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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kung_fu_wave_(1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kung fu wave (1970s)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kung_fu_wave_(1970s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kung fu wave (1970s) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kung_fu_wave_(1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bruce_Lee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruce_Lee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bruce Lee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruce_Lee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jackie_Chan_and_the_kung_fu_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jackie_Chan_and_the_kung_fu_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jackie Chan and the kung fu comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jackie_Chan_and_the_kung_fu_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinventing_action_cinema_(1980s_to_early_1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinventing_action_cinema_(1980s_to_early_1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reinventing action cinema (1980s to early 1990s)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reinventing_action_cinema_(1980s_to_early_1990s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reinventing action cinema (1980s to early 1990s) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reinventing_action_cinema_(1980s_to_early_1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jackie_Chan_and_the_modern_martial_arts_stunt_action_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jackie_Chan_and_the_modern_martial_arts_stunt_action_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jackie Chan and the modern martial arts stunt action film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jackie_Chan_and_the_modern_martial_arts_stunt_action_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsui_Hark_and_Cinema_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsui_Hark_and_Cinema_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tsui Hark and Cinema City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsui_Hark_and_Cinema_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Woo_and_the_"heroic_bloodshed"_and_"gun_fu"_triad_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Woo_and_the_"heroic_bloodshed"_and_"gun_fu"_triad_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>John Woo and the "heroic bloodshed" and "gun fu" triad films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Woo_and_the_"heroic_bloodshed"_and_"gun_fu"_triad_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wire-work_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wire-work_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The wire-work wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wire-work_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_wave:_kung_fu_craze_(1970s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave:_kung_fu_craze_(1970s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First wave: kung fu craze (1970s–1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave:_kung_fu_craze_(1970s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave:_modern_action_films_(1990s–2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave:_modern_action_films_(1990s–2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Second wave: modern action films (1990s–2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave:_modern_action_films_(1990s–2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_of_heroic_bloodshed_and_gun_fu_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_heroic_bloodshed_and_gun_fu_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Influence of heroic bloodshed and gun fu films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_heroic_bloodshed_and_gun_fu_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exit_of_many_leading_figures_(late_1990s_to_early_2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_of_many_leading_figures_(late_1990s_to_early_2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exit of many leading figures (late 1990s to early 2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_of_many_leading_figures_(late_1990s_to_early_2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends_(late_1990s_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends_(late_1990s_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recent trends (late 1990s to present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends_(late_1990s_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hong Kong action cinema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_d%27acci%C3%B3_de_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema d'acció de Hong Kong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema d'acció de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_d%27action_hongkongais" title="Cinéma d'action hongkongais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma d'action hongkongais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_aksi_Hong_Kong" title="Sinema aksi Hong Kong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema aksi Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_aksi_Hong_Kong" title="Filem aksi Hong Kong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem aksi Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongko%C5%84skie_filmy_akcji" title="Hongkońskie filmy akcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hongkońskie filmy akcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_a%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema de ação de Hong Kong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema de ação de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سینەمای ئەکشنی ھۆنگ کۆنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای ئەکشنی ھۆنگ کۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre</div> <p> <b>Hong Kong action cinema</b> is the principal source of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong film industry">Hong Kong film industry</a>'s global fame. <a href="/wiki/Action_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Action films">Action films</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> have roots in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong cultures</a> including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>, storytelling and aesthetic traditions, which Hong Kong filmmakers combined with elements from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a> along with new <a href="/wiki/Action_choreography" class="mw-redirect" title="Action choreography">action choreography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> techniques, to create a culturally distinctive form that went on to have wide transcultural appeal. In turn, Hollywood action films have been heavily influenced by Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> conventions, from the 1970s onwards. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> action films favoured the <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a></i> style, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and swordplay, but this trend was politically suppressed in the 1930s and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">kung fu films</a> that depicted more down-to-earth unarmed martial arts, often featuring <a href="/wiki/Folk_heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk heroes">folk heroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wong_Fei_Hung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Fei Hung">Wong Fei Hung</a>. Post-war cultural upheavals led to a second wave of wuxia films with highly acrobatic violence, followed by the emergence of the grittier kung fu films for which the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaw Brothers">Shaw Brothers</a> studio became best known. </p><p>Hong Kong action cinema peaked from the <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a> to the <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a>. The 1970s saw a resurgence in kung fu films during the rise and sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>. He was succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>—who popularized the use of comedy, dangerous <a href="/wiki/Stunt" title="Stunt">stunts</a>, and modern urban settings in action films—and <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>, whose authentic <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">wushu</a></i> skills appealed to both eastern and western audiences. The innovative work of directors and producers like <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a> introduced further variety, with genres such as <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">gun fu</a> films, and themes such as <a href="/wiki/Triad_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad society">triads</a> and the supernatural. However, an exodus by many leading figures to Hollywood in the 1990s coincided with a downturn in the industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_martial_arts_films_(early_20th_century)"><span id="Early_martial_arts_films_.28early_20th_century.29"></span>Early martial arts films (early 20th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early martial arts films (early 20th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swordswoman_of_Huangjiaing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Swordswoman_of_Huangjiaing.jpg/220px-Swordswoman_of_Huangjiaing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Swordswoman_of_Huangjiaing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swordswoman_of_Huangjiang" title="The Swordswoman of Huangjiang">The Swordswoman of Huangjiang</a></i> (1930) co-starring <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhi-gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Zhi-gong">Chen Zhi-gong</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The signature contribution to action cinema from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>-speaking world is the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts film</a>, the most famous of which were developed in Hong Kong. The genre emerged first in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese popular literature</a>. The early 20th century saw an explosion of what were called <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a></i> novels (often translated as "martial chivalry"), generally published in serialized form in newspapers. These were tales of heroic, sword-wielding warriors, often featuring mystical or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> elements. This genre was quickly seized on by early <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Chinese films</a>, particularly in the movie capital of the time, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Starting in the 1920s, <i>wuxia</i> titles, often adapted from novels (for example, 1928's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Red_Lotus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burning of the Red Lotus Monastery">The Burning of the Red Lotus Monastery</a></i> and its eighteen sequels) were hugely popular and the genre dominated Chinese film for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-chute_14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chute_14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boom came to an end in the 1930s, caused by official opposition from cultural and political elites, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government, who saw it as promoting superstition and violent anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-chute_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chute_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wuxia</i> filmmaking was picked up in Hong Kong, at the time a <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a> with a highly liberal economy and culture and a developing film industry. The first martial arts film in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_spoken_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese spoken languages">Chinese spoken language</a> of Hong Kong, was <i>The Adorned Pavilion</i> (1938).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_martial_arts_cinema_(1940s_to_early_1960s)"><span id="Post-war_martial_arts_cinema_.281940s_to_early_1960s.29"></span>Post-war martial arts cinema (1940s to early 1960s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-war martial arts cinema (1940s to early 1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WuxiaQi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/WuxiaQi.jpg/220px-WuxiaQi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/WuxiaQi.jpg/330px-WuxiaQi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/WuxiaQi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a></i> film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_Palm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha's Palm (page does not exist)">Buddha's Palm</a></i> (1964). The magic <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i> rays are created using crude hand-drawn animation.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1940s, upheavals in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, and the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>—had shifted the centre of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> filmmaking to Hong Kong. The industry continued the wuxia tradition in Cantonese <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movies</a> and serials, although the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>-language cinema generally ignored the genre. Animation and special effects drawn directly on the film by hand were used to simulate the flying abilities and other <a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">preternatural</a> powers of characters; later titles in the cycle included <i>The Six-Fingered Lord of the Lute</i> (1965) and <i>Sacred Fire, Heroic Wind</i> (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-chute_2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chute_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A counter-tradition to the wuxia films emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> movies that were also produced at this time. These movies emphasized more "authentic", down-to-earth and unarmed combat over the swordplay and mysticism of <i>wuxia</i>. The most famous exemplar was real-life martial artist <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Tak_Hing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwan Tak Hing">Kwan Tak Hing</a>; he became an avuncular hero figure to at least a couple of generations of Hong Kongers by playing historical folk hero <a href="/wiki/Wong_Fei_Hung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Fei Hung">Wong Fei Hung</a> in a series of roughly one hundred movies, from <i>The True Story of Wong Fei Hung</i> (1949) through to <i>Wong Fei Hung Bravely Crushing the Fire Formation</i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-logan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of enduring elements were introduced or solidified by these films: the still-popular character of "Master Wong"; the influence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> with its stylized martial arts and <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>; and the concept of martial arts heroes as exponents of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""New_School"_wuxia_(late_1960s_to_early_1970s)"><span id=".22New_School.22_wuxia_.28late_1960s_to_early_1970s.29"></span>"New School" wuxia (late 1960s to early 1970s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "New School" wuxia (late 1960s to early 1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts (Wushu)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/230px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/345px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/460px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:115%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts" title="Styles of Chinese martial arts">Styles of Chinese martial arts</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_martial_arts" title="List of Chinese martial arts">List of Chinese martial arts</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin Na</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_jin" title="Fa jin">Fa jin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_(term)" title="Kung fu (term)">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">Neijia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifu" title="Shifu">Shifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Legendary figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Sai-yuk" title="Fong Sai-yuk">Fong Sai-yuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yim_Wing-chun" title="Yim Wing-chun">Yim Wing-chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen" title="Li Ching-Yuen">Li Ching-Yuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Elders" title="Five Elders">Five Elders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical individuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Emperor Taizu of Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiguan" title="Hong Xiguan">Hong Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Haichuan" title="Dong Haichuan">Dong Haichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Luchan" title="Yang Luchan">Yang Luchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Heung" title="Chan Heung">Chan Heung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Quanyou" title="Wu Quanyou">Wu Quanyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung" title="Wong Fei-hung">Wong Fei-hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Lutang" title="Sun Lutang">Sun Lutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shuwen" title="Li Shuwen">Li Shuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Yuanjia" title="Huo Yuanjia">Huo Yuanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ziping" title="Wang Ziping">Wang Ziping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Fake" title="Chen Fake">Chen Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tigers_of_Canton" title="Ten Tigers of Canton">Ten Tigers of Canton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern celebrities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_Yeung" title="Bolo Yeung">Bolo Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Zhao" title="Vincent Zhao">Vincent Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jin_(actor)" title="Zhang Jin (actor)">Zhang Jin (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_To" title="Dennis To">Dennis To</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong action cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnamese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu (sport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_martial_arts" title="Template:Chinese martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_martial_arts" title="Template talk:Chinese martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In the second half of the 1960s, the era's biggest studio, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers</a>, inaugurated a new generation of wuxia films, starting with Xu Zenghong's <i>Temple of the Red Lotus</i> (1965), a remake of the 1928 classic. These Mandarin productions were more lavish and in colour; their style was less fantastical and more intense, with stronger and more acrobatic violence. They were influenced by imported <a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">samurai movies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a> and by the wave of <a href="/wiki/Wuxia#The_New_School" title="Wuxia">"New School" wuxia</a> novels by authors like <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Yusheng" title="Liang Yusheng">Liang Yusheng</a> that started in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-chute_8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chute_8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New School <i>wuxia</i> wave marked the move of male-oriented action films to the centre of Hong Kong cinema, which had long been dominated by female stars and genres aimed at female audiences, such as <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musicals</a>. Even so, during the 1960s female action stars like <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Pei-pei" title="Cheng Pei-pei">Cheng Pei-pei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Chan_Po-chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Connie Chan Po-chu">Connie Chan Po-chu</a> were prominent alongside male stars, such as former swimming champion <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wang_Yu" title="Jimmy Wang Yu">Jimmy Wang Yu</a>, and they continued an old tradition of female warriors in <i>wuxia</i> storyte directors of the period were <a href="/wiki/Chang_Cheh" title="Chang Cheh">Chang Cheh</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/One-Armed_Swordsman" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Armed Swordsman">One-Armed Swordsman</a></i> (1967) and <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Swallow_(1968_film)" title="Golden Swallow (1968 film)">Golden Swallow</a></i> (1968) and <a href="/wiki/King_Hu" title="King Hu">King Hu</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Come_Drink_with_Me" title="Come Drink with Me">Come Drink with Me</a></i> (1966). Hu soon left Shaw Brothers to pursue his own vision of <i>wuxia</i> with independent productions in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, such as the enormously successful <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Inn" title="Dragon Inn">Dragon Inn</a></i> (1967, a.k.a. <i>Dragon Gate Inn</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Touch_of_Zen" title="A Touch of Zen">A Touch of Zen</a></i> which was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1975_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1975 Cannes Film Festival">1975 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chang stayed on and remained the Shaws' prolific star director into the early 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kung_fu_wave_(1970s)"><span id="Kung_fu_wave_.281970s.29"></span>Kung fu wave (1970s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kung fu wave (1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a></div> <p>The early 1970s saw <i>wuxia</i> giving way to a new, grittier and more graphic (and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>-speaking) iteration of the kung fu movie, which came to dominate through the decade and into the early 1980s. Seriously trained <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial artists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ti_Lung" title="Ti Lung">Ti Lung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Liu" title="Gordon Liu">Gordon Liu</a> became some of the top stars as increasing proportions of running times were devoted to combat set-pieces. <i>Chinese Boxer</i> (1970), starring and directed by Jimmy Wang Yu, is widely credited with launching the kung fu boom. But remaining at the vanguard, at least initially, were <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaw Brothers">Shaw Brothers</a> and director Chang Cheh. Chang's <i><a href="/wiki/Vengeance_(1970_film)" title="Vengeance (1970 film)">Vengeance</a></i> (1970) was another of the first trendsetters and his dozens of contributions included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boxer_from_Shantung" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boxer from Shantung">The Boxer from Shantung</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_Two" title="Heroes Two">Heroes Two</a></i> (1974), <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms" title="Five Deadly Venoms">Five Deadly Venoms</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crippled_Avengers" title="Crippled Avengers">Crippled Avengers</a></i> (1979). Kung fu cinema was particularly influenced by Chang's concern with his vision of masculine values and male friendship;<sup id="cite_ref-teo_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the female warrior figures who had been prominent in late 1960s wuxia work were sidelined, with prominent exceptions such as the popular <a href="/wiki/Angela_Mao" title="Angela Mao">Angela Mao</a>. </p><p>Chang's only competitor as the genre's most influential filmmaker was his long-time <a href="/wiki/Action_choreographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Action choreographer">action choreographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lau_Kar_Leung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lau Kar Leung">Lau Kar Leung</a> (a.k.a. Liu Chia Liang in Mandarin). Lau began directing his own movies for the Shaw brothers in 1975 with <i>The Spiritual Boxer</i>, a progenitor of the kung fu comedy. In subsequent titles like <i><a href="/wiki/Executioners_from_Shaolin" title="Executioners from Shaolin">Executioners from Shaolin</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/The_36th_Chamber_of_Shaolin" title="The 36th Chamber of Shaolin">The 36th Chamber of Shaolin</a></i> (1978), and <i><a href="/wiki/Legendary_Weapons_of_China" title="Legendary Weapons of China">Legendary Weapons of China</a></i> (1982), Lau emphasized the traditions and philosophy of the martial arts and strove to give onscreen fighting greater authenticity and ever greater speed and intricacy.<sup id="cite_ref-logan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kung fu boom was partly fueled by enormous international popularity, and not just in East Asia. In the West, kung fu imports, <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbed</a> and often recut and retitled, shown as "B" films in urban theaters and on television, made Hong Kong film widely noticed, although not widely respected, for the first time. African-Americans particularly embraced the genre (as exemplified by the popular <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>) perhaps as an almost unprecedented source of adventure stories with non-white heroes, who furthermore often displayed a strong streak of racial and/or nationalistic pride.<sup id="cite_ref-ongiri_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ongiri-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of these movies in North America would continue into the 1980s when ninja movies were introduced. In popular culture, the films of this era were colloquially known as <i>Kung Fu Theater</i> or <i>Black Belt Theater</i>, names that many independent stations used for their weekly airing slot. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_(1979_film)" title="The Brothers (1979 film)">The Brothers</a></i> (1979), a Shaw Brothers production, was a significant departure from the kung fu films the studio was known for. <i>The Brothers</i> was an action crime-drama, about two brothers on opposing sides of the law. It was a remake of the Indian crime drama <i><a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a></i> (1975), written by <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, <i>The Brothers</i> laid the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> genre of 1980s Hong Kong cinema, inspiring <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>'s breakthrough film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow" title="A Better Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a></i> (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruce_Lee">Bruce Lee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bruce Lee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/220px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/330px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/440px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>No single figure was more responsible for this international profile than <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>, an American-born, Hong Kong-raised martial artist and actor. Lee completed just four movies before his death at the age of 32: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Boss" title="The Big Boss">The Big Boss</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Fist_of_Fury" title="Fist of Fury">Fist of Fury</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of the Dragon">Way of the Dragon</a></i> (both 1972), and <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a></i> (1973). Eastern film historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Macias" title="Patrick Macias">Patrick Macias</a> ascribes his success to "(bringing) the warrior spirit of old into the present day... developing his own fighting style... and possessing superhuman charisma".<sup id="cite_ref-macias_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macias-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first three movies broke local box office records and were successful in much of the world. <i>Fist of Fury</i> and <i>Way of the Dragon</i> went on to gross an estimated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100 million</span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$130 million</span> worldwide, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Way_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Way-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English-language <i>Enter the Dragon</i>, the first-ever US-Hong Kong co-production, grossed an estimated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$350 million</span> worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-Polly_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the most internationally successful film from the region. Furthermore, his decision at the outset to work for young, upstart studio <a href="/wiki/Orange_Sky_Golden_Harvest" title="Orange Sky Golden Harvest">Golden Harvest</a>, rather than accept the Shaws' notoriously tightfisted standard contract, was a factor in Golden Harvest's meteoric rise and Shaw's eventual decline.<sup id="cite_ref-logan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teo_1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo_1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jackie_Chan_and_the_kung_fu_comedy">Jackie Chan and the kung fu comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jackie Chan and the kung fu comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only Chinese performer who has ever rivalled Bruce Lee's global fame is <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>. Like many kung fu performers of the day, Chan came out of training in <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a> and started in film as a <a href="/wiki/Stunt_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunt double">stuntman</a>, notably in some of Lee's vehicles. He was groomed for a while by <i>The Big Boss</i> and <i>Fist of Fury</i> director <a href="/wiki/Lo_Wei" title="Lo Wei">Lo Wei</a> as another Lee clone, in several movies including <i><a href="/wiki/New_Fist_of_Fury" title="New Fist of Fury">New Fist of Fury</a></i> (1976), with little success. But in 1978, Chan teamed up with action choreographer <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Woo_Ping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuen Woo Ping">Yuen Woo Ping</a> on Yuen's directorial debut, <i><a href="/wiki/Snake_in_the_Eagle%27s_Shadow" title="Snake in the Eagle's Shadow">Snake in the Eagle's Shadow</a></i>. The resulting blend of physical comedy and kung fu action provided Chan with his first hit and the rudiments of what would become his signature style. Chan's follow-up movie with Yuen, <i><a href="/wiki/Drunken_Master" title="Drunken Master">Drunken Master</a></i> (also 1978), and his directorial debut, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fearless_Hyena" title="The Fearless Hyena">The Fearless Hyena</a></i> (1979), were also giant hits and cemented his popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-logan_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammo_Hung_white_eyebrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Sammo_Hung_white_eyebrows.jpg/220px-Sammo_Hung_white_eyebrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Sammo_Hung_white_eyebrows.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a> as a wise master in <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain" title="Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain">Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain</a></i> from 1983. The white eyebrows speak of extraordinary power on the part of the character.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although these films were not the first kung fu comedies, they launched a vogue that helped reinvigorate the waning kung fu genre. Especially notable in this regard were two of Chan's childhood <a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking Opera School">Peking Opera School</a> classmates, <a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Biao" title="Yuen Biao">Yuen Biao</a>, who also made careers of this specialty, sometimes co-starring with Chan. Hung, noted for the seeming paradox of his overweight physique and physical agility, also made a name for himself as a director and action choreographer from early on, with titles like <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Fat_Dragon_(1978_film)" title="Enter the Fat Dragon (1978 film)">Enter the Fat Dragon</a></i> (1978).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reinventing_action_cinema_(1980s_to_early_1990s)"><span id="Reinventing_action_cinema_.281980s_to_early_1990s.29"></span>Reinventing action cinema (1980s to early 1990s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reinventing action cinema (1980s to early 1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chan's clowning may have helped extend the life of the kung fu wave for several years. Nevertheless, he became a star towards the end of the boom, and would soon help move the colony towards a new type of action. In the 1980s, he and many colleagues would forge a slicker, more spectacular Hong Kong pop cinema that would successfully compete with the post-<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> summer blockbusters from America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jackie_Chan_and_the_modern_martial_arts_stunt_action_film">Jackie Chan and the modern martial arts stunt action film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jackie Chan and the modern martial arts stunt action film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg/220px-Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg/330px-Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg/440px-Jackie_Chan_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> in 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> began experimenting with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Stunt" title="Stunt">stunt</a> action sequences in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Master" title="The Young Master">The Young Master</a></i> (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lord" title="Dragon Lord">Dragon Lord</a></i> (1982),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which featured a pyramid fight scene that holds the record for the most <a href="/wiki/Take" title="Take">takes</a> required for a single scene, with 2900 takes,<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final fight scene in which he performs various stunts, including one where he does a back flip off a <a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">loft</a> and falls to the lower ground.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1983, Chan branched out into action films which, though they still used martial arts, were less limited in scope, setting and plot, with an emphasis on elaborate yet dangerous stunt sequences. His first film in this vein, <i><a href="/wiki/Project_A_(film)" title="Project A (film)">Project A</a></i> (1983), saw the official formation of the <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan_Stunt_Team" title="Jackie Chan Stunt Team">Jackie Chan Stunt Team</a> and added elaborate, dangerous stunts to the fights and typical slapstick humor (at one point, Chan falls from the top of a clock tower through a series of fabric canopies). The new formula helped <i>Project A</i> gross over <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">HK$</a>19 million</span> in Hong Kong,<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significantly more in other Asian countries such as Japan, where it grossed <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>2.95 billion</span> and became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Japan" title="List of highest-grossing films in Japan">highest-grossing films</a> of 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-japan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Winners_and_Sinners" class="mw-redirect" title="Winners and Sinners">Winners and Sinners</a></i> (1983) also featured an elaborate action sequence that involves Chan skating along a busy high road, including a risky stunt where he slides under a truck. </p><p>Chan continued to take the approach – and the budgets – to new heights in hits like <i><a href="/wiki/Police_Story_(1985_film)" title="Police Story (1985 film)">Police Story</a></i> (1985), which is considered one of the greatest action films of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here was Chan dangling from a speeding bus, destroying large parts of a hillside shantytown, fighting in a shopping mall while breaking many glass panes, and sliding down a pole covered with exploding light bulbs. The latter is considered one of the greatest stunts in the history of action cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-rogerebert_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogerebert-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1988 sequel called for explosions on a scale similar to many Hollywood movies and seriously injured leading lady <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cheung" title="Maggie Cheung">Maggie Cheung</a> – an occupational risk Chan had already grown used to. Thus Jackie Chan created the template for the contemporary urban action-comedy of the 1980s, combining cops, kung fu and all the body-breaking potential of the modern city with its glass, metal and speeding vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsui_Hark_and_Cinema_City">Tsui Hark and Cinema City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tsui Hark and Cinema City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chan's move towards larger-scale action films was paralleled by work coming out of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_City_%26_Films_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema City & Films Co.">Cinema City</a>, the production company established in 1980 by comedians <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wong_Pak-Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Wong Pak-Ming">Raymond Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maka" title="Karl Maka">Karl Maka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Shek" title="Dean Shek">Dean Shek</a>. With movies like the spy spoof <i><a href="/wiki/Aces_Go_Places" title="Aces Go Places">Aces Go Places</a></i> (1982) and its sequels, Cinema City helped make modern special effects, <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>-type gadgets and big vehicular stunts part of the industry vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-bordwell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordwell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Director/producer <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a> had a hand in shaping the Cinema City style while employed there from 1981–1983<sup id="cite_ref-teo_1997_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo_1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but went on to make an even bigger impact after leaving. In such movies as <i><a href="/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain" title="Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain">Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain</a></i> (1983) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Ghost_Story" title="A Chinese Ghost Story">A Chinese Ghost Story</a></i> (1987, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ching_Siu-tung" title="Ching Siu-tung">Ching Siu-tung</a>), he kept pushing the boundaries of Hong Kong special effects. He led the way in replacing the rough and ready camera style of 1970s kung fu with glossier and more sophisticated visuals and ever more furious editing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Woo_and_the_"heroic_bloodshed"_and_"gun_fu"_triad_films"><span id="John_Woo_and_the_.22heroic_bloodshed.22_and_.22gun_fu.22_triad_films"></span>John Woo and the "heroic bloodshed" and "gun fu" triad films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: John Woo and the "heroic bloodshed" and "gun fu" triad films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg/220px-John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg/330px-John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/John_Woo_Cannes_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>As a producer, Tsui Hark facilitated the creation of <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>'s epoch-making <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow" title="A Better Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a></i> (1986). Woo's saga of cops and the <a href="/wiki/Triad_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad society">triads</a> (Chinese gangsters) combined fancifully choreographed (and extremely violent) gunplay (called <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">gun fu</a></i>) with heightened emotional melodrama, sometimes resembling a modern-dress version of 1970s <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">kung fu films</a> by Woo's mentor <a href="/wiki/Chang_Cheh" title="Chang Cheh">Chang Cheh</a>. The formula broke another all-time box office record. It also jump-started the faltering career of co-star <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>, who overnight became one of the colony's most popular idols and Woo's favorite leading man.<sup id="cite_ref-logan_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the remainder of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, a deluge of films by Woo and others explored similar territory, often with a similar visual style and thematic bent. They were usually marked by an emphasis on the fraternal bonds of duty and affection among the criminal protagonists. The most notable other <i><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur</a></i> of these themes was <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Lam" title="Ringo Lam">Ringo Lam</a>, who offered a less romanticized take in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/City_on_Fire_(1987_film)" title="City on Fire (1987 film)">City on Fire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prison_on_Fire" title="Prison on Fire">Prison on Fire</a></i> (both 1987), and <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Contact" title="Full Contact">Full Contact</a></i> (1992), all starring Chow Yun-Fat. The genre and its creators were accused in some quarters of cravenly glorifying real-life triads, whose involvement in the film business was notorious.<sup id="cite_ref-dannen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dannen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_wire-work_wave">The wire-work wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The wire-work wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wire_fu" title="Wire fu">Wire fu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></div> <p>As the triad films petered out in the early 1990s, period martial arts returned as the favored action genre. But this was a new martial arts cinema that took full advantage of technical strides as well the higher budgets that came with Hong Kong's dominance of the region's screens. These lavish productions were often adapted from the more fantastical <a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a> novels, which featured flying warriors in mid-air combat. Performers were raised up on ultrathin wires to allow them to conduct gravity-defying action sequences, a technique known by Western fans, sometimes disparagingly, as <a href="/wiki/Wire_fu_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fu film">wire fu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macias_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macias-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As so often, Tsui Hark led the way. He produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swordsman_(1990_film)" title="The Swordsman (1990 film)">Swordsman</a></i> (1990), which reestablished the wuxia novels of <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> as favorite big-screen sources (television adaptations had long been ubiquitous). He directed <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_China" title="Once Upon a Time in China">Once Upon a Time in China</a></i> (1991), which resurrected oft-filmed folk hero <a href="/wiki/Wong_Fei_Hung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Fei Hung">Wong Fei Hung</a>. Both films were followed by sequels and a raft of imitations, often starring Mainland <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">wushu</a> champion <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>. He went on to receive a special award for a <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> person at the 1995 Taipei <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horse_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horse Film Festival">Golden Horse Film Festival</a>. The other signature star of the subgenre was Taiwanese-born actress <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Lin" title="Brigitte Lin">Brigitte Lin</a>. She made an unlikely specialty of androgynous woman-warrior types, such as the villainous, sex-changing <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swordsman_2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swordsman 2">The Swordsman 2</a></i> (1992), epitomizing martial arts fantasy's often-noted fascination with gender instability.<sup id="cite_ref-leung_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leung-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_impact">International impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave:_kung_fu_craze_(1970s–1980s)"><span id="First_wave:_kung_fu_craze_.281970s.E2.80.931980s.29"></span>First wave: kung fu craze (1970s–1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First wave: kung fu craze (1970s–1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a></div> <p>Hong Kong's international impact initially came in the form of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts films">martial arts films</a>, especially 1970s <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu films">kung fu films</a> and most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Desser_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desser-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earliest attempts at introducing his brand of Hong Kong martial arts cinema to the West came in the form of American <a href="/wiki/Television_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Television shows">television shows</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)" title="The Green Hornet (TV series)">The Green Hornet</a></i> (1966 debut) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)">Kung Fu</a></i> (1972 debut).<sup id="cite_ref-Green_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "kung fu craze" began in 1973, with the unprecedented success of Hong Kong martial arts films at the North American box office. <i><a href="/wiki/King_Boxer" title="King Boxer">King Boxer</a></i> (<i>Five Fingers of Death</i>) starring <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a>-born actor <a href="/wiki/Lo_Lieh" title="Lo Lieh">Lo Lieh</a> was the first Hong Kong film to top the US box office, paving the way for Bruce Lee's breakthrough with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Boss" title="The Big Boss">The Big Boss</a></i> (<i>Fists of Fury</i>) topping the US box office. In May 1973, Hong Kong action cinema made US box office history, with three foreign films holding the top three spots for the first time: <i>Fists of Fury</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Whirlwind" title="Lady Whirlwind">Lady Whirlwind</a></i> (<i>Deep Thrust</i>), and <i>Five Fingers of Death</i>. Lee continued his success with <i><a href="/wiki/Fist_of_Fury" title="Fist of Fury">Fist of Fury</a></i> (<i>The Chinese Connection</i>), which also topped the US box office the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-Desser_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desser-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kung fu film releases in the United States initially targeted <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> audiences, before becoming a breakout success among larger <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American">Hispanic</a> audiences,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then among white <a href="/wiki/Working-class_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class Americans">working-class Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kung fu films also became a global success, across <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually paved the way for Lee's posthumous <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood film">Hollywood film</a> breakthrough with the Hong Kong and US co-production <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a></i> (1973). Hong Kong martial arts cinema subsequently inspired a wave of Western martial arts films and television shows throughout the 1970s–1990s (launching the careers of Western martial arts stars such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a>), as well as the more general integration of <a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a> into Western <a href="/wiki/Action_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Action films">action films</a> and television shows by the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sascha Matuszak of <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> said <i>Enter the Dragon</i> "is referenced in all manner of media, the plot line and characters continue to influence storytellers today, and the impact was particularly felt in the revolutionizing way the film portrayed <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a> and traditional martial arts."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuan-Hsing Chen and Beng Huat Chua cited <a href="/wiki/Fight_scenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight scenes">fight scenes</a> in Hong Kong films such as <i>Enter the Dragon</i> as being influential for the way they pitched "an elemental story of good against evil in such a spectacle-saturated way".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> franchises <i><a href="/wiki/Fist_of_the_North_Star" title="Fist of the North Star">Fist of the North Star</a></i> (1983–1988) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i> (1984–1995) were influenced by Hong Kong martial arts films, particularly 1970s kung fu films such as Bruce Lee's <i>Enter the Dragon</i> and Jackie Chan's <i><a href="/wiki/Drunken_Master" title="Drunken Master">Drunken Master</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-ADVBuronson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADVBuronson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, <i>Fist of the North Star</i> and especially <i>Dragon Ball</i> are credited with setting the trends for popular <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen manga</a> and anime from the 1980s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Geek_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geek-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANNJT_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANNJT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly in India, Hong Kong martial arts films had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-funky_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-funky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the success of Bruce Lee films (such as <i>Enter the Dragon</i>) in India,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a></i> (1975) and later Bollywood films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s Hong Kong martial arts films up until the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Heide_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heide-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bollywood action scenes emulated Hong Kong rather than Hollywood, emphasising acrobatics and <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunts</a> and combining <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> (as perceived by Indians) with <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hong Kong martial arts films such as <i>Enter the Dragon</i> were the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Fighting_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting games">fighting games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter" title="Street Fighter">Street Fighter</a></i> video game franchise (1987 debut) was inspired by <i>Enter the Dragon</i>, with the gameplay centered around an international fighting tournament, and each character having a unique combination of ethnicity, nationality and fighting style. <i>Street Fighter</i> went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early <a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">beat 'em up</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)" title="Kung-Fu Master (video game)">Kung-Fu Master</a></i> (1984) was also based on Bruce Lee's <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Death" title="Game of Death">Game of Death</a></i> (1972) and Jackie Chan's <i><a href="/wiki/Wheels_on_Meals" title="Wheels on Meals">Wheels on Meals</a></i> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of Bruce Lee's films helped popularize the concept of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (MMA) in the West via his <a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a> system. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> (UFC) founder <a href="/wiki/Dana_White" title="Dana White">Dana White</a> called Lee the "father of mixed martial arts".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a> was also influenced by the acrobatic antics of Jackie Chan in his Hong Kong action films,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the philosophy of Bruce Lee.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave:_modern_action_films_(1990s–2000s)"><span id="Second_wave:_modern_action_films_.281990s.E2.80.932000s.29"></span>Second wave: modern action films (1990s–2000s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second wave: modern action films (1990s–2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Hong Kong action cinema">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wire_fu" title="Wire fu">Wire fu</a></div> <p>Hong Kong action cinema's innovative developments in the 1980s had not only established Hong Kong as the dominant cinema in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, but reawakened <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> interest. By the 1990s, there was a second "Asian invasion" from Hong Kong action cinema, heavily influencing and revitalizing <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> action cinema. There was a significant crossover of Hong Kong stars, filmmakers and action choreographers from Hong Kong to Hollywood, in addition to the wide adoption of Hong Kong action filmmaking techniques in Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-Green532_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide adoption of Hong Kong action film conventions was referred to as the "Hong Kongification" of Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building on the reduced but enduring kung fu movie subculture, Jackie Chan and films like Tsui Hark's <i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera_Blues" title="Peking Opera Blues">Peking Opera Blues</a></i> (1986) were already building a cult following when Woo's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(1989_film)" title="The Killer (1989 film)">The Killer</a></i> (1989) had a limited but successful release in the U.S. and opened the floodgates. In the 1990s, Westerners with an eye on "alternative" culture became common sights in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> video shops and theaters, and gradually the films became more available in the mainstream video market and even occasionally in mainstream theaters. Western critics and film scholars also began to take Hong Kong action cinema seriously and made many key figures and films part of their canon of world cinema. </p><p>From here, Hong Kong came to define a new vocabulary for worldwide action cinema, with the aid of a new generation of North American filmmakers. <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a></i> (1992) drew inspiration from <i><a href="/wiki/City_on_Fire_(1987_film)" title="City on Fire (1987 film)">City on Fire</a></i> and his two-part <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill Bill">Kill Bill</a></i> (2003–04) was in large part a martial arts homage, borrowing <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Woo-Ping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuen Woo-Ping">Yuen Woo-Ping</a> as fight choreographer and actor. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez" title="Robert Rodriguez">Robert Rodriguez</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(film)" title="Desperado (film)">Desperado</a></i> (1995) and its 2003 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mexico" title="Once Upon a Time in Mexico">Once Upon a Time in Mexico</a></i> aped Woo's visual mannerisms. The <a href="/wiki/Wachowski_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachowski sisters">Wachowski sisters</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> trilogy (1999–2003) of science-fiction-action blockbusters borrowed from Woo and wire fu movies, and also employed Yuen behind the scenes. A number of Hollywood action stars also adopted the Hong Kong practice of training in martial arts and performing their own stunts, such as <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Statham" title="Jason Statham">Jason Statham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Green532_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s crime film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Departed" title="The Departed">The Departed</a></i> (2006) was a remake of the <i><a href="/wiki/Infernal_Affairs" title="Infernal Affairs">Infernal Affairs</a></i> trilogy (2002–2003) by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lau" title="Andrew Lau">Andrew Lau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mak_(director)" title="Alan Mak (director)">Alan Mak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_of_heroic_bloodshed_and_gun_fu_films">Influence of heroic bloodshed and gun fu films</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence of heroic bloodshed and gun fu films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> genre had a considerable impact on <a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">world cinema</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomat_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action, style, tropes and mannerisms established in 1980s Hong Kong heroic bloodshed films were later widely adopted by Hollywood in the 1990s, reshaping the way Hollywood action films were made.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lam's <i><a href="/wiki/City_on_Fire_(1987_film)" title="City on Fire (1987 film)">City on Fire</a></i> (1987) inspired <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a></i> (1992);<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarantino was an admirer of the heroic bloodshed genre.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Killer</i> also heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on:_The_Professional" title="Léon: The Professional">Léon: The Professional</a></i> (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomat_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, John Woo himself introduced his brand of heroic bloodshed to Hollywood in the 1990s. By the late 1990s, Woo's style of cinema had become firmly established in Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exit_of_many_leading_figures_(late_1990s_to_early_2000s)"><span id="Exit_of_many_leading_figures_.28late_1990s_to_early_2000s.29"></span>Exit of many leading figures (late 1990s to early 2000s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exit of many leading figures (late 1990s to early 2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the new-found international awareness of Hong Kong films during the 1980s and early 1990s and a downturn in the industry as the 1990s progressed, many of the leading lights of Hong Kong cinema left for <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, which offered budgets and pay which could not be equalled by Hong Kong production companies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a> left for Hollywood after his 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Boiled" title="Hard Boiled">Hard Boiled</a></i>. His 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Face/Off" title="Face/Off">Face/Off</a></i> was the breakthrough that established his unique style in Hollywood. This effort was immensely popular with both critics and public alike (it grossed over US$240 million worldwide). <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2" title="Mission: Impossible 2">Mission: Impossible 2</a></i> (2000) grossed over US$560 million worldwide. Since these two films, Woo has struggled to revisit his successes of the 1980s and early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-chung_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chung-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After over fifteen years of success in Hong Kong cinema and a couple of attempts to crack the U.S. market, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>'s 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx" title="Rumble in the Bronx">Rumble in the Bronx</a></i> finally brought him recognition in the U.S. Since then, he has made several highly successful films for U.S. studios including <i><a href="/wiki/Rush_Hour_(1998_film)" title="Rush Hour (1998 film)">Rush Hour</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Noon" title="Shanghai Noon">Shanghai Noon</a></i> (2000), and their respective sequels <i><a href="/wiki/Rush_Hour_2" title="Rush Hour 2">Rush Hour 2</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Knights" title="Shanghai Knights">Shanghai Knights</a></i> (2003), and <i><a href="/wiki/Rush_Hour_3" title="Rush Hour 3">Rush Hour 3</a></i> (2007). Between his films for U.S. studios, he still makes films for Hong Kong studios, sometimes in English (<i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Nice_Guy_(1997_film)" title="Mr. Nice Guy (1997 film)">Mr. Nice Guy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Am_I%3F_(1998_film)" title="Who Am I? (1998 film)">Who Am I?</a></i>), often set in western countries like Australia or the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and sometimes in Cantonese (2004's <i><a href="/wiki/New_Police_Story" title="New Police Story">New Police Story</a></i> and 2006's <i><a href="/wiki/Rob-B-Hood" title="Rob-B-Hood">Rob-B-Hood</a></i>). Because of his enormous U.S. popularity, these films are usually released in the U.S., a rarity for Hong Kong films, and generally attract respectable audience numbers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a> has reduced his Hong Kong output since 1998's <i><a href="/wiki/Hitman_(1998_film)" title="Hitman (1998 film)">Hitman</a></i> concentrating on Hollywood instead. After a minor role in <i><a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_4" title="Lethal Weapon 4">Lethal Weapon 4</a></i> (1998), he has gone on to star in several Hollywood films which have performed respectably and made a name for him with American audiences. So far, he has returned to Chinese cinema for only two films: <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fearless_(2006_film)" title="Fearless (2006 film)">Fearless</a></i> (2006). He claimed <i>Fearless</i> would be his last traditional kung fu film. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a> has also moved to Hollywood. After his 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_Hotel_(film)" title="Peace Hotel (film)">Peace Hotel</a></i>, he has made a handful of films in Hollywood which have not seen as much success as those of the aforementioned figures'. These include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Replacement_Killers" title="The Replacement Killers">The Replacement Killers</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Corruptor" title="The Corruptor">The Corruptor</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_and_the_King" title="Anna and the King">Anna and the King</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_Monk" title="Bulletproof Monk">Bulletproof Monk</a></i> (2003). He returned to China for 2000's <i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></i> and 2006's <i><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flower" title="Curse of the Golden Flower">Curse of the Golden Flower</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_trends_(late_1990s_to_present)"><span id="Recent_trends_.28late_1990s_to_present.29"></span>Recent trends (late 1990s to present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recent trends (late 1990s to present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hong Kong film industry has been in a severe <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong#The_industry_in_crisis" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">slump</a> since the mid-1990s. The number of local films produced, and their box office takings, are dramatically reduced; American imports now dominate in a way they had not for decades, or perhaps ever. This crisis and increased contact with Western cinema have probably been the biggest recent influences on Hong Kong action cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-gorman_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luring local and regional youth audiences away from Hollywood is a constant concern. Action movies are now generally headlined by babyfaced <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantonese pop music</a> idols, such as <a href="/wiki/Ekin_Cheng" title="Ekin Cheng">Ekin Cheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tse" title="Nicholas Tse">Nicholas Tse</a>, enhanced with wires and digital effects – a trend also driven by the waning of a previous generation of martial arts-trained stars. The late 1990s witnessed a fad for Cantopop stars in high-tech, more American-styled action pictures such as <i>Downtown Torpedoes</i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Gen-X_Cops" title="Gen-X Cops">Gen-X Cops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Purple_Storm_(film)" title="Purple Storm (film)">Purple Storm</a></i> (both 1999). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lau" title="Andrew Lau">Andrew Lau</a>'s wuxia comic-book adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_Riders" title="The Storm Riders">The Storm Riders</a></i> (1998) earned a record-breaking gross and ushered in an era of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a>, previously little used in Hong Kong film. <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a>'s lavish CGI-enhanced efforts <i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(2000_film)" title="Time and Tide (2000 film)">Time and Tide</a></i> (2000) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zu" title="The Legend of Zu">The Legend of Zu</a></i> (2001), however, were surprisingly unsuccessful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Comedy megastar and director <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow" title="Stephen Chow">Stephen Chow</a> used digital effects to push his typical affectionate parody of martial arts conventions to cartoonish levels in <i><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Soccer" title="Shaolin Soccer">Shaolin Soccer</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Hustle" title="Kung Fu Hustle">Kung Fu Hustle</a></i> (2004), each of which also set a new box office record.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Striking a different note were a series of crime films more restrained and actor-driven than the earlier, John Woo-inspired examples. The <a href="/wiki/Milkyway_Image" title="Milkyway Image">Milkyway Image</a> production company was at the vanguard with examples like <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Yau" title="Patrick Yau">Patrick Yau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Expect_the_Unexpected_(film)" title="Expect the Unexpected (film)">Expect the Unexpected</a></i> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_To" title="Johnnie To">Johnnie To</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mission_(1999_film)" title="The Mission (1999 film)">The Mission</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/Running_Out_of_Time_(1999_film)" title="Running Out of Time (1999 film)">Running Out of Time</a></i> (1999). Andrew Lau and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mak_(director)" title="Alan Mak (director)">Alan Mak</a>'s blockbuster <i><a href="/wiki/Infernal_Affairs" title="Infernal Affairs">Infernal Affairs</a></i> trilogy (2002–2003) has set off a mini-trend of brooding police thrillers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Collaboration with other industries, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Mainland China</a>, is another increasingly common survival and recovery strategy. Hong Kong stars and other personnel have been involved in international wuxia successes like <i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></i> (2000), <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a></i> (2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the world">Cinema of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hkmdb.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hkmdb.com">hkmdb.com</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chute_14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chute_14_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chute & Lim, 2003, 14–15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chute_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chute_2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chute_2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chute & Lim, 2003, 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-logan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logan_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logan_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Logan, 1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chinese Martial Arts: Philosophical influences"<a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chute_8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chute_8_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chute and Lim, 2003, 8 & 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShuk-ting2005" class="citation book cs1">Shuk-ting, Kinnia Yau (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdrHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"Interactions Between Japanese and Hong Kong Action Cinemas"</a>. In Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu (eds.). <i>Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. pp. 35–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932643-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932643-19-0"><bdi>978-1-932643-19-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interactions+Between+Japanese+and+Hong+Kong+Action+Cinemas&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Connections%3A+Transnational+Imagination+in+Action+Cinema&rft.pages=35-48&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-932643-19-0&rft.aulast=Shuk-ting&rft.aufirst=Kinnia+Yau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdrHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-festival-cannes.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2184/year/1975.html">"Festival de Cannes: A Touch of Zen"</a>. <i>festival-cannes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+A+Touch+of+Zen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F2184%2Fyear%2F1975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teo_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teo_2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Teo, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ongiri-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ongiri_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African Americans, Kung Fu Theater and Cultural Exchange at the Margins by Amy Abugo Ongiri in the Journal of Asian American Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14656">Project Muse PDF version</a> . Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scroll_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondal" class="citation web cs1">Mondal, Sayantan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130121319/https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese">"Amitabh Bachchan starrer 'Deewar' was remade in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam – and Cantonese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese">the original</a> on 30 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Amitabh+Bachchan+starrer+%27Deewar%27+was+remade+in+Telugu%2C+Tamil%2C+Malayalam+%E2%80%93+and+Cantonese&rft.aulast=Mondal&rft.aufirst=Sayantan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthereel.scroll.in%2F828031%2Famitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/heroic-bloodshed-hong-kong-hollywood-cycle-influence">"Heroic Bloodshed: How Hong Kong's style was swiped by Hollywood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></i>. 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=Heroic+Bloodshed%3A+How+Hong+Kong%27s+style+was+swiped+by+Hollywood&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fheroic-bloodshed-hong-kong-hollywood-cycle-influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macias-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macias_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macias_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GreenCine primer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/hk.jsp">Hong Kong Action</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321151843/http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/hk.jsp">Archived</a> 2006-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Patrick Macias . Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Way-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Way_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrizanovich2015" class="citation book cs1">Krizanovich, Karen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fniDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Infographic Guide To The Movies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette UK">Hachette UK</a>. pp. 18–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-762-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-762-9"><bdi>978-1-84403-762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infographic+Guide+To+The+Movies&rft.pages=18-9&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84403-762-9&rft.aulast=Krizanovich&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fniDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polly-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polly_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolly2019" class="citation book cs1">Polly, Matthew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bGWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478"><i>Bruce Lee: A Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8763-6"><bdi>978-1-5011-8763-6</bdi></a>. <q><i>Enter the Dragon</i> struck a responsive chord across the globe. 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Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bordwell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bordwell_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Bordwell 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dannen-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dannen_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Dannen, Long, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leung-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leung_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unsung Heroes: Reading Transgender Subjectivities in Hong Kong Action Cinema by Helen Hok-Sze Leung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311060323/http://www.sfu.ca/~hhl/home/pub/articles/unsung_heroes.htm">Web version 2004–05</a> . Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desser-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desser_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desser_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesser2002" class="citation book cs1">Desser, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sELZJ5vihJUC&pg=PA19">"The Kung Fu Craze: Hong Kong Cinema's First American Reception"</a>. In Fu, Poshek; Desser, David (eds.). <i>The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 19–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77602-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77602-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77602-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kung+Fu+Craze%3A+Hong+Kong+Cinema%27s+First+American+Reception&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Hong+Kong%3A+History%2C+Arts%2C+Identity&rft.pages=19-43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77602-8&rft.aulast=Desser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsELZJ5vihJUC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenSvinth2010" class="citation book cs1">Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&pg=PA527">"Martial Media"</a>. <i>Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 527–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-244-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martial+Media&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Innovation&rft.pages=527-64&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-244-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.au=Svinth%2C+Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-Nv_LUi6KgC%26pg%3DPA527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2002" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David A. (2002). <i>Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970-1979</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVygqYMVP2wC&pg=PA266">266</a> to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVygqYMVP2wC&pg=PA267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23265-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Illusions%3A+American+Cinema+in+the+Shadow+of+Watergate+and+Vietnam%2C+1970-1979&rft.pages=266+to+267&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23265-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yip-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yip_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yip_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYip2017" class="citation book cs1">Yip, Man-Fung (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OYzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>Martial Arts Cinema and Hong Kong Modernity: Aesthetics, Representation, Circulation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-71-7"><bdi>978-988-8390-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Cinema+and+Hong+Kong+Modernity%3A+Aesthetics%2C+Representation%2C+Circulation&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-988-8390-71-7&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=Man-Fung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OYzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatuszak2015" class="citation web cs1">Matuszak, Sascha (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightland.vice.com/blog/bruce-lees-last-words-enter-the-dragon-and-the-martial-arts-explosion">"Bruce Lee's Last Words: Enter the Dragon and the Martial Arts Explosion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Bruce+Lee%27s+Last+Words%3A+Enter+the+Dragon+and+the+Martial+Arts+Explosion&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Matuszak&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightland.vice.com%2Fblog%2Fbruce-lees-last-words-enter-the-dragon-and-the-martial-arts-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenChua2015" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Kuan-Hsing; Chua, Beng Huat (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4d4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT489"><i>The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08396-1"><bdi>978-1-134-08396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies+Reader&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-134-08396-1&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Kuan-Hsing&rft.au=Chua%2C+Beng+Huat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4d4CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADVBuronson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADVBuronson_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218190038/http://www.advfilms.com/titles/fistofthenorthstar/interview.html">"New <i>Fist of the North Star</i>: Interview with Buronson"</a>. <i>ADV Films</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advfilms.com/titles/fistofthenorthstar/interview.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADV+Films&rft.atitle=New+Fist+of+the+North+Star%3A+Interview+with+Buronson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advfilms.com%2Ftitles%2Ffistofthenorthstar%2Finterview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked"><i>The Dragon Ball Z Legend: The Quest Continues</i></a></span>. DH Publishing Inc. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked/page/n8">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780972312493" title="Special:BookSources/9780972312493"><bdi>9780972312493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Ball+Z+Legend%3A+The+Quest+Continues&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=DH+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780972312493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragonballzlegen00iked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geek-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geek_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2018" class="citation news cs1">Jensen, K. Thor (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011110338/https://www.geek.com/games/the-absurd-brilliant-violence-of-fist-of-the-north-star-1753469/">"The Absurd, Brilliant Violence of <i>Fist Of The North Star</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geek.com" title="Geek.com">Geek.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geek.com/games/the-absurd-brilliant-violence-of-fist-of-the-north-star-1753469/">the original</a> on 11 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geek.com&rft.atitle=The+Absurd%2C+Brilliant+Violence+of+Fist+Of+The+North+Star&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=K.+Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geek.com%2Fgames%2Fthe-absurd-brilliant-violence-of-fist-of-the-north-star-1753469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANNJT-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANNJT_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)" title="Jason Thompson (writer)">Thompson, Jason</a> (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10">"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – <i>Dragon Ball</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Jason+Thompson%27s+House+of+1000+Manga+%E2%80%93+Dragon+Ball&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fhouse-of-1000-manga%2F2011-03-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-funky-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-funky_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtman2015" class="citation book cs1">Stadtman, Todd (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0DXoQEACAAJ"><i>Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema</i></a>. FAB Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903254776" title="Special:BookSources/9781903254776"><bdi>9781903254776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funky+Bollywood%3A+The+Wild+World+of+1970s+Indian+Action+Cinema&rft.pub=FAB+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781903254776&rft.aulast=Stadtman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0DXoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon-822544-2014-02-21">"Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return of the Dragon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 15 September 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Bruce+Lee+storms+Bombay+once+again+with+Return+of+the+Dragon&rft.date=1979-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-the-arts%2Ffilms%2Fstory%2F19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon-822544-2014-02-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heide-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heide_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2002" class="citation book cs1">Heide, William Van der (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3HTdu1HuWQC&pg=PA148"><i>Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565803" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565803"><bdi>9789053565803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Cinema%2C+Asian+Film%3A+Border+Crossings+and+National+Cultures&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789053565803&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=William+Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3HTdu1HuWQC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisLiChan2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdrHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932643190" title="Special:BookSources/9781932643190"><bdi>9781932643190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Connections%3A+Transnational+Imagination+in+Action+Cinema&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781932643190&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft.au=Li%2C+Siu+Leung&rft.au=Chan%2C+Stephen+Ching-kiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdrHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapell2015" class="citation book cs1">Kapell, Matthew Wilhelm (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6s_-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>The Play Versus Story Divide in Game Studies: Critical Essays</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2309-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-2309-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Play+Versus+Story+Divide+in+Game+Studies%3A+Critical+Essays&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2309-2&rft.aulast=Kapell&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6s_-CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrasher2015" class="citation book cs1">Thrasher, Christopher David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77zwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Fight Sports and American Masculinity: Salvation in Violence from 1607 to the Present</i></a>. McFarland. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1823-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-1823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fight+Sports+and+American+Masculinity%3A+Salvation+in+Violence+from+1607+to+the+Present&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1823-4&rft.aulast=Thrasher&rft.aufirst=Christopher+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77zwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcade-history.com/?page=detail&id=2567">"Spartan X"</a>. Arcade History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spartan+X&rft.pub=Arcade+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-history.com%2F%3Fpage%3Ddetail%26id%3D2567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickert, Marc. 2004. <i>Dana White and the future of UFC</i>. kucklepit.com. See <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dana_White" class="extiw" title="q:Dana White">Wikiquotes</a> for the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratford2014" class="citation book cs1">Stratford, Elaine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4yLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>Geographies, Mobilities, and Rhythms over the Life-Course: Adventures in the Interval</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135117429" title="Special:BookSources/9781135117429"><bdi>9781135117429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographies%2C+Mobilities%2C+and+Rhythms+over+the+Life-Course%3A+Adventures+in+the+Interval&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135117429&rft.aulast=Stratford&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4yLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntWing-Fai2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Leon; Wing-Fai, Leung (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229"><i>East Asian Cinemas: Exploring Transnational Connections on Film</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857712271" title="Special:BookSources/9780857712271"><bdi>9780857712271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asian+Cinemas%3A+Exploring+Transnational+Connections+on+Film&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780857712271&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Wing-Fai%2C+Leung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531105308/https://parkourgenerations.com/parkour-history/">"Parkour History"</a>. <i>Parkour Generations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkourgenerations.com/parkour-history/">the original</a> on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parkour+Generations&rft.atitle=Parkour+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparkourgenerations.com%2Fparkour-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green532-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green532_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green532_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenSvinth2010" class="citation book cs1">Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. 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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2014" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Barna William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZE9fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Preface"</a>. <i>The Asian Influence on Hollywood Action Films</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0770-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-0770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Influence+on+Hollywood+Action+Films&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0770-2&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Barna+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZE9fBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomat-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomat_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomat_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolodzko2015" class="citation news cs1">Volodzko, David (13 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/30-years-later-this-chinese-film-still-echoes-in-hollywood/">"30 Years Later, This Chinese Film Still Echoes in Hollywood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=30+Years+Later%2C+This+Chinese+Film+Still+Echoes+in+Hollywood&rft.date=2015-06-13&rft.aulast=Volodzko&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F06%2F30-years-later-this-chinese-film-still-echoes-in-hollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer2010" class="citation book cs1">Spicer, Andrew 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2009" class="citation book cs1">Ingham, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ROqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115"><i>Johnnie To Kei-Fung's PTU</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622099197" title="Special:BookSources/9789622099197"><bdi>9789622099197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnnie+To+Kei-Fung%27s+PTU&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789622099197&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ROqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang2004" class="citation book cs1">Fang, Karen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BogcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>John Woo's A Better Tomorrow: Autobiographical Stories by Modern Chinese Women Writers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622096523" title="Special:BookSources/9789622096523"><bdi>9789622096523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Woo%27s+A+Better+Tomorrow%3A+Autobiographical+Stories+by+Modern+Chinese+Women+Writers&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789622096523&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBogcBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chung-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chung_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asia Week, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060322141420/http://www.pathfinder.com/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0630/as.cinema.html">The Next Mission</a> by Winnie Chung, 30 June 2000, Vol. 29 no 5 . Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorman-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorman_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/MovieMaker_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="MovieMaker Magazine">MovieMaker Magazine</a> issue 49: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moviemaker.com/issues/49/worldcinema.html">The New Orient Express Hong Kong to Hollywood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324071641/http://www.moviemaker.com/issues/49/worldcinema.html">Archived</a> 2006-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Patrick J Gorman . Retrieved 1 April 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brady, Terrence J. <i>Alexander Fu Sheng: Biography of the Chinatown Kid</i>. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1717363671" title="Special:BookSources/978-1717363671">978-1717363671</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">Bordwell, David</a>. <i>Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00214-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00214-8">0-674-00214-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Chan, Jackie</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Yang" title="Jeff Yang">Jeff Yang</a>. <i>I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action</i>. New York: Ballantine, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-41503-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-41503-5">0-345-41503-5</a>.</li> <li>Chute, David, and Cheng-Sim Lim, eds. <i>Heroic Grace: The Chinese Martial Arts Film</i>. Los Angeles: UCLA Film and Television Archive, 2003. (Film series catalog; no ISBN.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannenLong1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Dannen" title="Fredric Dannen">Dannen, Fredric</a>; Long, Barry (1997). <i>Hong Kong Babylon: The Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Miramax_Books" title="Miramax Books">Miramax Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786862672" title="Special:BookSources/9780786862672"><bdi>9780786862672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Babylon%3A+The+Insider%27s+Guide+to+the+Hollywood+of+the+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Miramax+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780786862672&rft.aulast=Dannen&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rft.au=Long%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong+action+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Logan, Bey. <i>Hong Kong Action Cinema</i>. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-663-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-663-1">0-87951-663-1</a>.</li> <li>Teo, Stephen. <i>Hong Kong Cinema: The Extra Dimensions</i>. London: British Film Institute, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85170-514-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85170-514-6">0-85170-514-6</a>.</li> <li>Teo, Stephen. "Shaw's Wuxia Films" in Ain-Ling, W. (2003) <i>The Shaw Screen</i>, Hong Kong Film Archive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Yang" title="Jeff Yang">Yang, Jeff</a>. <i>Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema</i>. New York: Atria, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-4817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-4817-0">0-7434-4817-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_action_cinema&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-mwtitle="En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg/En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Hong_Kong_action_cinema.ogg" title="File:En-Hong Kong action cinema.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 4 April 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-04-04</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brns.com/shawbros/pages/shaw1.html">The Rise and Fall of the House of Shaw</a> – Essay charting the history of Shaw Brothers Studios.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_film_actors" title="Category:Hong Kong film actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_cinematographers" title="Category:Hong Kong cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_film_directors" title="Category:Hong Kong film directors">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_film_editors" title="Category:Hong Kong film editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_film_producers" title="Category:Hong Kong film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_screenwriters" title="Category:Hong Kong screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg/30px-Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg/45px-Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg/60px-Hong_Kong_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_films" title="Category:Hong Kong films">Films A–Z</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Action films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of highest-grossing films in Hong Kong">List of highest-grossing films</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_year" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_before_1950" title="List of Hong Kong films before 1950">pre-1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1950" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1951" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1952" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1953" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1954" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1955" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1956" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1957" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1958" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1959" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1960" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1961" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1962" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1963" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1964" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1965" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1966" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1967" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1968" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1969" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1970" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1971" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1972" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1973" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1974" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1975" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1976" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1977" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1978" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1979" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1980" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1981" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1982" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1983" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1984" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1985" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1986" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1987" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1988" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1989" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1990" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1991" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1992" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1993" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1994" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1995" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1996" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1997" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1998" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_1999" title="List of Hong Kong films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2000" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2001" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2002" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2003" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2004" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2005" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2006" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2007" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2008" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2009" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2010" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2011" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2012" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2013" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2014" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2015" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2016" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2017" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2018" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2019" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2020" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2021" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2022" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2023" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_films_of_2024" title="List of Hong Kong films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Shores_Video" title="Ocean Shores Video">Ocean Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Way_Film_Company_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="My Way Film Company Limited">My Way Film Company Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" 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