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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mughal era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>British colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partitions_of_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitions_of_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Partitions of Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitions_of_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh_Liberation_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh_Liberation_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bangladesh Liberation War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh_Liberation_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fashion and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Visual art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire_and_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire_and_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Attire and clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire_and_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_poverty_alleviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_poverty_alleviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Economics and poverty alleviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_poverty_alleviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Sport and games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengalis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengale_(volk)" title="Bengale (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bengale (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85)" title="بنغال (قوم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنغال (قوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalins" title="Bengalins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bengalins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বাঙালী জাতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাঙালী জাতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benqallar" title="Benqallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benqallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بنقال‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقال‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বাঙালি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাঙালি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Бенгальцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенгальцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бенгалци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བེང་ག་ལི་ཡི་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེང་ག་ལི་ཡི་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1lci" title="Bengálci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bengálci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen_(Volk)" title="Bengalen (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalen (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalid" title="Bengalid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bengalid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9_(%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Μπενγκάλι (λαός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπενγκάλι (λαός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_bengal%C3%AD" title="Pueblo bengalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo bengalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaloj" title="Bengaloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengaloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalar" title="Bengalar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bengalar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مردمان بنگالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان بنگالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis_(peuple)" title="Bengalis (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bengalis (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beang%C3%A1laigh" title="Beangálaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beangálaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_bengal%C3%AD" title="Pobo bengalí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo bengalí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8%EC%9D%B8" title="벵골인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բենգալացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենգալացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="बंगाली लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाली लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Bengali" title="Suku Bengali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Бенгайлаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бенгайлаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბენგალელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენგალელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бенгалдықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенгалдықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C4%81%C4%BCi" title="Bengāļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bengāļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalai" title="Bengalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bengalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1liak" title="Bengáliak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bengáliak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="बङ्गाली लोक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बङ्गाली लोक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бенгалци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенгалци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaly_(vahoaka)" title="Bengaly (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bengaly (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شعوب البنجال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعوب البنجال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggali" title="Benggali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benggali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Banggalo" title="Urang Banggalo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Banggalo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Бенгал үндэстэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенгал үндэстэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen_(volk)" title="Bengalen (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bengalen (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="बङ्गाली जाति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गाली जाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ベンガル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Бенгалой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бенгалой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengallar" title="Bengallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bengallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بنگالی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بنګالي ملت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنګالي ملت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalczycy" title="Bengalczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bengalczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bengalis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalezi" title="Bengalezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bengalezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Бенгальцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгальцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C3%ABt" title="Bengalët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bengalët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengalis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalci" title="Bengalci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bengalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="خەڵکی بەنگال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵکی بەنگال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бенгалци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенгалци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalci" title="Bengalci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bengalci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Benggala" title="Urang Benggala – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Benggala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalit" title="Bengalit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengalit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காளிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ชาวเบงกอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเบงกอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Банголиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банголиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalliler" title="Bengalliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bengalliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96" title="Бенгальці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенгальці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنگالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Bengal" title="Người Bengal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Bengal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%97%8F" title="孟加拉族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟加拉族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%97%8F" title="孟加拉族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉族" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bengalis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="bn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বাঙ্গালী</span></span></li><li><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বাঙালি</span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali-speaking_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bengali-speaking_world.svg/220px-Bengali-speaking_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bengali-speaking_world.svg/330px-Bengali-speaking_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bengali-speaking_world.svg/440px-Bengali-speaking_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 285 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">163,508,457 (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Bengali_speakers" title="States of India by Bengali speakers">97,228,917 (2011 census)</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">2,000,000</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,116,192<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,090,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">680,242<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">662,145<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021census_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2022census_Scot_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NICensus2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICensus2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<sup id="cite_ref-info.undp.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info.undp.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350,000<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">304,425<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_2023_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS_2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180,000<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160,000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75,425<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51,491<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<sup id="cite_ref-erd.portal.gov.bd_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erd.portal.gov.bd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<sup id="cite_ref-info.undp.org_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info.undp.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000–40,000<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27,962<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,000<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,410<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,279<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<sup id="cite_ref-erd.portal.gov.bd_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erd.portal.gov.bd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-erd.portal.gov.bd_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erd.portal.gov.bd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,300<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,337<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Majority</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> ~70%</li><li><b>Significant minority</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>  : ~28%</li><li><b>Smaller minorities of:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/27px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/36px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> : ~1%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> : ~1%</li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenewsweb.in_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsweb.in-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan_2013_2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_2013_2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />a. Spoken by a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Bengali">Pakistani Bengalis</a> and some old <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakaiya">Dhakaiyas</a> as <a href="/wiki/L1" class="mw-disambig" title="L1">L1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="border:2px double #B22234; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengalis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/140px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/210px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/280px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengali history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali homeland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Social group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotis" title="Ghotis">Ghotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious community: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali name</a></li> <li>Subgroups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a></div><div 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art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">Music</a></li> <li>Cinema <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre</a></li> <li>Weddings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Harvest</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Bengali symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">National symbols of Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Fish and rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal" title="Category:Bengal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/220px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/330px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/440px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary"> Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_Movement_(North_Dinajpur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)">Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">Gaye holud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bengal">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Myths<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oladevi" title="Oladevi">Oladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Pir" title="Satya Pir">Satya Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></li></ul> <p>Lores<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Barsha Utsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_U%E1%B9%AFsab" title="Basanta Uṯsab">Basanta Uṯsab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Pahela Falgun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School of Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Majnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laila Majnu">Laila Majnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha" title="Yusuf-Zulekha">Yusuf-Zulekha</a></li></ul> <p>Genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarja_(folk_poetry_contest)" title="Tarja (folk poetry contest)">Tarja</a></li></ul> <p>Institutions </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_institutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary institutions (page does not exist)">Literary institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li></ul> <p>Awards </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary awards (page does not exist)">Literary awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Puraskar" title="Ananda Puraskar">Ananda Puraskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /> <p>Folk genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamani-Vijaya" title="Agamani-Vijaya">Agamani-Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimansingha_Gitika" title="Maimansingha Gitika">Maimansingha Gitika</a></li></ul> <p>Devotional </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Zari</a></li></ul> <p>Classical genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur Gharana">Bishnupur Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_gharana" title="Maihar gharana">Maihar gharana</a></li></ul> <p>Modern genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali band">Bengali band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Rock music of West Bengal</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polligeeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polligeeti (page does not exist)">Polligeeti</a></li></ul> <p>Instruments </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploong" title="Ploong">Ploong</a></li></ul> <p>Dance </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li></ul> <p>Theater </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> <p>Organizations </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev" title="Gerasim Lebedev">Gerasim Lebedev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sport</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Chaturaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template talk:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bengalis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বাঙ্গালী, বাঙালি</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[baŋgali,<span class="wrap"> </span>baŋali]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF.wav\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-\u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF.wav/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q9610_(ben)-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF.wav" title="File:LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বাঙালি.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), also rendered as <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> <b>Bangalee</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Citizenship_CoB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship_CoB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> originating from and culturally affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region of South Asia. The population is divided between the sovereign country <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the Indian regions of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undivided_Goalpara_district" title="Undivided Goalpara district">Goalpara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, Manipur and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chingiz_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chingiz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most speak <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, a language from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language family. Sub-section 2 of Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a> states, "The people of Bangladesh shall be known as Bengalis as a nation and as Bangladeshis as citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengalis are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">third-largest ethnic group</a> in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the largest ethnic group within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo–European linguistic family</a> and the largest ethnic group in South Asia. Apart from Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur, and Assam's Barak Valley, Bengali-majority populations also reside in India's union territory of <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, with significant populations in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Province_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Province No. 1">Province No. 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-langminor_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langminor-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global Bengali <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> have well-established communities in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Myanmar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Italy" title="Bangladeshis in Italy">Italy</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Maldives" title="Bangladeshis in the Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Canadian">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Japan" title="Bangladeshis in Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. </p><p>Bengalis are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. Approximately 70% are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> with a large <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> minority and sizeable communities of Christians and Buddhists. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, who live mainly in Bangladesh, primarily belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> denomination. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, who live primarily in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam's Barak Valley, Jharkhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, generally follow <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, in addition to worshipping regional deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengali_religions_p826-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tagore_1916_320_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tagore_1916_320-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exist small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a>, a large number of whom are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese voyagers</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a>, the bulk of whom belong to the Bengali-speaking <a href="/wiki/Barua_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barua (Bangladesh)">Barua</a> group in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine</a>. </p><p>Bengalis have influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a> and architecture, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, literature, politics, military, business, science and technology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/220px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/330px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/440px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The ancient political divisions of the Ganges delta.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term Bengali is generally used to refer to someone whose linguistic, cultural or ancestral origins are from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> Bengalis are ethnically differentiated from the non-Indo-Aryan tribes inhabiting Bengal. Their <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>, <i>Bangali</i>, along with the native name of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region, <i>Bangla</i>, are both derived from <i>Bangālah</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a> word for the region. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Muslim expansion</a>, there was no unitary territory by this name as the region was instead divided into numerous geopolitical divisions. The most prominent of these were <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vaṅga</a> (from which <i>Bangālah</i> is thought to ultimately derive from) in the south, <a href="/wiki/Rarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarh">Rāṛha</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Puṇḍravardhana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Samata%E1%B9%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samataṭa">Samataṭa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> in the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The historic land of Vaṅga (<i>bôngô</i> in Bengali), situated in present-day <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered by early historians of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic tradition">Abrahamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> traditions to have originated from a man who had settled in the area though it is often dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>. Early Abrahamic genealogists had suggested that this man was Bang, a son of Hind who was the son of <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham (son of Noah)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-riaj_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a> state that Vaṅga was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Va%E1%B9%85ga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaṅga kingdom">Vaṅga kingdom</a> and one of the adopted sons of King Vali. The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (<i>Bôngal</i>) and its earliest reference is in the Nesari plates (805 CE) of <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> which speak of <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Bengal" title="Dharmapala of Bengal">Dharmapāla</a> as its king. The records of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>, who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, speak of <a href="/wiki/Govindachandra_(Chandra_dynasty)" title="Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)">Govindachandra</a> as the ruler of <i>Vaṅgāladeśa</i> (a Sanskrit cognate to the word <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, which was historically a synonymous endonym of Bengal).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a> mentions in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">ʿAin-i-Akbarī</a></i> that the addition of the suffix <i>"al"</i> came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riyaz-us-Salatin" title="Riyaz-us-Salatin">Riyāz us-Salāṭīn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-riaj_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1352, Muslim nobleman <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> united the region into a single political entity known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>. Proclaiming himself as <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Shāh">Shāh</a>-i-Bangālīyān</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was in this period that the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> gained state patronage and corroborated literary development.<sup id="cite_ref-banglalang_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglalang-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jol_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jol-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilyas Shah had effectively unified the region into one country.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG/220px-Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG/330px-Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG/440px-Rajshahi_College_Library_Inside_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a>, a collection of ancient Buddhist hymns which mention the Bengalis, in display at the <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_College" title="Rajshahi College">Rajshahi College</a> Library.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">History of West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> on a map by 11th-century polymath <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Pundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></div> <p>Archaeologists have discovered remnants of a 4,700-year-old <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> civilisation such as <a href="/wiki/Dihar_(archaeological_site)" title="Dihar (archaeological site)">Dihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay_et_al.201397_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay_et_al.201397-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi" title="Pandu Rajar Dhibi">Pandu Rajar Dhibi</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the greater <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region, and believe the finds are one of the earliest signs of settlement in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence of much older <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> human habitations were found in the form of a stone implement and a <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axe</a> in the upper Gandeshwari, Middle Dwarakeswar, Upper Kangsabati, Upper Tarafeni and Middle Subarnarekha valleys of the Indian state <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-esijournals1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esijournals1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rangamati_District" title="Rangamati District">Rangamati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feni_District" title="Feni District">Feni</a> districts of Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-bsahistory_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsahistory-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found at the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Ajodhya_Hills" title="Ajodhya Hills">Ajodhya Hills</a> in West Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-eisamay1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisamay1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahadebbera-Kana_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahadebbera-Kana-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraphindia1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatpara on the west bank of <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Bhagirathi River</a> has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraphindia2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artefacts suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a>, which flourished in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a>, date as far back as 600 BC to 300 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201519_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201519-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar_ruins" title="Wari-Bateshwar ruins">Wari-Bateshwar civilisation</a>, which flourished in present-day <a href="/wiki/Narsingdi_District" title="Narsingdi District">Narsingdi</a>, date as far back as 400 BC to 100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_Castillo_Murphy_Rahman_2020_p._88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_Castillo_Murphy_Rahman_2020_p.-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bpedia1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpedia1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not far from the rivers, the port city of Wari-Bateshwar, and the riverside port city of the Chandraketugarh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are believed to have been engaged in foreign trade with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, Southeast Asia and other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of this civilisation live in bricked homes, walked on wide roads, used <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201528_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201528-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and iron weaponry among many other things. The two cities are considered to be the oldest cities in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that a man named Vanga settled in the area around 1000 BCE founding the <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a> in southern Bengal. The <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i> and the Hindu epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> mentions this kingdom, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundra kingdom</a> in northern Bengal. The spread of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan territory</a> and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> by its emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> cultivated a growing Buddhist society among the people of present-day Bengal from the 2nd century BCE. Mauryan monuments as far as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stupa_of_Sanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Stupa of Sanchi">Great Stupa of Sanchi</a> in Madhya Pradesh mentioned the people of this region as adherents of Buddhism. The Buddhists of the Bengal region built and used dozens of monasteries, and were recognised for their religious commitments as far as <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from <i>Gangahrd</i> ('Land with the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> in its heart') in reference to an area in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Gangaridai_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gangaridai-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/220px-Atisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/330px-Atisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/440px-Atisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a> is recognised as one of the greatest figures of classical Buddhism, having inspired Buddhist thought from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></div> <p>One of the first recorded independent kings of Bengal was <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shashankabanglaped_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shashankabanglaped-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reigning around the early 7th century, who is generally thought to have originated from <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, Bihar, just west of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-magadha_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-magadha-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of anarchy, a native ruler called <a href="/wiki/Gopala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala">Gopala</a> came into power in 750 CE. He originated from <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a> in northern Bengal,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>, a renowned Buddhist teacher from eastern Bengal, was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and also held the position of <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. </p><p>The Pala Empire enjoyed relations with the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a>, in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th century were of various religious backgrounds. <a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Tilopa</a> was a prominent Buddhist from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, though Samatata was ruled by the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a>. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a>, travelled to the region where he noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants residing in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably <a href="/wiki/Shah_Sultan_Rumi" title="Shah Sultan Rumi">Shah Sultan Rumi</a>, in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day <a href="/wiki/Netrokona_District" title="Netrokona District">Netrokona, Mymensingh</a> where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg/220px-Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg/330px-Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg/440px-Pir_Gazi_and_his_tiger_in_Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4691" data-file-height="4994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Pir" title="Gazi Pir">Ghazi Pir</a> is thought to have lived in the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> some time between the 12th to 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pala dynasty was followed by a shorter reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Sena_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Empire">Sena Empire</a>. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-islambanglaped_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islambanglaped-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> general, defeated <a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman Sen">Lakshman Sen</a> of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> and feudal lords under the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> for the next few hundred years. Many of the people of Bengal began accepting Islam through the influx of missionaries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> following the initial conquest. <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Balkhi" title="Sultan Balkhi">Sultan Balkhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Makhdum_Rupos" title="Shah Makhdum Rupos">Shah Makhdum Rupos</a> settled in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Burhanuddin" title="Ghazi Burhanuddin">Burhanuddin</a> also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Srihatta (Sylhet)</a>, claiming their descendants to have arrived from <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>, who some biographers claim was a Turkistan-born Bengali,<sup id="cite_ref-neeru_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neeru-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">conquer Sylhet</a>, turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>16th-century Portuguese painting of "<i>Bengalis</i>".</figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of a single united <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> in 1352 by <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> finally gave rise to the name <i>Bangala</i> for the region, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a> acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholarship</a>, and this transcended ethnic background. <a href="/wiki/Usman_Serajuddin" title="Usman Serajuddin">Usman Serajuddin</a>, also known as <i>Akhi Siraj Bengali</i>, was a native of <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gaur</a> in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bpedia_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpedia-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">language</a> of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-banglalang_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglalang-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jol_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jol-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The born-Hindu Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> funded the construction of Islamic institutions as far as <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madina" class="mw-redirect" title="Madina">Madina</a> in the Middle East. The people of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> came to know these institutions as <a href="/wiki/Banjaliyah_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjaliyah Madrasah">al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah</a> (<i>Bengali madrasas</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_era">Mughal era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/220px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/330px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/440px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>The Bengali artillery at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Syce_(Groom)_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg/220px-A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg/330px-A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg/440px-A_Syce_%28Groom%29_Holding_Two_Carriage_Horses_MET_DT3717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Muhammad_Amir_of_Karraya" title="Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya">Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya</a> displaying a <a href="/wiki/Groom_(profession)" title="Groom (profession)">syce</a> of Bengal holding two carriage horses.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> conquered Bengal in the 16th century, ending the independent <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">Sultanate of Bengal</a> and defeating Bengal's rebellion <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baro-Bhuiyan">Baro-Bhuiyan</a> chieftains. Mughal general <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Singh">Man Singh</a> conquered parts of Bengal including <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> during the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> tribes from his army permanently settled around Dhaka and surrounding lands, integrating into Bengali society.<sup id="cite_ref-taif_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taif-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akbar's preaching of the syncretic <a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a>, was described as a <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> of Bengal, which caused huge controversies in South Asia. In the 16th century, many <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></i> of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">Islamic knowledge</a> such as Ali Sher Bengali to <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Manjhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Manjhan">Shah Manjhan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sarangpur,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh">Sarangpur</a>, Usman Bengali to <a href="/wiki/Sambhal" title="Sambhal">Sambhal</a> and Yusuf Bengali to <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Islam_Khan_I" title="Islam Khan I">Islam Khan I</a> had conquered all of Bengal and was integrated into a province known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>. It was the largest <a href="/wiki/Administrative_subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative subdivision">subdivision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, as it also encompassed parts of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, between the 16th and 18th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Described by some as the "Paradise of Nations"<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Golden Age of Bengal",<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengalis enjoyed some of the highest <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">living standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_wages" title="Real wages">real wages</a> in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singlehandedly accounting for 40% of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch imports</a> from Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eastern Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rayA_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayA-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>, and agricultural and industrial produce in the world. </p><p>Mughal Bengal eventually became a quasi-independent monarchy state ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a> in 1717. Already observing the proto-industrialization, it made direct significant contribution to the first <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-tong_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rayB_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayB-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sengupta_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (substantially <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/220px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/330px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/440px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="4675" /></a><figcaption>A Bengali woman in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> clad in fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Bengali muslin</a>, 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengal became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Anglo-Mughal War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aurangzeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Aurangzeb">Emperor Aurangzeb</a> in 1707, Bengal was ruled independently by three dynasties of Nawabs until 1757, when the region was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonisation">British colonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCBonnerjee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WCBonnerjee.jpg/220px-WCBonnerjee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WCBonnerjee.jpg/330px-WCBonnerjee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WCBonnerjee.jpg/440px-WCBonnerjee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">W.C. Bonnerjee</a>, co-founder and first president of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Bengal, effective political and military power was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Afshar_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshar dynasty">Afshar regime</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> around 1757–65.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a> began under the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> was named the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Great <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines in India">Bengal famines</a> struck several times during colonial rule, notably the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>, each killing millions of Bengalis. </p><p>Under British rule, Bengal experienced deindustrialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-rayB_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayB-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discontent with the situation, numerous rebellions and revolts were attempted by the Bengali people. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Jalpaiguri and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. Havildar <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Rajab Ali</a> commanded the rebels in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur (princely state)">Manipur</a>. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolishment of the Mughal court completely and direct rule by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. </p><p>Many Bengali labourers were taken as coolies to the British colonies in the Caribbean during the 1830s. Workers from Bengal were chosen because they could easily assimilate to the climate of <a href="/wiki/British_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="British Guyana">British Guyana</a>, which was similar to that of Bengal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> is considered a key figure in the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> in Europe and America,<sup id="cite_ref-Feuerstein_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuerstein-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, and bringing <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> to the status of a world religion during the 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> led a socio-Hindu reformist movement known as <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmoism</a> which called for the abolishment of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> (widow sacrifice), <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idol_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol worship">idol worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-airccse75_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airccse75-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804, he wrote the Persian book <i>Tuḥfat al-Muwaḥḥidīn</i> (A Gift to the Monotheists) and spent the next two decades attacking the <a href="/wiki/Kulin_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulin Brahmin">Kulin Brahmin</a> bastions of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-himalaya_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalaya-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h4></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/99px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/149px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/198px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg/99px-Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg/149px-Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg/198px-Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg/99px-Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg/149px-Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg/198px-Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/99px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/149px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/198px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="display:table-row"><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-cell;background-color:#F8F8FF;font-size:95%">From Top left to right: <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/99px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/149px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/198px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png/99px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png/149px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png/198px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy.png 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="2434" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/99px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/149px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/198px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salimullah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Salimullah.jpg/99px-Salimullah.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Salimullah.jpg/149px-Salimullah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Salimullah.jpg/198px-Salimullah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="display:table-row"><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-cell;background-color:#F8F8FF;font-size:95%">From Top left to right: <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighters_of_India#Leaders_from_Bengal_and_Northeastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom fighters of India">Independence fighters from Bengal</a></div> <p>Bengal played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> were dominant. Many of the early proponents of the independence struggle, and subsequent leaders in the movement were Bengalis such as <a href="/wiki/Shamsher_Gazi" title="Shamsher Gazi">Shamsher Gazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowdhury_Abu_Torab_Khan" title="Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan">Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muharram_Rebellion" title="Muharram Rebellion">Hada Miah and Mada Miah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Karim_Shah" title="Karim Shah">Karim Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Shah" title="Tipu Shah">Tipu Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudu_Miyan" title="Dudu Miyan">Dudu Miyan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Faraizi_movement" title="Faraizi movement">Faraizi movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titumir" title="Titumir">Titumir</a>, Ali Muhammad Shibli, <a href="/wiki/Alimuddin_Ahmad" title="Alimuddin Ahmad">Alimuddin Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghosh">Aurobindo Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashbehari_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashbehari Bose">Rashbehari Bose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachindranath_Sanyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachindranath Sanyal">Sachindranath Sanyal</a>. </p><p>Leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British. Bose was the co-founder and leader of the Japanese-aligned <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>) which fought against Allied forces in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>. A number of Bengalis died during the independence movement and many were imprisoned in the notorious <a href="/wiki/Cellular_Jail" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partitions_of_Bengal">Partitions of Bengal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1905_Partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Partition of Bengal">1905 Partition of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/1947_Partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Partition of Bengal">1947 Partition of Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana,_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/220px-Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/330px-Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/440px-Maulana_Bhasani_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a>, the co-founder and inaugural president of the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">first partition in 1905</a> divided the Bengal region in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> into two provinces for administrative and development purposes. However, the partition stoked <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>. This in turn led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> in Dhaka in 1906 to represent the growing aspirations of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population. The partition was annulled in 1912 after protests by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>. </p><p>The breakdown of Hindu-Muslim unity in India drove the Muslim League to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1943, calling the creation of "independent states" in eastern and northwestern British India. The resolution paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of British India</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a> in 1947, despite attempts to form a <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a> state that was opposed by many people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh_Liberation_War">Bangladesh Liberation War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> movements in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Bengal</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>. This eventually culminated in the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> against the Pakistani military junta. The war caused millions of East Bengali refugees to take shelter in neighbouring India, especially the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, with Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal, becoming the capital-in-exile of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> guerrilla forces waged a nine-month war against the Pakistani military. The conflict ended after the Indian Armed Forces intervened on the side of Bangladeshi forces in the final two weeks of the war, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of East Pakistan">surrender of East Pakistan</a> and the liberation of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Thus, the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a> was born from what was previously the East Pakistan province of Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshi diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a5a5a5;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:#ffc000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffc000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ffc000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:65.183372530088px 75.836191528872px 0 0; border-top-color:#006a4e"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#006a4e"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006a4e; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (61.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (37.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a5a5a5; color:black;"> </span> Other Countries (1.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I%27tisam-ud-Din.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/I%27tisam-ud-Din.png/220px-I%27tisam-ud-Din.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/I%27tisam-ud-Din.png/330px-I%27tisam-ud-Din.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/I%27tisam-ud-Din.png/440px-I%27tisam-ud-Din.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I%27tisam-ud-Din" title="I'tisam-ud-Din">I'tisam-ud-Din</a> was the first educated Bengali and South Asian to have travelled to Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Bangladesh, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-বাংলাদেশকে_জানুন_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-বাংলাদেশকে_জানুন-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a> does not recognise <a href="/wiki/Racial_groups_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial groups of India">racial</a> or ethnic groups within India,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> estimated that there are 100 million Bengalis in India constituting 7% of the country's total population. In addition to <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Bengalis form the demographic majority in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">Lower region</a> as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chingiz_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chingiz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a>, which lies in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, are also home to a Bengali-majority population, most of whom are descendants of Hindus from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) that migrated there following the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrchap1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrchap1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali migration to the latter archipelago was also boosted by subsequent state-funded <i>Colonisation Schemes</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/220px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/330px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/440px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Large numbers of Bengalis have settled and established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Banglatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Banglatown">Banglatown</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengali ethnic descent and emigrant communities are found primarily in other parts of <a href="/wiki/The_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="The subcontinent">the subcontinent</a>, the Middle East and the Western World. Substantial populations descended from Bengali immigrants exist in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and the United Kingdom where they form established communities of over 1 million people. The majority of the overseas Bengali diaspora are Muslims as the act of seafaring was traditionally prohibited in Hinduism; a taboo known as <a href="/wiki/Kala_pani_(taboo)" title="Kala pani (taboo)">kala pani</a> (black/dirty water).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the Bengali people has generated a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, as Muslims are required to visit the land once in their lifetime to complete the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage. Several Bengali sultans funded Islamic institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, which popularly became known by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Banjaliyah_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjaliyah Madrasah">Bengali madrasas</a>. As a result of the British conquest of Bengal, some Bengalis decided to emigrate to Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples include Mawlana Murad, an instructor of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sciences" title="Islamic sciences">Islamic sciences</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the early 1800s,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Najib_Ali_Choudhury" title="Najib Ali Choudhury">Najib Ali Choudhury</a>, a participant of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamli" title="Battle of Shamli">Battle of Shamli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman2009_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable people of Bengali-origin in the Middle East include the renowned author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abd_al-Ghafur_Attar" title="Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar">Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> translator <a href="/wiki/Zohurul_Hoque" title="Zohurul Hoque">Zohurul Hoque</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. The family of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sarvath_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sarvath al-Hassan">Princess Sarvath al-Hassan</a>, wife of Jordanian prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hassan_bin_Talal" title="Prince Hassan bin Talal">Hassan bin Talal</a>, are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_family" title="Suhrawardy family">Suhrawardy family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-official_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earliest records of Bengalis in the European continent date back to the reign of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of England during the 16th century. One such example is <a href="/wiki/I%27tisam-ud-Din" title="I'tisam-ud-Din">I'tisam-ud-Din</a>, a Bengali Muslim cleric from <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a> in western Bengal, who arrived to Europe in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim as a diplomat for the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buckland_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckland-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example during this period is of <a href="/wiki/James_Achilles_Kirkpatrick" title="James Achilles Kirkpatrick">James Achilles Kirkpatrick</a>'s <i>hookah-bardar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a> servant/preparer) who was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the <i>Prince of Sylhet</i>. The man, presumably from <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a> in eastern Bengal, was waited upon by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, and then dined with the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> before presenting himself in front of the King.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">British Bangladeshis</a> are a naturalised community in the United Kingdom, running 90% of all <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian cuisine</a> restaurants and having established numerous <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> across the country – most prominent of which is <a href="/wiki/Banglatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Banglatown">Banglatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">East London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></div> <p>An important and unifying characteristic of Bengalis is that most of them use Bengali as their native tongue, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language family.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With about 226 million native and about 300 million total speakers worldwide, Bengali is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">most spoken languages</a>, ranked sixth in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-popstat_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstat-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also used a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among other ethnic groups and tribes living within and around the Bengal region. Bengali is generally written using the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali script</a> and evolved circa 1000–1200 CE from <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>, thus bearing similarities to ancient languages such as <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>. Its closest modern relatives are other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Bengali may have a historic legacy of borrowing vocabulary from languages such as <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bari_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bari-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern borrowings primarily come from the English language. </p><p>Various forms of the language are in use today and provide an important force for Bengali cohesion. These distinct forms can be sorted into three categories. The first is <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_bhasha" title="Sadhu bhasha">Classical Bengali</a></i> (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সাধু ভাষা</span></span> <i>Śadhu Bhaśa</i>), which was a historical form restricted to literary usage up until the late British period. The second is <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Bengali">Standard Bengali</a></i> (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চলিত ভাষা</span></span> <i>Čôlitô Bhaśa</i> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শুদ্ধ ভাষা</span></span> <i>Śuddho Bhaśa</i>), which is the modern literary form, and is based upon the dialects of the divided Nadia region (partitioned between <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushtia_District" title="Kushtia District">Kushtia</a>). It is used today in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content. The third and largest category by speakers would be <i><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Colloquial Bengali</a></i> (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আঞ্চলিক ভাষা</span></span> <i>Añčôlik Bhaśa</i> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কথ্য ভাষা</span></span> <i>Kôththô Bhaśa</i>). These refer to informal spoken language that varies by dialect from region to region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h2></div> <p>Bengali people may be broadly classified into sub-groups predominantly based on dialect but also other aspects of culture: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangals" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangals">Bangals</a>: This is a term used predominantly in Indian <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to refer to East Bengalis – i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshis</a> as well as those whose ancestors originate from Eastern Bengal. The East Bengali dialects are known as <a href="/wiki/Bangali_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali dialect">Bangali</a>. This group constitutes the majority of ethnic Bengalis. They originate from the mainland Bangladeshi regions of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comilla_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Comilla Division">Comilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet division">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong division">Chittagong</a>. <ul><li>Among Bangals, there are four subgroups that maintain distinct identities in addition to having a (Eastern) Bengali identity.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chittagonians are natives of the Chittagong region (<a href="/wiki/Chittagong_District" title="Chittagong District">Chittagong District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar_District" title="Cox's Bazar District">Cox's Bazar District</a>) of Bangladesh and speak <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a>. The people of Cox's Bazar are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingyas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a> originate from the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of Bangladesh and they speak <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Noakhailla" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla">Noakhailla</a> speakers can be found in greater <a href="/wiki/Noakhali" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali">Noakhali</a> region and southern <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiya Kuttis</a> are a small urban <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> community residing in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a> city that noticeably differ from the rest of the people of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> by culture.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghotis</a>: This is the term favoured by the natives of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to distinguish themselves from other Bengalis. <ul><li>The people of <a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a>, and greater <a href="/wiki/Manbhum" title="Manbhum">Manbhum</a>, reside in far-western Bengal and have some regional differences with the mainland Ghotis via dialect and culture. Other Ghoti communities include the <a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe#West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodha_Muslims" title="Lodha Muslims">Lodhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The region of <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a>, which hosts <a href="/wiki/Varendri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varendri">Varendri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbanshi language">Rangpuri</a> speakers, is divided between both West Bengal and Bangladesh, and they are normally categorised into the former two main groups depending on which side of the border they reside in even though they are culturally similar to each other regardless of international borders. The categorisation of North Bengalis into Ghoti or Bangal is contested. Rangpuri speakers can also be found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">Lower Assam</a>, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a> community extend into Bihar. Other northern Bengali communities include the <a href="/wiki/Khotta_people" title="Khotta people">Khotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashya_Shaikh" title="Nashya Shaikh">Nashya Shaikh</a>.</li></ul> <p>Bengalis Hindus are socially stratified into four castes, called <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">chôturbôrṇô</a></i>. The caste system derived from Hindu system of <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">bôrṇô</a> (type, order, colour or class) and <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jāti</a> (clan, tribe, community or sub-community), which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmôṇ</a>, who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kkhôtriyô</a>, who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Bôiśśô</a>, who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shūdrô</a>, who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of <a href="/wiki/Twice-born" class="mw-redirect" title="Twice-born">twice-born</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People from all caste denominations exist among Bengali Hindus. <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, who was born Hindu, founded the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> which attempted to abolish the practices of casteism, <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">child marriage</a> among Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-airccse75_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airccse75-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Demographics" title="West Bengal">West Bengal § Demographics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura#Demographics" title="Tripura">Tripura § Demographics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands#Demographics" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands § Demographics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion in Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">Hinduism in West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal" title="Christianity in West Bengal">Christianity in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Muslims_praying_in_a_Masque_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> prayer at <a href="/wiki/Baytul_Mukarram_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Baytul Mukarram Mosque">Baytul Mukarram Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Idol,_Kolkata-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/220px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/330px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/440px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, West Bengal, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#F6F6F6"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions among Bengalis<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenewsweb.in_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsweb.in-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan_2013_2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_2013_2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religions</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Islam </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green ; width:70%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hinduism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange ; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>The largest religions practised in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> are <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Hinduism">Islam and Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p824_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengali_religions_p824-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among all Bengalis, more than two-thirds are Muslims. The vast majority follow the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> denomination though there are also a small minority of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a>. The Bengali Muslims form a 90.4% majority in Bangladesh,<sup id="cite_ref-usds_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usds-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 30% minority among the ethnic Bengalis in the entirety of India.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-westbengalreligion_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westbengalreligion-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In West Bengal, Bengali Muslims form a 66.88% majority in <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad district</a>, the former seat of the Shia <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, a 51.27% majority in <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a>, which contains the erstwhile capitals of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, and they also number over 5,487,759 in the <a href="/wiki/24_Parganas" title="24 Parganas">24 Parganas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-censusreligion2011_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusreligion2011-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just less than a third of all Bengalis are Hindus (predominantly, the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavists</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengali_religions_p826-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as per as 2011 census report, they form a 70.54% majority in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, 50% plurality in Southern Assam's <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% majority in the India's North Eastern state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30% plurality in <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, 9% significance population in India's Eastern state of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta200298_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta200298-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 8.54% minority in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bangladesh, Hindus are mostly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> where they constitute 17.8% of the population, and are mostly populated in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> where they number over 2.5 million. Hindus form a 56.41% majority in <a href="/wiki/Dacope_Upazila" title="Dacope Upazila">Dacope Upazila</a>, a 51.69% majority in <a href="/wiki/Kotalipara_Upazila" title="Kotalipara Upazila">Kotalipara Upazila</a> and a 51.22% majority in <a href="/wiki/Sullah_Upazila" title="Sullah Upazila">Sullah Upazila</a>. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country of the world, just after India and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The total Hindu population in Bangladesh exceeds the population of many Muslim majority countries like <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the total Hindu population in Bangladesh is roughly equal to the total population of Greece and Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali Hindus also worship regional deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengali_religions_p826-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tagore_1916_320_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tagore_1916_320-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other religious groups include <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a> (comprising around 1% of the population in Bangladesh) and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p824_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengali_religions_p824-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-westbengalreligion_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westbengalreligion-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of the Bengali Christians are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese voyagers</a>. The bulk of Bengali Buddhists belong to the Bengali-speaking <a href="/wiki/Barua_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barua (Bangladesh)">Baruas</a> who reside in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture of West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Bangladesh" title="List of festivals in Bangladesh">List of festivals in Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_West_Bengal" title="List of festivals in West Bengal">List of festivals in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/New_crop.jpg/225px-New_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/New_crop.jpg/338px-New_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/New_crop.jpg/450px-New_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting preparation in Bangladesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengalis have a rich cultural diversity in celebrating festivals throughout the year, suggesting the phrase - <i>''Baro Mashe Tero Parbon''</i>. Along with major festivals, every month in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendar</a> has rituals for the well-being and prosperity for the family members, often called as <i>brotos</i> (vow).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is the most significant festival of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, celebrated annually, worshiping Hindu goddess Durga. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a> has been inscribed on the list of '<a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>' by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a> is another significant festival, celebrated with great fervour in the Hindu month of <i>Kartit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worshiping <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakkhmi Puja</a> has a unique tradition in every Bengali households.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a> is the most celebrated festival and uniquely observed in <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> have Islamic holidays <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>. Relatives, friends, and neighbours visit and exchange food and sweets in those occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-imagine170_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagine170-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a> is a celebration of the new year and arrival of summer in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a> and is celebrated in April. Most of households and business establishments worship <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesh</a> in this particular day for their success and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a funfair, music and dance displays on stages, with people dressed in colourful traditional clothes, parading through the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-mela2_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mela2-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivals like <a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Pahela Falgun</a> (spring) are also celebrated regardless of their faith. The Bengalis of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a>, an annual kite festival. The <a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a> is a Bengali celebration akin to the <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festivals</a> in the Western world. <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a> is observed in Bangladesh and India. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared 21 February as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>, in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a> is the world's largest non-trade and the most attended book fair, where people from different countries gather together.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_arts">Fashion and arts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_art_and_architecture">Visual art and architecture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg/220px-Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg/330px-Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg/440px-Making_of_Jamdani-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Traditional way of weaving <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The recorded history of art in Bengal can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> sculptures were made in the region. The architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> were also widely used in Bengali art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attire_and_clothing">Attire and clothing</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:702px;max-width:702px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Creative_wedding_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Creative_wedding_photography.jpg/150px-Creative_wedding_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Creative_wedding_photography.jpg/225px-Creative_wedding_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Creative_wedding_photography.jpg/300px-Creative_wedding_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="5692" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Bengali Muslim man sporting a simple black <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">sherwani</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg/210px-In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg/315px-In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg/420px-In_a_Bengali_Village_IB1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Bengali men in <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, between 1939 and 1945.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teenage_2353.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Teenage_2353.JPG/330px-Teenage_2353.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Teenage_2353.JPG/495px-Teenage_2353.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Teenage_2353.JPG/660px-Teenage_2353.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bengali School students in <i>Lal Paeer Saree</i> at <a href="/wiki/Science_City,_Kolkata" title="Science City, Kolkata">Science City, Kolkata</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Bengali attire is shares similarities with North Indian attire. In rural areas, older women wear the <i><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">shari</a></i> while the younger generation wear the <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salwar_kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar kameez">selwar kamiz</a></i></span>, both with simple designs. In urban areas, the <i><span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn">selwar kamiz</i></span></i> is more popular, and has distinct fashionable designs. Traditionally Bengali men wore the <i><a href="/wiki/Jama_(coat)" title="Jama (coat)">jama</a></i>, though the costumes such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">panjabi</a></i> with <i><span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">selwar</a></i></span></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pyjama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyjama">pyjama</a></i> have become more popular within the past three centuries. The popularity of the <i><span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn">fotua</i></span></i>, a shorter upper garment, is undeniable among Bengalis in casual environments. The <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a></i></span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gamucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamucha">gamcha</a></i></span> are a common combination for rural Bengali men. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Islamic clothing</a> is also very common in the region. During special occasions, Bengali women commonly wear either <i>shari</i>s, <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn">selwar kamizes</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abayas</a>, covering their hair with <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">orna</a></i></span>; and men wear a <i>panjabi</i>, also covering their hair with a <a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">tupi</a>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">toqi</a></i></span>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pagri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagri">pagri</a></i></span> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">rumal</a></i></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a> <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">motifs</a> on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a>. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art (<a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">paisley</a>). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional attire of Bengali Hindus is <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> for men, and <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">saree</a> for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">Music of West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg/220px-Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg/330px-Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg/440px-Performance_of_Chhau_dance_of_Purulia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Artistes from <a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia district</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> performs Chhau dance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, eminent film director who has made Bengali films popular all over the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengal has an extremely rich heritage of performing arts dating back to antiquity. It includes narrative forms, songs and dances, performance with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and the processional forms like the <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinema</a>. Performing of plays and <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatras</a> were mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a>, written in between the 8th and 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a> is a unique martial, tribal and folk art of Bengal. Wearing an earthy and theatrical <a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a>, the dance is performed to highlight the folklore and episodes from <i><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> – <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and other abstract themes.<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a> was inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengali film is a glorious part of the history of world cinema. <a href="/wiki/Hiralal_Sen" title="Hiralal Sen">Hiralal Sen</a>, who is considered a stalwart of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> cinema, sowed the first seeds of Bengali cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, Sen founded the first film production company, named <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bioscope_Company" title="Royal Bioscope Company">Royal Bioscope Company</a> in Bengal, and possibly the first in India.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Nemai_Ghosh_(director)" title="Nemai Ghosh (director)">Nemai Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a> and others, the golden age of Bengali cinema begins with the hands of <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Rittwik Ghatak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinnamul" title="Chinnamul">Chinnamul</a> was recognised as the first <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neo-realist</a> film in India that deals with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray's first cinema <i><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali" title="Pather Panchali">Pather Panchali</a></i> (1955) achieved the highest-ranking Indian film on any Sight & Sound poll at number 6 in the 1992 Critics' Poll.<sup id="cite_ref-S&S_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also topped the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>'s user poll of <i>Top 10 Indian Films</i> of all time in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Titash_Ekti_Nadir_Naam" title="Titash Ekti Nadir Naam">Titash Ekti Nadir Naam</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a> with the joint production of India and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, got the honour of <i>best Bangladeshi films</i> in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paan60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/151px-Paan60.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/227px-Paan60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/302px-Paan60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Paan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">supari</a> are a typical meal concluder.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg/183px-A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg/275px-A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg/366px-A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A glass of <a href="/wiki/Borhani" title="Borhani">Borhani</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg/182px-Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg/273px-Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg/364px-Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A plate of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhakaiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorshe_Pabda_(Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste)-Home,kolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg/152px-Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg/228px-Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg/304px-Shorshe_Pabda_%28Pabo_catfish_in_Mustard_paste%29-Home%2Ckolkata-West_Bengal-IMG_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4023" data-file-height="3652" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a> is the culinary style of the Bengali people. It has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from South Asia that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, with food served course-wise rather than all at once. The dishes of Bengal are often centuries old and reflect the rich history of trade in Bengal through spices, herbs, and foods. With an emphasis on fish and vegetables served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and milk-based desserts. One will find the following items in most dishes; <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">panch phoron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">lamb</a>, onion, rice, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>. The food is often served in plates which have a distinct flowery pattern often in blue or pink. Common beverages include <a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">shorbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borhani" title="Borhani">borhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaas" title="Chaas">ghol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">matha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">lachhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falooda" title="Falooda">falooda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooh_Afza" title="Rooh Afza">Rooh Afza</a>, natural juices like <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Akher rosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_juice" title="Date juice">Khejur rosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aamras" title="Aamras">Aamrosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doodh_pati_chai" title="Doodh pati chai">Dudh cha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_fruit_juice" title="Palm fruit juice">Taler rosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala cha</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kasa_kasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasa kasa">basil seed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyptis_suaveolens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyptis suaveolens">tukma</a>-based drinks. </p><p>Bangladeshi and West Bengali cuisines have many similarities, but also many unique traditions at the same time. These kitchens have been influenced by the history of the respective regions. The kitchens can be further divided into the urban and rural kitchens. Urban kitchens in Bangladesh consist of native dishes with foreign Mughal influence, for example the <a href="/wiki/Haji_biryani" title="Haji biryani">Haji biryani</a> and Chevron Biryani of <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a>. </p><p><b>Traditional Bengali Dishes:</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shorshe_ilish" title="Shorshe ilish">Shorshe ilish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezban" title="Mezban">Mezban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khichuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichuri">Khichuri</a>, Macher <a href="/wiki/Paturi_(Bengali_dish)" title="Paturi (Bengali dish)">Paturi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri Malai Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishti_doi" title="Mishti doi">Mishti Doi</a>, etc. are some of the traditional dishes of the Bengali's. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitanjali_intro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gitanjali_intro.jpg/220px-Gitanjali_intro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gitanjali_intro.jpg/330px-Gitanjali_intro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gitanjali_intro.jpg/440px-Gitanjali_intro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali">Gitanjali</a> intro featuring its author <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> denotes the body of writings in the Bengali language, which has developed over the course of roughly 13 centuries. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature can be found within the <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a>, a collection of Buddhist mystic hymns dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. They were discovered in the Royal Court Library of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hara_Prasad_Shastri" title="Hara Prasad Shastri">Hara Prasad Shastri</a> in 1907. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods − ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Islamic epics by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_(poet)" title="Abdul Hakim (poet)">Abdul Hakim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sultan" title="Syed Sultan">Syed Sultan</a>, secular texts by Muslim poets like <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Alaol</a> and Vaishnava texts by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chaitanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Chaitanya">Krishna Chaitanya</a>. Bengali writers began exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history. Royal courts such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">kingdom of Mrauk U</a> gave patronage to numerous Bengali writers such as <a href="/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Saghir" title="Shah Muhammad Saghir">Shah Muhammad Saghir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Qazi" title="Daulat Qazi">Daulat Qazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dawlat_Wazir_Bahram_Khan" title="Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan">Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazi_Nazrul_Islam,_circa_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam%2C_circa_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Poet <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a> refers to a socio-religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centered around the city of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and predominantly led by upper-caste <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindus</a> under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> who had created a reformed religion known as the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> describes the Bengal renaissance as having begun with <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a> (1775–1833) and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> (1861–1941).<sup id="cite_ref-sengupta_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Bengal Renaissance was predominantly representative to the Hindu community due to their relationship with British colonisers,<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta2001p213_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta2001p213-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were, nevertheless, examples of modern Muslim littérateurs in this period. <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mosharraf_Hossain" title="Mir Mosharraf Hossain">Mir Mosharraf Hossain</a> (1847–1911) was the first major writer in the modern era to emerge from the Bengali Muslim society, and one of the finest prose writers in the Bengali language. His <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishad_Shindhu" title="Bishad Shindhu">Bishad Shindhu</a> is a popular classic among Bengali readership. <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> (1899–1976), notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the National poet of Bangladesh. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> (1880–1932) was the leading female Bengali author of this period, best known for writing <a href="/wiki/Sultana%27s_Dream" title="Sultana's Dream">Sultana's Dream</a> which was subsequently translated into numerous languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_grown_up_and_married!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg/220px-All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg/330px-All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg/440px-All_grown_up_and_married%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The application of <a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">mehndi</a> onto one's hand hosts a ceremony of itself during Bengali wedding seasons.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_wedding_(05).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG/220px-Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG/330px-Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG/440px-Bengali_wedding_%2805%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Bengali groom <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">supplicating</a> during his wedding.</figcaption></figure> <p>A marriage among Bengalis often consists of multiple events rather than just one wedding. <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriages</a> are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Practiced_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Practiced-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage is seen as a union between two families rather than just two people,<sup id="cite_ref-A_BANGLADESHI_WEDDING_JOURNAL_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_BANGLADESHI_WEDDING_JOURNAL-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they play a large part in developing and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_ties" title="Interpersonal ties">social ties</a> between families and villages. The two families are facilitated by <i>Ghotok</i>s (mutual matchmakers), and the first event is known as the <i>Paka Dekha</i>/<i>Dekhadekhi</i> where all those involved are familiarised with each other over a meal at the bride's home. The first main event is the <i>Paan-Chini</i>/<i>Chini-Paan</i>, hosted by the bride's family. Gifts are received from the groom's family and the marriage date is fixed in this event.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i><a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">adda</a></i> takes place between the families as they consume a traditional Bengali banquet of food, <i><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a></i>, tea and <i><a href="/wiki/Sweets_from_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sweets from the Indian subcontinent">mishti</a></i>. The next event is the <i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">mehndi</a></i> (henna) evening also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">gaye holud</a></i> (turmeric on the body). In Bengali Muslim weddings, this is normally followed by the main event, the <i><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">walima</a></i>, hosting thousands of guests. An <a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">aqd</a> (vow) takes place, where a contract of marriage (<i>Kabin nama</i>) and is signed. A <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qazi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a></i> is usually present here and would also recite the <i><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></i> and make <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">dua</a></i> for the couple. The groom is required to pay <i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mohor</a></i> (dowry) to the bride. For Bengali Hindu weddings, a Hindu priest is present, and the groom and bride follow Hindu customs culminating in the groom putting sindoor (vermillion) on the head of the bride to indicate that she is now a married woman. The <i>Phirajatra</i>/<i>Phirakhaowa</i> consists of the return of the bride with her husband to her home, which then becomes referred to as <i>Naiyor</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Payesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Payesh">payesh</a> and milk are served. Other post-marriage ceremonies include the <i><a href="/wiki/Bou_Bhat" title="Bou Bhat">Bou Bhat</a></i> which takes place in the groom's home. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali,_Own_Home,_Kolkata,_West_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/220px-Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/330px-Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/440px-Bengali_Aiburo_Bhaat_Thali%2C_Own_Home%2C_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bengali <i>Aiburo Bhaat Thali</i> in Kolkata, West Bengal.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriages</a> are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Practiced_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Practiced-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though polygamy is rarity among Bengalis today, it was historically prevalent among both Muslims and Hindus prior to <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation">British colonisation</a> and was a sign of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bangladesh" title="Science and technology in Bangladesh">Science and technology in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Bengali_scientists" title="List of Indian Bengali scientists">List of Indian Bengali scientists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg/89px-Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg/134px-Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg/178px-Khan_Bahadur_Qazi_Azizul_Haque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Azizul_Haque" title="Qazi Azizul Haque">Qazi Azizul Haque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M_N_Saha,_J_C_Bose,_J_C_Ghosh,_Snehamoy_Dutt,_S_N_Bose,_D_M_Bose,_N_R_Sen,_J_N_Mukherjee,_N_C_Nag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/195px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/293px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/390px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">J C Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jnan_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Jnan Chandra Ghosh">J C Ghosh</a>, Snehamoy Dutt, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">S N Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">D M Bose</a>, N R Sen, <a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Nath_Mukherjee" title="Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee">J N Mukherjee</a>, N C Nag.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg/143px-Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg/215px-Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg/286px-Dr._Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2637" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Khondkar_Siddique-e-Rabbani" title="Khondkar Siddique-e-Rabbani">Khondkar Siddique-e-Rabbani</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg/141px-Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg/212px-Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg/282px-Dr._Ashoke_Sen_giving_lecture_at_Scottish_Church_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ashoke Sen, first recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The contribution of Bengalis to modern science is pathbreaking in the world's context. <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Azizul_Haque" title="Qazi Azizul Haque">Qazi Azizul Haque</a> was an inventor who is credited for devising the mathematical basis behind a <a href="/wiki/Henry_Classification_System" title="Henry Classification System">fingerprint classification system</a> that continued to be used up until the 1990s for criminal investigations. <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Suttar_Khan" title="Abdus Suttar Khan">Abdus Suttar Khan</a> invented more than forty different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, jet engines, train engines and industrial gas turbines. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hussam" title="Abul Hussam">Abul Hussam</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Sono_arsenic_filter" title="Sono arsenic filter">Sono arsenic filter</a> and subsequently became the recipient of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Grainger_challenge" title="Grainger challenge">Grainger challenge</a> Prize for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalacademies_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalacademies-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another biomedical scientist, <a href="/wiki/Parvez_Haris" title="Parvez Haris">Parvez Haris</a>, was listed among the top 1% of 100,000 scientists in the world by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-br24_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br24-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan" title="Fazlur Rahman Khan">Fazlur Rahman Khan</a> was a structural engineer responsible for making many important advancements in high rise designs.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the designer of <a href="/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a>, the tallest building in the world until 1998. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the billion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image model</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Emad_Mostaque" title="Emad Mostaque">Emad Mostaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_billion_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes_billion-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>: a <a href="/wiki/List_of_physicists" title="List of physicists">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a>, and writer of science fiction<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who pioneered the investigation of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, made significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Plant_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant science">plant science</a>, and laid the foundations of experimental science in <a href="/wiki/The_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="The subcontinent">the subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/People_known_as_the_father_or_mother_of_something" class="mw-redirect" title="People known as the father or mother of something">fathers</a> of radio science,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a>. He first practicalised the wireless radio transmission but <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> got recognition for it due to European proximity. Bose also described for the first time that "<i>plants can respond</i>", by demonstrating with his <a href="/wiki/Crescograph" title="Crescograph">crescograph</a> and recording the impulse caused by bromination of plant tissue. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, specialising in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>. He is best known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a> and the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>. He is honoured as the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a>. He made first calculations to initiate <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical Mechanics">Statistical Mechanics</a>. He first hypothesised a <i>physically tangible</i> idea of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>. Bose's contemporary was <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>, an astrophysicist and politician who contributed to the theorisation of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_ionization" title="Thermal ionization">thermal ionization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saha_ionization_equation" title="Saha ionization equation">Saha ionization equation</a>, which was named after him, is used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral classes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> to their actual temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_and_poverty_alleviation">Economics and poverty alleviation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amartya_Sen,_c2000_(4378493325).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg/120px-Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg/180px-Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg/240px-Amartya_Sen%2C_c2000_%284378493325%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, winner of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Yunus,_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/120px-Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/180px-Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/240px-Muhammad_Yunus%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a>, winner of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_(6310827426)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_%286310827426%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a>, winner of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Several Bengali economists and entrepreneurs have made pioneering contributions in economic theories and practices supporting poverty alleviation. <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> is an economist and philosopher, who has made contributions to <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, and measures of <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of countries. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-AS_NP_Honor_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_NP_Honor-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1998 and India's <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> is a social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for founding the <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> and pioneering the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">microcredit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> is an economist who shared the <a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> with <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a> "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelpressrelease_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelpressrelease-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_and_games">Sport and games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sport in Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_West_Bengal" title="Sports in West Bengal">Sports in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lathi_khela,_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg/220px-Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg/330px-Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg/440px-Lathi_khela%2C_Ancient_Festival_-_Shamim_Tirmizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5804" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">lathi khela</a></i> event taking place in <a href="/wiki/Tangail_District" title="Tangail District">Tangail</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowing_on_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rowing_on_Canal.jpg/220px-Rowing_on_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rowing_on_Canal.jpg/330px-Rowing_on_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rowing_on_Canal.jpg/440px-Rowing_on_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a></i> competition taking place in the monsoon season.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Bengali sports consisted of various martial arts and various <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a> sports, though the British-introduced sports of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are now most popular amongst Bengalis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a> (stick-fighting) was historically a method of duelling as a way to protect or take land and others' possessions. The <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars of Bengal</a> would hire <i>lathial</i>s (trained stick-fighters) as a form of security and a means to forcefully collect tax from tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-prothom-alo_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothom-alo-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide <i>lathi khela</i> competitions used to take place annually in <a href="/wiki/Kushtia_District" title="Kushtia District">Kushtia</a> up until 1989, though its practice is now diminishing and being restricted to certain festivals and celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-dhakamirror.com_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhakamirror.com-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chamdi</i> is a variant of <i>lathi khela</i> popular in <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Kushti</a> (wrestling) is also another popular fighting sport and it has developed regional forms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Boli_khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli khela">boli khela</a></i>, which was introduced in 1889 by Zamindar Qadir Bakhsh of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_District" title="Chittagong District">Chittagong</a>. A merchant known as Abdul Jabbar Saodagar adapted the sport in 1907 with the intention of cultivating a sport that would prepare Bengalis in fighting against British colonials.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, a popular <a href="/wiki/Contact_sport" title="Contact sport">contact</a> <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> called <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabadi</a> was made the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. It is a regulated version of the rural <a href="/wiki/Hadudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadudu">Hadudu</a> sport which had no fixed rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Butthan" title="Butthan">Butthan</a>, a 20th-century Bengali martial arts invented by Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Mak_Yuree" title="Mak Yuree">Mak Yuree</a>, is now practised in different parts of the world under the International Butthan Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-unb_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unb-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Salim_(Indian_footballer)_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC,_1936_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Salim_%28Indian_footballer%29_having_feet_bandaged_at_Celtic_FC%2C_1936_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Salim_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Salim (footballer)">Mohammed Salim</a>, the first South Asian footballer to play for a foreign club. Due to playing in bare feet, he is having them bandaged by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMenemy" title="Jimmy McMenemy">Jimmy McMenemy</a> in 1936.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a> is a Bengali boat racing competition which takes place during and after the rainy season when much of the land goes under water. The long canoes were referred to as <i>khel nao</i> (meaning playing boats) and the use of <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> to accompany the singing was common. Different types of boats are used in different parts of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> was patronised most notably by the <a href="/wiki/Dighapatia_Raj" title="Dighapatia Raj">Dighapatia Rajas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natore_District" title="Natore District">Natore</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Chalanbeel_Horse_Race" title="Chalanbeel Horse Race">Chalanbeel Horse Races</a> have continued to take place annually for centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakib_Al_Hasan_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg/220px-Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg/330px-Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg/440px-Shakib_Al_Hasan_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cricketer <a href="/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan" title="Shakib Al Hasan">Shakib Al Hasan</a> is currently crowned the world's best <a href="/wiki/All-rounder" title="All-rounder">all-rounder</a> in all formats for <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">ODI cricket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the greatest of all times.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Football is the most popular sports among Bengalis.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal is the home to Asia's oldest football league, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a> and the fourth oldest cup tournament in the world, <a href="/wiki/Durand_Cup" title="Durand Cup">Durand Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_FC" title="East Bengal FC">East Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_AC" title="Mohun Bagan AC">Mohun Bagan</a> are the biggest clubs in the region and subsequently India, and amongst the biggest in Asia. East Bengal and Mohun Bagan participate in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Derby" title="Kolkata Derby">Kolkata Derby</a>, which is the biggest sports derby in Asia. Mohun Bagan, founded in 1889, is the oldest native football club of Bengal. The club is primarily supported by the <a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghotis</a>, who are the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. East Bengal, on the contrary, was founded on 1 August 1920 and is a club Primarily supported by the ethnic eastern Bengalis. Mohun Bagan's first major victory was in 1911, when the team defeated an English club known as the Yorkshire Regiment to win the <a href="/wiki/IFA_Shield" title="IFA Shield">IFA Shield</a>. In 2003, East Bengal became the first Indian club to win a major international trophy in the form of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Club_Championship" title="ASEAN Club Championship">ASEAN Club Championship</a>. While Mohun Bagan currently holds the most amount of national titles (6 in total), East Bengal is the stronger side in the Kolkata derby, having won 138 out of a total of 391 matches in which these two teams participited. East Bengal also takes the crown for having won the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Derby#Statistics" title="Kolkata Derby">most major trophies in India</a> (109 compared to the 105 of Mohun Bagan). <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Salim_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Salim (footballer)">Mohammed Salim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> to play for a European football club in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Breck_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breck-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his two appearances for <a href="/wiki/Celtic_F.C." title="Celtic F.C.">Celtic F.C.</a>, he played the entire matches barefoot and scored several goals.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Choudhury" title="Hamza Choudhury">Hamza Choudhury</a> became the first Bengali to play in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> and is predicted to be the first <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asian</a> to play for the <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national football team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengalis are very competitive when it comes to board and home games such as <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Pachisi</a> and its modern counterpart <a href="/wiki/Ludo_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludo (board game)">Ludo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Latim" class="mw-redirect" title="Latim">Latim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrom_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrom Board">Carrom Board</a>, Chor-Pulish, <a href="/wiki/Kanamachi" title="Kanamachi">Kanamachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rani_Hamid" title="Rani Hamid">Rani Hamid</a> is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. <a href="/wiki/Ramnath_Biswas" title="Ramnath Biswas">Ramnath Biswas</a> was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshis" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bangladeshis">List of Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">List of people from West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Bengali_speakers" title="States of India by Bengali speakers">States of India by Bengali speakers</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure includes combined responses of people who selected "Bangladeshi" as their ethnicity in all UK countries, and Indian or other ethnic group (England & Wales only) who selected "Bengali" as their main language<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 2021 UK census</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bangladesh-wants-bangla-as-an-official-un-language-sheikh-hasina/articleshow/11951526.cms">"Bangladesh wants Bangla as an official UN language: Sheikh 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ummid.com&rft.atitle=Hasina+for+Bengali+as+an+official+UN+language&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fummid.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2FSeptember%2F28.09.2010%2Fbengali-as-un-official-language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf">"Ethnic population in 2022 census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+population+in+2022+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fpublications%2F01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3%2FPHC_Preliminary_Report_%28English%29_August_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan – an estimated two million – are the most discriminated ethnic community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stateless+and+helpless%3A+The+plight+of+ethnic+Bengalis+in+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2021%2F9%2F29%2Fstateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428202653/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal">"Saudi Arabia 2022 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engagement+of+Nonresident+Bangladshis+in+National+Development%3A+Strategies%2C+Challenges+and+Way+Forward&rft.date=2018-07&rft.aulast=Monem&rft.aufirst=Mobasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferd.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Ferd.portal.gov.bd%2Fpage%2F83abb6f9_b264_45f9_92c0_2596b2421dc9%2FNRB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/news/bangladeshi-immigrants-now-forefront-portugals-lisbon-neighbourhood-3025651?amp">"Bangladeshi immigrants now at forefront at Portugal's Lisbon neighbourhood"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+immigrants+now+at+forefront+at+Portugal%27s+Lisbon+neighbourhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnrb%2Fnews%2Fbangladeshi-immigrants-now-forefront-portugals-lisbon-neighbourhood-3025651%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/69897">"Momen urges Portugal to open mission in Dhaka"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Momen+urges+Portugal+to+open+mission+in+Dhaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bssnews.net%2Fnews-flash%2F69897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observador.pt/2024/06/12/imigrantes-da-india-e-bangladesh-contestam-alteracoes-a-lei-de-estrangeiros/">"Imigrantes da Índia e Bangladesh contestam alterações à lei de estrangeiros"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Imigrantes+da+%C3%8Dndia+e+Bangladesh+contestam+altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es+%C3%A0+lei+de+estrangeiros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservador.pt%2F2024%2F06%2F12%2Fimigrantes-da-india-e-bangladesh-contestam-alteracoes-a-lei-de-estrangeiros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observatoriodomundoislamico.pt/comunidade-do-bangladesh-em-portugal-tres-decadas-de-luta-pela-integracao/">"Comunidade do Bangladesh em Portugal: três décadas de luta pela integração"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comunidade+do+Bangladesh+em+Portugal%3A+tr%C3%AAs+d%C3%A9cadas+de+luta+pela+integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservatoriodomundoislamico.pt%2Fcomunidade-do-bangladesh-em-portugal-tres-decadas-de-luta-pela-integracao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud2020" class="citation news cs1">Mahmud, Jamil (3 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/spains-support-sought-expedite-release-5-detained-bangladeshi-nationals-3226316">"Bangladeshis in Spain suffering"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516111338/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshis-spain-suffering-1889026">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Bangladeshis+in+Spain+suffering&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews%2Fbangladesh%2Fdiplomacy%2Fnews%2Fspains-support-sought-expedite-release-5-detained-bangladeshi-nationals-3226316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahbub2016" class="citation news cs1">Mahbub, Mehdi (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers">"Brunei, a destination for Bangladeshi migrant workers"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516173033/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Brunei%2C+a+destination+for+Bangladeshi+migrant+workers&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.aulast=Mahbub&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Fviews%2Fbrunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf">"令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016135802/https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%EF%BC%95%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%AB%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moj.go.jp%2Fisa%2Fcontent%2F001415139.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181">"Bangladeshi workers facing difficulty in sending money from Mauritius"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 4 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184610/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+workers+facing+difficulty+in+sending+money+from+Mauritius&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2Fbangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud2021" class="citation news cs1">Mahmud, Ezaz (17 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506">"South Korea bans issuing visas for Bangladeshis"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064655/https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=South+Korea+bans+issuing+visas+for+Bangladeshis&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Ezaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnrb%2Fmigration%2Fnews%2Fvisa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador">"Fighting in Libya: Condition of thousands of Bangladeshis gets worse, says Bangladesh ambassador"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. 19 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516172832/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fighting+in+Libya%3A+Condition+of+thousands+of+Bangladeshis+gets+worse%2C+says+Bangladesh+ambassador&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2Fforeign-affairs%2F2019%2F11%2F19%2Ffighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way">"Poland is cocking up migration in a very European way"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 22 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719232250/https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Poland+is+cocking+up+migration+in+a+very+European+way&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2020%2F02%2F22%2Fpoland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210500/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+und+Erwerbst%C3%A4tigkeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigration-Integration%2FPublikationen%2FDownloads-Migration%2Fauslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places">"Stay in safer places"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 17 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024218/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Finland+%E2%80%93+A+country+of+curiosity&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fstar-weekend%2Ffinland-%25E2%2580%2593-country-curiosity-1298170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973">"Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 19 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725094941/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Livelihoods+of+Bangladeshis+at+stake+in+Covid-19+hit+Brazil&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2Flivelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704144139/https://bangladesh.iom.int/sites/bangladesh/files/publication/Europe%202020%20Migration%20Update_01Jun2021.pdf">"Bangladeshi Migrants in Europe 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Organization for Migration</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+Migrants+in+Europe+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangladesh.iom.int%2Fsites%2Fbangladesh%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2FEurope%2525202020%252520Migration%252520Update_01Jun2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/bangladeshi">"2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Census+ethnic+group+summaries+%26%23124%3B+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Ftools%2F2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries%2Fbangladeshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannanKozlov1995" class="citation web cs1">Mannan, Kazi Abdul; Kozlov, V.V. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102519/1/MPRA_paper_102519.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjd_KT_len1AhUXILcAHb0DC9UQFnoECEYQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0logas0lQZdkNG5uQazpZE">"Socio-economic life style of Bangladeshi man married to Russian girl: An analysis of migration and integration perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3648152">10.2139/ssrn.3648152</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3648152">3648152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socio-economic+life+style+of+Bangladeshi+man+married+to+Russian+girl%3A+An+analysis+of+migration+and+integration+perspective&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3648152%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3648152&rft.aulast=Mannan&rft.aufirst=Kazi+Abdul&rft.au=Kozlov%2C+V.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F102519%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_102519.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjd_KT_len1AhUXILcAHb0DC9UQFnoECEYQBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0logas0lQZdkNG5uQazpZE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Datta, Romita (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">"The great Hindu vote trick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=The+great+Hindu+vote+trick&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Romita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2019" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Zamser (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">"EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrang_Communications" title="Sabrang Communications">Sabrang Communications</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabrang+Communications&rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+BJP+Govt+plans+to+evict+70+lakh+Muslims%2C+60+lakh+Bengali+Hindus+through+its+Land+Policy+%282019%29+in+Assam&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Zamser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabrangindia.in%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenewsweb.in-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thenewsweb.in_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewsweb.in_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/">"Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll"</a>. <i>The News Web</i>. April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Web&rft.atitle=Bengali+speaking+voters+may+prove+crucial+in+the+second+phase+of+Assam+poll&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsweb.in%2Findia%2Fbengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">"Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Census+2022%3A+Number+of+Muslims+increased+in+the+country&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2022%2F07%2F27%2Fcensus-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020">"Religions in Bangladesh | PEW-GRF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Bangladesh+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fbangladesh%2Freligious_demography%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D16%26affiliations_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_2013_2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_2013_2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_2013_2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Mojlum (2013). <i>The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal</i>. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6"><bdi>978-1-84774-052-6</bdi></a>. <q>Bengali-speaking Muslims as a group consists of around 200 million people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-052-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Mojlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizenship_CoB-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_CoB_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html">"Part I: The Republic – The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101917/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+I%3A+The+Republic+%E2%80%93+The+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law%2C+Justice+and+Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-367%2Fsection-24554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects">"Bangalees and indigenous people shake hands on peace prospects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051218/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangalees+and+indigenous+people+shake+hands+on+peace+prospects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Funcategorized%2F2013%2F08%2F25%2Fbangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chingiz-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chingiz_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chingiz_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_Muhammad_Chingiz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Muhammad Chingiz (15 July 2017). "Is MLA Ashab Uddin a local Manipuri?". <i>Tehelka</i>. <b>14</b>: 36–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehelka&rft.atitle=Is+MLA+Ashab+Uddin+a+local+Manipuri%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=36-38&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muhammad+Chingiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-957/section-29344.html"><bdi lang="bn">গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান | ৬৷ নাগরিকত্ব</bdi></a> [Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 6. citizenship]. <i>bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8+%7C+%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%B7+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-957%2Fsection-29344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100 million in India (<a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshis in the Middle East</a>, 2 million <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a>, 0.4 million <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/bengali.php">"Bengali - Worldwide distribution"</a>. <i>Worlddata.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worlddata.info&rft.atitle=Bengali+-+Worldwide+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fbengali.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langminor-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langminor_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=50th+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengali_religions_p826-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p826_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2005). "Bengali religions". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 826. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=826&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frawley_https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26_26_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">Frawley, David</a> (18 October 2018). <i>What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88038-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88038-65-2"><bdi>978-93-88038-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hinduism%3F%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Global+Mind&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.isbn=978-93-88038-65-2&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagore_1916_320-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tagore_1916_320_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tagore_1916_320_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagore1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore, Rabindranath</a> (1916). <i>The Home and the World</i> <bdi lang="bn">ঘরে বাইরে</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/The_Home_and_the_World" title="The Home and the World">The Home and the World</a></i>] (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-82997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-82997-5"><bdi>978-0-486-82997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+and+the+World+%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-0-486-82997-5&rft.aulast=Tagore&rft.aufirst=Rabindranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaker,_Jayant_Premshankar1970" class="citation book cs1">Thaker, Jayant Premshankar, ed. (1970). <i>Laghuprabandhasaṅgrahah</i>. Oriental Institute. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laghuprabandhasa%E1%B9%85grahah&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riaj-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riaj_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riaj_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhulam_Husain_Salim1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11"><i>RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>: The Asiatic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11">the original</a> on 15 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RIYAZU-S-SAL%C4%80T%C4%AAN%3A+A+History+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Ghulam+Husain+Salim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D07601010%26ct%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirishta1768" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a> (1768). <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dow" title="Alexander Dow">Dow, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i>History of Hindostan</i>. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Hindostan&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=1768&rft.au=Firishta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann,_Thomas2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Trautmann, Thomas</a> (2005). <i>Aryans and British India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yoda_Press" title="Yoda Press">Yoda Press</a>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryans+and+British+India&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Yoda+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Trautmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220"><i>India: A History</i></a></span>. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i>. New Age International. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land of Two Rivers, <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">"Iliyas Shah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iliyas+Shah&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+ABM+Shamsuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIliyas_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglalang-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglalang_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglalang_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." (<a href="#CITEREFEaton1993">Eaton 1993</a>:60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jol-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jol_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jol_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rabbani, AKM Golam (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344">"Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal"</a>. <i>Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 151–166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span> – via www.banglajol.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+University+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Literary+Activities+in+the+Bengali+Language+during+the+Independent+Sultanate+of+Bengal&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-166&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.aulast=Rabbani&rft.aufirst=AKM+Golam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banglajol.info%2Findex.php%2FDUJL%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurshid,_Ghulam2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Murshid, Ghulam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangali_Culture">"Bangali Culture"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bangali+Culture&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Murshid%2C+Ghulam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBangali_Culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay_et_al.201397-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay_et_al.201397_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyay_et_al.2013">Chattopadhyay et al. 2013</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi">"Pandu Rajar Dhibi"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Pandu+Rajar+Dhibi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FPandu_Rajar_Dhibi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510135113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm">"4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh"</a>. Xinhua. 12 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=4000-year+old+settlement+unearthed+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2006-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2006-03%2F12%2Fcontent_4293312.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esijournals1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esijournals1_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourav_Debnath2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gourav Debnath (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esijournals.com/image/catalog/Journal%20Paper/SAHCA/2022/No%201%20%282022%29/5_Gourav%20Debnath.pdf">"South Asian History, Culture and Archaeology - "The Evolution of Stone Tool Technology of Pre-Historic West Bengal: A Renewed Archaeological Approach"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESI Journals</i>. <b>2</b>. ESI Publications: 55–67<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESI+Journals&rft.atitle=South+Asian+History%2C+Culture+and+Archaeology+-+%22The+Evolution+of+Stone+Tool+Technology+of+Pre-Historic+West+Bengal%3A+A+Renewed+Archaeological+Approach%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=55-67&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Gourav+Debnath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esijournals.com%2Fimage%2Fcatalog%2FJournal%2520Paper%2FSAHCA%2F2022%2FNo%25201%2520%25282022%2529%2F5_Gourav%2520Debnath.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsahistory-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bsahistory_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226045659/http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm">"History of Bangladesh"</a>. Bangladesh Student Association @ TTU. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Student+Association+%40+TTU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgs.ttu.edu%2Fsaofbangladesh%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eisamay1-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eisamay1_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam_Basumallik2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gautam Basumallik (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms"><bdi lang="bn">৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে</bdi></a> [42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region]. <i>Ei Samay</i> (Editorial) (in Bengali)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ei+Samay&rft.atitle=%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.au=Gautam+Basumallik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feisamay.com%2Feditorial%2Fpost-editorial%2Finterview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick%2Farticleshow%2F46744177.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahadebbera-Kana-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahadebbera-Kana_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishnupriya_BasakPradeep_SrivastavaSujit_DasguptaAnil_Kumar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bishnupriya Basak; Pradeep Srivastava; Sujit Dasgupta; Anil Kumar; S. 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"Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal". <i>Current Science</i>. <b>107</b>: 1167–1171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Earliest+dates+and+implications+of+Microlithic+industries+of+Late+Pleistocene+from+Mahadebbera+and+Kana%2C+Purulia+district%2C+West+Bengal&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=1167-1171&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.au=Bishnupriya+Basak&rft.au=Pradeep+Srivastava&rft.au=Sujit+Dasgupta&rft.au=Anil+Kumar&rft.au=S.+N.+Rajaguru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraphindia1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraphindia1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebanti_Saarkar2014" class="citation news cs1">Sebanti Saarkar (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-just-got-older-by-22000-yrs/cid/1288646">"Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6962288">"Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura"</a>. <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>12</b> (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00991-5">10.1007/s12520-019-00991-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-9557">1866-9557</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6962288">6962288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32010407">32010407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Agricultural+systems+in+Bangladesh%3A+the+first+archaeobotanical+results+from+Early+Historic+Wari-Bateshwar+and+Early+Medieval+Vikrampura&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6962288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1866-9557&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32010407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00991-5&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Mizanur&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Cristina+Cobo&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Charlene&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Sufi+Mostafizur&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6962288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpedia1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpedia1_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rahman, SS Mostafizur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Wari-Bateshwar">"Wari-Bateshwar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wari-Bateshwar&rft.btitle=Banglapedia&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=SS+Mostafizur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWari-Bateshwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201559_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen_et_al.September_2015">Sen et al. & September 2015</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201528-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_et_al.September_201528_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen_et_al.September_2015">Sen et al. & September 2015</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930113403/http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF"><bdi lang="bn">বেলাব উপজেলার পটভূমি</bdi></a> [Belabo Upazila's Background]. <i>Belabo Upazila</i> (in Bengali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/উপজেলা%20পটভূমি">the original</a> on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belabo+Upazila&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelabo.narsingdi.gov.bd%2Fsite%2Fpage%2F74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d%2F%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%2520%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFEaton1993">Eaton 1993</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gangaridai-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gangaridai_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury,_AM2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chowdhury, AM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai">"Gangaridai"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gangaridai&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGangaridai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shashankabanglaped-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shashankabanglaped_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya,_PK2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bhattacharyya, PK (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shashanka">"Shashanka"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shashanka&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C+PK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DShashanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha-magadha-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha-magadha_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1977" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. India: Abhinav Publications. pp. 131–133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051030/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.place=India&rft.pages=131-133&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Bindeshwari+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3KDaZY85wYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsight,_Apa_Productions1988" class="citation book cs1">Insight, Apa Productions (November 1988). <i>South Asia</i>. APA Publications. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=APA+Publications&rft.date=1988-11&rft.au=Insight%2C+Apa+Productions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 277–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=277-&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kumar_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Raj Kumar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC"><i>Essays on Ancient India</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0"><bdi>978-81-7141-682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-682-0&rft.au=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvnjXOCjv7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Masudi,_trans._Barbier_de_Meynard_and_Pavet_de_Courteille1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>, trans. 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Paris: Société asiatique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A155&rft.btitle=Les+Prairies+d%27or+%5BMur%C5%ABj+al-dhahab%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+asiatique&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Al-Masudi%2C+trans.+Barbier+de+Meynard+and+Pavet+de+Courteille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islambanglaped-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-islambanglaped_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Karim2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abdul Karim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">"Islam, Bengal"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Bengal&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abdul+Karim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIslam%2C_Bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQurashi,_Ishfaq2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qurashi, Ishfaq (December 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bangladesh%2C+1704%E2%80%931971%3A+Economic+history&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-984-512-337-2&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Sirajul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuJtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgolden%2Bage%2Bof%2Bbengal%2Bshaista%2Bkhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Shahid_Alam2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Shahid_Alam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Shahid Alam">M. Shahid Alam</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98564-9"><bdi>978-0-333-98564-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051031/https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+From+The+Wealth+of+Nations%3A+Integration+and+Polarization+in+the+Global+Economy+since+1760&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-333-98564-9&rft.au=M.+Shahid+Alam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuKKCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Prakash, Om</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">"Empire, Mughal"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, John J.</a> (ed.). <i>History of World Trade Since 1450</i>. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 237–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-866070-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-866070-6"><bdi>0-02-866070-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empire%2C+Mughal&rft.btitle=History+of+World+Trade+Since+1450&rft.pages=237-240&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-02-866070-6&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX3447600139%2FWHIC%3Fu%3Dseat24826%26xid%3D6b597320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rayA-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rayA_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 57, 90, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=57%2C+90%2C+174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.au=Indrajit+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tong_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016" class="citation book cs1">Junie T. Tong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.au=Junie+T.+Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">"Great Britain"</a>. <i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516520-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>The sale of exports from these regions helped to support the Industrial Revolution in Britain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rayB-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rayB_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rayB_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 7–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757-1857%29&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.au=Indrajit+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sengupta-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitish_Sengupta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6"><bdi>978-81-7476-355-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-speaking+People&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-355-6&rft.au=Nitish+Sengupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hasan, Farhat (1991). "Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 351–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852091X00058">10.1163/156852091X00058</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632456">3632456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+Anglo-Mughal+Trade+Relations+during+the+Reign+of+Aurangzeb&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-360&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852091X00058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Farhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaugn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Vaugn, James (September 2017). "John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690". <i>Britain and the World</i>. <b>11</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britain+and+the+World&rft.atitle=John+Company+Armed%3A+The+English+East+India+Company%2C+the+Anglo-Mughal+War+and+Absolutist+Imperialism%2C+c.+1675%E2%80%931690&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Vaugn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). <i>A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuerstein-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feuerstein_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg, Feuerstein</a> (2002). <i>The Yoga Tradition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-935001-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-935001-06-9"><bdi>978-3-935001-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-935001-06-9&rft.aulast=Georg&rft.aufirst=Feuerstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarke-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarke_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar"><i>New Religions in Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n224">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1185-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1185-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreligionsglob00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airccse75-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-airccse75_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-airccse75_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoman" class="citation journal cs1">Soman, Priya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf">"Raja Ram Mohan and the Abolition of Sati System in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 75–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712163313/http://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Humanities%2C+Art+and+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Raja+Ram+Mohan+and+the+Abolition+of+Sati+System+in+India&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-82&rft.aulast=Soman&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairccse.com%2Fijhas%2Fpapers%2F1216ijhas08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM by C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Nalinaksha Dutt, A.R.Wadia, M.Mujeeb, Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-himalaya-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-himalaya_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed" class="citation web cs1">Syed, M. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf">"Raja Rammohan Roy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Himalaya Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208104241/http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColebrooke1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Colebrooke,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet">Colebrooke, Thomas Edward</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34">"First Start in Diplomacy"</a>. <i>Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-09722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-09722-2"><bdi>978-1-108-09722-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Start+in+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Honourable+Mountstuart+Elphinstone&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=978-1-108-09722-2&rft.aulast=Colebrooke&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSoMEJ-_Nx0C%26q%3Dhookah%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaleeli,_Homa2012" class="citation news cs1">Khaleeli, Homa (8 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration">"The curry crisis"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184152/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+curry+crisis&rft.date=2012-01-08&rft.au=Khaleeli%2C+Homa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2012%2Fjan%2F08%2Fbritains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...Comparing seven Indo-Aryan languages – Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bengali – are also significant contributions to New Indo-Aryan (NIA) studies.(<a href="#CITEREFCardona2007">Cardona 2007</a>:627)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstat-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popstat_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">"Statistical Summaries"</a>. Ethnologue. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Summaries&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huq_sarkar-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuqSarkar2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huq, Mohammad Daniul; Sarkar, Pabitra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language">"Bangla Language"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bangla+Language&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.aulast=Huq&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Daniul&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Pabitra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBangla_Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Odia, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." (<a href="#CITEREFCardona2007">Cardona 2007</a>:352)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bari-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bari_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBari,_Sarah_Anjum2019" class="citation news cs1">Bari, Sarah Anjum (12 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.">"A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star (Bangladesh)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+%28Bangladesh%29&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Languages%3A+How+the+Persian+language+seeped+into+Bengali&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.au=Bari%2C+Sarah+Anjum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fstar-weekend%2Flongform%2Fnews%2Ftale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAs%2520Suniti%2520Kumar%2520Chatterjee%2520explains%2Cof%2520the%2520Indo%252DEuropean%2520languages.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanweer Fazal (2012). <i>Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.</i> pp.59–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication">A community without aspirations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007151920/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication">Archived</a> 7 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Zia Haider Rahman. 2 May 2007. Retrieved on 7 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marginal Muslim Communities in India edited by M.K.A Siddiqui pages 295-305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata (12.181)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). <i>Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–531.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539423-8">978-0-19-539423-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Datta, Romita (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">"The great Hindu vote trick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=The+great+Hindu+vote+trick&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Romita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2019" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Zamser (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">"EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrang_Communications" title="Sabrang Communications">Sabrang Communications</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabrang+Communications&rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+BJP+Govt+plans+to+evict+70+lakh+Muslims%2C+60+lakh+Bengali+Hindus+through+its+Land+Policy+%282019%29+in+Assam&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Zamser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabrangindia.in%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">"Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Census+2022%3A+Number+of+Muslims+increased+in+the+country&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2022%2F07%2F27%2Fcensus-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengali_religions_p824-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p824_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali_religions_p824_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2005). "Bengali religions". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=824&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usds-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usds_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2014 US Department of State estimates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf">"Bangladesh 2015 International Religious Freedom Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114182054/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+2015+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F256513.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreKumar2016" class="citation news cs1">Andre, Aletta; Kumar, Abhimanyu (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html">"Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Aljazeera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Aljazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>Total Muslim population in Assam is 34.22% of which 90% are Bengali Muslims according to this source which puts the Bengali Muslim percentage in Assam as 29.08%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protest+poetry%3A+Assam%27s+Bengali+Muslims+take+a+stand&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=Andre&rft.aufirst=Aletta&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Abhimanyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2016%2F12%2Fprotest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciafactbook-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/">Bangladesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024842/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/">Archived</a> 30 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>- <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-westbengalreligion-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westbengalreligion_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-westbengalreligion_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"C-1 Population By Religious Community – West Bengal"</a>. <i>census.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-1+Population+By+Religious+Community+%E2%80%93+West+Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusreligion2011-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-censusreligion2011_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS">Population by religious community: West Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS">Archived</a> 10 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2011 Census of India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html">"Assam Assembly Election 2021: In Barak Valley, Congress battles religious fault lines; local factors bother BJP-India News"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904063844/https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Assam+Assembly+Election+2021%3A+In+Barak+Valley%2C+Congress+battles+religious+fault+lines%3B+local+factors+bother+BJP-India+News&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Fassam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html">"BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest"</a>. <i>Daily Pioneer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144242/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pioneer&rft.atitle=BJP+eyes+2.2+m+Bengali+Hindus+in+Tripura+quest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2017%2Fsunday-edition%2Fbjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta200298-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta200298_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSengupta2002">Sengupta 2002</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf">"Population Housing Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Housing+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.112.218.65%3A8008%2FWebTestApplication%2Fuserfiles%2FImage%2FNational%2520Reports%2FUnion%2520Statistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395">"[Analysis] Are there any takeaways for Muslims from the Narendra Modi government?"</a>. <i>DNA</i>. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011956/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=%5BAnalysis%5D+Are+there+any+takeaways+for+Muslims+from+the+Narendra+Modi+government%3F&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fanalysis%2Fstandpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiderRahmanKamal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Haider, M. Moinuddin; Rahman, Mizanur; Kamal, Nahid (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml">"Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion and Demography</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 123–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589742X-00601003">10.1163/2589742X-00601003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7411">2589-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189978272">189978272</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Demography&rft.atitle=Hindu+Population+Growth+in+Bangladesh%3A+A+Demographic+Puzzle&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-148&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189978272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2589-7411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589742X-00601003&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=M.+Moinuddin&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Mizanur&rft.au=Kamal%2C+Nahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjrd%2F6%2F1%2Farticle-p123_123.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitra_Chakraborty2024" class="citation news cs1">Maitra Chakraborty, Barnini (26 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/learn-the-traditions-and-folktales-behind-bengals-brata-and-brotokotha-and-sashti-puja/cid/2016026">"The 'brotos' of Bengal — stories of festive rituals and traditions around the year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+%27brotos%27+of+Bengal+%E2%80%94+stories+of+festive+rituals+and+traditions+around+the+year&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Maitra+Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Barnini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fmy-kolkata%2Flifestyle%2Flearn-the-traditions-and-folktales-behind-bengals-brata-and-brotokotha-and-sashti-puja%2Fcid%2F2016026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703">"UNESCO - Durga Puja in Kolkata"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ghoti+and+Bangal+%E2%80%93+Lakshmi+Puja+bhog+traditions+across+borders&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fghoti-and-bangal-lakshmi-puja-bhog-traditions-across-borders%2Farticleshow%2F87156432.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bose, Girish Chandra (1958). Roy, Alok (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265018"><i>Sekaler Darogar Kahini</i></a> (in Bengali) (2nd ed.). Kolkata: Pustak Bipani. pp. 34–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sekaler+Darogar+Kahini&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=34-35&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pustak+Bipani&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Girish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.265018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imagine170-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imagine170_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEadeFremeauxGarbin2002" class="citation book cs1">Eade, John; Fremeaux, Isabelle; Garbin, David (2002). "The Political Construction of Diasporic Communities in the Global City". In Gilbert, Pamela K. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb"><i>Imagined Londons</i></a></span>. State University of New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb/page/n180">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5501-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5501-7"><bdi>0-7914-5501-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Construction+of+Diasporic+Communities+in+the+Global+City&rft.btitle=Imagined+Londons&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7914-5501-7&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Fremeaux%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Garbin%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginedlondons00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatans-ring-in-naba-barsha-with-friends-family-and-food/articleshow/68896279.cms">"Kolkatans ring in Naba Barsha with friends, family and food"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 April 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kolkatans+ring+in+Naba+Barsha+with+friends%2C+family+and+food&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fkolkatans-ring-in-naba-barsha-with-friends-family-and-food%2Farticleshow%2F68896279.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mela2-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mela2_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501231154/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on">"Banglatown spices it up for the new year"</a>. <i>The Londoner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on">the original</a> on 1 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Londoner&rft.atitle=Banglatown+spices+it+up+for+the+new+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Flondoner%2F06may%2Fp3a.jsp%3Fnav%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz.2008.Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. International Mother Language Day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/to-find-the-world-in-books-heres-a-list-of-book-fairs-in-the-world/articleshow/60894462.cms">"To find the world in books, here's a list of book fairs in the world"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 1 October 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=To+find+the+world+in+books%2C+here%27s+a+list+of+book+fairs+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fto-find-the-world-in-books-heres-a-list-of-book-fairs-in-the-world%2Farticleshow%2F60894462.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art">"In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+i.e.+The+Met+Museum&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Bangladeshi+Islamic+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fblogs%2Fruminations%2F2015%2Fbangladeshi-islamic-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan,_Sheikh_Mehedi2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hasan, Sheikh Mehedi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dance">"Dance"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dance&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Sheikh+Mehedi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claus2003-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausDiamondMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Mills%2C+Margaret+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed,_Wakil2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ahmed, Wakil (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Dances">"Folk Dances"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+Dances&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Wakil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFolk_Dances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists">"UNESCO – Chhau dance"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526011220/https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Chhau+dance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen">"Who's Who of Victorian Cinema"</a>. <i>www.victorian-cinema.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523154503/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.victorian-cinema.net&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Victorian+Cinema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandranRukmini1985" class="citation book cs1">Ramachandran, T. M.; Rukmini, S. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC"><i>70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983</i></a>. CINEMA India-International. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-090-5"><bdi>978-0-86132-090-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051039/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=70+Years+of+Indian+Cinema%2C+1913%E2%80%931983&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=CINEMA+India-International&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86132-090-5&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft.au=Rukmini%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9rthUDKxyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2009" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Bhaskar (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC"><i>Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> & London: Duke University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9221-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-9221-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051054/https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourning+the+Nation%3A+Indian+Cinema+in+the+Wake+of+Partition&rft.place=Durham+%26+London&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9221-7&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwghFNlpM3PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyBhatia2008" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Anjali Gera; Bhatia, Nandi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC"><i>Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1416-4"><bdi>978-81-317-1416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partitioned+Lives%3A+Narratives+of+Home%2C+Displacement%2C+and+Resettlement&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1416-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Anjali+Gera&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+Nandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWB0GmmoOSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Chinnamul' to 'Pather Panchali': Golden era Experiments that led to Bengali Cinema RENAISSANCE"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 17 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626092802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Chinnamul%27+to+%27Pather+Panchali%27%3A+Golden+era+Experiments+that+led+to+Bengali+Cinema+RENAISSANCE&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbengali%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Fchinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance%2Fphotostory%2F74175284.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&S-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S&S_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound#The_Sight_&_Sound_Poll_of_the_Greatest_Films_of_All_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">The <i>Sight & Sound</i> Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052127/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html">"1992 Directors' and Critics' poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1992+Directors%27+and+Critics%27+poll&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.bfi.org.uk%2Fsightandsound%2Fpolls%2Ftopten%2Fhistory%2F1992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Top Ten: 250 Verdicts". <i>Sight & Sound</i>. Vol. 2, no. 8. British Film Institute. December 1992. pp. 18–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sight+%26+Sound&rft.atitle=Top+Ten%3A+250+Verdicts&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=18-30&rft.date=1992-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530205427/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html">"User Poll: Indian Top 10"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+Poll%3A+Indian+Top+10&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fimagineasia%2Fguide%2Fpoll%2Fuserpoll%2Findia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527232052/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html">"Top 10 Bangladeshi Films"</a>. British Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Bangladeshi+Films&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fimagineasia%2Fguide%2Fpoll%2Fbangladesh%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengupta2001p213-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta2001p213_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitish_Sengupta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6"><bdi>978-81-7476-355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-speaking+People&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-355-6&rft.au=Nitish+Sengupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Practiced-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Practiced_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Practiced_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788">"6 Places In The World Where Arranged Marriages Is Traditional & Historically Practiced"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Elite_Daily" title="Elite Daily">Elite Daily</a></i>. 5 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182605/https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elite+Daily&rft.atitle=6+Places+In+The+World+Where+Arranged+Marriages+Is+Traditional+%26+Historically+Practiced&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitedaily.com%2Fp%2F6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_BANGLADESHI_WEDDING_JOURNAL-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_BANGLADESHI_WEDDING_JOURNAL_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457">"A Bangladeshi Wedding Journal"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 11 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085144/https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=A+Bangladeshi+Wedding+Journal&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fa-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottak2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Phillip_Kottak" title="Conrad Phillip Kottak">Kottak, Conrad Phillip</a> (2019) [First published 1996]. <i>Mirror for humanity : a concise introduction to cultural anthropology</i> (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-260-56570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-260-56570-6"><bdi>978-1-260-56570-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1132235649">1132235649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirror+for+humanity+%3A+a+concise+introduction+to+cultural+anthropology&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1132235649&rft.isbn=978-1-260-56570-6&rft.aulast=Kottak&rft.aufirst=Conrad+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruque,_Nafisa2021" class="citation news cs1">Faruque, Nafisa (13 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598">"Those 'paan-chini' days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star (Bangladesh)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182617/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+%28Bangladesh%29&rft.atitle=Those+%27paan-chini%27+days&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft.au=Faruque%2C+Nafisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Flifestyle%2Fspecial-feature%2Fnews%2Fthose-paan-chini-days-1659598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman,_Bilkis2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rahman, Bilkis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Marriage">"Marriage"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02012007">the original</a> on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Abhijit+Banerjee+among+three+to+receive+Economics+Nobel&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.au=The+Hindu+Net+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Findia-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel%2Farticle29680388.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prothom-alo-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prothom-alo_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82">ঈদ উৎসবের নানা রং</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042311/http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82">Archived</a> 3 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>,সাইমন জাকারিয়া, দৈনিক প্রথম আলো। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: আগস্ট ০২, ২০১৩</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhakamirror.com-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhakamirror.com_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/">"Lathi Khela to celebrate Tangail Free Day"</a>. <i>Dhaka Mirror</i>. 13 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191316/http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Mirror&rft.atitle=Lathi+Khela+to+celebrate+Tangail+Free+Day&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakamirror.com%2Fnation%2Flathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman2013" class="citation news cs1">Zaman, Jaki (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104225255/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299%3Ajabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175%3Aweekend-independent&Itemid=213">"Jabbarer Boli Khela: Better Than WWE"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Dhaka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299:jabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jabbarer+Boli+Khela%3A+Better+Than+WWE&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Jaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheindependentbd.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D168299%3Ajabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe%26catid%3D175%3Aweekend-independent%26Itemid%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedailystar.net-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/">"Jabbarer Boli Khela tomorrow"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 24 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526151448/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Jabbarer+Boli+Khela+tomorrow&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbeta2%2Fnews%2Fjabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqi,_Gofran2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Faroqi, Gofran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi">"Kabadi"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+News+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Seminar+on+Butthan+Combat+Sports+%26+Co-competition+system+held&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funb.com.bd%2Fcategory%2FSports%2Fseminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held%2F30629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_M_Mahfuzur_Rahman2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">S M Mahfuzur Rahman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Boat_Race">"Boat Race"</a>. 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Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Where+does+Shakib+rank+among+the+greatest+all-rounders%3F&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Rabbani&rft.aufirst=Shahnoor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fsports%2Fwhere-does-shakib-rank-among-greatest-all-rounders-106672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Z. (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cricfrenzy.com/en/article/127412/%E2%80%9CI-don%E2%80%99t-play-to-be-the-best-all-rounder-of-all-time%E2%80%9D--Shakib-Al-Hasan-">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I don't play to be the best all-rounder of all time": Shakib Al Hasan"</a>. <i>cricfrenzy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513213819/https://www.cricfrenzy.com/en/article/127412/%E2%80%9CI-don%E2%80%99t-play-to-be-the-best-all-rounder-of-all-time%E2%80%9D--Shakib-Al-Hasan-">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cricfrenzy.com&rft.atitle=%22I+don%27t+play+to+be+the+best+all-rounder+of+all+time%22%3A+Shakib+Al+Hasan&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricfrenzy.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F127412%2F%25E2%2580%259CI-don%25E2%2580%2599t-play-to-be-the-best-all-rounder-of-all-time%25E2%2580%259D--Shakib-Al-Hasan-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh2020" class="citation web cs1">Rajesh, S (24 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28945972/why-shakib-al-hasan-one-cricket-greatest-allrounders">"Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327024900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28945972/why-shakib-al-hasan-one-cricket-greatest-allrounders">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Why+Shakib+Al+Hasan+is+one+of+cricket%27s+greatest+allrounders&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.aulast=Rajesh&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F28945972%2Fwhy-shakib-al-hasan-one-cricket-greatest-allrounders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParida2019" class="citation web cs1">Parida, Bastab K. (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2019/jul/05/greatest-all-rounder-of-21-st-century-debate-where-does-shakib-al-hasan-stand">"Greatest all-rounder of 21st century debate – where does Shakib Al Hasan stand?"</a>. <i>SportsCafe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420055956/https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2019/jul/05/greatest-all-rounder-of-21-st-century-debate-where-does-shakib-al-hasan-stand">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SportsCafe&rft.atitle=Greatest+all-rounder+of+21st+century+debate+%E2%80%93+where+does+Shakib+Al+Hasan+stand%3F&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.aulast=Parida&rft.aufirst=Bastab+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportscafe.in%2Fcricket%2Farticles%2F2019%2Fjul%2F05%2Fgreatest-all-rounder-of-21-st-century-debate-where-does-shakib-al-hasan-stand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2021" class="citation web cs1">Narayanan, Anantha (11 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937">"Is Shakib Al Hasan a greater allrounder than Garry Sobers?"</a>. <i>ESPNcricinfo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424182703/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNcricinfo&rft.atitle=Is+Shakib+Al+Hasan+a+greater+allrounder+than+Garry+Sobers%3F&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Anantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2Fanantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu">"Bengal's tryst with football: The beautiful game as part of art, drama & music"</a>. <i>Goal.com India</i>. 24 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008004000/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goal.com+India&rft.atitle=Bengal%27s+tryst+with+football%3A+The+beautiful+game+as+part+of+art%2C+drama+%26+music&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goal.com%2Fen-in%2Fnews%2Findian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football%2Frx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breck-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breck_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breck, A. <i>Alan Breck's Book of Scottish Football</i>. Scottish Daily Express, 1937, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed">"<i>Salim, Mohammed</i>"</a>. <i>All time A to Z of Celtic players</i>. thecelticwiki.org. 29 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529055952/http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+time+A+to+Z+of+Celtic+players&rft.atitle=Salim%2C+Mohammed&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecelticwiki.com%2Fpage%2FSalim%252C%2BMohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span> See also, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472">"<i>Barefooted Indian who left Calcutta to join Celtic</i>"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. 12 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235208/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Barefooted+Indian+who+left+Calcutta+to+join+Celtic&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fsport%2Fbarefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scottish Daily Express</i>, 29 August 1936, cited in Majumdar, B. and Bandyopadhyay, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68"><i>A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051543/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Routledge, 2006, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrehan2019" class="citation news cs1">Trehan, Dev (2 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra">"Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523150804/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamza+Choudhury+can+be+first+British+South+Asian+to+play+for+England%2C+says+Michael+Chopra&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft.aulast=Trehan&rft.aufirst=Dev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skysports.com%2Ffootball%2Fnews%2F11712%2F11796199%2Fhamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a></span>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislambenga00eato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2002" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2002). <i>History of the Bengali-Speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6"><bdi>978-81-7476-355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-Speaking+People&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-355-6&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Uberoi, Anuradha (6 January 2020), <i>Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities</i> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/chennai-brew-tells-stories-of-people-from-other-parts-of-india-who-found-warmth-and-love-in-the-city/article30491202.ece">"<i>These Communities Call Chennai 'home'</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5351-676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5351-676-5">978-93-5351-676-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan</a> (1988). <i><a href="/wiki/Bangla_O_Bangali" title="Bangla O Bangali">Bangla O Bangali</a></i>. Ananda Marga Publications. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7252-297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7252-297-1"><bdi>978-81-7252-297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangla+O+Bangali&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Ananda+Marga+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7252-297-1&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Prabhat+Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Sengupta, Nitish</a> (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6"><bdi>978-81-7476-355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-speaking+People&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-355-6&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation book cs1">Ray, R. (1994). <i>History of the Bengali People</i>. Orient BlackSwan. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9"><bdi>978-0-86311-378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali+People&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=Orient+BlackSwan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86311-378-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Niharranjan (1994). <i>History of the Bengali people: ancient period</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>: Orient Longmans. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9"><bdi>978-0-86311-378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali+people%3A+ancient+period&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86311-378-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Niharranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, N (2013). <i>History of the Bengali People from Earliest Times to the Fall of the Sena Dynasty</i>. Orient Blackswan Private Limited. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-5053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-5053-7"><bdi>978-81-250-5053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali+People+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Fall+of+the+Sena+Dynasty&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan+Private+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-250-5053-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, S.N. (1 December 2005). <i>The Bengalis: The People, Their History and Culture</i>. Indigo Books. p. 1900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-292-0066-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-292-0066-2"><bdi>978-81-292-0066-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengalis%3A+The+People%2C+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=1900&rft.pub=Indigo+Books&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.isbn=978-81-292-0066-2&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2011). <i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i>. Penguin UK. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-530-5"><bdi>978-81-8475-530-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-530-5&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrinVan_Der_Wurff2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasrin, Mithun B; Van Der Wurff, W.A.M (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people"><i>Colloquial Bengali</i></a>. Routledge. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30613-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30613-9"><bdi>978-1-317-30613-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051520/https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Bengali&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30613-9&rft.aulast=Nasrin&rft.aufirst=Mithun+B&rft.au=Van+Der+Wurff%2C+W.A.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3blgCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbengali%2B%2Bpeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2016" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Debjani (2016). <i>The Partition of Bengal: Fragile Borders and New Identities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06170-5"><bdi>978-1-107-06170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal%3A+Fragile+Borders+and+New+Identities&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06170-5&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Debjani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabartiChakrabarti2000" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (1 February 2000). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis (Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures)</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 604. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5334-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-5334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Bengalis+%28Historical+Dictionaries+of+Peoples+and+Cultures%29&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Kunal&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Shubhra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Pranab (2009). <i>A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia</i>. Peter Lang. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-0820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Ambivalent+Modernization+in+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Bengali+Elitism+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people"><i>People of India: West Bengal, Volume 43, Part 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7046-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7046-300-9"><bdi>978-81-7046-300-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051512/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+West+Bengal%2C+Volume+43%2C+Part+1&rft.place=University+of+Virginia&rft.pages=1397&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7046-300-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIBhWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbengali%2B%2Bpeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne1913" class="citation book cs1">Milne, William Stanley (1913). <i>A Practical Bengali Grammar</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0877-1"><bdi>978-81-206-0877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Bengali+Grammar&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0877-1&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=William+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderChatterji2015" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Claire; Chatterji, Joya (10 December 2015). <i>The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration</i>. Routledge. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53073-6"><bdi>978-0-415-53073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Diaspora%3A+Rethinking+Muslim+migration&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-415-53073-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2014" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, Mridula Nath (26 March 2014). <i>Being Bengali: At Home and in the World</i>. Routledge. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62588-3"><bdi>978-0-415-62588-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Bengali%3A+At+Home+and+in+the+World&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62588-3&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Mridula+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Shukla (16 October 2014). <i>Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8"><bdi>978-1-107-06546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Pamphlets%2C+Propaganda+and+Political+Culture+in+Colonial+Bengal&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06546-8&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Shukla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2009" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Subrata (2009). <i>The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore</i>. Permanent Black. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-279-8"><bdi>978-81-7824-279-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Renaissance%3A+Identity+and+Creativity+from+Rammohun+Roy+to+Rabindranath+Tagore&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-279-8&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Subrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA627"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 627. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=627&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn2014" class="citation book cs1">Glynn, Sarah (30 November 2014). <i>Class, Ethnicity and Religion in the Bengali East End: A Political History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a>. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9595-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9595-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-9595-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+Ethnicity+and+Religion+in+the+Bengali+East+End%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Manchester+University&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-9595-5&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). <i>Bangladesh: Past and Present</i>. Aph Publishing Corporations. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Aph+Publishing+Corporations&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeodhari2007" class="citation book cs1">Deodhari, Shanti (2007). <i>Banglar Bow (Bengali Bride)</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-1188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-1188-4"><bdi>978-1-4670-1188-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banglar+Bow+%28Bengali+Bride%29&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4670-1188-4&rft.aulast=Deodhari&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2009" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Swarupa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C"><i>Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905</i></a>. BRILL. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17614-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17614-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17614-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notions+of+Nationhood+in+Bengal%3A+Perspectives+on+Samaj%2C+C.+1867-1905&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17614-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarupa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGSuVgPH9T4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Manisha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC"><i>Bengali Women</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23044-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23044-3"><bdi>978-0-226-23044-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Women&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-23044-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOZOS5DlsTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasak2006" class="citation book cs1">Basak, Sita (2006). <i>Bengali Culture And Society Through Its Riddles</i>. Neha Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0891-8"><bdi>978-81-212-0891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Culture+And+Society+Through+Its+Riddles&rft.pub=Neha+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-212-0891-8&rft.aulast=Basak&rft.aufirst=Sita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndenNicholas2005" class="citation book cs1">Inden, Ronald B; Nicholas, Ralph W. (2005). <i>Kinship in Bengali culture</i>. Orient Blackswan. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4"><bdi>978-81-8028-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+in+Bengali+culture&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-018-4&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Ralph W. (2003). <i>Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal</i>. Orient Blackswan. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-006-1"><bdi>978-81-8028-006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruits+of+Worship%3A+Practical+Religion+in+Bengal&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-006-1&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2002" class="citation book cs1">Das, S.N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people"><i>The Bengalis: The People, Their History, and Culture. Religion and Bengali culture. volume 4</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-392-5"><bdi>978-81-7755-392-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051541/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengalis%3A+The+People%2C+Their+History%2C+and+Culture.+Religion+and+Bengali+culture.+volume+4&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-392-5&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFrRtwAACAAJ%26q%3Dbengali%2B%2Bpeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchendel2004" class="citation book cs1">Schendel, Willem van (2004). <i>The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia</i>. Anthem Press. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-144-7"><bdi>978-1-84331-144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Borderland%3A+Beyond+State+and+Nation+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-144-7&rft.aulast=Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Janam (2015). <i>Hungry Bengal : War, Famine, Riots and the End of Empire</i>. Harper Collins India. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-582-9"><bdi>978-93-5177-582-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungry+Bengal+%3A+War%2C+Famine%2C+Riots+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5177-582-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Janam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuhathakurtaSchendel2013" class="citation book cs1">Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013). <i>The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5318-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-5318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bangladesh+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8&rft.aulast=Guhathakurta&rft.aufirst=Meghna&rft.au=Schendel%2C+Willem+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (19 November 2012). <i>Bengal Divided: The Unmaking of a Nation (1905-1971)</i>. Penguin India. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341955-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Divided%3A+The+Unmaking+of+a+Nation+%281905-1971%29&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Penguin+India&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341955-6&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen_et_al.September_2015" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Joy; Basu, Arindam (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iitkgpsandhi.org/Chandraketugarh_Report.pdf"><i>Chandraketugarh – rediscovering a missing link in Indian history</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SandHI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80813-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80813-37-0"><bdi>978-93-80813-37-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandraketugarh+%E2%80%93+rediscovering+a+missing+link+in+Indian+history&rft.pub=SandHI&rft.date=2015-09&rft.isbn=978-93-80813-37-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft.au=Basu%2C+Arindam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiitkgpsandhi.org%2FChandraketugarh_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyay_et_al.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chattopadhyay, Rupendra Kumar; Acharya, Dipsikha; Majumder, Shubha; Sain, Malay Kumar; Biswas, Pampa; Mondal, Bijan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36290222">"Excavation at Dihar 2012-2013 : An Interim Report"</a>. <i>Pratna Samiksha</i>. <b>1</b>: 9–33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pratna+Samiksha&rft.atitle=Excavation+at+Dihar+2012-2013+%3A+An+Interim+Report&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=9-33&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Rupendra+Kumar&rft.au=Acharya%2C+Dipsikha&rft.au=Majumder%2C+Shubha&rft.au=Sain%2C+Malay+Kumar&rft.au=Biswas%2C+Pampa&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Bijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36290222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengalis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template talk:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Founding kingdom:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Classical empires:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Sultanates:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li><i>British Bengal:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li><i>Nature:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Places:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Executive:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li><i>Industries:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Finance sectors:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank <span style="font-size:85%;">(central bank)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Stock Exchange:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Energy and resources:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li><i>Infrastructure:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barua_people" title="Barua people">Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beens" title="Beens">Beens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahifarash" title="Mahifarash">Mahifarash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershabadia" title="Shershabadia">Shershabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri people">Bishnupriya Manipuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaz" title="Bonaz">Bonaz</a></li> <li>Keot</li> <li>Koch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Bangladesh" title="Nepalis in Bangladesh">Nepalis</a></li> <li>Polia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbongshi</a></li> <li>Ranjoarh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_people_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Asiatic people of South Asia">Austro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aowe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta">Jalia Kaibarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahle_people" title="Mahle people">Mahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kora_(tribe)" title="Kora (tribe)">Kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar_people" title="Sabar people">Sabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_people" title="Pnar people">Pnar/Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh/Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Mushahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_people" title="Malto people">Malto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_people" title="Mal Paharia people">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_people" title="Sauria Paharia people">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chak_people" title="Chak people">Chak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a></li> 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382.129 78 Template:Cite_book"," 7.51% 381.055 14 Template:Main"," 7.42% 376.425 1 Template:Culture_of_Bengal"," 7.36% 373.318 1 Template:Culture_of_region"," 6.87% 348.516 18 Template:Linkexist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.969","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26178771,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;Abd_al-Haqq_al-Dehlawi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdul_Karim\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed,_Wakil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Masudi,_trans._Barbier_de_Meynard_and_Pavet_de_Courteille1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexanderChatterji2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAndreKumar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBari,_Sarah_Anjum2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharyya,_PK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishnupriya_BasakPradeep_SrivastavaSujit_DasguptaAnil_Kumar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardona2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabartiChakrabarti2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakraborty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjeeChatterjee1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyay,_Bhaskar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyay_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoudhary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury,_AM\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClausDiamondMills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColebrooke1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeodhari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEadeFremeauxGarbin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaroqi,_Gofran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruque,_Nafisa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirishta1768\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrawley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautam_Basumallik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhulam_Husain_Salim1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlynn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourav_Debnath2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuhathakurtaSchendel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaiderRahmanKamal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanif,_N2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan,_Sheikh_Mehedi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuqSarkar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndenNicholas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInsight,_Apa_Productions1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmakar,_Rahul2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKean2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaleeli,_Homa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan,_Muhammad_Chingiz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKottak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorea,_Carola_Erika2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Shahid_Alam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahbub2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmud2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmud2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaitra_Chakraborty2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajid,_Razia1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannanKozlov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMilne1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisra,_Neeru2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonem2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonem2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurshid,_Ghulam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasrinVan_Der_Wurff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitish_Sengupta2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQurashi,_Ishfaq2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabbani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabbani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman,_Bilkis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahmanBhuiya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahmanCastilloMurphyRahman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajesh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamachandranRukmini1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyBhatia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS_M_Mahfuzur_Rahman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanyal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchendel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebanti_Saarkar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebanti_Sarkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekhsaria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSen_et_al.September_2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamsiAl-Din2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShekhar,_Sidharth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagore1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaifoor,_Syed_Muhammed1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaker,_Jayant_Premshankar1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu_Net_Desk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrautmann,_Thomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrehan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaugn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeb2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaman2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bangladesh topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 3,\n [\"Bengalis\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite Banglapedia\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 79,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 64,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Culture of Bengal\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bengalis\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 40,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Further-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcol\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 18,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tribes of Bangladesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"West Bengal topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","23.6"],["dataWrapper 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