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id="toc-Sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Superscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Numbering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Additional psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primary types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_laments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_laments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communal laments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_laments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Royal psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_laments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_laments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Individual laments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_laments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_thanksgiving_psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_thanksgiving_psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Individual thanksgiving psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_thanksgiving_psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Poetic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editorial_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Editorial agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ancient_music_of_the_Psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ancient_music_of_the_Psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The ancient music of the Psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ancient_music_of_the_Psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_division_into_five_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_division_into_five_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Views on the division into five books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_division_into_five_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Themes and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_interpretation_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_interpretation_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later interpretation and influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_interpretation_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later interpretation and influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_interpretation_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Jewish_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Jewish_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Use in Jewish ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Jewish_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Christian_prayer_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christian_prayer_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>In Christian prayer and worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Christian_prayer_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Oriental Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Catholic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_and_Reformed_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_and_Reformed_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span>Lutheran and Reformed usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_and_Reformed_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.5</span> <span>Anglican usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psalms_in_the_Rastafari_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psalms_in_the_Rastafari_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Psalms in the Rastafari movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psalms_in_the_Rastafari_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psalms_set_to_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psalms_set_to_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Psalms set to music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psalms_set_to_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psalms set to music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psalms_set_to_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_psalms_as_a_single_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_psalms_as_a_single_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Multiple psalms as a single composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_psalms_as_a_single_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_psalm_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_psalm_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Individual psalm settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_psalm_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Commentary and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Psalms" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%99%E1%88%A8_%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%8A%E1%89%B5" title="መዝሙረ ዳዊት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዝሙረ ዳዊት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سفر المزامير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر المزامير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmos" title="Salmos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Salmos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%99%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܙܡܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܙܡܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99zamir" title="Məzamir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məzamir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="গীতসংহিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গীতসংহিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Зәбур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зәбур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Псалтыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псалтыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Псальмы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псальмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Псалтир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Псалтир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buach_der_Psalmen" title="Buach der Psalmen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buach der Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr_ar_Salmo%C3%B9" title="Levr ar Salmoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr ar Salmoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_dels_Salms" title="Llibre dels Salms – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre dels Salms" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Salmo" title="Mga Salmo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga Salmo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_%C5%BEalm%C5%AF" title="Kniha žalmů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha žalmů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapisarema" title="Mapisarema – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mapisarema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr_y_Salmau" title="Llyfr y Salmau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr y Salmau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmernes_Bog" title="Salmernes Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salmernes Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_der_Psalmen" title="Buch der Psalmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch der Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmid" title="Psalmid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psalmid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ψαλμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψαλμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_los_salmos" title="Libro de los salmos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro de los salmos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmaro" title="Psalmaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psalmaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmoen_liburua" title="Salmoen liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Salmoen liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مزامیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزامیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_des_Psaumes" title="Livre des Psaumes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre des Psaumes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmen" title="Psalmen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar_na_Salm" title="Leabhar na Salm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar na Salm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailm" title="Sailm – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sailm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmos" title="Salmos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Salmos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="स्तोत्रां आंचें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="स्तोत्रां आंचें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8E%B8" title="시편 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시편" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սաղմոսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաղմոսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="भजनसंहिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भजनसंहिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmi" title="Psalmi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Psalmi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Mazmur" title="Kitab Mazmur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Mazmur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaHubo" title="AmaHubo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="AmaHubo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1lmarnir" title="Sálmarnir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sálmarnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmi" title="Salmi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salmi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תהילים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תהילים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmur" title="Masmur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masmur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფსალმუნნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფსალმუნნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Zaburi" title="Kitabu cha Zaburi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Zaburi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb%C3%BBr" title="Zebûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zebûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilim" title="Teilim – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Teilim" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Забур – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Забур" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Psalmorum" title="Liber Psalmorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber Psalmorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmi" title="Psalmi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Psalmi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmynas" title="Psalmynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Psalmynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%A9mbo_(b%C3%BAku)" title="Nzémbo (búku) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzémbo (búku)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmos" title="Salmos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Salmos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_zsolt%C3%A1rok_k%C3%B6nyve" title="A zsoltárok könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A zsoltárok könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Псалми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Псалми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_ny_Salamo" title="Bokin' ny Salamo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' ny Salamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="സങ്കീർത്തനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സങ്കീർത്തനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سفر المزامير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر المزامير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Mazmur" title="Kitab Mazmur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Mazmur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%AD-pi%C4%95ng" title="Sĭ-piĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭ-piĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmen" title="Psalmen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%AF%87" title="詩篇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="詩篇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmenes_bok" title="Salmenes bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salmenes bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmane" title="Salmane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Salmane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieaume" title="Sieaume – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sieaume" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_dels_Psalmes" title="Libre dels Psalmes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre dels Psalmes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zabur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کتاب زبور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب زبور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_%C3%A0_ches_Pseumes" title="Live à ches Pseumes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Live à ches Pseumes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmen" title="Psalmen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ga_Psalm%C3%B3w" title="Księga Psalmów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księga Psalmów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_de_Salmos" title="Livro de Salmos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro de Salmos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmi" title="Psalmi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psalmi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmukuna" title="Salmukuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Salmukuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Псалтирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псалтирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaums" title="Psaums – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Psaums" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalteri" title="Psalteri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psalteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psalms" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_%C5%BEalmov" title="Kniha žalmov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha žalmov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmi" title="Psalmi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psalmi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Псалми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Псалми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmi" title="Psalmi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Psalmi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmien_kirja" title="Psalmien kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psalmien kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltaren" title="Psaltaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psaltaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Awit" title="Mga Awit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Awit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திருப்பாடல்கள் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருப்பாடல்கள் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Зәбур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәбур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="หนังสือเพลงสดุดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือเพลงสดุดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebur" title="Zebur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zebur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebur" title="Zebur – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zebur" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnwom_(Bibel)" title="Nnwom (Bibel) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnwom (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Книга псалмів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга псалмів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کتاب زبور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب زبور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmoiden_kirj" title="Psalmoiden kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Psalmoiden kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_V%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Thánh Vịnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thánh Vịnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5me_(priyire)" title="Såme (priyire) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Såme (priyire)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmn" title="Psalmn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Psalmn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Salmo" title="Mga Salmo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga Salmo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E7%AF%87" title="诗篇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诗篇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תהילים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תהילים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_Psalmu" title="Ìwé Psalmu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Psalmu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%AF%87" title="詩篇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詩篇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmen" title="Psalmen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%AF%87" title="詩篇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詩篇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Psalmen" title="Buku Psalmen – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Psalmen" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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For the wine grape variety, see <a href="/wiki/Psalmody_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalmody (grape)">Psalmody (grape)</a>. For the Hebrew film, see <a href="/wiki/Tehilim_(film)" title="Tehilim (film)"><i>Tehilim</i> (film)</a>. 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Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Book of Psalms</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAH(L)MZ</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תְּהִלִּים</span>‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Tehillīm</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'praises'; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ψαλμός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Psalmós</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Liber Psalmorum</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زَبُورُ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zabūr</i></span>), also known as the <b>Psalter</b>, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>) called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></i></span> ('Writings'), and a book of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazor2011589_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazor2011589-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book is an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> religious <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> traditions, there are 150 psalms, and several more in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is divided into five sections, each ending with a <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxology</a>, a hymn of praise. There are several types of psalms, including hymns or songs of praise, communal and individual laments, <a href="/wiki/Royal_psalms" title="Royal psalms">royal psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imprecatory_Psalms" title="Imprecatory Psalms">imprecation</a>, and individual thanksgivings. The book also includes psalms of communal thanksgiving, wisdom, pilgrimage and other categories. </p><p>Many of the psalms contain attributions to the name of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a> and other Biblical figures including <a href="/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)" title="Asaph (biblical figure)">Asaph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korahites" title="Korahites">sons of Korah</a>, Moses and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. Davidic authorship of the Psalms is not accepted as historical fact by modern scholars, who view it as a way to link biblical writings to well-known figures; while the dating of the Psalms is “notoriously difficult,” some are considered preexilic and others postexilic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> suggest that the ordering and content of the later psalms (Psalms 90–150) was not fixed as of the mid-1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Septuagint scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a>, have argued that the Hebrew Psalter was not closed until the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English-language title of the book derives from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">psalmoi</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψαλμοί</span></span>), meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">instrumental music</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and by extension referring to "the words accompanying the music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993626_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993626-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Hebrew name, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tehillim</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תהילים</span></span>), means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">praises</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, as it contains many praises and supplications to God. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> division into <i><a href="/wiki/Kathismata" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathismata">kathismata</a></i>, see <a href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity">below</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg/250px-The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg/330px-The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg/500px-The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5192" data-file-height="7116" /></a><figcaption>An 1880 <a href="/wiki/Baxter_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Baxter process">Baxter process</a> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Tract_Society" title="Religious Tract Society">Religious Tract Society</a>'s magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_at_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday at Home">The Sunday at Home</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sections">Sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Book of Psalms is divided into five sections, each closing with a <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxology</a> (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">benediction</a>). These divisions were probably introduced by the final editors to imitate the five-fold division of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock200458_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock200458-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Book 1 (Psalms 1–41)</li> <li>Book 2 (Psalms 42–72)</li> <li>Book 3 (Psalms 73–89)</li> <li>Book 4 (Psalms 90–106)</li> <li>Book 5 (Psalms 107–150)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superscriptions">Superscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Superscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many psalms (116 of the 150) have individual superscriptions (titles), ranging from lengthy comments to a single word. Over a third appear to be musical directions, addressed to the "leader" or "choirmaster", including such statements as "with stringed instruments" and "according to lilies". Others appear to be references to types of musical composition, such as "A psalm" and "Song", or regarding the occasion of the psalm ("On the dedication of the temple", "For the memorial offering", etc.). Many carry the names of individuals, the most common (73 psalms) being 'of David', and thirteen of these relate explicitly to incidents in the king's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1998154–55_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1998154–55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others named include <a href="/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)" title="Asaph (biblical figure)">Asaph</a> (12), the <a href="/wiki/Korahites" title="Korahites">sons of Korah</a> (11), <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (1), <a href="/wiki/Ethan_(biblical_figure)" title="Ethan (biblical figure)">Ethan the Ezrahite</a> (1), and <a href="/wiki/Heman_the_Ezrahite" title="Heman the Ezrahite">Heman the Ezrahite</a> (1). The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta (the Syriac Vulgate)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a> each associate several Psalms (such as <a href="/wiki/Psalm_111" title="Psalm 111">111</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_145" title="Psalm 145">145</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a>. The Septuagint also attributes several Psalms (like <a href="/wiki/Psalm_112" title="Psalm 112">112</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_135" title="Psalm 135">135</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering">Numbering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Numbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right;margin-left:1.0em;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th style="line-height:1.25em;padding:0.25em 1.0em;">Hebrew numbering<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(<a href="/wiki/Masoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic">Masoretic</a>) </th> <th style="line-height:1.25em;padding:0.25em 1.0em;">Greek numbering<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–8</td> <td>1–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9–10</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11–113</td> <td>10–112 </td></tr> <tr> <td>114–115</td> <td>113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td>114–115 </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–146</td> <td>116–145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>147</td> <td>146–147 </td></tr> <tr> <td>148–150</td> <td>148–150 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Psalms are usually identified by a sequence number, often preceded by the abbreviation "Ps." Numbering of the Psalms differs – mostly by one – between the Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic</a>) and Greek (Septuagint) manuscripts. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> translations use the Hebrew numbering, but other Christian traditions vary: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> official <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgical</a> texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>, use the Greek numbering<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Modern Catholic translations often use the Hebrew numbering (noting the Greek number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> translations use the Greek numbering (noting the Hebrew number)</li></ul> <p>The variance between <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masorah</a> and Septuagint texts in this numeration is likely enough due to a gradual neglect of the original poetic form of the Psalms; such neglect was occasioned by liturgical uses and carelessness of copyists. It is generally admitted that Psalms 9 and 10 (Hebrew numbering) were originally a single acrostic poem, wrongly separated by Massorah and rightly united by the Septuagint and the Vulgate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifford2010773_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2010773-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psalms 42 and 43 (Hebrew numbering) are shown by identity of subject (yearning for the house of Yahweh), of metrical structure and of refrain (comparing Psalms 42:6, 12; 43:5, Hebrew numbering), to be three <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophes</a> of one and the same poem. The Hebrew text is correct in counting as one Psalm 146 and Psalm 147. Later liturgical usage would seem to have split up these and several other psalms. Zenner combines into what he deems were the original choral odes: Psalms 1, 2, 3, 4; 6 + 13; 9 + 10; 19, 20, 21; 56 + 57; 69 + 70; 114 + 115; 148, 149, 150.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenner1896_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenner1896-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A choral ode would seem to have been the original form of Psalms 14 and 70. The two strophes and the <a href="/wiki/Epode" title="Epode">epode</a> are Psalm 14; the two antistrophes are Psalm 70.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noteworthy that, on the breaking up of the original ode, each portion crept twice into the Psalter: Psalm 14 = 53, Psalm 70 = 40:14–18. Other such duplicated portions of psalms are Psalm 108:2–6 = Psalm 57:8–12; Psalm 108:7–14 = Psalm 60:7–14; Psalm 71:1–3 = Psalm 31:2–4. This loss of the original form of some of the psalms is considered by the Catholic Church's <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a> (1 May 1910) to have been due to liturgical practices, neglect by copyists, or other causes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verse numbers were first printed in 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different traditions exist whether to include the original heading into the counting or not. This leads to inconsistent numbering in 62 psalms, with an offset of 1, sometimes even 2 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_psalms">Additional psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Additional psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Septuagint, present in Eastern Orthodox churches, includes a <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a>; a Hebrew version of this was found in the <i>Psalms Scroll</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. Some versions of the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> (the Bible used in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Churches">Syriac churches</a> mainly in the Middle East) include <a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a>. There are also the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a>, which are a further 18 psalms of Jewish origin, likely originally written in Hebrew, but surviving only in Greek and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> translation. These and other indications suggest that the current Western Christian and Jewish collection of 150 psalms were selected from a wider set. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_types">Primary types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gunkel" title="Hermann Gunkel">Hermann Gunkel</a>'s pioneering form-critical work on the psalms sought to provide a new and meaningful context in which to interpret individual psalms—not by looking at their literary context within the Psalter (which he did not see as significant), but by bringing together psalms of the same <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gattung</i></span>) from throughout the Psalter. Gunkel divided the psalms into five primary types: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns">Hymns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hymns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymns</a> are songs of praise for God's work in creation or history. They typically open with a call to praise, describe the motivation for praise, and conclude with a repetition of the call. Two sub-categories are "enthronement psalms" celebrating the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as king, and "Zion psalms" glorifying Mount <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>, God's dwelling-place in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200311–12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200311–12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunkel also described a special subset of "eschatological hymns" which includes themes of future restoration (Psalm 126) or of judgment (Psalm 82).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray1996400_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray1996400-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_laments">Communal laments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communal laments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/250px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/500px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>David is depicted giving a psalm to pray for deliverance in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Communal laments are psalms in which the nation laments some communal disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200312-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both communal and individual laments typically but not always include the following elements: </p> <ol><li>address to God,</li> <li>description of suffering,</li> <li>cursing of the party responsible for suffering,</li> <li>protestation of innocence or admission of guilt,</li> <li>petition for divine assistance,</li> <li>faith in God's receipt of prayer,</li> <li>anticipation of divine response, and</li> <li>a song of thanksgiving.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993627_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993627-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In general, the individual and communal subtypes can be distinguished by the use of the singular "I" or the plural "we". However, the "I" could also be characterising an individual's personal experience that was reflective of the entire community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray1996416_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray1996416-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_psalms">Royal psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Royal psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_135.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>David is depicted giving a penitential psalm in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Royal_psalms" title="Royal psalms">Royal psalms</a> deal with such matters as the king's coronation, marriage and battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200312-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of them mentions any specific king by name, and their origin and use remain obscure;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041285,_note_to_ps.2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041285,_note_to_ps.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several psalms, especially Psalms 93–99, concern the kingship of God, and might relate to an annual ceremony in which Yahweh would be ritually reinstated as king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_laments">Individual laments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Individual laments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual laments are psalms lamenting the fate of the psalmist. By far the most common type of psalm, they typically open with an invocation of God, followed by the lament itself and pleas for help, and often ending with an expression of confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200312-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_thanksgiving_psalms">Individual thanksgiving psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Individual thanksgiving psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In individual thanksgiving psalms, the opposite of individual laments, the psalmist thanks God for deliverance from personal distress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200312-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these five major genres, Gunkel also recognised a number of minor psalm-types, including: </p> <ul><li>communal thanksgiving psalms, in which the whole nation thanks God for deliverance;</li> <li>wisdom psalms, reflecting the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>;</li> <li>pilgrimage psalms, sung by pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem;</li> <li>entrance and prophetic liturgies; and</li> <li>a group of mixed psalms which could not be assigned to any category.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200313_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200313-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg/250px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg/330px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> composing the Psalms, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Psalter" title="Paris Psalter">Paris Psalter</a>, 10th century<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The composition of the psalms spans at least five centuries, from the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Psalm_29" title="Psalm 29">Psalm 29</a> to others clearly from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">post-Exilic period</a> (i.e., not earlier than the 5th century BCE). The majority originated in the southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">kingdom of Judah</a> and were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, where they probably functioned as <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a> during Temple <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>. Exactly how they did so was unclear, but there are indications in some of them: "Bind the festal procession with branches, up to the horns of the altar"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests a connection with sacrifices, and "Let my prayer be set forth before you as incense"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests a connection with the offering of incense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish tradition">Jewish tradition</a>, the Book of Psalms was composed by the First Man (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heman_the_Ezrahite" title="Heman the Ezrahite">Heman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Asaph" title="Psalms of Asaph">Asaph</a>, and the three <a href="/wiki/Korahites" title="Korahites">sons of Korah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982237–243_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982237–243-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, the final redaction of the book was made by the <a href="/wiki/Men_of_the_Great_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Men of the Great Assembly">Men of the Great Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982162_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982162-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the psalms show influences from related earlier texts from the region; examples include various <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a> and the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a>. These influences may be either of background similarity or of contrast. For example, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_29" title="Psalm 29">Psalm 29</a> shares characteristics with Canaanite religious poetry and themes. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Robert Alter</a> points out that the address to "sons of God" at the opening "[is] best thought of [as] the flickering literary afterlife of a polytheistic mythology" but that "belief in them...is unlikely to have been shared by the scribal circles that produced <i>Psalms</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter200798–99_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter200798–99-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrast between the Psalmist's theology and the surrounding area's polytheistic religion is well seen in Psalms 104:26,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which locals' mythical fierce sea-god—such as the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a>, Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> which also appears in the Hebrew Bible—is "reduced to an aquatic pet with whom <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> can play".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2007xiv–xv_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2007xiv–xv-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_characteristics">Poetic characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poetic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">biblical poetry</a> of Psalms uses <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a> as its primary poetic device. Parallelism is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> in which restatement, synonym, amplification, grammatical repetition, or opposition develops an idea.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synonymous parallelism involves two lines expressing essentially the same idea. An example of synonymous parallelism: </p> <ul><li>"The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> is the stronghold of my life; of whom shall I be afraid?" (Psalm 27:1).</li></ul> <p>Two lines expressing opposites is known as <a href="/wiki/Antithetic_parallelism" title="Antithetic parallelism">antithetic parallelism</a>. An example of antithetic parallelism: </p> <ul><li>"And he led them in a cloud by day/ and all the night by a fiery light" (Psalm 78:14).</li></ul> <p>Two clauses expressing the idea of amplifying the first claim is known as expansive parallelism. An example of expansive parallelism: </p> <ul><li>"My mouth is filled with your praise/ all the day with your lauding" (Psalm 71:8).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editorial_agenda">Editorial agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Editorial agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Psalter_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Utrecht_Psalter_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Psalm_11" title="Psalm 11">Psalm 11</a> in the ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Psalter" title="Utrecht Psalter">Utrecht Psalter</a>, where the illustration of the text is often literal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many scholars believe the individual Psalms were redacted into a single collection during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had long been recognized that the collection bore the imprint of an underlying message or <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">metanarrative</a>, but that this message remained concealed, as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> said, "The sequence of the Psalms seems to me to contain the secret of a mighty mystery, but its meaning has not been revealed to me" (<i>Enarr.</i> on Psalms 150:1). Others pointed out the presence of concatenation—that is, adjacent Psalms sharing similar words and themes. In time, this approach developed into recognizing overarching themes shared by whole groups of psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_H._Wilson" title="Gerald H. Wilson">Gerald H. Wilson</a>'s <i>The Editing of the Hebrew Psalter</i> proposed—by parallel with other ancient Near Eastern hymn collections—that psalms at the beginning and end (or "seams") of the five books of Psalms have thematic significance, corresponding in particular with the placement of the royal psalms. He pointed out that there was a progression of ideas from adversity through the crux of the collection in the apparent failure of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> in Psalm 89, leading to a concert of praise at the end. He concluded that the collection was redacted to be a retrospective of the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidic covenant">Davidic covenant</a>, exhorting Israel to trust in God alone in a non-messianic future.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Walter Brueggemann</a> suggested that the underlying editorial purpose was oriented instead towards wisdom or sapiential concerns, addressing the issues of how to live the life of faith. Psalm 1 calls the reader to a life of obedience; Psalm 73 (Brueggemann's crux psalm) faces the crisis when divine faithfulness is in doubt; Psalm 150 represents faith's triumph when God is praised not for his rewards but for his being.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, David. C. Mitchell's <i>The Message of the Psalter</i> took a quite different line. Building on the work of Wilson and others,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell proposed that the Psalter embodies an eschatological timetable like that of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> 9–14.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This programme includes the <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">ingathering of exiled Israel</a> by a bridegroom-king; his establishment of a kingdom; his violent death; Israel scattered in the wilderness, regathered and again imperiled, and then rescued by a king from the heavens, who establishes his kingdom from Zion, brings peace and prosperity to the earth and receives the homage of the nations. </p><p>These three views—Wilson's non-messianic retrospective of the Davidic covenant, Brueggemann's sapiential instruction, and Mitchell's eschatological-messianic program—all have their followers. However, the sapiential agenda has been somewhat eclipsed by the other two. Shortly before he died in 2005, Wilson modified his position to allow for the existence of messianic prophecy within the Psalms' redactional agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell's position remains essentially unchanged, but he now sees the issue as identifying when the historical beginning of the Psalms turns to eschatology.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James VanderKam’s <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls Today</i> examined the large Psalms scroll from <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, <a href="/wiki/11Q5" class="mw-redirect" title="11Q5">11QPs(a)</a>, showing that while the first three books (Psalms 1-89) were largely fixed by the early 1st century CE, Psalms 90-150 show variations in ordering and content, suggesting the collection was still being finalized into the mid-1st century CE and included material not found in the later <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter Flint</a> argues that the findings show there were three different versions of the Psalter circulating during the Second Temple period, with the Masoretic version being attested among the scrolls found at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ancient_music_of_the_Psalms">The ancient music of the Psalms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The ancient music of the Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Psalms were written not merely as poems, but as songs for singing. According to Bible exegete <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (882–942) who served in the <a href="/wiki/Geonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geonate">geonate</a> of Babylonian Jewry, the Psalms were originally sung in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple precincts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a>, based on what was prescribed for each psalm (lineage of the singers, designated time and place, instruments used, manner of execution, etc.), but are permitted to be randomly read by anyone at any time and in any place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201033_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201033-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a third of the psalms are addressed to the Director of Music. Some psalms exhort the worshipper to sing (e.g. Pss. 33:1-3; 92:1-3; 96:1-3; 98:1; 101:1; 150). Some headings denote the musical instruments on which the psalm should be played (Pss. 4, 5, 6, 8, 67). Some refer to the Levites who sang one of eight melodies, one of which was known simply as "the eighth" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <i>sheminit</i>) (Pss. 6, 12).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201061,_70_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201061,_70-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And others preserve the name for ancient eastern modes, like <i>ayelet ha-shachar</i> (hind of the dawn; Ps. 22); <i>shoshanim</i> / <i>shushan</i> (<i>lilies</i> / <i>lily</i>; Pss. 45; 60), said to be describing a certain melody;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia2010127–28,_150_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia2010127–28,_150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ʻalmuth / <i>ʻalamoth</i> (<i>mute</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pss. 9, 46), which, according to Saadia Gaon, is "a silent melody, nearly inaudible."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201065,_130_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201065,_130-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the frequently heard view that their ancient music is lost, the means to reconstruct it are still extant. Fragments of temple psalmody are preserved in ancient synagogue and church chant, particularly in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tonus_peregrinus" title="Tonus peregrinus">tonus peregrinus</a></i> melody to Psalm 114.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantillation signs, to record the melody sung, were in use since ancient times; evidence of them can be found in the manuscripts of the oldest extant copies of Psalms in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and are even more extensive in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a>, which dates to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> and whose Tiberian scribes claimed to be basing their work on temple-period signs. (See Moshe ben Asher's 'Song of the Vine' colophon to the Codex Cairensis).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several attempts have been made to decode the Masoretic cantillation, but the most "successful" is that of <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Ha%C3%AFk-Vantoura" title="Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura">Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura</a> (1928–2000) in the last quarter of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her reconstruction assumes the signs represent the degrees of various musical scales – that is, individual notes – which puts it at odds with all other existing traditions, where the signs invariably represent melodic motifs; it also takes no account of the existence of older systems of notation, such as the <a href="#Babylonian_system">Babylonian</a> and <a href="#Palestinian_system">Palestinian</a> systems. Musicologists have therefore rejected Haïk-Vantoura's theories, with her results dubious, and her methodology flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, Mitchell has repeatedly defended it, showing that, when applied to the Masoretic cantillation of Psalm 114, it produces a melody recognizable as the <i>tonus peregrinus</i> of church and synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell includes musical transcriptions of the temple psalmody of Psalms 120–134 in his commentary on the Songs of Ascents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_the_division_into_five_books">Views on the division into five books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Views on the division into five books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "The Flow of the Psalms," O. Palmer Robertson posits a thematic progression throughout the five books of Psalms, delineating distinctive characteristics and emphases:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 1: Opposition – Predominantly attributed to David, these Psalms are perceived as the earliest in origin, characterized by a focus on trust in God, with Yahweh as the dominant name. </p><p>Book 2: Communication – Despite continued opposition, this book reflects an outreach even to enemies of God. The prevalent name for God shifts to Elohim, especially when borrowing sections from Book 1. Robertson suggests Book 2 may have Northern Kingdom origins. </p><p>Book 3: Devastation – Marked by the overtaking of Jerusalem, this book holds out hope for Jacob and Joseph, possibly symbolizing the Southern and Northern kingdoms. Expressions like "trust in God" diminish. </p><p>Book 4: Maturity – Notably, with over 10 quotes from <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>, indicating a temporal progression beyond the initial three books. </p><p>Book 5: Consummation – Robertson proposes that the Psalms of Ascent and Hallel Psalms are post-Babylonian exile compositions, portraying a culmination of themes and perspectives </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_execution">Themes and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Themes and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most individual psalms involve the praise of God for his power and beneficence, for his creation of the world, and for his past acts of deliverance for Israel. They envision a world in which everyone and everything will praise God, and God in turn will hear their prayers and respond. Sometimes God "hides his face" and refuses to respond, questioning (for the psalmist) <a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">the relationship between God and prayer</a> which is the underlying assumption of the Book of Psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041284_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041284-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some psalms are called <i>maskil</i> (or <i>maschil</i>), meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">enlightened</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wise saying</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, because they impart wisdom. Most notable of these is Psalm 142 which is sometimes called the "Maskil of David"; others include Psalm 32 and Psalm 78.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special grouping and division in the Book of Psalms are fifteen psalms (Psalms 120–134) known in the construct case, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shir ha-ma'aloth</i></span> ("A Song of Ascents", "A Song of degrees"), and one as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shir la-ma'aloth</i></span> (Psalm 121). According to <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, these songs differed from the other psalms in that they were to be sung by the Levites in a "loud melody" (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic language">Judeo-Arabic</a>: <span lang="jrb" dir="rtl">בלחן מרתפע</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every psalm designated for Asaph (e.g. Psalms 50, 73–83) was sung by his descendants while making use of <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>, in accordance with 1 Chronicles 16:5.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every psalm wherein is found the introductory phrase "Upon Mahalath" (e.g. Psalms 53 and 88) was sung by the Levites by using large percussion instruments having wide and closed bezels on both sides and beaten with two wooden sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-32_(note_77)_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-32_(note_77)-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/O._Palmer_Robertson" title="O. Palmer Robertson">O. Palmer Robertson</a> observes that many of the Psalms concern the subject of death and says "This unatural conclusion to every human life can be understood only in the context of the original threat to the original man: 'in the day you shall eat of it you shall surely die.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robertson goes on to say "The anticipation from redemption fom the grave overcomes the inevitability of death. The psalmist is fully aware of his need for total deliverance from the last great enemy, and attests to expectation of deliverance."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_interpretation_and_influence">Later interpretation and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later interpretation and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg/250px-David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg/330px-David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg/500px-David_Playing_the_Harp_1670_Jan_de_Bray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption><i>David Playing the Harp</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bray" title="Jan de Bray">Jan de Bray</a>, 1670</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhs_psalm1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bhs_psalm1.png/220px-Bhs_psalm1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Bhs_psalm1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> text of Psalm 1:1-2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalms_WesternWall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Psalms_WesternWall.jpg/220px-Psalms_WesternWall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Psalms_WesternWall.jpg/330px-Psalms_WesternWall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Psalms_WesternWall.jpg/440px-Psalms_WesternWall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> man reads <a href="/wiki/Psalm_119" title="Psalm 119">Psalm 119</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual psalms were originally hymns, to be used on various occasions and at various sacred sites; later, some were anthologised, and might have been understood within the various anthologies (e.g., ps. 123 as one of the Psalms of Ascent); finally, individual psalms might be understood within the Psalter as a whole, either narrating the life of David or providing instruction like the Torah. In later Jewish and Christian tradition, the psalms have come to be used as prayers, either individual or communal, as traditional expressions of religious feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776–78_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776–78-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many authors have commented on the psalms, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_ben_Jeroham" title="Salmon ben Jeroham">Salmon ben Jeroham</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yefet_ben_Ali" title="Yefet ben Ali">Yefet ben Ali</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Jacob_Sforno" title="Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno">Obadiah Sforno</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Abraham_Gikatilla" title="Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla">Joseph Gikatilla</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kara" title="Joseph Kara">Joseph Kara</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Judah" title="Benjamin ben Judah">Benjamin ben Judah</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emmanuel (pseudonym), Jewish Commentary on the Psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Satanow" title="Isaac Satanow">Isaac Satanow</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_Jewish_ritual">Use in Jewish ritual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use in Jewish ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the titles given to the Psalms have descriptions which suggest their use in worship: </p> <ul><li>Some bear the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> description <i>shir</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שיר</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾠδή</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ōdḗ</i></span>, 'song'). Thirteen have this description. It means the flow of speech, as it were, in a straight line or in a regular strain. This description includes secular as well as sacred song.</li> <li>Fifty-eight Psalms bear the description <i>mizmor</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מזמור</span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ψαλμός</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">psalmos</i></span>, 'psalm'), a lyric <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a> set to music; a sacred song accompanied with a musical instrument.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_145" title="Psalm 145">Psalm 145</a> alone has the designation <i>tehillah</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תהלה</span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕμνος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hymnos</i></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a>'), meaning a song of praise; a song the prominent thought of which is the praise of God.</li> <li>Thirteen psalms are described as <i>maskil</i> ('wise'): <a href="/wiki/Psalm_32" title="Psalm 32">32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_42" title="Psalm 42">42</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_44" title="Psalm 44">44</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_45" title="Psalm 45">45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_52" title="Psalm 52">52</a>–<a href="/wiki/Psalm_55" title="Psalm 55">55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_74" title="Psalm 74">74</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_78" title="Psalm 78">78</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_88" title="Psalm 88">88</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_89" title="Psalm 89">89</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_142" title="Psalm 142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psalm_41" title="Psalm 41">Psalm 41</a>:2, although not in the above list, has the description <i>ashrei maskil</i>.</li> <li>Six Psalms (<a href="/wiki/Psalm_16" title="Psalm 16">16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_56" title="Psalm 56">56</a>–<a href="/wiki/Psalm_60" title="Psalm 60">60</a>) have the title <i>michtam</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מכתם</span></span>, 'gold').<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> suggests that <i>michtam</i> refers to an item that a person carries with him at all times, hence, these Psalms contain concepts or ideas that are pertinent at every stage and setting throughout life, deemed vital as part of day-to-day spiritual awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_7" title="Psalm 7">Psalm 7</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Habakkuk 3">chapter 3</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bears the title <i>shigayon</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שיגיון</span></span>). There are three interpretations:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a) According to Rashi and others, this term stems from the root <i>shegaga</i>, meaning "mistake"—David committed some sin and is singing in the form of a prayer to redeem himself from it; (b) <i>shigayon</i> was a type of musical instrument; (c) <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a> considers the word to mean "longing", as for example in the verse in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> 5:19<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>tishge tamid</i>.</li></ul> <p>Psalms are used throughout traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish worship">Jewish worship</a>. Many complete Psalms and verses from Psalms appear in the <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning services</a> (<i>Shacharit</i>). The <i><a href="/wiki/Pesukei_dezimra" title="Pesukei dezimra">pesukei dezimra</a></i> component incorporates Psalms 30, 100 and 145–150. <a href="/wiki/Psalm_145" title="Psalm 145">Psalm 145</a> (commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ashrei" title="Ashrei">Ashrei</a>", which is really the first word of two verses appended to the beginning of the Psalm), is read three times every day: once in <i>shacharit</i> as part of <i>pesukei dezimrah</i>, as mentioned; once, along with Psalm 20, as part of the morning's <a href="/wiki/Shacharit#Concluding_prayers" title="Shacharit">concluding prayers</a>; and once at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">afternoon service</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Jewish_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish festivals">Festival days</a> and Sabbaths, instead of concluding the morning service, it precedes the <a href="/wiki/Mussaf" title="Mussaf">Mussaf</a> service. Psalms 95–99, 29, 92, and 93, along with some later readings, comprise the introduction (<i><a href="/wiki/Kabbalat_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalat Shabbat">Kabbalat Shabbat</a></i>) to the Friday night service. Traditionally, a different "Psalm for the Day"—<i><a href="/wiki/Shir_shel_yom" title="Shir shel yom">Shir shel yom</a></i>—is read after the <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning service</a> each day of the week (starting Sunday, Psalms: 24, 48, 82, 94, 81, 93, 92). This is described in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (the initial codification of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral tradition</a>) in the tractate <i><a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">Tamid</a></i>. According to the Talmud, these daily Psalms were originally recited on that day of the week by the Levites in the Temple in Jerusalem. From <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> until <a href="/wiki/Hoshanah_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshanah Rabbah">Hoshanah Rabbah</a>, Psalm 27 is recited twice daily following the morning and evening services. There is a <i><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></i> (custom) to recite Psalm 30 each morning of <a href="/wiki/Chanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukkah">Chanukkah</a> after Shacharit: some recite this in place of the regular "Psalm for the Day", others recite this additionally. </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> dies, a watch is kept over the body and <i>tehillim</i> (Psalms) are recited constantly by sun or candlelight, until the burial service. Historically, this watch would be carried out by the immediate family, usually in shifts, but in contemporary practice this service is provided by an employee of the funeral home or <i><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">chevra kadisha</a></i>. </p><p>Many Jews complete the Book of Psalms on a weekly or monthly basis. Each week, some also say a Psalm connected to that week's events or the <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah portion read during that week</a>. In addition, many Jews (notably <a href="/wiki/Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubavitch">Lubavitch</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Chasidim</a>) read the entire Book of Psalms prior to the morning service, on the <a href="/wiki/Special_Sabbaths#Shabbat_Mevarchim" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Sabbaths">Sabbath preceding</a> the <a href="/wiki/Molad" title="Molad">calculated appearance of the new moon</a>. </p><p>The reading of psalms is viewed in Jewish tradition as a vehicle for gaining God's favor. They are thus often specially recited in times of trouble, such as poverty, disease, or physical danger; in many synagogues, Psalms are recited after services for the security of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">Sefer ha-Chinuch</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that this practice is designed not to achieve favor, as such, but rather to inculcate belief in <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a> into one's consciousness, consistently with <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence#Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">general view on Providence</a>. (Relatedly, the Hebrew verb for prayer, <i>hitpalal</i> התפלל, is in fact the <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive form</a> of <i>palal</i> פלל, to intervene, petition, judge. Thus, "to pray" conveys the connotation of "judging oneself": ultimately, the purpose of prayer—<i><a href="/wiki/Tefilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefilah">tefilah</a></i> תפלה—is to transform ourselves.)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Christian_prayer_and_worship">In Christian prayer and worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Christian prayer and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg/220px-Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg/330px-Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg/440px-Psa%C5%82terz_florianski1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Florian" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Florian">St. Florian</a>'s psalter, 14th or 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Polish" title="Bible translations into Polish">Polish translation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg/220px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg/330px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg/440px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Children singing and playing music, illustration of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_150" title="Psalm 150">Psalm 150</a> (Laudate Dominum)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_134.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>David is depicted as a psalmist in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> references show that the earliest Christians used the Psalms in worship, and the Psalms have remained an important part of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> in most Christian Churches. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Churches have always made systematic use of the Psalms, with a cycle for the recitation of all or most of them over the course of one or more weeks. In the early centuries of the Church, it was expected that any candidate for <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> would be able to recite the entire Psalter from memory, something they often learned automatically during their time as <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-memorise_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorise-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians have used <a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster_cord" title="Pater Noster cord">Pater Noster cords</a> of 150 beads to pray the entire Psalter.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> quotes psalms (specifically <a href="/wiki/Psalm_14" title="Psalm 14">Psalms 14</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_53" title="Psalm 53">53</a>, which are nearly identical) as the basis for his theory of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, and includes the scripture in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romans_3" title="Romans 3">chapter 3</a>. </p><p>Several conservative Protestant denominations sing only the Psalms (some churches also sing the small number of hymns found elsewhere in the Bible) in worship, and do not accept the use of any non-Biblical hymns; examples are the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America">Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America</a>, the Presbyterian Reformed Church (North America) and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_22" title="Psalm 22">Psalm 22</a> is of particular importance during the season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> as a Psalm of continued faith during severe testing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23</a>, <i>The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> is My Shepherd</i>, offers an immediately appealing message of comfort and is widely chosen for church <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> services, either as a reading or in one of several popular hymn settings;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 51</a>, <i>Have mercy on me O God</i>, called the <i>Miserere</i> from the first word in its Latin version, in both <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> and <i>Hours</i>, in the sacrament of repentance or confession, and in other settings;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_82" title="Psalm 82">Psalm 82</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> as a funeral recitation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137</a>, <i>By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down and wept</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> uses this hymn during the weeks preceding Great <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_145" title="Psalm 145">Psalm 145</a> by title 'A psalm of praise", is an accrostic of praise and David's final Psalm. Verses from it are frequently used in many contemporary worship songs and read by many contemporary worship leaders in services.</li></ul> <p>New translations and settings of the Psalms continue to be produced. An individually printed volume of Psalms for use in Christian religious rituals is called a <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imam-ud-Din_Shahbaz" title="Imam-ud-Din Shahbaz">Imam-ud-Din Shahbaz</a> (1845-1921), a Punjabi evangelist and a poet, produced the first metrical translation of the Psalms in Punjabi, known as Punjabi Zabur. For a hundred years, Punjabi Zabur have been used as an essential part of singing and praising in majority of Urdu and Punjabi Churches around the globe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Furthermore, psalms often serve as the inspiration for much of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">modern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">worship music</a> in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music#Style_and_artists" title="Contemporary Christian music">styles</a>. Some songs are entirely based on a particular psalm or psalms, and many quote directly from the Book of Psalms (and other parts of the Bible).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kathisma" title="Kathisma">Kathisma</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> and Greek-Catholics (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholics">Eastern Catholics</a> who follow the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine rite">Byzantine rite</a>) have long made the Psalms an integral part of their corporate and private prayers. The official version of the <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> used by the Orthodox Church is the Septuagint. To facilitate its reading, the 150 Psalms are divided into 20 <i>kathismata</i> (Greek: καθίσματα; Slavonic: кафизмы, <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kafizmy</i></span>; lit. "sittings") and each <i><a href="/wiki/Kathisma" title="Kathisma">kathisma</a></i> (Greek: κάθισμα; Slavonic: каѳисма, <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kafisma</i></span>) is further subdivided into three <i>stases</i> (Greek: στάσεις, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">staseis</i></span> lit. "standings", sing. στάσις, <i>stasis</i>), so-called because the faithful stand at the end of each <i>stasis</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Glory_be_to_the_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Glory be to the Father">Glory to the Father ...</a>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>, different <i>kathismata</i> are read at different times of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a> and on different days of the week, according to the Church's calendar, so that all 150 psalms (20 <i>kathismata</i>) are read in the course of a week. During <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, the number of <i>kathismata</i> is increased so that the entire Psalter is read twice a week. In the twentieth century, some lay Christians have adopted a continuous reading of the Psalms on weekdays, praying the whole book in four weeks. </p><p>Aside from <i>kathisma</i> readings, Psalms occupy a prominent place in every other Orthodox service including the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">services of the Hours</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. In particular, the penitential <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 50</a> is very widely used. Fragments of Psalms and individual verses are used as <i><a href="/wiki/Prokimenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokimenon">Prokimena</a></i> (introductions to Scriptural readings) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stichera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichera">Stichera</a></i>. The bulk of <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> would still be composed of Psalms even if the kathisma were to be disregarded; <a href="/wiki/Psalm_119" title="Psalm 119">Psalm 118</a>, "The Psalm of the Law", is the centerpiece of <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> on Saturdays, some Sundays, and the <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a> service. The entire book of Psalms is traditionally read out loud or chanted at the side of the deceased during the time leading up to the funeral, mirroring Jewish tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Christianity">Oriental Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oriental Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several branches of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and those <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholics</a> who follow one of the Oriental Rites will chant the entire Psalter during the course of a day during the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a>. This practice continues to be a requirement of <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monastics</a> in the Oriental churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_usage">Catholic usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Catholic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Responsorial_psalmody" title="Responsorial psalmody">Responsorial psalmody</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg/250px-%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg/330px-%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg/500px-%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_der_Bundeslade_durch_den_singenden_und_tanzenden_K%C3%B6nig_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>A singing and dancing David leads the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Psalms have always been an important part of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> is centered on chanting or recitation of the Psalms, using fixed <a href="/wiki/Melodic_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic formula">melodic formulas</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Psalm_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm tone">psalm tones</a>. Early Catholics employed the Psalms widely in their individual prayers also; however, as knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (the language of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>) became uncommon, this practice ceased among the unlearned. However, until the end of the Middle Ages, it was not unknown for the laity to join in the singing of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Office_of_Our_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Office of Our Lady">Little Office of Our Lady</a>, which was a shortened version of the Liturgy of the Hours providing a fixed daily cycle of twenty-five psalms to be recited, and nine other psalms divided across Matins. </p><p>The work of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Challoner" title="Richard Challoner">Richard Challoner</a> in providing devotional materials in English meant that many of the psalms were familiar to English-speaking Catholics from the eighteenth century onwards. Challoner translated the entirety of the Little Office into English, as well as Sunday Vespers and daily Compline. He also provided other individual Psalms such as 129/130 for prayer in his devotional books. Bishop Challoner is also noted for revising the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a>, and the translations he used in his devotional books are taken from this work. </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> the Psalms were either recited on a one-week or, less commonly (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian rite">Ambrosian rite</a>), two-week cycle. Different one-week schemata were employed: most <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> followed the Roman distribution, while <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a> almost universally followed that of <a href="/wiki/St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="St Benedict">St Benedict</a>, with only a few congregations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictines</a> of St Maur<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) following individual arrangements. The <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Breviary</a> introduced in 1974 distributed the psalms over a four-week cycle. Monastic usage varies widely. Some use the four-week cycle of the secular clergy, many retain a one-week cycle, either following St Benedict's scheme or another of their own devising, while others opt for some other arrangement. </p><p>Official approval was also given to other arrangements<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which the complete Psalter is recited in a one-week or two-week cycle. These arrangements are used principally by Catholic contemplative religious orders, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours</i>, 122 sanctions three modes of singing/recitation for the Psalms: </p> <ul><li>directly (all sing or recite the entire psalm);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphonal">antiphonally</a> (two choirs or sections of the congregation sing or recite alternate verses or strophes); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsorial">responsorially</a> (the cantor or choir sings or recites the verses while the congregation sings or recites a given response after each verse).</li></ul> <p>Of these three the antiphonal mode is the most widely followed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, the use of complete Psalms in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">liturgy</a> declined. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (which also permitted the use of vernacular languages in the liturgy), longer psalm texts were reintroduced into the Mass, during the readings. The <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">revision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> after the Second Vatican Council reintroduced the singing or recitation of a more substantial section of a Psalm, in some cases an entire Psalm, after the first Reading from Scripture. This Psalm, called the <i>Responsorial Psalm,</i> is usually sung or recited responsorially, although the <i>General Instruction of the Roman Missal</i> 61 permits direct recitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheran_and_Reformed_usage">Lutheran and Reformed usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lutheran and Reformed usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg/220px-Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg/330px-Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg/440px-Psalm_1_metrical_1628.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Psalm_1" title="Psalm 1">Psalm 1</a> in a form of the <a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Sternhold and Hopkins</a> version widespread in <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> usage before the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1628 printing). It was from this version that the armies sang before going into battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, many of the Psalms were set as <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>. These vernacular translations of the psalms were arranged into rhyming strict-<a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> verses, known as <a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrical psalms">metrical psalms</a> and used for <a href="/wiki/Congregational_singing" title="Congregational singing">congregational singing</a>. The metrical psalms were particularly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> tradition, where in the past they were often sung to the exclusion of other hymns (<a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">exclusive psalmody</a>). <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> himself made some French translations of the Psalms for church usage, but the completed <a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a> eventually used in church services consisted exclusively of translations by <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Marot" title="Clément Marot">Clément Marot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_B%C3%A8ze" class="mw-redirect" title="Théodore de Bèze">Théodore de Bèze</a>, on melodies by a number of composers, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bourgeois_(composer)" title="Louis Bourgeois (composer)">Louis Bourgeois</a> and a certain Maistre Pierre. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ein_feste_Burg_ist_unser_Gott" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott">"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God")</a> is based on Psalm 46. Among famous hymn settings of the Psalter were the <a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Scottish Psalter</a> and the paraphrases by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>. The first book printed in North America was a collection of Psalm settings, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book" title="Bay Psalm Book">Bay Psalm Book</a></i> (1640). </p><p>By the 20th century, they were mostly replaced by hymns in church services. However, the Psalms are popular for private devotion among many Protestants and still used in many churches for traditional worship.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exists in some circles a custom of reading one Psalm and one chapter of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> a day, corresponding to the day of the month. </p><p>Metrical psalms are still widely sung in many <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> congregations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican_usage">Anglican usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anglican usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a> is a method of singing prose versions of the Psalms. </p><p>In the early 17th century, when the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> was introduced, the metrical arrangements by Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins were also popular and were provided with printed tunes. This version and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tate_and_Brady" title="Tate and Brady">New Version of the Psalms of David</a></i> by Tate and Brady produced in the late seventeenth century (see article on <a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a>) remained the normal congregational way of singing psalms in the Church of England until well into the nineteenth century. </p><p>In Great Britain, the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Myles_Coverdale" title="Myles Coverdale">Coverdale</a> psalter still lies at the heart of daily worship in <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedrals</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a> service book has a companion psalter in modern English. </p><p>The version of the psalter in the American <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> prior to the 1979 edition is the Coverdale psalter. The Psalter in the American Book of Common Prayer of 1979 is a new translation, with some attempt to keep the rhythms of the Coverdale psalter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a></div> <p>According to the Islamic holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> has sent many messengers to mankind. Five universally acknowledged messengers (<i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">rasul</a></i>) are <a href="/wiki/Abraham#Islam" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses#Islam" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/David#Islam" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus#Islam" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each believed to have been sent with a <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a>. Muslims believe David (<i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81w%C5%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dāwūd">Dāwūd</a></i>) received Psalms (<i><a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Q38:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Q38:28">Q38:28</a>); Jesus (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Īsā">Īsā</a></i>) the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Injeel" class="mw-redirect" title="Injeel">Injeel</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>; and Abraham (<i>Ibrahim</i>) the <a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Scrolls of Abraham</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meanwhile, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a></i> is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic holy book">Islamic holy book</a> believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to have been given by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets and messengers</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is considered to have authored the Psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psalms_in_the_Rastafari_movement">Psalms in the Rastafari movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Psalms in the Rastafari movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Psalms are one of the most popular parts of the Bible among followers of the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rasta singer <a href="/wiki/Prince_Far_I" title="Prince Far I">Prince Far I</a> released an atmospheric spoken version of the psalms, <i><a href="/wiki/Psalms_for_I" title="Psalms for I">Psalms for I</a></i>, set to a <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">roots reggae</a> backdrop from <a href="/wiki/The_Aggrovators" title="The Aggrovators">The Aggrovators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psalms_set_to_music">Psalms set to music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Psalms set to music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_psalms_as_a_single_composition">Multiple psalms as a single composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Multiple psalms as a single composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psalms have often been set as part of a larger work. The psalms feature large in settings of <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a>, including those by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> (84 settings H.149 - H.232) and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, who wrote such settings as part of their responsibilities as church musicians. Psalms are inserted in <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem (music)">Requiem</a> compositions, such as Psalm 126 in <i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">A German Requiem</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> and Psalms 130 and 23 in <a href="/wiki/John_Rutter" title="John Rutter">John Rutter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Rutter)" title="Requiem (Rutter)">Requiem</a></i>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Melodie na psałterz polski</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Mikołaj Gomółka">Mikołaj Gomółka</a>—1580</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential Psalms">Psalmi Davidis poenitentiales</a></i></span> (6, 32, 38, 51, 102, 130, 143) by <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>—1584</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psalmen_Davids" title="Psalmen Davids">Psalmen Davids</a></i> (1619), <a href="/wiki/Symphoniae_sacrae_I" title="Symphoniae sacrae I">Symphoniae sacrae I</a> (1629) and <i><a href="/wiki/Becker_Psalter" title="Becker Psalter">Becker Psalter</a></i> (1661) by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandos_Anthems" title="Chandos Anthems">Chandos Anthems</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>—1717–18</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Singet_dem_Herrn_ein_neues_Lied_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied (Mendelssohn)">Zwei englisch Psalmen</a></i> (1842), <i>Sieben Psalmen nach Lobwasser</i> (1843), <i><a href="/wiki/Elijah_(oratorio)" title="Elijah (oratorio)">Elijah</a></i> (1846), and <i><a href="/wiki/Singet_dem_Herrn_ein_neues_Lied_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied (Mendelssohn)">Drei Psalmen</a></i> (1849) by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><i>Eighteen Liturgical Psalms</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lewandowski" title="Louis Lewandowski">Louis Lewandowski</a>—1879</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblick%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsn%C4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblické písně">Biblické písně</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>—1894</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_David" title="Le Roi David">Le Roi David</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>—1921</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_of_Psalms" title="Symphony of Psalms">Symphony of Psalms</a></i> (38, 39, 150) by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>—1930</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>—1965</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehillim_(Reich)" title="Tehillim (Reich)">Tehillim</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>—1981</li> <li><i>Four Psalms</i> (114, 126, 133, 137) by <a href="/wiki/John_Harbison" title="John Harbison">John Harbison</a>—1998</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_psalm_settings">Individual psalm settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Individual psalm settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many settings of individual psalms. One of the better known examples is Gregorio Allegri's <i><a href="/wiki/Miserere_mei_(Allegri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miserere mei (Allegri)">Miserere mei</a></i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">falsobordone</a></i> setting of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 51</a> ("Have mercy upon me, O God").<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settings of individual psalms by later composers are also frequent: they include works from composers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>. Psalms also feature in more modern musical movements and popular genres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/40px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/60px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">History of music in the biblical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential Psalms">Penitential Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_of_communal_lament" title="Psalm of communal lament">Psalm of communal lament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selah" title="Selah">Selah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kellerbook.com">"Short" Breviaries in the 20th and early 21st century America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118115359/http://www.kellerbook.com/">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for an in-progress study</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newmelleray.org/schedule/psalm-schedule/">the Divine Office schedule at New Melleray Abbey</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/Christianity-topic/psalm">Psalm</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Pronunciation_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman Pronunciation Dictionary">Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</a></i>. Pearson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazor2011589-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazor2011589_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazor2011">Mazor 2011</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007775_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKselman2007">Kselman 2007</a>, p. 775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041282_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004">Berlin & Brettler 2004</a>, p. 1282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam, James. The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. 2nd ed., Eerdmans, 2010, pp. 172—176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, John J. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Third Edition (2018). p. 498. Fortress Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Gerald, "King, Messiah, and the Reign of God: Revisiting the Royal Psalms and the Shape of the Psalter." The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception. p. 394. Brill. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Eugene (2000). <i>Qumran Cave 4: XI: Psalms to Chronicles</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198269434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198269434"><bdi>978-0198269434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qumran+Cave+4%3A+XI%3A+Psalms+to+Chronicles&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0198269434&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993626-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993626_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy1993">Murphy 1993</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock200458-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock200458_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock2004">Bullock 2004</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1998154–55-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1998154–55_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1998">Hayes 1998</a>, pp. 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.musicasacra.com/books/latin_missal2002.pdf">"Psalmus 117" in <i>Vigilia Paschalis in Nocte Sancta</i>, 66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2010773-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifford2010773_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClifford2010">Clifford 2010</a>, p. 773.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenner1896-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenner1896_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZenner1896">Zenner 1896</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zenner, J.K., and Wiesmann, H., <i>Die Psalmen nach dem Urtext</i>, Munster, 1906, 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Encyclopedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02557a.htm">The Biblical Commission</a>, published by New Advent, accessed 19 November 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyBbE2tCyCIC&q=figures+%22le+fevre%22+verse+1509"><i>A Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature,... Illustrated by Numerous Engravings</i></a>. Mark H. Newman. 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclopedia+of+Biblical+Literature%2C...+Illustrated+by+Numerous+Engravings&rft.pub=Mark+H.+Newman&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyBbE2tCyCIC%26q%3Dfigures%2B%2522le%2Bfevre%2522%2Bverse%2B1509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/referate/theologie/versnummerierung/versnum_text.htm">"Erste Versnummerierungen (Verszählungen in gedruckten Bibelausgaben des 16. Jahrhunderts"</a>. <i>www.wlb-stuttgart.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wlb-stuttgart.de&rft.atitle=Erste+Versnummerierungen+%28Versz%C3%A4hlungen+in+gedruckten+Bibelausgaben+des+16.+Jahrhunderts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlb-stuttgart.de%2Freferate%2Ftheologie%2Fversnummerierung%2Fversnum_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleserver.com/ESV.LUT.BTX.BDS.RSZ/Psalm12">"Psalm 12 in 5 languages"</a>. <i>BibleServer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleServer&rft.atitle=Psalm+12+in+5+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleserver.com%2FESV.LUT.BTX.BDS.RSZ%2FPsalm12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200311–12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200311–12_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2003">Day 2003</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray1996400-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray1996400_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray1996">Bray 1996</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200312-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200312_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2003">Day 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009) p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993627-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1993627_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy1993">Murphy 1993</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray1996416-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray1996416_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray1996">Bray 1996</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041285,_note_to_ps.2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041285,_note_to_ps.2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004">Berlin & Brettler 2004</a>, p. 1285, note to ps.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKselman2007">Kselman 2007</a>, p. 776.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200313-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200313_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2003">Day 2003</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_C._EvansWilliam_W._Wixom1997" class="citation book cs1">Helen C. Evans; William W. Wixom, eds. (5 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Caqa12aj55wC"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Caqa12aj55wC/page/n114">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-777-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843-1261&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-777-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Caqa12aj55wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b8.htm#27">Psalms 118:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26e1.htm#2">Psalms 141:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Baba_Bathra" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Bathra">Baba Bathra</a></i> 14b–15a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982237–243-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982237–243_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1982">Simon 1982</a>, pp. 237–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982162-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982162_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1982">Simon 1982</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter200798–99-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter200798–99_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter2007">Alter 2007</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26a4.htm#26">Psalms 104:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2007xiv–xv-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2007xiv–xv_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter2007">Alter 2007</a>, pp. xiv–xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009). p. 369;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugel, James L. The Idea of Biblical Poetry. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaley2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Haley, Kevin Joseph (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curate.nd.edu/show/c247dr29234"><i><span></span>'In the Midst of the Congregation I Will Praise You' (Ps 22:23b): The Reinterpretation of the Psalms of the Individual in Judaism and Christianity</i></a> (Doctor of Philosophy (Theology) thesis). University of Notre Dame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27In+the+Midst+of+the+Congregation+I+Will+Praise+You%27+%28Ps+22%3A23b%29%3A+The+Reinterpretation+of+the+Psalms+of+the+Individual+in+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28Theology%29&rft.inst=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurate.nd.edu%2Fshow%2Fc247dr29234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Westermann, <i>The Living Psalms</i> (trans. J. R. Porter; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1989; M. E. Tate, <i>Psalms 51–100</i> (Waco, Texas: Word, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.H. Wilson, <i>The Editing of the Hebrew Psalter</i> (Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Brueggemann, 'Bounded by Obedience and Praise: The Psalms as Canon', <i>JSOT</i> 50:63–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. S. Childs, <i>Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture</i> (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) 511–18; J. L. Mays, '"In a Vision": The Portrayal of the Messiah in the Psalms', <i>Ex Auditu</i> 7: 1–8; J. Forbes, <i>Studies on the Book of Psalms</i> (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1888).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Mitchell, <i>The Message of the Psalter: An Eschatological Programme in the Book of Psalms</i>, JSOT Supplement 252 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.H. Wilson, 'King, Messiah, and the Reign of God: Revisiting the Royal Psalms and the Shape of the Psalter' in P. W. Flint and P. D. Miller (eds.), <i>The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He has expanded his views on some subjects; see '"God Will Redeem My Soul From Sheol": The Psalms of the Sons of Korah', <i>JSOT</i> 30 (2006) 365–84; 'Lord, Remember David: G.H. Wilson and the Message of the Psalter', <i>Vetus Testamentum</i> 56 (2006) 526–48; <i>The Songs of Ascents</i> (Campbell: Newton Mearns, 2015) 211–16; 36–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlint2014" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Peter W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9jQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">"Unrolling the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls"</a>. In Brown, William P. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978333-5"><bdi>978-0-19-978333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unrolling+the+Dead+Sea+Psalms+Scrolls&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Psalms&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978333-5&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9jQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201033-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201033_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201061,_70-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201061,_70_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, pp. 61, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia2010127–28,_150-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia2010127–28,_150_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, pp. 127–28, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Saadia, the word is derived from the Hebrew root <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אלם</span>‎, signifying a "mute," or person who cannot speak. Although the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עלמות</span>‎ as spelt in the psalm is with the Hebrew character <i>ʻayin</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎), and the Hebrew word for "mute" is spelt with the Hebrew character <i>aleph</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎), the two letters are interchangeable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201065,_130-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201065,_130_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, pp. 65, 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner, The Sacred Bridge (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957) 419, 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion on the origins and antiquity of the Masoretic cantillation, see D.C. Mitchell, <i>The Songs of Ascents</i> (Campbell: Newton Mearns 2015): 122-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Haïk-Vantoura, <i>La musique de la Bible révélée</i> (Robert Dumas: Paris, 1976); <i>Les 150 Psaumes dans leurs melodies antiques</i> (Paris: Fondation Roi David, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalia Cohen and Daniel Weill. "Progress in Deductive Research on the Original Performance of Tiberian Accents (Te'amim)." <i>Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference of Jewish Studies</i>, Division D, Vol. II (Jerusalem, 1986): 265–80; cf. also, e.g., the review by P.T. Daniels, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, Vol. 112, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep., 1992), p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.C. Mitchell, <i>The Songs of Ascents: Psalms 120 to 134 in the Worship of Jerusalem's temples</i> (Campbell: Newton Mearns 2015); 'Resinging the Temple Psalmody', <i>JSOT</i> 36 (2012) 355–78; 'How Can We Sing the Lord's Song?' in S. Gillingham (ed.), <i>Jewish and Christian Approaches to the Psalms</i> (Oxford University Press, 2013) 119–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Flow of the Psalms, O. Palmer RobertsonP&R Publishing, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62995-133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62995-133-1">978-1-62995-133-1</a>, pp. 8-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041284-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler20041284_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004">Berlin & Brettler 2004</a>, p. 1284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2000" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdavid00stev"><i>King David: A Biography</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdavid00stev/page/39">39</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535101-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+David%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535101-9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdavid00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a16.htm#5">1 Chronicles 16:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-32_(note_77)-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadia201031-32_(note_77)_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaadia2010">Saadia 2010</a>, pp. 31-32 (note 77).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/O._Palmer_Robertson" title="O. Palmer Robertson">Robertson, O. Palmer</a> (2013). <i>The Flow of the Psalms: Discovering Their Structure and Theology</i>. P&R Publishing, p. 34, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62995-133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62995-133-1">978-1-62995-133-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberson (2013), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776–78-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselman2007776–78_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKselman2007">Kselman 2007</a>, pp. 776–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comments on the Psalms of Hilary of Poitiers, fourth century, Paris, Editions du Cerf, 2008, collection Christian sources No. 515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discourse on the Psalms, of St. Augustine, the fourth century, 2 vols., Collection "Christian Wisdom", Editions du Cerf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaadia_Gaon1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (1966). <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Qafih, Yosef</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablet.otzar.org/book/book.php?book=8066&pagenum=1"><i>Psalms, with a Translation and Commentary made by Rabbi Saadia Gaon</i></a> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem - New York: American Academy for Jewish Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741065024">741065024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms%2C+with+a+Translation+and+Commentary+made+by+Rabbi+Saadia+Gaon&rft.place=Jerusalem+-+New+York&rft.pub=American+Academy+for+Jewish+Studies&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741065024&rft.au=Saadia+Gaon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftablet.otzar.org%2Fbook%2Fbook.php%3Fbook%3D8066%26pagenum%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeroham1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jeroham, Salmon ben (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4ZIAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Arabic Commentary of Salmon Ben Yeruham the Karaite on the Book of Psalms, Chapters 42-72</i></a> (in Hebrew). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Commentary+of+Salmon+Ben+Yeruham+the+Karaite+on+the+Book+of+Psalms%2C+Chapters+42-72&rft.pub=Dropsie+College+for+Hebrew+and+Cognate+Learning&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Jeroham&rft.aufirst=Salmon+ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4ZIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBassor1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bassor, Yaphet ben Heli (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vLVXECAnx4C"><i>Rabbi Yapheth ben Heli Bassorensis Karaïtae in librum Psalmorum comentarii Arabici e duplici codice mss. Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis edidit specimen et in Latinum convertit L. Bargès,...</i></a> (in Latin). Excudebant Firmin Didot Fratres.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Yapheth+ben+Heli+Bassorensis+Kara%C3%AFtae+in+librum+Psalmorum+comentarii+Arabici+e+duplici+codice+mss.+Bibliothecae+Regiae+Parisiensis+edidit+specimen+et+in+Latinum+convertit+L.+Barg%C3%A8s%2C...&rft.pub=Excudebant+Firmin+Didot+Fratres&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Bassor&rft.aufirst=Yaphet+ben+Heli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vLVXECAnx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFמונדשייןMondschein2010" class="citation journal cs1">מונדשיין, אהרן; Mondschein, Aharon (2010). "On Rashbam's Rediscovered 'Lost Commentary' on Psalms / על גילוי הפירוש ה'אבוד' של רשב"ם לספר תהלים ופרסום מוקדם של פירושו למזמורים קכ-קלו". <i>Tarbiz / תרביץ</i>. <b>עט</b> (א): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-3650">0334-3650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607121">23607121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarbiz+%2F+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5&rft.atitle=On+Rashbam%27s+Rediscovered+%27Lost+Commentary%27+on+Psalms+%2F+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%27%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%27+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%91%22%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A7%D7%9B-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95&rft.volume=%D7%A2%D7%98&rft.issue=%D7%90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0334-3650&rft.aulast=%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F&rft.aufirst=%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F&rft.au=Mondschein%2C+Aharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEzra2009" class="citation book cs1">Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr Ibn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_FBAQAAIAAJ"><i>Abraham Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the First Book of Psalms: Chapter 1-41</i></a>. Academic Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934843-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934843-30-7"><bdi>978-1-934843-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Ibn+Ezra%27s+Commentary+on+the+First+Book+of+Psalms%3A+Chapter+1-41&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-934843-30-7&rft.aulast=Ezra&rft.aufirst=Abraham+ben+Me%C3%AFr+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_FBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimhi1919" class="citation book cs1">Kimhi, David (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ni-3Ixe16YAC"><i>The Longer Commentary of R. David Ḳimḥi on the First Book of Psalms (I-X, XV-XVII, XIX, XXII, XXIV)</i></a>. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longer+Commentary+of+R.+David+%E1%B8%B2im%E1%B8%A5i+on+the+First+Book+of+Psalms+%28I-X%2C+XV-XVII%2C+XIX%2C+XXII%2C+XXIV%29&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Kimhi&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dni-3Ixe16YAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSela2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sela, Yael (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ejjs/16/2/article-p261_4.xml">"Sacred Poetry, Eternal Felicity, and the Redemption of Israel: Obadiah Sforno's Commentary on Psalms in the Berlin Haskalah"</a>. <i>European Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872471X-bja10044">10.1163/1872471X-bja10044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-471X">1872-471X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Sacred+Poetry%2C+Eternal+Felicity%2C+and+the+Redemption+of+Israel%3A+Obadiah+Sforno%27s+Commentary+on+Psalms+in+the+Berlin+Haskalah&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872471X-bja10044&rft.issn=1872-471X&rft.aulast=Sela&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fejjs%2F16%2F2%2Farticle-p261_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1982-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1982_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1982">Simon 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Tehillim/1.1">"MikraotGedolot – AlHaTorah.org"</a>. <i>mg.alhatorah.org</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mg.alhatorah.org&rft.atitle=MikraotGedolot+%E2%80%93+AlHaTorah.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.alhatorah.org%2FFull%2FTehillim%2F1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Binyamin ze'ev yitrof: Notes from various authors on Psalms, Job, the Megilloth (except Ruth) and Ezra</i>. (1878) Amsterdam: Levisson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGruber2007" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Mayer I. (10 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsl2NrA6v6gC"><i>Rashi's Commentary on Psalms</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6"><bdi>978-0-8276-0872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi%27s+Commentary+on+Psalms&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0872-6&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Mayer+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsl2NrA6v6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeiri1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meiri, Menahem ben Selomo (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3cgywEACAAJ"><i>Commentarius Libri Psalmorum</i></a> (in Latin). Mekize Nirdamim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentarius+Libri+Psalmorum&rft.pub=Mekize+Nirdamim&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Meiri&rft.aufirst=Menahem+ben+Selomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3cgywEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIsvuwEACAAJ"><i>תורת חיים - תהלים: על פי המסורה של כתר ארם צובה ... ועם פירושי הראשונים: רס"ג ... רש"י ... ראב"ע ... רי"ד ... רד"ק ... המאירי ... ספורנו ... ועם פירוש מצודת דוד ומצודת ציון</i></a> (in Hebrew). 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9D+%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94+...+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%A8%D7%A1%22%D7%92+...+%D7%A8%D7%A9%22%D7%99+...+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%22%D7%A2+...+%D7%A8%D7%99%22%D7%93+...+%D7%A8%D7%93%22%D7%A7+...+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99+...+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95+...+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIsvuwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on the Psalms (up to Psalm 54) St. Thomas Aquinas, 1273, Editions du Cerf, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comment psalms of John Calvin, 1557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10062150">Commentaire juif des psaumes</a>, Editions Payot, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuDim3V8n5EC"><i>"ספר" תהלים: עם פירוש הרשב"ם הנמצא בברלין בכ"י בבית עקד הספרים אשר להמלך .</i></a> (in Hebrew). דפוס ג' האלצינגער. 1816.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%22+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%91%22%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9B%22%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%93+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8+%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A+..&rft.pub=%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%92%27+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8&rft.date=1816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuDim3V8n5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDLC2006" class="citation web cs1">DLC (27 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balashon.com/2006/08/katom.html">"Hebrew Language Detective: katom"</a>. Balashon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Language+Detective%3A+katom&rft.pub=Balashon&rft.date=2006-08-27&rft.au=DLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balashon.com%2F2006%2F08%2Fkatom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytehillim.com/PrintSummary.aspx?PerekID=16">"Daily Tehillim"</a>. Daily Tehillim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Tehillim&rft.pub=Daily+Tehillim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytehillim.com%2FPrintSummary.aspx%3FPerekID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2003.htm">"Habakkuk 3 / Hebrew – English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. Mechon-mamre.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Habakkuk+3+%2F+Hebrew+%E2%80%93+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft.pub=Mechon-mamre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/tehillim/36mizmor7.doc">"ארכיון הדף היומי"</a>. <i>Vbm-torah.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vbm-torah.org&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbm-torah.org%2Farchive%2Ftehillim%2F36mizmor7.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.cc/proverbs/5-19.htm">"Proverbs 5:19 A loving doe, a graceful deer-may her breasts satisfy you always, may you ever be captivated by her love"</a>. Bible.cc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proverbs+5%3A19+A+loving+doe%2C+a+graceful+deer-may+her+breasts+satisfy+you+always%2C+may+you+ever+be+captivated+by+her+love&rft.pub=Bible.cc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbible.cc%2Fproverbs%2F5-19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=40631&st=%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%20%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%20&pgnum=637&hilite=08237f9e-6332-4061-a63c-157a27ad0270">"ספר החינוך - אהרן, הלוי, מברצלונה, מיחס לו; שעוועל, חיים דב, 1906-1982; רוזנס, יהודה בן שמואל, 1657-1727; ברלין, ישעיה בן יהודה, 1725-1799 (page 637 of 814)"</a>. <i>Hebrewbooks.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A+-+%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F%2C+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%2C+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94%2C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1+%D7%9C%D7%95%3B+%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%2C+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%93%D7%91%2C+1906-1982%3B+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%A1%2C+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%2C+1657-1727%3B+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+1725-1799+%28page+637+of+814%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D40631%26st%3D%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%2520%25D7%2597%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%2520%26pgnum%3D637%26hilite%3D08237f9e-6332-4061-a63c-157a27ad0270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the relationship between prayer and psalms—<i>tefillah</i> and <i>tehillah</i>—see <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">S. R. Hirsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch#Oldenburg" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch"><i>Horeb</i></a> §620. See also <a href="/wiki/Jewish_services#Philosophy_of_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Jewish services § Philosophy of prayer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memorise-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-memorise_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Tom (27 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etrfi.org/uploads/1/0/7/9/10798906/saint_sabas.pdf">"Saint Sabas and the Psalms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ecumenical Theological Research Fraternity in Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714221859/https://www.etrfi.org/uploads/1/0/7/9/10798906/saint_sabas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ecumenical+Theological+Research+Fraternity+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Saint+Sabas+and+the+Psalms&rft.date=2010-03-27&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etrfi.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F7%2F9%2F10798906%2Fsaint_sabas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoerrOwens2007" class="citation book cs1">Doerr, Nan Lewis; Owens, Virginia Stem (28 August 2007). <i>Praying with Beads: Daily Prayers for the Christian Year</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2727-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praying+with+Beads%3A+Daily+Prayers+for+the+Christian+Year&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2727-2&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Nan+Lewis&rft.au=Owens%2C+Virginia+Stem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEekhoff_Zylstra2016" class="citation web cs1">Eekhoff Zylstra, Sarah (28 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/lets-sing-the-songs-jesus-sang/">"Let's Sing the Songs Jesus Sang"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Sing+the+Songs+Jesus+Sang&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.aulast=Eekhoff+Zylstra&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Flets-sing-the-songs-jesus-sang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLittle1993" class="citation book cs1">Little, Lester K. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRC_fLiVUJgC&dq=+regular+clergy+almost+universally+followed+that+of+St+Benedict,+with+only+a+few+congregations+(such+as+the+Benedictines+of+St+Mau&pg=PR11"><i>Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8113-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedictine+Maledictions%3A+Liturgical+Cursing+in+Romanesque+France&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8113-0&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Lester+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRC_fLiVUJgC%26dq%3D%2Bregular%2Bclergy%2Balmost%2Buniversally%2Bfollowed%2Bthat%2Bof%2BSt%2BBenedict%2C%2Bwith%2Bonly%2Ba%2Bfew%2Bcongregations%2B%28such%2Bas%2Bthe%2BBenedictines%2Bof%2BSt%2BMau%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepsalmssung.org/">"The Psalms of David – Sung a cappella"</a>. Thepsalmssung.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Psalms+of+David+%E2%80%93+Sung+a+cappella&rft.pub=Thepsalmssung.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepsalmssung.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, C. Glasse, <i>Messenger</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWherry1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Morris_Wherry" title="Elwood Morris Wherry">Wherry, Elwood Morris</a> (1896). <i>A Complete Index to <a href="/wiki/Sale%27s_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale's Text">Sale's Text</a>, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Index+to+Sale%27s+Text%2C+Preliminary+Discourse%2C+and+Notes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wherry&rft.aufirst=Elwood+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</i>, B.M. Wheeler, <i>Apostle</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel Lang <i>Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21-25</i> Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 31.12.2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4151-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4151-4">978-3-8325-4151-4</a> p. 98 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072614/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1887">"Psalms"</a>. Oxford Center for Islamic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1887">the original</a> on 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psalms&rft.pub=Oxford+Center+for+Islamic+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurrell" class="citation web cs1">Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123103254/http://www.crosscurrents.org/murrell.htm">"Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscurrents.org/murrell.htm">the original</a> on 23 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuning+Hebrew+Psalms+to+Reggae+Rhythms&rft.aulast=Murrell&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscurrents.org%2Fmurrell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaines2010" class="citation book cs1">Staines, Joe, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rough_Guide_to_Classical_Music/g1ga2hNiiAgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA9&printsec=frontcover">"Gregorio Allegri"</a>. <i>The Rough Guide to Classical Music</i> (5th ed.). Rough Guides Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-476-9"><bdi>978-1-84836-476-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregorio+Allegri&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84836-476-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Rough_Guide_to_Classical_Music%2Fg1ga2hNiiAgC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA9%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Alter, Robert</a> (2007). <i>The Book of Psalms</i>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06226-7"><bdi>978-0-393-06226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Psalms&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06226-7&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Zvi</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC">"Psalms"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael A. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529751-5"><bdi>978-0-19-529751-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalms&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529751-5&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDuy3p5QvEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBray1996" class="citation book cs1">Bray, G. (1996). <i>Biblical Interpretation: Past and Present</i>. Intervarsity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Interpretation%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Intervarsity+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullock2004" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, C. Hassell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8DMr2bTQsMC"><i>Encountering the Book of Psalms: A Literary and Theological Introduction</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2795-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2795-6"><bdi>978-0-8010-2795-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Book+of+Psalms%3A+A+Literary+and+Theological+Introduction&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2795-6&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=C.+Hassell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd8DMr2bTQsMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClifford2010" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, Richard J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZwLAQAAQBAJ">"Psalms"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version: with the Apocrypha: an Ecumenical Study Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528955-8"><bdi>978-0-19-528955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalms&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version%3A+with+the+Apocrypha%3A+an+Ecumenical+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528955-8&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZwLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNyX48E78MC&pg=PA13"><i>Psalms</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08454-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08454-5&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClNyX48E78MC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (1985). <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Mayfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes1998" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, John H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA153">"The Songs of Israel"</a>. In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hebrewbibletoday0000unse"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a></span>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Songs+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKselman2007" class="citation book cs1">Kselman, John S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA775">"Psalms"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalms&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528880-3&rft.aulast=Kselman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazor2011" class="citation book cs1">Mazor, Lea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA589">"Book of Psalms"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+of+Psalms&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Mazor&rft.aufirst=Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Mitchell_(Old_Testament_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Mitchell (Old Testament scholar) (page does not exist)">Mitchell, David C.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightmorningstar.org"><i>The Message of the Psalter: An Eschatological Programme in the Book of Psalms</i></a>. JSOT: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-689-7"><bdi>978-1-85075-689-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+the+Psalter%3A+An+Eschatological+Programme+in+the+Book+of+Psalms&rft.pub=JSOT%3A+Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-689-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightmorningstar.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Mitchell_(Old_Testament_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Mitchell (Old Testament scholar) (page does not exist)">Mitchell, David C.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightmorningstar.org"><i>The Songs of Ascents: Psalms 120 to 134 in the Worship of Jerusalem's Temples</i></a>. Campbell: Newton Mearns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+of+Ascents%3A+Psalms+120+to+134+in+the+Worship+of+Jerusalem%27s+Temples&rft.pub=Campbell%3A+Newton+Mearns&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightmorningstar.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1993" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Roland E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA626">"Psalms"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D.; Metzger, Bruce (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9"><bdi>978-0-19-974391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalms&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974391-9&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Roland+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrinsloo2003" class="citation book cs1">Prinsloo, Willem S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA364">"Psalms"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalms&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Prinsloo&rft.aufirst=Willem+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaadia2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (2010). Qafih, Yosef (ed.). <i>תהלים עם תרגום ופירוש הגאון רבינו סעדיה בן יוסף פיומי זצ"ל</i> [<i>Book of Psalms, with a Translation and Commentary made by Rabbi Saadia Gaon</i>] (in Hebrew). Kiryat-Ono: Makhon Moshe (Makhon Mishnat haRambam). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741156698">741156698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95+%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A6%22%D7%9C&rft.place=Kiryat-Ono&rft.pub=Makhon+Moshe+%28Makhon+Mishnat+haRambam%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741156698&rft.au=Saadia+Gaon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:אוריאל סימון">Simon, Uriel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span> (1982). <i>ארבע גישות לספר תהלים: מר׳ סעדיה גאון עד ר׳ אברהם אבן עזרא: כולל שריד מ׳שיטה ראשונה׳ של פירוש ראב״ע לתהלים שעדיין לא ראתה אור</i> [<i>Four Approaches to the Book of Psalms: from Saadiah Gaon to Abraham Ibn Ezra</i>] (in Hebrew). Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-226-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-226-031-4"><bdi>978-965-226-031-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10751226">10751226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2+%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%B3+%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%A8%D7%B3+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%90%3A+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C+%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%B3%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%B3+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%B4%D7%A2+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8&rft.place=Ramat+Gan&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10751226&rft.isbn=978-965-226-031-4&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Uriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheodore2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Theodore" title="Antony Theodore">Theodore, Antony</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmEzEAAAQBAJ"><i>Psalms of Love</i></a>. Kohinoor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-952546-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-952546-1-3"><bdi>978-81-952546-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms+of+Love&rft.pub=Kohinoor+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-81-952546-1-3&rft.aulast=Theodore&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmEzEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZenner1896" class="citation book cs1">Zenner, Johannes Konrad (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oocuknMB98kC"><i>Die Chorgesänge im Buche der Psalmen: ihre Existenz und ihre Form nachgewiesen</i></a>. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Chorges%C3%A4nge+im+Buche+der+Psalmen%3A+ihre+Existenz+und+ihre+Form+nachgewiesen&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Zenner&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Konrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoocuknMB98kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psalms" class="extiw" title="q:Psalms">Psalms</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:The_Old_Testament_(Vulgate)/Psalmi" class="extiw" title="s:la:The Old Testament (Vulgate)/Psalmi">Psalmi (Vulgata)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehillimforall.com">TehillimForAll</a> to read Psalms (Tehillim) together with others</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehillim-online.com">Tehillim Online</a> to read psalms of David in Hebrew or transliterated.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learntefillah.com">Learn Tehillim Online</a> to read and hear TEHILIM OF THE DAY in Hebrew.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629000002/http://www.dailytehillim.com/">Full reading and translation of all 150 Psalms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174658/http://www.cantusquercus.com/qumran2.htm">Psalms from Dead Sea Scrolls (Psalms 151–154)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504024012/http://www.bibbiaonlinemp3.com/the-book-of-psalms-king-james-version-audiobook-mp3.html">Book of Psalms</a> Audiobook—King James Version</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Psalms&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Psalms</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?aid=15770">Tehillim—Psalms (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=psalms">Book of Psalms—NIV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giamusic.com/sacred_music/RGP/psalmDisplay.cfm"><i>Revised Grail Psalms</i></a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Grail_Psalms" title="Grail Psalms">Grail Psalms</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_and_others">Commentary and others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalms&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Commentary and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Online encyclopedia <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/481091/Psalms">"Psalms."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527191329/http://150tehilim.com/">reading of Tehillim—Psalms and many explanation.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?aid=15770">Psalms (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shemayisrael.co.il/publicat/schwartz/a29.htm">Penetrating beneath the surface level of the Tehillim—Psalms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torahforme.com">Reading of Tehillim—Psalms in ancient tunes and explanation.</a> Also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727094029/http://torahforme.org/files/Learn%20To%20Lein%20Tehilim%20(Taamey%20Emet)%20/">free series</a> that teaches how to read the cantillation notes of Psalms</li></ul></li> <li>Christian <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Augustine_of_Hippo1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine of Hippo</a> (1888). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VIII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_VIII"><i>Homelies on Psalms</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homelies+on+Psalms&rft.date=1888&rft.au=St.+Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Spurgeon, Charles H.</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/treasury-of-david/"><i>The Treasury of David</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasury+of+David&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fcommentaries%2Ftreasury-of-david%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easyenglish.bible/psalms/">Commentary on the Psalms</a> by Gordon Churchyard, at www.easyenglish.bible</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810110659/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/600">Introduction to the Psalms</a> by Wilbert R. Gawrisch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id314989.pdf">Introduction to the Psalms</a> a <a href="/wiki/Forward_Movement" title="Forward Movement">Forward Movement</a> publication</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordham1986" class="citation cs2">Fordham, David, ed. (October 1986), <i>The Book of Psalms: In the Authorized Version</i> (illuminated ed.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0046-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-0046-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Psalms%3A+In+the+Authorized+Version&rft.edition=illuminated&rft.date=1986-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-0046-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsalms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Psalms </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Minor_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophet">The Twelve Prophets</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">E. Orthodox</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psalms302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psalms" title="Template:Psalms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psalms" title="Template talk:Psalms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psalms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psalms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psalms302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psalms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By number<br />(Septuagint<br />numbering<br />in brackets)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_1" title="Psalm 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_2" title="Psalm 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_3" title="Psalm 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_4" title="Psalm 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_5" title="Psalm 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_6" title="Psalm 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_7" title="Psalm 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_8" title="Psalm 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_9" title="Psalm 9">9 (9a)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_10" title="Psalm 10">10 (9b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_11" title="Psalm 11">11 (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_12" title="Psalm 12">12 (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_13" title="Psalm 13">13 (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_14" title="Psalm 14">14 (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_15" title="Psalm 15">15 (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_16" title="Psalm 16">16 (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_17" title="Psalm 17">17 (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_18" title="Psalm 18">18 (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_19" title="Psalm 19">19 (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_20" title="Psalm 20">20 (19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_21" title="Psalm 21">21 (20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_22" title="Psalm 22">22 (21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">23 (22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_24" title="Psalm 24">24 (23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_25" title="Psalm 25">25 (24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_26" title="Psalm 26">26 (25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_27" title="Psalm 27">27 (26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_28" title="Psalm 28">28 (27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_29" title="Psalm 29">29 (28)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_30" title="Psalm 30">30 (29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_31" title="Psalm 31">31 (30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_32" title="Psalm 32">32 (31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_33" title="Psalm 33">33 (32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_34" title="Psalm 34">34 (33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_35" title="Psalm 35">35 (34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_36" title="Psalm 36">36 (35)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_37" title="Psalm 37">37 (36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_38" title="Psalm 38">38 (37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_39" title="Psalm 39">39 (38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_40" title="Psalm 40">40 (39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_41" title="Psalm 41">41 (40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_42" title="Psalm 42">42 (41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_43" title="Psalm 43">43 (42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_44" title="Psalm 44">44 (43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_45" title="Psalm 45">45 (44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_46" title="Psalm 46">46 (45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_47" title="Psalm 47">47 (46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_48" title="Psalm 48">48 (47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_49" title="Psalm 49">49 (48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_50" title="Psalm 50">50 (49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">51 (50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_52" title="Psalm 52">52 (51)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_53" title="Psalm 53">53 (52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_54" title="Psalm 54">54 (53)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_55" title="Psalm 55">55 (54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_56" title="Psalm 56">56 (55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_57" title="Psalm 57">57 (56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_58" title="Psalm 58">58 (57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_59" title="Psalm 59">59 (58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_60" title="Psalm 60">60 (59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_61" title="Psalm 61">61 (60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_62" title="Psalm 62">62 (61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_63" title="Psalm 63">63 (62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_64" title="Psalm 64">64 (63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_65" title="Psalm 65">65 (64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_66" title="Psalm 66">66 (65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_67" title="Psalm 67">67 (66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_68" title="Psalm 68">68 (67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_69" title="Psalm 69">69 (68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_70" title="Psalm 70">70 (69)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_71" title="Psalm 71">71 (70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">72 (71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_73" title="Psalm 73">73 (72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_74" title="Psalm 74">74 (73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_75" title="Psalm 75">75 (74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_76" title="Psalm 76">76 (75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_77" title="Psalm 77">77 (76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_78" title="Psalm 78">78 (77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_79" title="Psalm 79">79 (78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_80" title="Psalm 80">80 (79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_81" title="Psalm 81">81 (80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_82" title="Psalm 82">82 (81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_83" title="Psalm 83">83 (82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_84" title="Psalm 84">84 (83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_85" title="Psalm 85">85 (84)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_86" title="Psalm 86">86 (85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_87" title="Psalm 87">87 (86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_88" title="Psalm 88">88 (87)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_89" title="Psalm 89">89 (88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_90" title="Psalm 90">90 (89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_91" title="Psalm 91">91 (90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_92" title="Psalm 92">92 (91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_93" title="Psalm 93">93 (92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_94" title="Psalm 94">94 (93)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_95" title="Psalm 95">95 (94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_96" title="Psalm 96">96 (95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_97" title="Psalm 97">97 (96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_98" title="Psalm 98">98 (97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_99" title="Psalm 99">99 (98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_100" title="Psalm 100">100 (99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_101" title="Psalm 101">101 (100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_102" title="Psalm 102">102 (101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_103" title="Psalm 103">103 (102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_104" title="Psalm 104">104 (103)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_105" title="Psalm 105">105 (104)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_106" title="Psalm 106">106 (105)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_107" title="Psalm 107">107 (106)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_108" title="Psalm 108">108 (107)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_109" title="Psalm 109">109 (108)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_110" title="Psalm 110">110 (109)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_111" title="Psalm 111">111 (110)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_112" title="Psalm 112">112 (111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_113" title="Psalm 113">113 (112)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_114" title="Psalm 114">114 (113a)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_115" title="Psalm 115">115 (113b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_116" title="Psalm 116">116 (114–115)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_117" title="Psalm 117">117 (116)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_118" title="Psalm 118">118 (117)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_119" title="Psalm 119">119 (118)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_120" title="Psalm 120">120 (119)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_121" title="Psalm 121">121 (120)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_122" title="Psalm 122">122 (121)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_123" title="Psalm 123">123 (122)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_124" title="Psalm 124">124 (123)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_125" title="Psalm 125">125 (124)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_126" title="Psalm 126">126 (125)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_127" title="Psalm 127">127 (126)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_128" title="Psalm 128">128 (127)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_129" title="Psalm 129">129 (128)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_130" title="Psalm 130">130 (129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_131" title="Psalm 131">131 (130)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_132" title="Psalm 132">132 (131)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_133" title="Psalm 133">133 (132)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_134" title="Psalm 134">134 (133)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_135" title="Psalm 135">135 (134)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_136" title="Psalm 136">136 (135)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">137 (136)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_138" title="Psalm 138">138 (137)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_139" title="Psalm 139">139 (138)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_140" title="Psalm 140">140 (139)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_141" title="Psalm 141">141 (140)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_142" title="Psalm 142">142 (141)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_143" title="Psalm 143">143 (142)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_144" title="Psalm 144">144 (143)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_145" title="Psalm 145">145 (144)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_146" title="Psalm 146">146 (145)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_147" title="Psalm 147">147 (146–147)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_148" title="Psalm 148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_149" title="Psalm 149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_150" title="Psalm 150">150</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> or<br /><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">151</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">152–155</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_(biblical_figure)" title="Ethan (biblical figure)">Ethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heman_the_Ezrahite" title="Heman the Ezrahite">Heman the Ezrahite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Asaph" title="Psalms of Asaph">Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achish" title="Achish">Achish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of psalm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Asaph" title="Psalms of Asaph">Psalms of Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_of_communal_lament" title="Psalm of communal lament">Communal lament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprecatory_Psalms" title="Imprecatory Psalms">Imprecatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitatory" title="Invitatory">Invitatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudate_psalms" title="Laudate psalms">Laudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential Psalms">Penitential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_psalms" title="Royal psalms">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Ascents" title="Song of Ascents">Song of Ascents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">Hallelujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miktam" title="Miktam">Miktam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selah" title="Selah">Selah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshannim" title="Shoshannim">Shoshannim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Psalm_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Psalm 45">Queen of Psalm 45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psalm phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beatus_vir" title="Beatus vir">Beatus vir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_is_time_to_work_for_the_Lord" title="It is time to work for the Lord">It is time to work for the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_cup_runneth_over" title="My cup runneth over">My cup runneth over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_have_pierced_my_hands_and_my_feet" title="They have pierced my hands and my feet">They have pierced my hands and my feet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psalmody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_psalm_singing" title="Gaelic psalm singing">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsorial_psalmody" title="Responsorial psalmody">Responsorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathisma" title="Kathisma">Kathisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perek_Shirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Perek Shirah">Perek Shirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster_cord" title="Pater Noster cord">Pater Noster cord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_HaKlali" title="Tikkun HaKlali">Tikkun HaKlali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Psalms_Scroll" title="Great Psalms Scroll">Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_5101" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Vindobonensis_Greek_39777" title="Papyrus Vindobonensis Greek 39777">Vindobonensis Greek 39777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Lond.Lit.207" title="P. Lond.Lit.207">P. Lond.Lit.207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor-Schechter_16.320" title="Taylor-Schechter 16.320">Taylor-Schechter 16.320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosiano_O_39_sup." title="Ambrosiano O 39 sup.">Ambrosiano O 39 sup.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hymns_and_songs_based_on_psalms180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hymns_and_songs_based_on_Psalms" title="Template:Hymns and songs based on Psalms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hymns_and_songs_based_on_Psalms" title="Template talk:Hymns and songs based on Psalms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hymns_and_songs_based_on_Psalms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hymns and songs based on Psalms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hymns_and_songs_based_on_psalms180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hymns and songs based on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">psalms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_6" title="Psalm 6">Psalm 6</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Straf_mich_nicht_in_deinem_Zorn" title="Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn">Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn</a> (Not in Anger, Mighty God)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_12" title="Psalm 12">Psalm 12 (11)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Ach_Gott,_vom_Himmel_sieh_darein" title="Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein">Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein</a> (O Lord, Look Down from Heaven, Behold)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_14" title="Psalm 14">Psalm 14 (13)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a> (The Mouth of Fools Doth God Confess)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_19" title="Psalm 19">Psalm 19 (18)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Dein_Lob,_Herr,_ruft_der_Himmel_aus" title="Dein Lob, Herr, ruft der Himmel aus">Dein Lob, Herr, ruft der Himmel aus</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23 (22)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Love_My_Shepherd_Is" title="The King of Love My Shepherd Is">The King of Love My Shepherd Is</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_my_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord's my Shepherd">The Lord's my Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_ist_mein_getreuer_Hirt" title="Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt">Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt</a> (The Lord is my faithful Shepherd)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_31" title="Psalm 31">Psalm 31 (30)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/In_dich_hab_ich_gehoffet,_Herr" title="In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr">In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_36" title="Psalm 36">Psalm 36 (35)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Herr,_deine_G%C3%BCt_ist_unbegrenzt" title="Herr, deine Güt ist unbegrenzt">Herr, deine Güt ist unbegrenzt</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_39" title="Psalm 39">Psalm 39 (38)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Farewell" title="Songs of Farewell">Lord, let me know mine end</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_45" title="Psalm 45">Psalm 45 (44)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Wie_sch%C3%B6n_leuchtet_der_Morgenstern" title="Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern">Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern</a> (How Lovely Shines the Morning Star)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_46" title="Psalm 46">Psalm 46 (45)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a> (Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_67" title="Psalm 67">Psalm 67 (66)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Es_woll_uns_Gott_gen%C3%A4dig_sein" title="Es woll uns Gott genädig sein">Es woll uns Gott genädig sein</a> (May God Bestow on Us His Grace)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_90" title="Psalm 90">Psalm 90 (89)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Our_God,_Our_Help_in_Ages_Past" title="Our God, Our Help in Ages Past">Our God, Our Help in Ages Past</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_98" title="Psalm 98">Psalm 98 (97)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Nun_singt_ein_neues_Lied_dem_Herren" title="Nun singt ein neues Lied dem Herren">Nun singt ein neues Lied dem Herren</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_100" title="Psalm 100">Psalm 100 (99)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Old_100th" title="Old 100th">All People that on Earth do Dwell</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nun_jauchzt_dem_Herren,_alle_Welt" title="Nun jauchzt dem Herren, alle Welt">Nun jauchzt dem Herren, alle Welt</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_103" title="Psalm 103">Psalm 103 (102)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Praise,_my_soul,_the_King_of_heaven" title="Praise, my soul, the King of heaven">Praise, my soul, the King of heaven</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_124" title="Psalm 124">Psalm 124 (123)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4r_Gott_nicht_mit_uns_diese_Zeit" title="Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit">Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit</a> (If God Had Not Been on Our Side) – <a href="/wiki/Wo_Gott_der_Herr_nicht_bei_uns_h%C3%A4lt" title="Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält">Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_130" title="Psalm 130">Psalm 130 (129)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Aus_tiefer_Not_schrei_ich_zu_dir" title="Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir">Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir</a> (Out of the Depths I Cry to Thee)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_133" title="Psalm 133">Psalm 133 (132)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Hine_Ma_Tov" title="Hine Ma Tov">Hine Ma Tov</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_136" title="Psalm 136">Psalm 136 (135)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Let_us_with_a_gladsome_mind" title="Let us with a gladsome mind">Let us with a gladsome mind</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137 (136)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/An_Wasserfl%C3%BCssen_Babylon" title="An Wasserflüssen Babylon">An Wasserflüssen Babylon</a> (By the rivers of Babylon)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_138" title="Psalm 138">Psalm 138 (137)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Mein_ganzes_Herz_erhebet_dich" title="Mein ganzes Herz erhebet dich">Mein ganzes Herz erhebet dich</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_139" title="Psalm 139">Psalm 139 (138)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Herr,_dir_ist_nichts_verborgen" title="Herr, dir ist nichts verborgen">Herr, dir ist nichts verborgen</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_146" title="Psalm 146">Psalm 146 (145)</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Du_meine_Seele_singe" title="Du meine Seele singe">Du meine Seele singe</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #ddddff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_149" title="Psalm 149">Psalm 149</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Singet_dem_Herrn_ein_neues_Lied" title="Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied">Singt dem Herrn ein neues Lied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Becker_Psalter" title="Becker Psalter">Becker Psalter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Songs" title="Biblical Songs">Biblical Songs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazhen_Muzh" title="Blazhen Muzh">Blazhen Muzh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Babylon" title="Rivers of Babylon">Rivers of Babylon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/120px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/250px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41064#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41064#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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Psalms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056804">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120082823">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120082823">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006374768&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. 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