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Copley Medal
<html> <head> <title>Copley Medal</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"><style type="text/css"> <!-- .fotmbar { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none} .fotmbar:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline} .newslink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .newslink:hover { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink:hover { color: blue; text-decoration: underline} .b1f, .b2f, .b3f, .b4f {font-size:1px; overflow:hidden; display:block;} .b1f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 5px;} .b2f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 3px;} .b3f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 2px;} .b4f {height:2px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 1px;} .contentf {background: #e6e6e6; padding: 2px; } .contentf div {margin-left: 5px;} --> </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/sortable.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This is a beta version of NNDB</font></b></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> <nobr>Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </font></b></nobr></form></td> </tr> </table> <!-- COPYRIGHT (C) 2008 SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED --> <!-- NO PART OF THIS WEBSITE MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION --> <!-- OF SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS (ON THE WEB, IN PRINT, OR OTHERWISE) --> <!-- --> <!-- SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- PO BOX 4436, MOUNTAIN VIEW CA 94040 USA --> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr> <tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0> <font size=+3 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Copley Medal</b></font><p> <font size=+1 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=red><b>HONOR</b></font><p> <p>Highest award of the <a href="/org/793/000055628/">Royal Society</a>, for contributions to science. <p> <p> <table border=1><tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1731</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Stephen Gray </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1732</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Stephen Gray </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1734</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Theophilus Desaguliers </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1736</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Theophilus Desaguliers </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1737</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Belchier </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1738</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James Valoue </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1739</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/146/000085888/">Stephen Hales</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1740</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Alexander Stuart </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1741</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Theophilus Desaguliers </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1742</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Christopher Middleton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1743</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Abraham Trembley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1744</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Henry Baker </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1745</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Watson </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1746</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Benjamin Robins </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1747</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Gowin Knight </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1748</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James Bradley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1749</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Harrison </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1750</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>George Edwards </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1751</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Canton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1752</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Pringle </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1753</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/578/000026500/">Benjamin Franklin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1754</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Lewis </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1755</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Huxham </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1756</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1757</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Cavendish </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1758</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/841/000049694/">John Dollond</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1759</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Smeaton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1760</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Benjamin Wilson </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1761</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1762</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1763</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1764</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Canton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1765</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1766</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Brownrigg; Edward Delaval; <a href="/people/030/000083778/">Henry Cavendish</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1767</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Ellis </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1768</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Peter Woulfe </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1769</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Hewson </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1770</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Hamilton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1771</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Matthew Raper </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1772</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/810/000086552/">Joseph Priestley</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1773</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Walsh </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1774</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1775</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Nevil Maskelyne </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1776</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/757/000086499/">James Cook</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1777</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Mudge </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1778</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Hutton </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1779</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1780</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Samuel Vince </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1781</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/661/000096373/">William Herschel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1782</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Richard Kirwan </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1783</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Goodricke; Thomas Hutchins </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1784</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Edward Waring </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1785</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Roy </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1786</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1787</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/759/000091486/">John Hunter</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1788</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Blagden </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1789</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Morgan </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1790</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1791</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James Rennell; Jean-André Deluc (John Andrew de Luc) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1792</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/662/000104350/">Benjamin Count Rumford</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1793</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1794</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/741/000091468/">Alessandro Volta</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1795</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jesse Ramsden </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1796</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>George Atwood </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1797</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1798</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>George Shuckburgh; Evelyn Charles Hatchett </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1799</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Hellins </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1800</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Edward Howard </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1801</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Astley Paston Cooper </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1802</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/034/000103722/">William Hyde Wollaston</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1803</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Richard Chenevix </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1804</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Smithson Tennant </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1805</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/028/000083776/">Humphry Davy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1806</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Thomas Andrew Knight </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1807</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Everard Home </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1808</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Henry </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1809</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/670/000174148/">Edward Troughton</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1810</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1811</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Benjamin Collins Brodie </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1812</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1813</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Thomas Brande </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1814</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/788/000097497/">Sir James Ivory</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1815</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>David Brewster </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1816</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1817</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Henry Kater </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1818</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Robert Seppings </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1819</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1820</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/341/000104029/">Hans Christian Oersted</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1821</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Edward Sabine; <a href="/people/054/000086793/">John Herschel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1822</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/055/000100752/">William Buckland</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1823</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Pond </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1824</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Brinkley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1825</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/308/000032212/">François Arago</a>; Peter Barlow </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1826</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James South </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1827</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>William Prout; Henry Foster </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1828</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1829</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1830</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1831</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/766/000096478/">George Biddell Airy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1832</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/571/000024499/">Michael Faraday</a>; <a href="/people/857/000093578/">Siméon-Denis Poisson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1833</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1834</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Giovanni Plana </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1835</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/071/000101765/">William Snow Harris</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1836</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/051/000094766/">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>; Francis Kiernan </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1837</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Antoine C. Becquerel; John Frederic Daniell </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1838</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/363/000087102/">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>; <a href="/people/571/000024499/">Michael Faraday</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1839</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/050/000100747/">Robert Brown</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1840</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/875/000100575/">Justus Liebig</a>; <a href="/people/236/000097942/">Charles François Sturm</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1841</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/649/000087388/">Georg Simon Ohm</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1842</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James MacCullagh </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1843</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jean Baptiste Dumas </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1844</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Carlo Matteucci </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1845</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Theodor Schwann </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1846</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Urbain Le Verrier </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1847</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Frederick; <a href="/people/054/000086793/">John Herschel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1848</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/772/000096484/">John Couch Adams</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1849</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Roderick Murchison </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1850</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/029/000101723/">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1851</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Richard Owen </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1852</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Alexander von Humboldt </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1853</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Heinrich Wilhelm Dove </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1854</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Johannes Peter Müller </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1855</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/606/000086348/">Léon Foucault</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1856</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Henry Milne-Edwards </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1857</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/910/000100610/">Michel-Eugène Chevreul</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1858</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/249/000086988/">Charles Lyell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1859</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/097/000099797/">Wilhelm Weber</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1860</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/900/000095615/">Robert Wilhelm Bunsen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1861</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/774/000082528/">Louis Agassiz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1862</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Thomas Graham </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1863</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Adam Sedgwick </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1864</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/569/000024497/">Charles Darwin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1865</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Michel Chasles </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1866</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/850/000172334/">Julius Plücker</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1867</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/026/000100723/">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1868</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/932/000100632/">Charles Wheatstone</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1869</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/089/000099789/">Henri-Victor Regnault</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1870</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/275/000049128/">James Prescott Joule</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1871</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/013/000095725/">Julius Robert Mayer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1872</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/913/000100613/">Friedrich Wöhler</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1873</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/445/000072229/">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1874</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/580/000072364/">Louis Pasteur</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1875</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>August Wilhelm Hofmann </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1876</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/033/000100730/">Claude Bernard</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1877</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James Dwight Dana </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1878</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jean Baptiste Boussingault </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1879</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/951/000100651/">Rudolf Clausius</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1880</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/354/000098060/">James Joseph Sylvester</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1881</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Karl Adolph Wurtz </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1882</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Arthur Cayley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1883</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/607/000050457/">Lord Kelvin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1884</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Carl Ludwig </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1885</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/934/000100634/">Friedrich August Kekulé</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1886</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Franz Ernst Neumann </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1887</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/273/000102964/">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1888</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/570/000024498/">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1889</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>George Salmon </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1890</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/473/000103164/">Simon Newcomb</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1891</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/370/000095085/">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1892</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/904/000164412/">Rudolf Virchow</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1893</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/131/000097837/">George Gabriel Stokes</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1894</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Edward Frankland </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1895</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Karl Weierstrass </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1896</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Karl Gegenbaur </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1897</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Albert von Kolliker </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1898</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/389/000103080/">William Huggins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1899</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/497/000099200/">Lord Rayleigh</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1900</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/892/000100592/">Marcellin Berthelot</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1901</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Willard Gibbs </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1902</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/597/000091324/">Joseph Lister</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1903</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/266/000097972/">Eduard Suess</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1904</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/965/000100665/">Sir William Crookes</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1905</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/593/000091320/">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1906</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/143/000125765/">Ilya Mechnikov</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1907</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/501/000099204/">Albert A. Michelson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1908</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/065/000103753/">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1909</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/350/000169840/">George W. Hill</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1910</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/247/000098950/">Francis Galton</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1911</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/162/000168655/">George Darwin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1912</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Felix Klein </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1913</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Ray Lankester </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1914</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/479/000099182/">J. J. Thomson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1915</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/656/000087395/">Ivan Pavlov</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1916</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/094/000099794/">James Dewar</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1917</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Emil Roux </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1918</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/756/000091483/">Hendrik Lorentz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1919</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/990/000100690/">William Bayliss</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1920</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Horace Brown </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1921</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Joseph Larmor </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1922</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/218/000068014/">Ernest Rutherford</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1923</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Horace Lamb </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1924</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>E. Sharpey-Schafer </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1925</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/302/000022236/">Albert Einstein</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1926</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/610/000127229/">Frederick Hopkins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1927</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Sherrington </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1928</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Parsons </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1929</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/229/000058055/">Max Planck</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1930</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/533/000099236/">William Bragg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1931</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Arthur Schuster </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1932</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/672/000036564/">George Ellery Hale</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1933</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Theobald Smith </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1934</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/006/000100703/">John Scott Haldane</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1935</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/726/000099429/">C. T. R. Wilson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1936</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Arthur Evans </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1937</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/470/000128086/">Henry Dale</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1938</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/560/000024488/">Niels Bohr</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1939</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/048/000127664/">Thomas H. Morgan</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1940</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/085/000099785/">Paul Langevin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1941</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Thomas Lewis </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1942</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/432/000100132/">Sir Robert Robinson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1943</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Joseph Barcroft </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1944</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Geoffrey Taylor </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1945</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/203/000179663/">Oswald Avery</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1946</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000127556/">Edgar Adrian</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1947</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>G. H. Hardy </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1948</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/668/000126290/">Archibald V. Hill</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1949</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/235/000099935/">George de Hevesy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1950</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/728/000099431/">James Chadwick</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1951</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>David Keilin </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1952</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/314/000072098/">Paul Dirac</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1953</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Albert Kluyver </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1954</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Edmund Whittaker </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1955</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/763/000196175/">Ronald Fisher</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1956</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/756/000099459/">Patrick M. S. Blackett</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1957</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/038/000128651/">Howard Florey</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1958</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Edensor Littlewood </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1959</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Macfarlane Burnet </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1960</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Harold Jeffreys </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1961</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Hans Krebs </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1962</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/540/000100240/">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1963</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Paul Fildes </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1964</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/458/000179918/">Sydney Chapman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1965</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Alan Hodgkin </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1966</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/538/000099241/">Lawrence Bragg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1967</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Bernard Katz </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1968</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Tadeus Reichstein </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1969</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/009/000113667/">Peter Medawar</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1970</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/459/000100159/">Alexander R. Todd</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1971</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Norman Pirie </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1972</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/913/000099616/">Nevill F. Mott</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1973</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Andrew Huxley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1974</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>W. V. D. Hodge </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1975</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/321/000022255/">Francis Crick</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1976</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/564/000100264/">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1977</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/213/000099913/">Frederick Sanger</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1978</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/569/000100269/">Robert B. Woodward</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1979</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/548/000100248/">Max F. Perutz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1980</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/582/000100282/">Derek Barton</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1981</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/607/000100307/">Peter Mitchell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1982</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/611/000100311/">John Cornforth</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1983</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Rodney Porter </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1984</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/960/000099663/">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1985</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/642/000100342/">Aaron Klug</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1986</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/198/000099898/">Rudolf Peierls</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1987</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Robert Hill </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1988</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/095/000179555/">Michael Atiyah</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1989</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Cesar Milstein </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1990</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/948/000099651/">Abdus Salam</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1991</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Sydney Brenner </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1992</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/577/000100277/">George Porter</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1993</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/322/000022256/">James Watson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1994</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Charles Frank </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1995</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Frank Fenner </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1996</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/038/000168531/">Alan Cottrell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1997</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Hugh Huxley </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1998</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>James Lighthill </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1999</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/095/000044960/">John Maynard Smith</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2000</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Alan Battersby </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2001</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jacques Miller </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2002</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/833/000100533/">John A. Pople</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2003</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Gurdon </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2004</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/800/000100500/">Sir Harold Kroto</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2005</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/704/000135299/">Paul Nurse</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2006</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/563/000022497/">Stephen Hawking</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2007</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Robert May </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2008</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/277/000024205/">Roger Penrose</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2009</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/894/000163405/">Martin Evans</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2010</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>David Cox </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2011</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Dan McKenzie</td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> <p> <br><br><p> <font size=-1>Do you know something we don't?</font><br> <font size=-1><a href="http://commentary.nndb.com/submit/feedback/?id=72547" rel="nofollow">Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile</a></font><br> <p> <br><br><p><font size=-1>Copyright ©2012 Soylent Communications</font><p> </td></tr></table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 0px 8px 25px;"><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center><a href="http://mapper.nndb.com/" class="fotmlink" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: #dd0000;">NNDB MAPPER</a><br><br><a style="color: #0000ff" href="http://mapper.nndb.com/maps/633/000003624/"><img src="http://mapper.nndb.com/t/633/3624/s3624.jpg" width=128><br><font size="-1" face="trebuchet ms">Obama connections with international banking elite</font></a><br><br><font face="Trebuchet MS, arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="-2">Requires Flash 7+ and Javascript.</font></center></div><b class="b4f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b1f"></b><br clear=left><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-7514286389735969"; /* 120x240, created 12/17/08 */ google_ad_slot = "9750487262"; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </center></div><b class="b4f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b1f"></b><br clear=left><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center><b class="fotmlink" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: #dd0000;">Bibliographies</b><p>NNDB has added thousands of bibliographies for people, organizations, schools, and general topics, listing more than 50,000 books and 120,000 other kinds of references. 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