+H.C.J.&rft.au=Raynar%2C+Mike&rft.au=Scarborough%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2Fearly%2F2016%2F03%2F16%2F1523119113.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Hodson, Gordon (September 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/without-prejudice/201209/prejudice-against-group-x-asexuals">"Prejudice Against "Group X" (Asexuals)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved December 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Prejudice+Against+%22Group+X%22+%28Asexuals%29&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fwithout-prejudice%2F201209%2Fprejudice-against-group-x-asexuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinelliBerkmanienė2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martinelli, Dario; Berkmanienė, Aušra (2018). "The Politics and the Demographics of Veganism: Notes for a Critical Analysis". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. 31 (3): 501–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11196-018-9543-3">10.1007/s11196-018-9543-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149235953">149235953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Semiotics+of+Law&rft.atitle=The+Politics+and+the+Demographics+of+Veganism%3A+Notes+for+a+Critical+Analysis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11196-018-9543-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149235953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martinelli&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft.au=Berkmanien%C4%97%2C+Au%C5%A1ra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelnick2014" class="citation news cs1">Melnick, Meredith (May 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323020140/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegetarian-phase_n_6270584">"Turns Out, Your Vegetarianism Probably Is Just A Phase"</a>. HuffPost. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegetarian-phase_n_6270584">the original</a> on March 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Turns+Out%2C+Your+Vegetarianism+Probably+Is+Just+A+Phase&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.aulast=Melnick&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fvegetarian-phase_n_6270584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/vegetarian-phase_us_6270584">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023071424/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/vegetarian-phase_us_6270584">Archived</a> October 23, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Schultz, Colin (December 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/most-vegetarians-lapse-after-only-year-180953565/">"Most Vegetarians Lapse After Only a Year"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305044724/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/most-vegetarians-lapse-after-only-year-180953565/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Most+Vegetarians+Lapse+After+Only+a+Year&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fmost-vegetarians-lapse-after-only-year-180953565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolleyFishbachWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Woolley, Kaitlin; Fishbach, Ayelet; Wang, Ronghan (Michelle) (2020). "Food restriction and the experience of social isolation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 119 (3): 657–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspi0000223">10.1037/pspi0000223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31724417">31724417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208018174">208018174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Food+restriction+and+the+experience+of+social+isolation&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E671&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208018174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31724417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fpspi0000223&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin&rft.au=Fishbach%2C+Ayelet&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ronghan+%28Michelle%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverstockForgays2012" class="citation journal cs1">Haverstock, Katie; Forgays, Deborah Kirby (June 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666312000906">"To eat or not to eat. A comparison of current and former animal product limiters"</a>. Appetite. 58 (3): 1030–1036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2012.02.048">10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6663">0195-6663</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22387715">22387715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13886878">13886878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806013344/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666312000906">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=To+eat+or+not+to+eat.+A+comparison+of+current+and+former+animal+product+limiters&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1030-%3C%2Fspan%3E1036&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.issn=0195-6663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13886878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22387715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.appet.2012.02.048&rft.aulast=Haverstock&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Forgays%2C+Deborah+Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0195666312000906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegetariers.nl/bewust/veelgestelde-vragen/hoeveel-vegetariers-zijn-er">"Hoeveel vegetariërs zijn er?"</a>. vegetariers.nl (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022039/https://www.vegetariers.nl/bewust/veelgestelde-vragen/hoeveel-vegetariers-zijn-er">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vegetariers.nl&rft.atitle=Hoeveel+vegetari%C3%ABrs+zijn+er%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegetariers.nl%2Fbewust%2Fveelgestelde-vragen%2Fhoeveel-vegetariers-zijn-er&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-219"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122">"The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation"</a>. BBC News. April 3, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+Indian+vegetarian+nation&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-43581122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShridharDhillonBowenKinra2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shridhar, Krithiga; Dhillon, Preet Kaur; Bowen, Liza; Kinra, Sanjay; Bharathi, Ankalmadugu Venkatsubbareddy; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Reddy, Kolli Srinath; Ebrahim, Shah (June 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055802">"Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)"</a>. Nutrition Journal. 13: 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-13-55">10.1186/1475-2891-13-55</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055802">4055802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899080">24899080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Journal&rft.atitle=Nutritional+profile+of+Indian+vegetarian+diets+%E2%80%93+the+Indian+Migration+Study+%28IMS%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4055802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24899080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2891-13-55&rft.aulast=Shridhar&rft.aufirst=Krithiga&rft.au=Dhillon%2C+Preet+Kaur&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Liza&rft.au=Kinra%2C+Sanjay&rft.au=Bharathi%2C+Ankalmadugu+Venkatsubbareddy&rft.au=Prabhakaran%2C+Dorairaj&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Kolli+Srinath&rft.au=Ebrahim%2C+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4055802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Herzog, Hal (September 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/animals-and-us/201109/why-are-there-so-few-vegetarians">"Why Are There So Few Vegetarians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Why+Are+There+So+Few+Vegetarians%3F&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fintl%2Fblog%2Fanimals-and-us%2F201109%2Fwhy-are-there-so-few-vegetarians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReymond2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Reymond, Stephane (June 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157868/REYMOND-THESIS-2016.pdf">Vegetarianism/Veganism: A Sociological Analysis</a> (PDF) (Masters). Texas A&M University. pp. 39, 41, 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007215518/https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157868/REYMOND-THESIS-2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Vegetarianism%2FVeganism%3A+A+Sociological+Analysis&rft.inst=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Reymond&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2F157868%2FREYMOND-THESIS-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothgerber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rothgerber, Hank (November 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodethics.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_foodethik/Rothgerber__Hank_2012._Real_Men_Dont_Eat_-Vegetable-__Quiche._Masculinity_and_the_Justification_of_Meat_Consumption.pdf">"Real Men Don't Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat Consumption"</a> (PDF). Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 14 (4): 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0030379">10.1037/a0030379</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920042212/https://foodethics.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_foodethik/Rothgerber__Hank_2012._Real_Men_Dont_Eat_-Vegetable-__Quiche._Masculinity_and_the_Justification_of_Meat_Consumption.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Men+%26+Masculinity&rft.atitle=Real+Men+Don%27t+Eat+%28Vegetable%29+Quiche%3A+Masculinity+and+the+Justification+of+Meat+Consumption&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0030379&rft.aulast=Rothgerber&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodethics.univie.ac.at%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fp_foodethik%2FRothgerber__Hank_2012._Real_Men_Dont_Eat_-Vegetable-__Quiche._Masculinity_and_the_Justification_of_Meat_Consumption.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consumer_Attitudes_Towards_Environm-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Consumer_Attitudes_Towards_Environm_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez-SabateSabaté2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sanchez-Sabate, Ruben; Sabaté, Joan (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479556">"Consumer Attitudes Towards Environmental Concerns of Meat Consumption: A Systematic Review"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (7): 1220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph16071220">10.3390/ijerph16071220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479556">6479556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30959755">30959755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Consumer+Attitudes+Towards+Environmental+Concerns+of+Meat+Consumption%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1220&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6479556%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30959755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph16071220&rft.aulast=Sanchez-Sabate&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft.au=Sabat%C3%A9%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6479556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2018" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Elizabeth Solis (June 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themillions.com/2018/06/what-the-caged-bird-feels-a-list-of-writers-in-support-of-vegetarianism.html">"What the Caged Bird Feels: A List of Writers in Support of Vegetarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Millions" title="The Millions">The Millions</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007120153/https://themillions.com/2018/06/what-the-caged-bird-feels-a-list-of-writers-in-support-of-vegetarianism.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Millions&rft.atitle=What+the+Caged+Bird+Feels%3A+A+List+of+Writers+in+Support+of+Vegetarianism&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Solis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemillions.com%2F2018%2F06%2Fwhat-the-caged-bird-feels-a-list-of-writers-in-support-of-vegetarianism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazmah2018" class="citation web cs1">Hazmah, Shareena Z. (November 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-rise-of-veganism-may-tenderise-fictional-language-106576">"How the rise of veganism may tenderise fictional language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124225850/https://theconversation.com/how-the-rise-of-veganism-may-tenderise-fictional-language-106576">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+the+rise+of+veganism+may+tenderise+fictional+language&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Hazmah&rft.aufirst=Shareena+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-the-rise-of-veganism-may-tenderise-fictional-language-106576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindquist2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Lindquist, Anna (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=csoc_theses">"Introduction"</a>. Beyond Hippies and Rabbit Food: The Social Effects of Vegetarianism and Veganism (Undergraduate). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puget_Sound" title="University of Puget Sound">University of Puget Sound</a>. pp. 1, 3, 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009005124/https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=csoc_theses">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Beyond+Hippies+and+Rabbit+Food%3A+The+Social+Effects+of+Vegetarianism+and+Veganism&rft.inst=University+of+Puget+Sound&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Lindquist&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundideas.pugetsound.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dcsoc_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Cunningham, June L. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/vrgnews/2002jun.htm">"Notes from the Editor"</a>. The Vegetarian Resource Group Newsletter. Vegetarian Resource Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618044614/https://www.vrg.org/vrgnews/2002jun.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vegetarian+Resource+Group+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Notes+from+the+Editor&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=June+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fvrgnews%2F2002jun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirshenbaum2019" class="citation web cs1">Kirshenbaum, Binnie (November 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/20/top-10-books-about-vegetarians">"Top 10 books about vegetarians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229181842/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/20/top-10-books-about-vegetarians">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+10+books+about+vegetarians&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Kirshenbaum&rft.aufirst=Binnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fnov%2F20%2Ftop-10-books-about-vegetarians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhulusi2020" class="citation web cs1">Khulusi, Ella (September 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoxfordblue.co.uk/2020/09/01/love-death-and-quorn-vegetarianism-in-literature/">"Love, death and Quorn: vegetarianism in literature"</a>. The Oxford Blue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012025604/https://www.theoxfordblue.co.uk/2020/09/01/love-death-and-quorn-vegetarianism-in-literature/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Blue&rft.atitle=Love%2C+death+and+Quorn%3A+vegetarianism+in+literature&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.aulast=Khulusi&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoxfordblue.co.uk%2F2020%2F09%2F01%2Flove-death-and-quorn-vegetarianism-in-literature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2016-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2016_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2016_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2016" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Kristen (August 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617192439/https://lithub.com/5-fictional-vegetarians-who-defy-stereotypes/">"5 Fictional Vegetarians Who Defy Stereotypes"</a>. Lit Hub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/5-fictional-vegetarians-who-defy-stereotypes/">the original</a> on June 17, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lit+Hub&rft.atitle=5+Fictional+Vegetarians+Who+Defy+Stereotypes&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2F5-fictional-vegetarians-who-defy-stereotypes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackham2019" class="citation journal cs1">Packham, Jimmy (September 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gothicnaturejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Packham_78-102_Gothic-Nature-1_2019.pdf">"Children of the Quorn: The Vegetarian, Raw, and the Horrors of Vegetarianism"</a> (PDF). Gothic Nature. 1: 78–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331062307/https://gothicnaturejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Packham_78-102_Gothic-Nature-1_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gothic+Nature&rft.atitle=Children+of+the+Quorn%3A+The+Vegetarian%2C+Raw%2C+and+the+Horrors+of+Vegetarianism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft.aulast=Packham&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgothicnaturejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2FPackham_78-102_Gothic-Nature-1_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulleid2020" class="citation book cs1">Bulleid, Joshua (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKbMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"Better Societies for the Ethical Treatment of Animals: Vegetarianism and the Utopian Tradition"</a>. In Kendal, Zachary; Smith, Aisling; Champion, Giulia; Milner, Andrew (eds.). Ethical Futures and Global Science Fiction. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030278939" title="Special:BookSources/9783030278939"><bdi>9783030278939</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023409/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKbMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Better+Societies+for+the+Ethical+Treatment+of+Animals%3A+Vegetarianism+and+the+Utopian+Tradition&rft.btitle=Ethical+Futures+and+Global+Science+Fiction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030278939&rft.aulast=Bulleid&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKbMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRourke2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Rourke, Lee (May 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4872/trauma-vegetarianism-and-poetry-the-best-new-novels">"Trauma, vegetarianism, and poetry: the best new novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Humanist" title="New Humanist">New Humanist</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221027/https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4872/trauma-vegetarianism-and-poetry-the-best-new-novels">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Humanist&rft.atitle=Trauma%2C+vegetarianism%2C+and+poetry%3A+the+best+new+novels&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.aulast=Rourke&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewhumanist.org.uk%2Farticles%2F4872%2Ftrauma-vegetarianism-and-poetry-the-best-new-novels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Carol J. (2010) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uK-RFEqfu0C&pg=PA148">"Frankenstein's Vegetarian Monster"</a>. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (20th Anniversary ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. pp. 148–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441173287" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441173287"><bdi>978-1441173287</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023406/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uK-RFEqfu0C&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%27s+Vegetarian+Monster&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+Politics+of+Meat%3A+A+Feminist-Vegetarian+Critical+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.edition=20th+Anniversary&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1441173287&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uK-RFEqfu0C%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-samples-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samples_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-samples_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamples2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Samples, Suzanne (August 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/3775/DISSERTATION2013Samples.pdf;jsessionid=D4DD20AEADBEECFE93EDD75AE969B7DC?sequence=2">Disorderly Eating in Victorian England</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>. pp. ii, 1–31, 39–40, 57–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213232/https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/3775/DISSERTATION2013Samples.pdf;jsessionid=D4DD20AEADBEECFE93EDD75AE969B7DC?sequence=2">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Disorderly+Eating+in+Victorian+England&rft.inst=Auburn+University&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.aulast=Samples&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.auburn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10415%2F3775%2FDISSERTATION2013Samples.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3DD4DD20AEADBEECFE93EDD75AE969B7DC%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.1910" class="citation journal cs1">G., A. (January 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevillegoddardbooks.com/PDF%20BOOKS/theosophist_v31_n4_jan_1910.pdf">"In Womanland"</a> (PDF). The Theosophist. 31 (4): 538. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127142618/https://www.nevillegoddardbooks.com/PDF%20BOOKS/theosophist_v31_n4_jan_1910.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Theosophist&rft.atitle=In+Womanland&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1910-01&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevillegoddardbooks.com%2FPDF%2520BOOKS%2Ftheosophist_v31_n4_jan_1910.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkins2017" class="citation journal cs1">Adkins, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2FH6030046">"The Eyes of That Cow: Eating Animals and Theorizing Vegetarianism in James Joyce'sUlysses"</a>. Humanities. 6 (46): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2FH6030046">10.3390/H6030046</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F9ff4960b-064d-4cc4-a54c-a0a1f50fbff9">20.500.11820/9ff4960b-064d-4cc4-a54c-a0a1f50fbff9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157246928">157246928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=The+Eyes+of+That+Cow%3A+Eating+Animals+and+Theorizing+Vegetarianism+in+James+Joyce%27sUlysses&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F9ff4960b-064d-4cc4-a54c-a0a1f50fbff9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157246928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2FH6030046&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252FH6030046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/6/3/46">ALT URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023409/https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/6/3/46">Archived</a> December 12, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, S. Reneé (September–October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj97sep/979cult.htm">"The Importance of Vegetarian Culture"</a>. Vegetarian Journal. 16 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119074124/https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj97sep/979cult.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetarian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Vegetarian+Culture&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1997-09%2F1997-10&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=S.+Rene%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fjournal%2Fvj97sep%2F979cult.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoetzee2004" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">Coetzee, J.M.</a> (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satyamag.com/may04/coetzee.html">"Animals, Humans, Cruelty and Literature: A Rare Interview with J. M. Coetzee"</a>. Djurens Rätt (Interview). Interviewed by Henrik Engström. Sweden: Setya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014003320/http://www.satyamag.com/may04/coetzee.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Djurens+R%C3%A4tt&rft.atitle=Animals%2C+Humans%2C+Cruelty+and+Literature%3A+A+Rare+Interview+with+J.+M.+Coetzee&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Coetzee&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satyamag.com%2Fmay04%2Fcoetzee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> Reprinted from Djurens Rätt (magazine) </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLethem2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Lethem, Jonathan (March 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/07/pending-vegan">"Pending Vegan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022094643/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/07/pending-vegan">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Pending+Vegan&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.aulast=Lethem&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F04%2F07%2Fpending-vegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLethem2014" class="citation interview cs1">Lethem, Jonathan (March 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/this-week-in-fiction-jonathan-lethem">"This Week in Fiction: Jonathan Lethem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Cressida Leyshon. United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131207/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/this-week-in-fiction-jonathan-lethem">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=This+Week+in+Fiction%3A+Jonathan+Lethem&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.aulast=Lethem&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fthis-week-in-fiction-jonathan-lethem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2014" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Kang, Han</a> (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ltikorea.or.kr/node/15724">"K-Literature Writers: Han Kang"</a> (Interview). Online: Digital Library of Korean Literature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210211740/https://library.ltikorea.or.kr/node/15724">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K-Literature+Writers%3A+Han+Kang&rft.place=Online&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+Korean+Literature&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ltikorea.or.kr%2Fnode%2F15724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2020" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, George (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crf.org.sg/blogs/uncategorized/reading-while-vegan-review-of-sapiens">"Reading While Vegan: Review of 'Sapiens'"</a>. Center for a Responsible Future. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007180433/https://www.crf.org.sg/blogs/uncategorized/reading-while-vegan-review-of-sapiens">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+a+Responsible+Future&rft.atitle=Reading+While+Vegan%3A+Review+of+%27Sapiens%27&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crf.org.sg%2Fblogs%2Funcategorized%2Freading-while-vegan-review-of-sapiens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Chloë (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003014270/chapters/10.4324/9781003014270-16">"Vegan madness: Han Kang's The Vegetarian"</a>. In Jenkins, Stephanie; Montford, Kelly Struthers; Taylor, Chloë (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003014270">Disability and Animality Crip Perspectives in Critical Animal Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003014270">10.4324/9781003014270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003014270" title="Special:BookSources/9781003014270"><bdi>9781003014270</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214241975">214241975</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220130/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003014270/disability-animality-chlo%C3%AB-taylor-kelly-struthers-montford-stephanie-jenkins">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vegan+madness%3A+Han+Kang%27s+The+Vegetarian&rft.btitle=Disability+and+Animality+Crip+Perspectives+in+Critical+Animal+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214241975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003014270&rft.isbn=9781003014270&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Chlo%C3%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fe%2F9781003014270%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9781003014270-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publicbooks-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-publicbooks_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publicbooks_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieger2017" class="citation web cs1">Zieger, Susan (July 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicbooks.org/the-vegan-resistance/">"The Vegan Resistance"</a>. Public Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323032039/https://www.publicbooks.org/the-vegan-resistance/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Books&rft.atitle=The+Vegan+Resistance&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Zieger&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicbooks.org%2Fthe-vegan-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avclub-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avclub_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avclub_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoski2013" class="citation web cs1">Koski, Genevieve (July 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/article/10-episodes-that-made-iking-of-the-hilli-one-of-th-99687">"10 episodes that made King Of The Hill one of the most human cartoons ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610051623/https://tv.avclub.com/10-episodes-that-made-king-of-the-hill-one-of-the-most-1798239025">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+episodes+that+made+King+Of+The+Hill+one+of+the+most+human+cartoons+ever&rft.pub=The+A.V.+Club&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Koski&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticle%2F10-episodes-that-made-iking-of-the-hilli-one-of-th-99687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel2015-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siegel2015_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel2015_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel2015_249-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2015" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Alan (October 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2015/10/the-simpsons-lisa-the-vegetarian-episode-changed-the-image-of-vegetarians-on-tv.html">"Celebrating "Lisa the Vegetarian," the Simpsons Episode That Changed the Image of Vegetarians on TV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate (website)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328051904/https://slate.com/culture/2015/10/the-simpsons-lisa-the-vegetarian-episode-changed-the-image-of-vegetarians-on-tv.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Celebrating+%22Lisa+the+Vegetarian%2C%22+the+Simpsons+Episode+That+Changed+the+Image+of+Vegetarians+on+TV&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2015%2F10%2Fthe-simpsons-lisa-the-vegetarian-episode-changed-the-image-of-vegetarians-on-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commentary-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commentary_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commentary_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Trey Parker, Matt Stone (2005). South Park: The Complete Sixth Season: "Freak Strike" (DVD). Comedy Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Park%3A+The+Complete+Sixth+Season%3A+%22Freak+Strike%22&rft.pub=Comedy+Central&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laughton-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laughton_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laughton_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughton2015" class="citation news cs1">Laughton, Ellen (September 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906233350/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/you-dont-win-friends-with-saladtvs-best-and-worst-vegetarians-20150918-gjpo0b.html">"'You don't win friends with salad': TV's best (and worst) vegetarians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/you-dont-win-friends-with-saladtvs-best-and-worst-vegetarians-20150918-gjpo0b.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27You+don%27t+win+friends+with+salad%27%3A+TV%27s+best+%28and+worst%29+vegetarians&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Laughton&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Ftv-and-radio%2Fyou-dont-win-friends-with-saladtvs-best-and-worst-vegetarians-20150918-gjpo0b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarranca2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marranca, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2007issue4/2007_issue4_vegging_out.php">"Vegging Out with Kung Fu and Star Trek"</a>. Vegetarian Journal (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211014925/https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2007issue4/2007_issue4_vegging_out.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetarian+Journal&rft.atitle=Vegging+Out+with+Kung+Fu+and+Star+Trek&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Marranca&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fjournal%2Fvj2007issue4%2F2007_issue4_vegging_out.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-253"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn,_WarrenWood,_Adrian2000" class="citation web cs1">Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309230714/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season7/page5.shtml">"Lisa the Vegetarian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season7/page5.shtml">the original</a> on March 9, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisa+the+Vegetarian&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Martyn%2C+Warren&rft.au=Wood%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcult%2Fsimpsons%2Fepisodeguide%2Fseason7%2Fpage5.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ-254"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220021534/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sideswipe/news/article.cfm?c_id=702&objectid=10593582">"Sideswipe: McCartney keeps Lisa vegetarian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. August 28, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sideswipe/news/article.cfm?c_id=702&objectid=10593582">the original</a> on February 20, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Sideswipe%3A+McCartney+keeps+Lisa+vegetarian&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fsideswipe%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D702%26objectid%3D10593582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2007" class="citation news cs1">Schneider, Michael (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2007/tv/news/simpsons-chat-closes-paley-fest-1117961291/">"'Simpsons' chat closes Paley fest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324120018/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961291.html?categoryid=14&cs=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Simpsons%27+chat+closes+Paley+fest&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2007%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fsimpsons-chat-closes-paley-fest-1117961291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groening-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Groening_256-0">^</a> Groening, Matt (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Vegetarian", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2009" class="citation web cs1">French, Dan (August 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528214815/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/interviews/a173417/david-mirkin-the-simpsons/">"David Mirkin ('The Simpsons')"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Spy" title="Digital Spy">Digital Spy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a173417/david-mirkin-the-simpsons.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=David+Mirkin+%28%27The+Simpsons%27%29&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.co.uk%2Ftv%2Fa173417%2Fdavid-mirkin-the-simpsons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2020" class="citation interview cs1">McCartney, Paul (August 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/paul-mccartney-interview">"At home with Paul McCartney: His most candid interview yet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GQ_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GQ (magazine)">GQ</a> (Online). Interviewed by Dylan Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210110859/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/paul-mccartney-interview">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=At+home+with+Paul+McCartney%3A+His+most+candid+interview+yet&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fpaul-mccartney-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NickMagInterview2-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NickMagInterview2_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NickMagInterview2_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMartinoKonietzko,_Bryan2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dante_DiMartino" title="Michael Dante DiMartino">DiMartino, Michael Dante</a>; Konietzko, Bryan (2006). "Myth Conceptions". Nickelodeon Magazine (Winter 2006): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nickelodeon+Magazine&rft.atitle=Myth+Conceptions&rft.issue=Winter+2006&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=DiMartino&rft.aufirst=Michael+Dante&rft.au=Konietzko%2C+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_King_of_Omashu-260"><a href="#cite_ref-The_King_of_Omashu_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Director: Anthony Lioi; Writer: John O'Bryan (March 18, 2005). "The King of Omashu". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 5. Nickelodeon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avatar%3A+The+Last+Airbender&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+5&rft.date=2005-03-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Headband-261"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Headband_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Director: Joaquim dos Santos; Writer: John O'Bryan (September 28, 2007). "The Headband". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 3. Episode 2. Nickelodeon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avatar%3A+The+Last+Airbender&rft.series=Season+3.+Episode+2&rft.date=2007-09-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Dean_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2017" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Anthony (November 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906204226/https://www.diversetechgeek.com/10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters/">"10 noteworthy vegetarian cartoon characters"</a>. Diverse Tech Geek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversetechgeek.com/10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters/">the original</a> on September 6, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diverse+Tech+Geek&rft.atitle=10+noteworthy+vegetarian+cartoon+characters&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversetechgeek.com%2F10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJing" class="citation web cs1">Jing, Fanwang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.purifymind.com/BrahmaNetSutra.htm">"Brahmajala Sutra Translated Text"</a>. Purify Out Mind. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204235921/http://www.purifymind.com/BrahmaNetSutra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008. <q>He must not create the causes ... and shall not intentionally kill any living creature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brahmajala+Sutra+Translated+Text&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Purify+Out+Mind&rft.aulast=Jing&rft.aufirst=Fanwang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.purifymind.com%2FBrahmaNetSutra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viva.org.uk/what-we-do/celebrity-supporters/count-duckula">"Count Duckula"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">VIVA!</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511162230/https://www.viva.org.uk/what-we-do/celebrity-supporters/count-duckula">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VIVA%21&rft.atitle=Count+Duckula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viva.org.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcelebrity-supporters%2Fcount-duckula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley2017" class="citation news cs1">Bayley, Leanne (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-cast-then-and-now">"The Buffy the Vampire Slayer cast 20 years later..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)">Glamour</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715183045/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-cast-then-and-now">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glamour&rft.atitle=The+Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer+cast+20+years+later...&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=Leanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamourmagazine.co.uk%2Fgallery%2Fbuffy-the-vampire-slayer-cast-then-and-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-screenrant2020-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-screenrant2020_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-screenrant2020_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2020" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Nicholas (May 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031413/https://screenrant.com/scooby-doo-shaggy-vegetarian-casey-kasem-true-story/">"Why Scooby-Doo Made Shaggy A Vegetarian: True Story Explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_Rant" title="Screen Rant">Screen Rant</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/scooby-doo-shaggy-vegetarian-casey-kasem-true-story/">the original</a> on June 4, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=Why+Scooby-Doo+Made+Shaggy+A+Vegetarian%3A+True+Story+Explained&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fscooby-doo-shaggy-vegetarian-casey-kasem-true-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThienenkamp2015" class="citation web cs1">Thienenkamp, Marius (January 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicsverse.com/saving-human-lives-vegetarian-superheroes-animal-rights/">"Saving Human Lives Only? Vegetarian Superheroes and Animal Rights"</a>. Comicsverse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229171850/https://comicsverse.com/saving-human-lives-vegetarian-superheroes-animal-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comicsverse&rft.atitle=Saving+Human+Lives+Only%3F+Vegetarian+Superheroes+and+Animal+Rights&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Thienenkamp&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicsverse.com%2Fsaving-human-lives-vegetarian-superheroes-animal-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDo2018" class="citation web cs1">Do, Tiffany (February 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodrepublic.com/2018/02/07/okja-convincing-case-vegetarianism/">"Why Okja Is A More Convincing Case For Vegetarianism"</a>. Food Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011174939/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2018/02/07/okja-convincing-case-vegetarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Republic&rft.atitle=Why+Okja+Is+A+More+Convincing+Case+For+Vegetarianism&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Do&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodrepublic.com%2F2018%2F02%2F07%2Fokja-convincing-case-vegetarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugar2019" class="citation web cs1">Hugar, John (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/south-park-takes-on-the-impossible-burger-while-cartma-1839119348">"South Park takes on the Impossible Burger, while Cartman and Randy's antics drive another strong episode"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103014434/https://tv.avclub.com/south-park-takes-on-the-impossible-burger-while-cartma-1839119348">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=South+Park+takes+on+the+Impossible+Burger%2C+while+Cartman+and+Randy%27s+antics+drive+another+strong+episode&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Hugar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fsouth-park-takes-on-the-impossible-burger-while-cartma-1839119348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearles2019" class="citation web cs1">Searles, Jourdain (December 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/everyone-is-growing-up-fast-on-steven-universe-future-1840444830">"Everyone is growing up fast on Steven Universe Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607081658/https://tv.avclub.com/everyone-is-growing-up-fast-on-steven-universe-future-1840444830">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Everyone+is+growing+up+fast+on+Steven+Universe+Future&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft.aulast=Searles&rft.aufirst=Jourdain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Feveryone-is-growing-up-fast-on-steven-universe-future-1840444830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarthe2016" class="citation web cs1">Marthe, Emalie (September 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5exq4/inside-the-strange-world-of-fruitarians-who-only-eat-raw-fruit">"Inside the Strange World of 'Fruitarians,' Who Only Eat Raw Fruit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201001001519/https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5exq4/inside-the-strange-world-of-fruitarians-who-only-eat-raw-fruit">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Strange+World+of+%27Fruitarians%2C%27+Who+Only+Eat+Raw+Fruit&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.aulast=Marthe&rft.aufirst=Emalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fj5exq4%2Finside-the-strange-world-of-fruitarians-who-only-eat-raw-fruit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrone2019" class="citation web cs1">Tyrone, Nick (March 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unherd.com/2019/03/what-will-the-woke-folk-make-of-notting-hill/">"What will the woke folk make of Notting Hill?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211152149/https://unherd.com/2019/03/what-will-the-woke-folk-make-of-notting-hill/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnHerd&rft.atitle=What+will+the+woke+folk+make+of+Notting+Hill%3F&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Tyrone&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funherd.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fwhat-will-the-woke-folk-make-of-notting-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis2000" class="citation web cs1">Paris, Barry (September 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408202723/https://old.post-gazette.com/movies/20000915cheer.asp">"It's hard to know what to make of 'But I'm a Cheerleader'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.post-gazette.com/movies/20000915cheer.asp">the original</a> on April 8, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=It%27s+hard+to+know+what+to+make+of+%27But+I%27m+a+Cheerleader%27&rft.date=2000-09-15&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fmovies%2F20000915cheer.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivia2010" class="citation web cs1">Olivia, Blair (May 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608075808/https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a32065693/legally-blonde-3/">"Legally Blonde 3: Release Date, Spoilers, Cast, Trailer And Plot Lines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elle_(magazine)" title="Elle (magazine)">Elle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a32065693/legally-blonde-3/">the original</a> on June 8, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elle&rft.atitle=Legally+Blonde+3%3A+Release+Date%2C+Spoilers%2C+Cast%2C+Trailer+And+Plot+Lines&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.aulast=Olivia&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elle.com%2Fuk%2Flife-and-culture%2Fculture%2Fa32065693%2Flegally-blonde-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgis2018" class="citation web cs1">Giorgis, Hannah (February 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theringer.com/movies/2018/2/20/17033330/winston-duke-mbaku-black-panther-breakout">"M'Baku Is the Best Surprise of 'Black Panther'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)" title="The Ringer (website)">The Ringer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417152603/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2018/2/20/17033330/winston-duke-mbaku-black-panther-breakout">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=M%27Baku+Is+the+Best+Surprise+of+%27Black+Panther%27&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.aulast=Giorgis&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2Fmovies%2F2018%2F2%2F20%2F17033330%2Fwinston-duke-mbaku-black-panther-breakout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelvam2018" class="citation web cs1">Selvam, Ashok (February 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eater.com/2018/2/16/17020564/black-panther-food-wakanda">"'Black Panther' Challenges a Bogus Food Stereotype"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eater_(website)" title="Eater (website)">Eater</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031639/https://www.eater.com/2018/2/16/17020564/black-panther-food-wakanda">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eater&rft.atitle=%27Black+Panther%27+Challenges+a+Bogus+Food+Stereotype&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.aulast=Selvam&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eater.com%2F2018%2F2%2F16%2F17020564%2Fblack-panther-food-wakanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElder2018" class="citation web cs1">Elder, Sajae (April 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2018/04/black-panther-star-winston-duke-talks-mbakus-vegetarian-co-signs">"'Black Panther' Star Winston Duke Talks M'Baku's Vegetarian Co-Signs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Complex_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (magazine)">Complex</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040543/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2018/04/black-panther-star-winston-duke-talks-mbakus-vegetarian-co-signs">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=%27Black+Panther%27+Star+Winston+Duke+Talks+M%27Baku%27s+Vegetarian+Co-Signs&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Sajae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fpop-culture%2F2018%2F04%2Fblack-panther-star-winston-duke-talks-mbakus-vegetarian-co-signs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier2020" class="citation journal cs1">Poirier, Nathan (March 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpcu.12876">"Thinking Veganism in Literature and Culture: Towards a Vegan Theory [Review]"</a>. The Journal of Popular Culture. 53 (1): 235–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpcu.12876">10.1111/jpcu.12876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Thinking+Veganism+in+Literature+and+Culture%3A+Towards+a+Vegan+Theory+%5BReview%5D&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjpcu.12876&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjpcu.12876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehub-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thehub_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thehub_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2013" class="citation news cs1">Lind, Jessica (October 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603044358/http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/2013/10/23/vegetarian-awareness-month/">"Celebrate Vegetarian Awareness Month with Vegetarian Characters in YA Lit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Young_Adult_Library_Services_Association" title="Young Adult Library Services Association">Young Adult Library Services Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/2013/10/23/vegetarian-awareness-month/">the original</a> on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Young+Adult+Library+Services+Association&rft.atitle=Celebrate+Vegetarian+Awareness+Month+with+Vegetarian+Characters+in+YA+Lit&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalsa.ala.org%2Fthehub%2F2013%2F10%2F23%2Fvegetarian-awareness-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2010" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Justin (February 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703221048/https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/vegetarian-1117942042/">"Review: 'Vegetarian'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/vegetarian-1117942042/">the original</a> on July 3, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27Vegetarian%27&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2010%2Ffilm%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fvegetarian-1117942042%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Vegetarianism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Vegetarianism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Vegetarianism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" class="extiw" title="q:Vegetarianism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_food" class="extiw" title="voy:Vegetarian and vegan food">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdfmx.com/the-complete-vegetarian-cookbook-pdf-free/">The Complete Vegetarian Cookbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/49949">The Logic of Vegetarianism: Essays and Dialogues by Henry S. Salt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Romantic Era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Burgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Resource_Group" title="Vegetarian Resource Group">Vegetarian Resource Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Obstbau-Siedlung" title="Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung">Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Magazine" title="The Vegetarian Magazine">The Vegetarian Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Journal">Vegan Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Books</a>, reports, journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth%27s_Gone_Raw" title="Elizabeth's Gone Raw">Elizabeth's Gone Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt>Main articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics" title="Intrinsic value in animal ethics">Intrinsic value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Winters" title="Ed Winters">Ed Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(veterinarian)" title="William Brown (veterinarian)">William Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mansfield_Mitchell" title="Alfred Mansfield Mitchell">Alfred Mansfield Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Isaac_Pengelly" title="J. Isaac Pengelly">J. Isaac Pengelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stratton_(clergyman)" title="Joseph Stratton (clergyman)">Joseph Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_(animal_rights_group)" title="Voiceless (animal rights group)">Voiceless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Humanity_to_Animals" title="An Essay on Humanity to Animals">An Essay on Humanity to Animals</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Law" title="Animal Rights Law">Animal Rights Law</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Circle" title="The Moral Circle">The Moral Circle</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc." title="Food, Inc.">Food, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Hope_and_Glory_(film,_2017)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land of Hope and Glory (film, 2017) (page does not exist)">Land of Hope and Glory</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okja" title="Okja">Okja</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> ( 139 )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1708" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1708" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187457-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85142520">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933774p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933774p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000082278&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534146905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016448">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32602">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&oldid=1277701478">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&oldid=1277701478</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism" title="Category:Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetables" title="Category:Vegetables">Vegetables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Diets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_ethics" title="Category:Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intentional_living" title="Category:Intentional living">Intentional living</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonviolence" title="Category:Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2021">Use mdy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from January 2023">Articles with failed verification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2020">Articles needing additional references from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 February 2025, at 05:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Vegetarianism</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 99 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-q4v5s","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.429","walltime":"2.791","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21027,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":852564,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8817,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1018322,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2187.492 1 -total"," 60.51% 1323.688 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.20% 463.850 108 Template:Cite_web"," 12.48% 273.080 53 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.27% 158.932 35 Template:Cite_book"," 6.93% 151.562 20 Template:Navbox"," 4.55% 99.544 23 Template:Cite_news"," 3.37% 73.653 1 Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism"," 3.13% 68.464 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 2.90% 63.361 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.414","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11642478,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","8.2"],["type","120","8.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.1"],["?","60","4.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.7"],["[others]","540","37.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-rbg9g","timestamp":"20250226105357","ttl":3600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vegetarianism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetarianism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83364","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83364","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T21:56:20Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T05:40:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg","headline":"practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat"}</script> </body> </html>