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Rudolf Clausius
<html> <head> <title>Rudolf Clausius</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/silly-nndb-icon.png" /><style type="text/css"> <!-- .fotmbar { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none} .fotmbar:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline} .newslink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .newslink:hover { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink:hover { color: blue; text-decoration: underline} .b1f, .b2f, .b3f, .b4f {font-size:1px; overflow:hidden; display:block;} .b1f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 5px;} .b2f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 3px;} .b3f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 2px;} .b4f {height:2px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 1px;} .contentf {background: #e6e6e6; padding: 2px; } .contentf div {margin-left: 5px;} --> </style></head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This is a beta version of NNDB</font></b></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> <nobr>Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </font></b></nobr></form></td> </tr> </table> <!-- COPYRIGHT (C) 2008 SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED --> <!-- NO PART OF THIS WEBSITE MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION --> <!-- OF SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS (ON THE WEB, IN PRINT, OR OTHERWISE) --> <!-- --> <!-- SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- PO BOX 4436, MOUNTAIN VIEW CA 94040 USA --> </td></tr><tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr><map name=fool><area coords="102,0,240,14" href="/people/951/000100651/bibliography/" alt="bibliography"></map><tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 0px 15px 15px 15px;"><img src="/red-profile-2.gif" align="right" height=15 width=240 border=0 usemap=#fool><br clear="all"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0><font size=+3 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Rudolf Clausius</b></font><p><img src="rudolf-clausius-1.jpg" height=330 width=231 align=right hspace=10 vspace=10 alt="Rudolf Clausius"><b>AKA</b> Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius<p><b>Born:</b> <a href="/lists/519/000106201/" class=proflink>2-Jan</a>-<a href="/lists/821/000105506/" class=proflink>1822</a><br><b>Birthplace:</b> Köslin, Prussia, Germany<br><b>Died:</b> <a href="/lists/123/000106802/" class=proflink>24-Aug</a>-<a href="/lists/398/000106080/" class=proflink>1888</a><br><b>Location of death:</b> <a href="/geo/722/000082476/" class=proflink>Bonn, Germany</a><br><b>Cause of death:</b> unspecified<br><p><b>Gender:</b> Male<br><b>Race or Ethnicity:</b> White<br><b>Occupation:</b> <a href="/lists/629/000096341/" class=proflink>Physicist</a><p><b>Nationality:</b> Germany<br><b>Executive summary:</b> Second Law of Thermodynamics<p>German physicist, born on the 2nd of January 1822 at K鰏lin, in Pomerania. After attending the Gymnasium at Stettin, he studied at Berlin University from 1840 to 1844. In 1848 he took his degree at Halle, and in 1850 was appointed professor of physics in the royal artillery and engineering school at Berlin. Late in the same year he delivered his inaugural lecture as <i>Privatdocent</i> in the university. In 1855 he became an ordinary professor at Z黵ich Polytechnic, accepting at the same time a professorship in the University of Z黵ich. In 1867 he moved to W黵zburg as professor of physics, and two years later was appointed to the same chair at Bonn, where he died on the 24th of August 1888. During the Franco-German War he was at the head of an ambulance corps composed of Bonn students, and received the Iron Cross for the services he rendered at Vionville and Gravelotte. The work of Clausius, who was a mathematical rather than an experimental physicist, was concerned with many of the most abstruse problems of molecular physics. By his restatement of Carnot's principle he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis, and he deserves the credit of having made thermodynamics a science; he enunciated the second law, in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy in 1850, in the well-known form, "Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body." His results he applied to an exhaustive development of the theory of the steam engine, laying stress in particular on the conception of entropy. The kinetic theory of gases owes much to his labors, <a href="/people/430/000072214/">James Clerk Maxwell</a> calling him its principal founder. It was he who raised it, on the basis of the dynamical theory of heat, to the level of a theory, and he carried out many numerical determinations in connection with it, e.g. of the mean free path of a molecule. To Clausius also was due an important advance in the theory of electrolysis, and he put forward the idea that molecules in electrolytes are continually interchanging atoms, the electric force not causing, but merely directing, the interchange. This view found little favor until 1887, when it was taken up by <a href="/people/875/000092599/">Svante Arrhenius</a>, who made it the basis of the theory of electrolytic dissociation. In addition to many scientific papers he wrote <i>Die Potentialfunktion und das Potential</i>, 1864, and <i>Abhandlungen 黚er die mechanische W鋜metheorie</i>, 1864-67. <p> University: <a href="/edu/634/000079397/">University of Berlin (studied 1840-44)</a><br> University: <a href="/edu/632/000079395/">University of Halle (1848)</a><br> Professor: Physics, Royal Artillery and Engineering School, Berlin (1850-)<br> Professor: <a href="/edu/371/000220708/">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich</a><br> Professor: <a href="/edu/626/000071413/">University of Zürich</a><br> Professor: <a href="/edu/627/000071414/">Physics, University of Würzburg (1867-69)</a><br> Professor: <a href="/edu/732/000068528/">Physics, University of Bonn (1869-88)</a><br><p> <a href="/honors/763/000072547/">Copley Medal</a> 1879<br><p> <br><br><p> <font size=-1>Do you know something we don't?</font><br> <font size=-1><a href="http://commentary.nndb.com/submit/feedback/?id=100651" rel="nofollow">Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile</a></font><br> <p> <br><br><p><font size=-1>Copyright ©2019 Soylent Communications</font><p> </td></tr></table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 0px 8px 25px;"></td></tr> </table> </center> </body> </html>