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aria-controls="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ingredients subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rice,_noodles_and_starches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice,_noodles_and_starches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rice, noodles and starches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice,_noodles_and_starches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastes_and_sauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastes_and_sauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pastes and sauces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastes_and_sauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetables,_herbs_and_spices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables,_herbs_and_spices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vegetables, herbs and spices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables,_herbs_and_spices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fruits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Food controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Agricultural chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misrepresentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misrepresentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Misrepresentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misrepresentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representative_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representative_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Representative dishes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representative_dishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Representative dishes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Representative_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakfast_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakfast_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Breakfast dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakfast_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Individual dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangkok_shared_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangkok_shared_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Bangkok shared dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangkok_shared_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Thai_shared_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Thai_shared_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Central Thai shared dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Thai_shared_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_shared_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_shared_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Northeastern shared dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_shared_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_shared_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_shared_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Northern shared dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_shared_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_shared_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_shared_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Southern shared dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_shared_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts_and_sweets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts_and_sweets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Desserts and sweets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Desserts_and_sweets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Desserts and sweets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Desserts_and_sweets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khong_wan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khong_wan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Khong wan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khong_wan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_cream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_cream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ice cream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_cream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Beverages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_food,_food_courts,_and_market_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_food,_food_courts,_and_market_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Street food, food courts, and market food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_food,_food_courts,_and_market_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism_in_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism_in_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vegetarianism in Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism_in_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culinary diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Michelin_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michelin_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Michelin stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michelin_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_tours_and_cooking_courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_tours_and_cooking_courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culinary tours and cooking courses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_tours_and_cooking_courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Governmental interventions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governmental_interventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governmental interventions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governmental_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thai_Delicious_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thai_Delicious_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Thai Delicious project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thai_Delicious_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_reduction_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_reduction_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Salt reduction efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_reduction_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thai cuisine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaise_kookkuns" title="Thaise kookkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thaise kookkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مطبخ تايلاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ تايلاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="থাই ৰন্ধনপ্ৰণালী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থাই ৰন্ধনপ্ৰণালী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Tailand mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tailand mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="থাই রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাই রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тайска кухня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайска кухня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_de_Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Gastronomia de Tailàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia de Tailàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Thajská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thail%C3%A4ndische_K%C3%BCche" title="Thailändische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailändische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ταϊλανδέζικη κουζίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταϊλανδέζικη κουζίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Tailandia" title="Gastronomía de Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlanda_kuirarto" title="Tajlanda kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tajlanda kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="آشپزی تایلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی تایلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_tha%C3%AFlandaise" title="Cuisine thaïlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine thaïlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="태국 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Thai" title="Hidangan Thai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_thailandese" title="Cucina thailandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina thailandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="המטבח התאילנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח התאילנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Thailand" title="Masakan Thailand – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masakan Thailand" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ტაილანდური სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაილანდური სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Thailand" title="Masakan Thailand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaise_keuken" title="Thaise keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thaise keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई खाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थाई खाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="タイ料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ料理" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culinary traditions of Thailand</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yam_wun_sen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Yam_wun_sen.JPG/260px-Yam_wun_sen.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Yam_wun_sen.JPG/390px-Yam_wun_sen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Yam_wun_sen.JPG/520px-Yam_wun_sen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Yam wun sen kung, a spicy <a href="/wiki/Thai_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai salad">Thai salad</a> with <a href="/wiki/Glass_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass noodles">glass noodles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #003366; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Category:Culture of Thailand">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture of Thailand</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #003366;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="Culture of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Cuisine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_desserts_and_snacks" title="List of Thai desserts and snacks">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Salads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand" title="Street food of Thailand">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients" title="List of Thai ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Art & Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Thailand">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_in_Thailand" title="Category:Radio in Thailand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Thailand" title="Television in Thailand">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #003366;border-bottom:1px solid #003366;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/40px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/60px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/80px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="128" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>.</div></div> </div> Thai cuisine (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารไทย, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: ahan thai, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[ʔāː.hǎːn tʰāj]</a>) is the national <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Thai cooking places emphasis on lightly prepared dishes with aromatics and <a href="/wiki/Spicy_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicy heat">spicy heat</a>. The Australian chef <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(chef)" title="David Thompson (chef)">David Thompson</a>, an expert on Thai food, observes that unlike many other cuisines, Thai cooking is "about the juggling of disparate elements to create a harmonious finish. Like a complex musical chord it's got to have a smooth surface but it doesn't matter what's happening underneath. Simplicity isn't the dictum here, at all."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Traditional Thai cuisine loosely falls into four categories: tom (boiled dishes), yam (spicy salads), tam (pounded foods), and kaeng (curries). Deep-frying, stir-frying and steaming are methods introduced from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190922-2">[2]</a> In 2011, seven Thai dishes appeared on a list of the "World's 50 Best Foods", an online poll of 35,000 people worldwide by <a href="/wiki/CNN_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Travel">CNN Travel</a>. Thailand had more dishes on the list than any other country: <a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">tom yam kung</a> (4th), <a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">pad thai</a> (5th), <a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">som tam</a> (6th), <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">massaman curry</a> (10th), <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">green curry</a> (19th), <a href="/wiki/Thai_fried_rice" title="Thai fried rice">Thai fried rice</a> (24th) and <a href="/wiki/Nam_tok_mu" title="Nam tok mu">nam tok mu</a> (36th).<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2017-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_influences">Historical influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg/220px-Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg/330px-Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg/440px-Thai_vegetable_carving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The local art of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_carving" title="Vegetable carving">vegetable carving</a> is believed to have begun in the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> nearly 700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Thai cuisine and the culinary traditions and cuisines of Thailand's neighbors, especially Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, India, Malaysia and Indonesia, have influenced one another over the course of many centuries. According to the Thai monk Venerable <a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a> Bhikku's writing, ‘India's Benevolence to Thailand’, Thai cuisine was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia#Thailand" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">influenced</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>. He wrote that Thai people learned how to use <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">spices</a> in their food in various ways from Indians. Thais also obtained the methods of making <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">herbal medicines</a> from the Indians. Some plants like sarabhi of the family <a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Guttiferae</a>, panika or <a href="/wiki/Parijata" class="mw-redirect" title="Parijata">harsinghar</a>, phikun or <a href="/wiki/Mimusops_elengi" title="Mimusops elengi">Mimusops elengi</a> and bunnak or the <a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">rose chestnut</a> etc. were brought from India.<a href="#cite_note-indthai-5">[5]</a> According to the book <a href="/wiki/Mae_Khrua_Hua_Pa" title="Mae Khrua Hua Pa">Mae Khrua Hua Pa</a> (first published in 1908) by Lady <a href="/wiki/Plian_Bhaskarawongse" class="mw-redirect" title="Plian Bhaskarawongse">Plian Bhaskarawongse</a>, she found that Thai cuisine had a strong gastronomical cultural line from Sukhothai (1238–1448) through Ayuttthaya (1351–1767) and Thonburi period (1767–1782) vis-à-vis Siamese governmental officers' daily routines (such as royal cooking) and their related cousins. Thai food during the Thonburi period tended to be more similar to that from the Ayutthaya period, except the addition of Chinese food resulted from her prosperous international trade.<a href="#cite_note-ภาสกรวงษ์-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pewporchai-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrik_khi_nu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_khi_nu.jpg/220px-Phrik_khi_nu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_khi_nu.jpg/330px-Phrik_khi_nu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_khi_nu.jpg/440px-Phrik_khi_nu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili peppers</a>, originally from the Americas, were introduced to Thailand by the Portuguese and Spanish.</figcaption></figure> Western influences, starting in 1511 when the first diplomatic mission from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> arrived at the court of Ayutthaya, have created dishes such as foi thong, the Thai adaptation of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Fios_de_ovos" title="Fios de ovos">fios de ovos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_custard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut custard">sangkhaya</a>, where coconut milk replaces cow's milk in making a custard.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> These dishes were said to have been brought to Thailand in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Guyomar_de_Pinha" title="Maria Guyomar de Pinha">Maria Guyomar de Pinha</a>, a woman of mixed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> ancestry who was born in Ayutthaya, and became the wife of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phaulkon" title="Constantine Phaulkon">Constantine Phaulkon</a>, a Greek adviser to <a href="/wiki/King_Narai" class="mw-redirect" title="King Narai">King Narai</a>. The most notable influence from the West must be the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the 16th or 17th century. It, and rice, are now two of the most important ingredients in Thai cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> ships brought new foodstuffs from the Americas including <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanum_torvum" title="Solanum torvum">pea eggplants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culantro" class="mw-redirect" title="Culantro">culantro</a>, cashews, and peanuts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional variations">edit</a>]</div> Regional variations tend to correlate to neighboring states (often sharing the same cultural background and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> on both sides of the border) as well as climate and geography. Northern Thai cuisine shares dishes with <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> in Burma, northern <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">with Yunnan</a> Province in China, whereas the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> (northeastern Thailand) is similar to <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">that of Southern Laos</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a> to its east. Southern Thailand, with many dishes that contain liberal amounts of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and fresh <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, has that in common with <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Thai cuisine is more accurately described as five regional cuisines, corresponding to the five main <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">regions of Thailand</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a>: cuisine of the Bangkok metropolitan area, with <a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> influences. In addition, as a capital city, Bangkok cuisine is sometimes influenced by more dedicated royal cuisine. Tastes and looks of food in Bangkok have changed somewhat over time as they have been influenced by other cuisines such as Asian, European or Western countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thai</a>: cuisine of the flat and wet central <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">rice-growing</a> plains, site of the former Thai kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a> from before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> in the area. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a> is one of major ingredients used in Central Thai cuisine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> or Northeastern Thai: cuisine of the more arid <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">culture of Laos</a> and also by <a href="/wiki/Khmer_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer cuisine">Khmer cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thai</a>: cuisine of the cooler valleys and forested mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_highlands" title="Thai highlands">Thai highlands</a>, once ruled by the former <a href="/wiki/Lanna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna Kingdom">Lanna Kingdom</a> and home of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Lannaese</a>, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">northern Thailand</a>. This cuisine shares many ingredients with Isan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thai</a>: cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a> which is bordered on two sides by tropical seas, with its many islands and including the <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">ethnic Malay</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Sultanate of Pattani</a> in the deep south. The complex curries, food preparation techniques and usage of chillies and spices in Southern Thai cuisine form a great influence on the whole cuisine in general.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_cuisine">Royal cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Royal cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg/220px-Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg/330px-Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg/440px-Red_roast_duck_curry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Kaeng phet pet yang, a legacy of the palace cuisine of Ayutthaya</figcaption></figure> In addition to these regional cuisines, there is also Thai royal cuisine which can trace its history back to the <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">cosmopolitan</a> palace cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya kingdom</a> (1351–1767 CE). Its refinement, cooking techniques, presentation, and use of ingredients were of great influence to the cuisine of the central Thai plains.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Thai royal cuisine has been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_royal_cuisine" title="Khmer royal cuisine">Khmer royal cuisine</a> through the Khmer palace <a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">cooks</a> brought to the Ayutthaya Kingdom during its conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Thai royal cuisine has become very well known from the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Era">Rattanakosin Era</a> onwards. Typically, Thai royal cuisine has basic characteristics that are close to the basic food prepared by general people. However, Thai royal cuisine focuses on the freshness of seasonal products. Other than that, it is crucial that the way in which Thai royal food is cooked, should be complex and delicate. La Loubère, an envoy from France during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Narai" class="mw-redirect" title="King Narai">King Narai</a>, recorded that the food at the court was generally similar to villager food. What makes Thai Royal cuisine different food is its beautiful presentation. For example, they served fish and chicken with the bones removed, and the vegetables were served in bite-sized portions. In addition, if beef is used, it should be tenderloin only. There are many types of Thai royal cuisine such as ranchuan curry, nam phrik long ruea, matsaman curry, rice in jasmine-flavored iced water or <a href="/wiki/Khao_chae" title="Khao chae">khao chae</a>, spicy salad, fruit, and carved vegetable. Thai chef <a href="/wiki/McDang" title="McDang">McDang</a>, himself descended from the royal family, asserts that the difference between royal Thai cuisine and regular Thai cuisine is fiction. He maintains that the only difference between the food of the palace and that of the common people is the former's elaborate presentation and better ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-CR-2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20101021-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serving">Serving</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Serving">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_(002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg/220px-Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg/330px-Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg/440px-Phat_thai_-_Bangkok_-_2017-06-16_%28002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phat_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Phat Thai">Phat thai kung</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan,_Thailand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG/220px-A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG/330px-A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG/440px-A_traditional_family_breakfast_in_the_Isan%2C_Thailand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A typical family meal on the floor <a href="/wiki/Reed_mat_(craft)" title="Reed mat (craft)">mat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaan">Isan</a> region</figcaption></figure> Thai food was traditionally eaten with the hand<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> while seated on mats or carpets on the floor or coffee table in upper middle class families, customs still found in more traditional households. Today, however, most Thais eat with a fork and spoon. Tables and chairs were introduced as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> drive during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mongkut">King Mongkut</a>, Rama IV. The fork and spoon were introduced by <a href="/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="King Chulalongkorn">King Chulalongkorn</a> after his return from a tour of Europe in 1897 CE.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Important to Thai dining is the practice of khluk, mixing the flavors and textures of different dishes with the rice from one's plate. The food is pushed by the fork, held in the left hand, into the spoon held in the right hand, which is then brought to the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A traditional ceramic spoon is sometimes used for soup, and knives are not generally used at the table.<a href="#cite_note-McDang-2010-23">[23]</a> It is common practice for both the Thais and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">hill tribe peoples</a> who live in <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> to use sticky rice as an edible implement by shaping it into small, and sometimes flattened, balls by hand (and only the right hand by custom) which are then dipped into side dishes and eaten. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Huahat07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ban_Huahat07.jpg/220px-Ban_Huahat07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ban_Huahat07.jpg/330px-Ban_Huahat07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ban_Huahat07.jpg/440px-Ban_Huahat07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Thai meal in a village temple</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chopstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopstick">Chopsticks</a> were foreign utensils to most <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">ethnic groups in Thailand</a> with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>, and a few other cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha people</a>, who are recent arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Traditionally, the majority of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> ate with their hands like the people of India. Chopsticks are mainly used in Thailand for eating Chinese-style noodle soups, or at <a href="/wiki/Chinese_restaurant" title="Chinese restaurant">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese restaurant">Japanese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Korean_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean restaurant">Korean restaurants</a>. Stir-fried noodle dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Drunken_noodles" title="Drunken noodles">drunken noodles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pad_see_ew" title="Pad see ew">pad see ew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">pad thai</a>, and curry-noodle dishes such as khanom chin <a href="/wiki/Nam_ngiao" title="Nam ngiao">nam ngiao</a>, are also eaten with a fork and spoon in the Thai fashion. Thai meals typically consist of rice (khao in Thai) with many complementary dishes shared by all. The dishes are all served at the same time, including the soups, and it is also customary to provide more dishes than there are guests at a table. A Thai family meal would normally consist of rice with several dishes which should form a harmonious contrast of flavors and textures as well as preparation methods. Traditionally, a meal would have at least five elements: a dip or relish for raw or cooked vegetables (khrueang chim) is the most crucial component of any Thai meal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Khrueang chim, considered a building block of Thai food by Chef McDang, may come in the form of a spicy <a href="/wiki/Hot_sauce" title="Hot sauce">chili sauce or relish</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">nam phrik</a> (made of raw or cooked chilies and other ingredients, which are then mashed together), or a type of dip enriched with coconut milk called lon. The other elements would include a clear soup (perhaps a spicy tom yam or a mellow tom chuet), a curry or stew (essentially any dish identified with the kaeng prefix), a deep-fried dish, and a stir-fried dish of meat, fish, seafood, or vegetables. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg/220px-Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg/330px-Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg/440px-Kaeng_pla_thu_and_tom_mara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>A plate of raw vegetables and herbs, together with <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">nam phrik</a> kapi, is often served as a complementary dish at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">southern Thai</a> eateries.</figcaption></figure> In most Thai restaurants, diners will have access to a selection of Thai sauces (<a href="/wiki/Nam_chim" title="Nam chim">nam chim</a>) and condiments, either brought to the table by wait staff or present at the table in small containers. These may include phrik nam pla/nam pla phrik (fish sauce, lime juice, chopped chilies and garlic), dried chili flakes, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce" title="Sweet chili sauce">sweet chili sauce</a>, sliced chili peppers in rice vinegar, <a href="/wiki/Sriracha_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriracha sauce">Sriracha sauce</a>, and even sugar. With certain dishes, such as khao kha mu (pork trotter stewed in soy sauce and served with rice), whole <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">Thai peppers</a> and raw <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> are served in addition to the sour chili sauce. Cucumber is sometimes eaten to cool the mouth with particularly spicy dishes. They often feature as a <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnish</a>, especially with one-dish meals. The plain rice, sticky rice or the khanom chin (Thai rice noodles) served alongside a spicy <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a> or stir-fry, tends to counteract the spiciness. When time is limited or when eating alone, single dishes, such as fried rice or noodle soups, are quick and filling. An alternative is to have one or more smaller helpings of curry, stir fries and other dishes served together on one plate with a portion of rice. This style of serving food is called khao rat kaeng (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rice covered with curry'), or for short khao kaeng (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rice curry'). Eateries and shops that specialize in pre-made food are the usual place to go to for having a meal this way. These venues have a large display showing the different dishes one can choose. When placing an order at these places, Thais will state if they want the food served as separate dishes or together on one plate with rice (rat khao). Very often, regular restaurants will also feature a selection of freshly made "rice curry" dishes on their menu for single customers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ingredients">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients" title="List of Thai ingredients">List of Thai ingredients</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_curry_ingredients.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Green_curry_ingredients.jpg/220px-Green_curry_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Green_curry_ingredients.jpg/330px-Green_curry_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Green_curry_ingredients.jpg/440px-Green_curry_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Ingredients, green curry paste</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanin_market_platu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thanin_market_platu.jpg/220px-Thanin_market_platu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thanin_market_platu.jpg/330px-Thanin_market_platu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thanin_market_platu.jpg/440px-Thanin_market_platu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pla_thu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pla thu">Pla thu</a> at a market</figcaption></figure> Thai cuisine, as a whole, features many different ingredients (suan phasom; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ส่วนผสม), and ways of preparing food. Thai chef <a href="/wiki/McDang" title="McDang">McDang</a> characterises Thai food as having "intricacy, attention to detail, texture, color, and taste.<a href="#cite_note-McDang-2010-23">[23]</a> Thai food is known for its enthusiastic use of fresh (rather than dried) <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>. Common flavors in Thai food come from garlic, <a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">galangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>/cilantro, <a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">lemongrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a>, made from the sap of certain <a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a> palms, is used to sweeten dishes while <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> contribute sour notes. Meats used in Thai cuisine are usually pork and chicken, and also duck, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>. Goat, lamb, and mutton are rarely eaten except by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Muslim Thais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">deer</a> and wild birds, are now less common due to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">loss of habitat</a>, the introduction of modern methods of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive animal farming</a> in the 1960s, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusinesses</a>, such as Thai <a href="/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand_Foods" title="Charoen Pokphand Foods">Charoen Pokphand Foods</a>, in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Traditionally, fish, crustaceans, and shellfish play an important role in the diet of Thai people. In 2006 the per capita consumption of fish was 33.6 kg.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a> (of <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a> fame) observed in her book The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870):<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <blockquote> "The stream is rich in fish of excellent quality and flavour, such as is found in most of the great rivers of Asia; and is especially noted for its <a href="/wiki/Pla_thu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pla thu">platoo</a>, a kind of sardine, so abundant and cheap that it forms a common seasoning to the labourer's bowl of rice."</blockquote> Freshwater varieties come from the many rivers, lakes, ponds, and <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> inland, and seafood from the tropical seas of the southern half of the country. Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Giant_river_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant river prawn">giant river prawn</a>, need brackish water as juveniles but live out their lives in freshwater once mature. <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> of species such as <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarias" title="Clarias">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger prawn">tiger prawns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_cockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cockle">blood cockles</a>, now generates a large portion of the seafood sold in, and exported from Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice,_noodles_and_starches">Rice, noodles and starches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rice, noodles and starches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/220px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/330px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/440px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Khanom chin, freshly made Thai rice noodles</figcaption></figure> Like most other Asian cuisines, rice is the staple grain of Thai cuisine. According to Thai food expert McDang, rice is the first and most important part of any meal, and the words for rice and food are the same: khao. As in many other rice eating cultures, to say "eat rice" (in Thai "kin khao", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kīn kʰâːw]</a>) means to eat food. Rice is such an integral part of the diet that a common Thai greeting is "kin khao rue yang?" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '"have you eaten rice yet?').<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Thai farmers historically have cultivated tens of thousands of rice varieties. The traditional recipe for a rice dish could include as many as 30 varieties of rice.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> That number has been drastically reduced due to genetic modifications. Non-glutinous rice (<a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a>) is called khao chao (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'royal rice'). One type, which is indigenous to Thailand, is the highly prized, sweet-smelling <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">jasmine rice</a> (khao hom mali). This naturally aromatic long-grained rice grows in abundance in the <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">patchwork of paddy fields</a> that blanket Thailand's central plains. Once the <a href="/wiki/Steamed_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamed rice">rice is steamed</a> or cooked, it is called khao suai (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'beautiful rice'). Non-glutinous rice is used for making fried rice dishes, and for <a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>, of which there are three main varieties: khao tom (a thin rice soup, most often with minced pork or fish), khao tom kui (a thick, unflavored rice porridge that is served with side dishes), or chok (a thick rice porridge that is flavored with broth and minced meat). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg/220px-Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg/330px-Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg/440px-Som_tam_khao_niao_kai_yang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Som tam, grilled chicken and <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky rice</a> is a popular combination.</figcaption></figure> Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky rice</a> (khao niao), a unique variety of rice which contains an unusual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai <a href="/wiki/Red_Cargo_rice" title="Red Cargo rice">Red Cargo rice</a>, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and is slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts. Noodles in Thailand are usually made from the flour of rice, wheat, or mung bean. Perhaps one of the oldest type of noodle in Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">khanom chin</a>, which is a fresh type of rice vermicelli made from fermented rice, and eaten with toppings like <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">green curry</a> (kaeng khiao wan) with chicken or in <a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">green papaya salad</a> (som tam). Other noodle varieties were subsequently introduced by Chinese migrants to Thailand, as is testified by their Sino-Thai name kuaitiao (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว">ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 粿條; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: guǒtiáo). The three most common rice varieties of kuaitiao are sen yai (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เส้นใหญ่">เส้นใหญ่</a>) wide flat noodles, sen lek (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:เส้นเล็ก">เส้นเล็ก</a>) narrow flat noodles, and sen mi <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เส้นหมี่">เส้นหมี่</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">rice vermicelli</a>), which are round and thin. A fourth popular variety, bami (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:บะหมี่">บะหมี่</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: bah-mī) is made from egg and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> flour and is usually sold fresh. Bami are similar to the Teochew <a href="/wiki/Mee_pok" title="Mee pok">mee pok</a>. A fifth type, wun sen (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:วุ้นเส้น">วุ้นเส้น</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'jelly strands'), called <a href="/wiki/Cellophane_noodles" title="Cellophane noodles">cellophane noodles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glass_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass noodles">glass noodles</a> in English, are thin round noodles made from <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a> flour which are sold dried. Lastly, and least common in noodle shops, are "<a href="/wiki/Silver_needle_noodles" title="Silver needle noodles">silver needle noodles</a>" kiam-i (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:เกี้ยมอี๋">เกี้ยมอี๋</a>), a somewhat thick round rice noodle similar in size and shape to bean sprouts. Thai noodle dishes, whether stir fried like <a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">pad thai</a> or in the form of a noodle soup, usually come as an individual serving and are not meant to be shared and eaten communally. Rice flour (paeng khao chao) and <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> flour (paeng man sampalang) are often used in desserts or as thickening agents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastes_and_sauces">Pastes and sauces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pastes and sauces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrik_nam_pla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_nam_pla.jpg/220px-Phrik_nam_pla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_nam_pla.jpg/330px-Phrik_nam_pla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Phrik_nam_pla.jpg/440px-Phrik_nam_pla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Nam pla phrik, a table sauce most often eaten with rice dishes, is made from fish sauce and sliced chilies, and often also includes garlic and lime.</figcaption></figure> An ingredient found in many Thai dishes and used in every region of the country is nam pla, a clear <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> that is very aromatic. Fish sauce is a staple ingredient in Thai cuisine and imparts a unique character to Thai food. Fish sauce is prepared with fermented fish that is made into a fragrant condiment and provides a salty flavor. There are many varieties of fish sauce and many variations in the way it is prepared. Some fish may be fermented with shrimp or spices. Another type of sauce made from fermented fish is <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">pla ra</a>. It is more pungent than nam pla, and, in contrast to nam pla, which is a clear liquid, pla ra is opaque and often contains pieces of fish. To add this sauce to a som tam (spicy papaya salad) is a matter of choice. Kapi, Thai <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a>, is a combination of fermented ground shrimp and salt. It is used in the famous chili paste called nam phrik kapi, in rice dishes such as khao khluk kapi and it is indispensable for making <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a> pastes. <a href="/wiki/Tai_pla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai pla">Tai pla</a> is a pungent sauce used in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">southern Thai</a> cuisine, that is made from the fermented innards of the <a href="/wiki/Short_mackerel#Thailand" title="Short mackerel">short mackerel</a> (pla thu).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It is one of the main condiments of kaeng tai pla curry and is also used to make nam phrik tai pla.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Far removed from the nearest sea, from northern Thailand comes nam pu, a thick, black paste made by boiling mashed <a href="/wiki/Somanniathelphusa" title="Somanniathelphusa">rice-paddy crabs</a> for hours. It is used as an ingredient for certain northern Thai salads, curries, and chili pastes. It too has a strong and pungent flavor.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg/220px-Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg/330px-Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg/440px-Nam_phrik_pla_chi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">Nam phrik</a> pla chi (a chili paste from northern Thailand made with grilled fish) is served here with raw and steamed vegetables as one of the dishes in a communal meal.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg/170px-Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg/255px-Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg/340px-Nam_phrik_long_ruea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_long_ruea" title="Nam phrik long ruea">Nam phrik long ruea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">Nam phrik</a> are Thai chili pastes, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambals</a>. Each region has its own special versions. The words "nam phrik" are used by Thais to describe many pastes containing chilies used for dipping, although the more watery versions tend to be called <a href="/wiki/Nam_chim" title="Nam chim">nam chim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a> pastes are normally called phrik kaeng or khrueang kaeng (lit. curry ingredients), but some people also use the word nam phrik to designate a curry paste. Red curry paste, for instance, could be called phrik kaeng phet or khrueang kaeng phet in Thai, but also nam phrik kaeng phet. Both nam phrik and phrik kaeng are prepared by crushing together chilies with various ingredients such as garlic and shrimp paste using a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>. Some nam phrik are served as a dip with vegetables such as cucumbers, cabbage and yard-long beans, either raw or blanched. One such paste is nam phrik num, a paste of pounded fresh green chilies, shallots, garlic and coriander leaves. The sweet roasted chili paste called nam phrik phao is often used as an ingredient in tom yam or when frying meat or seafood, and it is also popular as a spicy "jam" on bread, or served as a dip with <a href="/wiki/Prawn_crackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn crackers">prawn crackers</a>. The dry nam phrik kung, made with pounded <a href="/wiki/Dried_shrimp" title="Dried shrimp">dried shrimp</a> (kung haeng), is often eaten plain with rice and a few slices of cucumber. French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_la_Loub%C3%A8re" title="Simon de la Loubère">Simon de la Loubère</a> observed that chili pastes were vital for the way Thai people eat. He provides us with a recipe for nam phrik with <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">pla ra</a> and onions in Du Royaume de Siam, an account of his mission to Thailand published in 1691.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The soy sauces which are used in Thai cuisine are of Chinese origin, and the Thai names for them are (wholly or partially) <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a>: si-io dam (black soy sauce), si-io khao (light soy sauce), si-io wan (sweet soy sauce), and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_bean_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow bean paste">taochiao</a> (fermented whole soy beans). Namman hoi (<a href="/wiki/Oyster_sauce" title="Oyster sauce">oyster sauce</a>) is also of Chinese origin. It is used extensively in vegetable and meat stir fries. <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a> is also common in Thailand, grilled or skewered meat served with a spicy peanut dipping sauce made from roasted or fried peanuts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables,_herbs_and_spices">Vegetables, herbs and spices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vegetables, herbs and spices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg/220px-Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg/330px-Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg/440px-Thai_market_vegetables_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A vegetable stall, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg/220px-Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg/330px-Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg/440px-Vegetable_platter_with_nam_phrik_kapi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>At southern Thai restaurants most often a vegetable and herbs platter with <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_kapi" title="Nam phrik kapi">nam phrik kapi</a> is served as a complimentary dish</figcaption></figure> Thai dishes use a wide variety of herbs, spices and leaves rarely found in the West. The characteristic flavor of <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a> leaves (bai makrut) appears in many Thai soups (e.g., the hot and sour <a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">tom yam</a>) or curry from the southern and central areas of Thailand. The Thai <a href="/wiki/Lime_(Citrus_aurantifolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)">lime</a> (manao) is smaller, darker and sweeter than the kaffir lime, which has a rough looking skin with a stronger lime flavor. Kaffir lime leaves or rind is frequently combined with <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a> (kha) and <a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">lemongrass</a> (takhrai), either kept whole in simmered dishes or blended together with liberal amounts of chilies and other aromatics to make curry paste. Fresh <a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai basil</a>, distinctively redolent of <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, and with stems which are often tinged with a purple color, are used to add fragrance in certain dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">green curry</a>. Other commonly used herbs in Thai cuisine include phak chi, (<a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a> or cilantro leaves), rak phak chi (cilantro/coriander roots), <a href="/wiki/Mentha_spicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentha spicata">spearmint</a> (saranae), <a href="/wiki/Holy_basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy basil">holy basil</a> (kaphrao), ginger (khing), <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> (khamin), <a href="/wiki/Fingerroot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerroot">fingerroot</a> (krachai), <a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">culantro</a> (phak chi farang), <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius" title="Pandanus amaryllifolius">pandanus</a> leaves (bai toei), and <a href="/wiki/Thai_lemon_basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai lemon basil">Thai lemon basil</a> (maenglak). Spices and spice mixtures used in Thai cuisine include phong phalo (<a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">five-spice powder</a>), phong kari (<a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a>), and fresh and dried <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">peppercorns</a> (phrik thai). Northern Thai <a href="/wiki/Larb" title="Larb">larb</a> uses a very elaborate spice mix, called phrik lap, which includes ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">star anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum" title="Zanthoxylum">prickly ash seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/220px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/330px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/440px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Channa_striata" title="Channa striata">Snakehead fish</a> packed with lemongrass and kaffir lime leaves ready for steaming</figcaption></figure> Besides kaffir lime leaves, several other tree leaves are used in Thai cuisine such as <a href="/wiki/Cha-om" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-om">cha-om</a>, the young feathery leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Acacia_pennata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia pennata">Acacia pennata</a> tree. These leaves can be cooked in omelettes, soups and curries or eaten raw in northern Thai salads. <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaves</a> are often used as packaging for ready-made food or as steamer cups such as in <a href="/wiki/Ho_mok" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho mok">ho mok</a> pla, a spicy steamed <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">pâté</a> or <a href="/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9" title="Soufflé">soufflé</a> made with fish and coconut milk. <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a> flowers are also used in <a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Thai salads</a> or as a vegetable ingredient for certain curries. The leaves and flowers of the <a href="/wiki/Neem_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem tree">neem tree</a> (sadao) are also eaten blanched. Phak lueat (leaves from the <a href="/wiki/Ficus_virens" title="Ficus virens">Ficus virens</a>) are cooked in curries, and bai makok (from the <a href="/wiki/Spondias_mombin" title="Spondias mombin">Spondias mombin</a>) can be eaten raw with a chili paste. Five main chilies are generally used as ingredients in Thai food. One chili is very small (about 1.25 centimetres (0.49 in)) and is known as the hottest chili: phrik khi nu suan ("garden mouse-dropping chili"). The slightly larger chili <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">phrik khi nu</a> ("mouse-dropping chili") is the next hottest. The green or red phrik chi fa ("sky pointing chili") is slightly less spicy than the smaller chilies. The very large phrik yuak, which is pale green in color, is the least spicy and used more as a vegetable. Lastly, the dried chilies: phrik haeng are spicier than the two largest chilies and dried to a dark red color. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg/220px-Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg/330px-Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg/440px-Phrik_lap_Chiang_Rai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The elaborate spice mix needed for northern Thai <a href="/wiki/Larb" title="Larb">larb</a></figcaption></figure> Other typical ingredients are the several types of <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> (makhuea) used in Thai cuisine, such as the pea-sized <a href="/wiki/Solanum_torvum" title="Solanum torvum">makhuea phuang</a> and the egg-sized <a href="/wiki/Thai_eggplant" title="Thai eggplant">makhuea suai</a>, often also eaten raw. Although <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a> is often used in Asian restaurants in the west in phat phak ruam (stir fried mixed vegetables) and rat na (rice noodles served in gravy), it was never used in any traditional Thai food in Thailand and was rarely seen in Thailand. Usually in Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Kai-lan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai-lan">khana</a> is used, for which broccoli is a substitute. Other vegetables which are often eaten in Thailand are thua fak yao (<a href="/wiki/Yardlong_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardlong bean">yardlong beans</a>), thua ngok (<a href="/wiki/Bean_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean sprout">bean sprouts</a>), no mai (<a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a>), tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>, phak tam lueng (<a href="/wiki/Coccinia_grandis" title="Coccinia grandis">Coccinia grandis</a>), phak kha na (<a href="/wiki/Kai-lan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai-lan">Chinese kale</a>), phak kwangtung (<a href="/wiki/Choy_sum#Chinensis" title="Choy sum">choy sum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> (both the tuber and leaves), a few types of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>, phak krathin (<a href="/wiki/Leucaena_leucocephala" title="Leucaena leucocephala">Leucaena leucocephala</a>), sato (<a href="/wiki/Parkia_speciosa" title="Parkia speciosa">Parkia speciosa</a>), tua phū (<a href="/wiki/Winged_bean" title="Winged bean">winged beans</a>) and khaophot (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>). Among the green, leafy vegetables and herbs that are usually eaten raw in a meal or as a side dish in Thailand, the most important are: phak bung (<a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">morning glory</a>), horapha (<a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai basil</a>), bai bua bok (<a href="/wiki/Centella_asiatica" title="Centella asiatica">Asian pennywort</a>), phak kachet (<a href="/wiki/Neptunia_oleracea" title="Neptunia oleracea">water mimosa</a>), phak kat khao (<a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a>), phak phai (<a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">praew leaves</a>), phak kayang (<a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica">rice paddy herb</a>), phak chi farang (<a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">culantro</a>), phak tiu (<a href="/wiki/Cratoxylum_formosum" title="Cratoxylum formosum">Cratoxylum formosum</a>), phak "phaai" (<a href="/wiki/Limnocharis_flava" title="Limnocharis flava">yellow burr head</a>) and kalamplī (<a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Some of these leaves are highly perishable and must be used within a couple of days. Several types of <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushroom</a> (het) also feature in Thai cuisine such as <a href="/wiki/Volvariella_volvacea" title="Volvariella volvacea">straw mushrooms</a> (het fang), <a href="/wiki/Lentinula_edodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentinula edodes">shiitake</a> (het hom), and <a href="/wiki/Tremella_fuciformis" title="Tremella fuciformis">white jelly fungus</a> (het hu nu khao).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Flowers are also commonly used ingredients in many Thai dishes, either as a vegetable, such as dok khae (<a href="/wiki/Sesbania_grandiflora" title="Sesbania grandiflora">Sesbania grandiflora</a>) and huapli (the flower bud of the <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>), or as a food coloring, such as with the blue-colored dok anchan (the flowers of the <a href="/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea" title="Clitoria ternatea">Clitoria ternatea</a>, which can also be eaten raw or fried). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits">Fruits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fruits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG/220px-Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG/330px-Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG/440px-Durians_Markt_Thailand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>Durians at a Thai market</figcaption></figure> Fresh fruit forms a large part of the Thai diet, and are customarily served after a meal as dessert. The Scottish author <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a>, sent on an embassy to Bangkok in 1822, writes in his account of the journey: "The fruits of Siam, or at least of the neighbourhood of Bangkok, are excellent and various, surpassing, according to the experience of our party (...) those of all other parts of India."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The Siamese themselves consume great quantities of fruit, and the whole neighbourhood of Bangkok is one forest of fruit trees.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Fruit is not only eaten on its own, but often served with spicy dips made from sugar, salt, and chilies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Fruits feature in spicy salads such as som tam (green papaya salad) and yam som-o (pomelo salad), in soups with <a href="/wiki/Tamarind_juice" title="Tamarind juice">tamarind juice</a> such as tom khlong and <a href="/wiki/Kaeng_som" title="Kaeng som">kaeng som</a>, and in Thai curries such as kaeng khanun (jackfruit curry), kaeng phet pet yang (grilled duck curry with pineapple or grapes), and kaeng pla sapparot (fish and pineapple curry). Fruits are also used in certain Thai chili pastes, such as in nam phrik long rue made with madan (a close relative of the <a href="/wiki/Mangosteen" title="Mangosteen">mangosteen</a>),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and nam phrik luk namliap, salted black <a href="/wiki/Canarium_album" title="Canarium album">Chinese olive</a> chilli paste.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Although many of the exotic fruits of Thailand may have been sometimes unavailable in Western countries, Asian markets now import such fruits as <a href="/wiki/Rambutan" title="Rambutan">rambutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychees</a>. In Thailand one can find <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangosteen" title="Mangosteen">mangosteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Langsat">langsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longan" title="Longan">longan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomelo" title="Pomelo">pomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syzygium" title="Syzygium">rose apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese grape">Burmese grapes</a> and other native fruits. <a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanthaburi Province">Chanthaburi</a> in Thailand each year holds the World Durian Festival in early May. This single province is responsible for half of the durian production of Thailand and a quarter of the world production.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Langsat Festival is held each year in <a href="/wiki/Uttaradit" title="Uttaradit">Uttaradit</a> on weekends in September. The langsat (<a href="/wiki/Lansium_parasiticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lansium parasiticum">Lansium parasiticum</a>), for which Uttaradit is famous, is a fruit that is similar in taste to the <a href="/wiki/Longan" title="Longan">longan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg/220px-Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg/330px-Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg/440px-Kaeng_kanun_CM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Kaeng kanun, a northern Thai curry made with jackfruit</figcaption></figure> From the <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> comes <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, used both in curries and desserts, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">juice of a green coconut</a> can be served as a drink and the young flesh is eaten in either sweet or savory dishes. The grated flesh of a mature coconut is used raw or toasted in sweets, salads and snacks such as <a href="/wiki/Miang_kham" title="Miang kham">miang kham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Thais not only consume products derived from the nut (actually a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>), but they also make use of the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">growth bud of the palm tree</a> as a vegetable. From the stalk of the flowers comes a sap that can be used to make <a href="/wiki/Coconut_vinegar#Coconut" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut vinegar">coconut vinegar</a>, alcoholic beverages, and sugar. Coconut milk and other coconut-derived ingredients feature heavily in the cuisines of central and southern Thailand. In contrast to these regions, coconut palms do not grow as well in northern and northeastern Thailand, where in wintertime the temperatures are lower and where there is a dry season that can last five to six months. In northern Thai cuisine, only a few dishes, most notably the noodle soup <a href="/wiki/Khao_soi" title="Khao soi">khao soi</a>, use coconut milk. In the southern parts of northeastern Thailand, where the region borders <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, one can again find dishes containing coconut. It is also here that the people eat non-glutinous rice, just as in central and southern Thailand, and not glutinous rice as they do in northern Thailand and in the rest of northeastern Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>, which do not traditionally grow in Thailand and in the past had to be imported, have become increasingly popular in the last few decades since they were introduced to Thai farmers by the Thai Royal Projects, starting in 1969, and the <a href="/wiki/Doi_Tung" title="Doi Tung">Doi Tung</a> Project since 1988. These temperate fruit grow especially well in the cooler, northern <a href="/wiki/Thai_highlands" title="Thai highlands">Thai highlands</a>, where they were initially introduced as a <a href="/wiki/Opium_replacement" title="Opium replacement">replacement for the cultivation of opium</a>, together with other crops such as cabbages, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">arabica coffee</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_controversies">Food controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_chemicals">Agricultural chemicals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agricultural chemicals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kung_kam_kram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kung_kam_kram.jpg/220px-Kung_kam_kram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kung_kam_kram.jpg/330px-Kung_kam_kram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kung_kam_kram.jpg/440px-Kung_kam_kram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption>Kung phao, grilled prawns, made with the <a href="/wiki/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii" title="Macrobrachium rosenbergii">giant river prawns</a> that are native to the rivers of central Thailand</figcaption></figure> According to the Thai government's The Eleventh National Economic and Social Development Plan (2012–2016), Thailand is number one in the world in the application of chemicals in agriculture. The report stated that, "The use of chemicals in the agricultural and industrial sectors is growing while control mechanisms are ineffective making Thailand rank first in the world in the use of registered chemicals in agriculture."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>: 111  The Thai Pesticide Alert Network (ThaiPAN), a food safety advocacy group, annually tests Thai farm produce for contamination. In their June 2019 report, the group found that of 286 samples, 41% of produce was found to contain unsafe levels of chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The group surveyed both wet markets and retail stores across the nation. Contaminants were found in 44% of samples from retail stores, and 39% of samples from wet markets. Vegetables with the highest levels of contamination were Chinese mustard greens, kale, hot basil, parsley, chilis, and cauliflower. Fruits with the highest contamination were tangerines, rose apples, guavas, and grapes. Contamination levels decreased from 2018, when 46% of samples were found to be contaminated, and 2016, when more than 50% of tested produce was found to be unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20161007-54">[54]</a> In prior years, "Q-Mark" goods showed a higher prevalence of contamination, 61.5%, than they did during ThaiPAN's March 2016 survey, 57%. Q-Mark is Thailand's National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (ACFS) mark of quality.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20160504-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-BP-20140819-56">[56]</a> In a survey of hydroponically-grown vegetables, ThaiPAN, in late-2017, tested 30 <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponic</a> vegetables purchased at Thai fresh markets and supermarkets. Of 30 vegetables tested, 19 contained noxious chemical levels above maximum limits. Three samples were contaminated, but at levels below the legal maximum. Eight samples were free of harmful chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 22 October 2019, the 26-member National Hazardous Substances Committee (NHSC) changed <a href="/wiki/Paraquat" title="Paraquat">paraquat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">chlorpyrifos</a> from Type 3 toxic substances to Type 4, effectively prohibiting their production, import, export, or possession. Their use will be prohibited as of 1 December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20191110-58">[58]</a> On 27 November 2019, the NHSC amended that timetable, moving the date for the ban of paraquat and chlorpyrifos to 1 June 2020. They lifted the ban on glyphosate with restrictions on usage: glyphosate will be used only on six major crops: corn, cassava, sugarcane, rubber, oil palms, and fruit. It is not permitted in watershed areas and other sensitive environment zones, and farmers must submit proof of use including the type of crops and the size of their farms when purchasing glyphosate. Industry Minister <a href="/wiki/Suriya_Jungrungreangkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriya Jungrungreangkit">Suriya Jungrungreangkit</a>, who chairs the NHSC, said the committee reached its decision after reviewing information provided by the Department of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health.<a href="#cite_note-BPA-20191128-59">[59]</a> NCHS member Jirapon Limpananon, chair of the Pharmacy Council of Thailand, announced her resignation from the NCHS Wednesday night following the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPB-20191128-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Misrepresentation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In September 2016, a shipment of pork labelled "<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>"—a permissible food for Muslims—was delivered to a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi Province</a>. The Central Islamic Committee of Thailand (CICOT) denounced the use of a halal-certified logo on pork, saying it will take legal action against people responsible. The committee found the halal label to be fake. Under Thai laws, CICOT is responsible for certifying halal products.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>A survey of the quality of <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> sold across Thailand reported that just over one-third of the samples were not up to standards set by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)">Public Health Ministry</a>. The three-year survey, from 2012 to 2015, involved 1,121 samples of fish sauce sold under 422 brands from 245 manufacturers. Of the total analysed, 410 samples, or 36.5 percent, did not meet the standard. The major reasons for the substandard fish sauce were low <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> readings and the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> to nitrogen either higher or lower than the required standards.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representative_dishes">Representative dishes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Representative dishes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">List of Thai dishes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Thai salads</a></div> Whereas many Thai dishes are now familiar in the West, the vast majority are not. In many of the dishes below, different kinds of protein, or combinations of protein, are interchangeable as the main ingredient. Beef (nuea), chicken (kai), pork (mu), duck (pet), <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> (taohu), fish (pla), prawns or shrimp (kung), crab (pu), <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> (hoi), or <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">egg</a> (khai) can, for example, all be used as main ingredients for kaeng phet (red curry). Thus kaeng phet kai is red curry with chicken and kaeng phet mu is red curry made with pork. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakfast_dishes">Breakfast dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breakfast dishes">edit</a>]</div> Khao chao (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ข้าวเช้า; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'morning rice/food'), breakfast dishes, for Thais are limited. Very often, a Thai breakfast can consist of the same dishes with rice which are also eaten for lunch or dinner. Single dishes such as fried rice, noodle soups, and steamed rice with something simple such as an omelette, fried/grilled pork or chicken, or a stir fry with vegetables, are commonly sold for breakfast from <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street stalls</a> as a quick <a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">take-out</a>. The following dishes are viewed as being specific breakfast dishes but they can also be found at any other moment of the day:<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congee#Thailand" title="Congee">Chok</a> – a rice porridge commonly eaten in Thailand for breakfast. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Rice_congee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice congee">rice congee</a> eaten in other parts of Asia.</li> <li>Khao khai chiao – an omelet (khai chiao) with white rice, often eaten with a chili sauce and slices of cucumber.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_tom" title="Khao tom">Khao tom</a> – a Thai style rice soup, usually with pork, chicken, fish, or shrimp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtiao#Thailand" title="Youtiao">Pathongko</a> – The Thai version of the Chinese deep-fried bread called youtiao. It can be topped up with spreads such as sangkhaya or with chocolate and sweetened <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Nam taohu – <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">Soy milk</a> which is often served with sweet jellies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_dishes">Individual dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Individual dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg/220px-Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg/330px-Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg/440px-Khao_phat_kraphao_mu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Khao phat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg/220px-Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg/330px-Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg/440px-Khao_soi_nam_na.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Khao soi nam na</figcaption></figure> The term ahan chan diao (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารจานเดียว; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'single dish food') represents truly single-plate dishes as well as dishes that are served "rat khao" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'poured on rice'): one or more dishes served together with rice on one plate. Some eateries offer a large selection of (pre-cooked) dishes; others specialize in only a one dish, or a few dishes, with rice. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phat_kaphrao" title="Phat kaphrao">Phat kaphrao</a> mu rat khao – minced pork fried with chilies, garlic, soy sauce and holy basil, served together with rice, and with nam pla phrik as a condiment.</li> <li>Khanom chin kaeng kiao wan kai – fresh Thai rice noodles (<a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">khanom chin</a>) served in a bowl with green chicken curry as a sauce. Raw vegetables, herbs, and fish sauce are served on the side and can be added to taste.</li> <li>Khanom chin <a href="/wiki/Nam_ngiao" title="Nam ngiao">nam ngiao</a> – A specialty of northern Thailand, it is Thai fermented rice noodles served with pork <a href="/wiki/Blood_tofu#Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tofu">blood tofu</a> and raw vegetables, in a sauce made with pork broth and tomato, crushed fried dry chilies, chicken blood, dry fermented soy bean, and dried red <a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">kapok</a> flowers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Khanom chin namya – round boiled rice noodles topped with a fish-based sauce and eaten with fresh leaves and vegetables.</li> <li>Khao kha mu – steamed rice served with <a href="/wiki/Red_cooking" title="Red cooking">red cooked</a> pork leg, steamed mustard greens, pickled cabbage, sweet-sour chili sauce, raw garlic, fresh bird's eye chilies, and boiled egg.</li> <li>Khao khluk kapi – rice stir fried with shrimp paste, served with sweetened pork and vegetables.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_man_kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao man kai">Khao man kai</a> – rice steamed in chicken stock with garlic, with boiled chicken, chicken stock, and a spicy dipping sauce. It is usually served with a bowl of radish soup, or <a href="/wiki/Nam_kaeng_hua_chai_thao" title="Nam kaeng hua chai thao">nam kaeng hua chai thao</a>.</li> <li>Khao mu daeng – slices of Thai-style Chinese <a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">char siu</a> is served with rice, sliced cucumber, and a thickened gravy. This often comes with a bowl of broth and a few stalks of raw scallions. Thick, black soy sauce with sliced chilies is used as condiment.</li> <li>Khao na pet – rice served with slices of red-roast duck, sliced cucumber, and a thickened gravy. It is served with the same spicy soy sauce condiment as aforementioned khao mu daeng and also often comes with a bowl of soup, and additional stalks of raw scallions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_fried_rice" title="Thai fried rice">Khao phat</a> – One of the most common rice dishes in Thailand. Usually with chicken, beef, shrimp, pork, crab, coconut or pineapple, or vegetarian (che; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เจ). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fried_rice" title="American fried rice">Khao phat American</a> – although devised in Thailand, it is called "American-style" fried rice because the rice is fried with tomato <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>, may contain raisins, and is served with a <a href="/wiki/Fried_egg" title="Fried egg">fried egg</a>, hot dogs, and bacon, which were all viewed as being typically American ingredients.</li> <li>Khao phat kai – fried rice with chicken.</li> <li>Khao phat mu – fried rice with pork.</li> <li>Khao phat pu – fried rice with crab meat.</li> <li>Khao phat kung – fried rice with shrimp.</li> <li>Khao phat naem – fried rice with fermented sausage (naem, a typically sausage from the northeast, it is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Nem_chua" title="Nem chua">nem</a> chua).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_soi" title="Khao soi">Khao soi</a> – curried noodle soup enriched with coconut milk (traditionally a novel ingredient in the cooking traditions of northern Thailand), garnished with crispy fried wheat noodles, and served with pickled cabbage, lime, a chili paste, and raw shallots on the side. Arguably Chiang Mai's most iconic dish, it was originally a dish of the <a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a>, Chinese-Muslim traders from <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Province in China.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG/220px-Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG/330px-Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG/440px-Kuai-tiao_rat_na_mu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Kuaitiao <a href="/wiki/Rat_na" title="Rat na">rat na</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Kuaitiao nam and bami nam – noodle soup can be eaten at any time of day; served with many combinations of proteins, vegetables, and spicy condiments. The word kuaitiao, although originally designating only sen yai (<a href="/wiki/Shahe_fen" title="Shahe fen">wide rice noodles</a>), is now used colloquially for rice noodles in general: sen mi (<a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">rice vermicelli</a>), sen lek (narrow rice noodles) and the aforementioned sen yai. The yellow egg noodles are called bami. Four condiments are usually provided on the table: sugar, fish sauce, chili flakes, and sliced chilies in vinegar. <ul><li>Kuaitiao lukchin pla – noodle soup with <a href="/wiki/Fish_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish balls">fish balls</a>.</li> <li>Bami mu daeng – egg noodles with Thai-style <a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">char siu</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Na" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat Na">Kuaitiao rat na</a> – wide rice noodles covered in a gravy, with beef, pork, chicken, shrimp, or seafood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_noodles" title="Boat noodles">Kuaitiao ruea</a> – also known as boat noodles in English, it is a rice noodle dish, which has a strong flavor. It contains both pork and beef, as well as dark soy sauce, pickled bean curd, and some other spices, and is normally served with meatballs and pig's liver.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Krop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi Krop">Mi Krop</a> – deep fried rice vermicelli with a sweet and sour sauce.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_noodles" title="Drunken noodles">Phat khi mao</a> – noodles stir fried with chilies and holy basil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_si-io" class="mw-redirect" title="Phat si-io">Phat si-io</a> – rice noodles (often kuai tiao) stir fried with si-io dam (thick sweet soy sauce) and nam pla (fish sauce) and pork or chicken.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">Pad thai</a> – rice noodles pan fried with fish sauce, sugar, lime juice or tamarind pulp, chopped peanuts, and egg combined with chicken, seafood, or tofu. It is listed at number five on the World's 50 most delicious foods readers' poll compiled by <a href="/wiki/CNNGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNGo">CNNGo</a> in 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangkok_shared_dishes">Bangkok shared dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bangkok shared dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg/220px-Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg/330px-Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg/440px-Thai_green_chicken_curry_and_roti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Kaeng khiao wan or <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">Green curry</a> with chicken, served with <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_style_Otah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thai_style_Otah.JPG/220px-Thai_style_Otah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thai_style_Otah.JPG/330px-Thai_style_Otah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thai_style_Otah.JPG/440px-Thai_style_Otah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ho mok pla can be likened to a fish curry pâté.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phanaeng_mu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phanaeng_mu.jpg/220px-Phanaeng_mu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phanaeng_mu.jpg/330px-Phanaeng_mu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phanaeng_mu.jpg/440px-Phanaeng_mu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Kaeng phanaeng or <a href="/wiki/Phanaeng_curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanaeng curry">Phanaeng curry</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ahan Krung Thep (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารกรุงเทพ; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Bangkok food'), the cuisine has also incorporated many <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> dishes. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gai_Pad_Khing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gai Pad Khing">Kai phat khing</a> – chicken stir fried with sliced ginger.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">Kaeng khiao wan</a> – called "green curry" in English, it is a coconut curry made with fresh green chillies and flavoured with Thai basil, and chicken or fish meatballs. This dish can be one of the spiciest of Thai curries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanaeng_curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanaeng curry">Kaeng phanaeng</a> – a mild creamy coconut curry with beef (phanaeng nuea), chicken, or pork. It includes some roasted dried spices similar to <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">kaeng matsaman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_curry" title="Red curry">Kaeng phet</a> (lit. 'spicy curry') – also known as red curry in English, it is a coconut curry made with copious amounts of dried red chillies in the curry paste.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_som" title="Kaeng som">Kaeng som</a> – a hot and sour soup/curry usually eaten together with rice</li> <li>Kai phat met mamuang himmaphan – The <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> style chicken with <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Cashew_chicken" title="Cashew chicken">cashew chicken</a>, fried with whole dried chilies.</li> <li>Phak bung fai daeng – stir fried <a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">morning glory</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yellow_bean_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow bean paste">yellow bean paste</a>.</li> <li>Phat phak ruam – stir fried combination of vegetables depending on availability and preference.</li> <li>Phat phrik – often eaten as <a href="/wiki/Nuea_pad_prik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuea pad prik">nuea phat phrik</a>: beef stir fried with chilli.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Pak_kanaa_moo_krob.jpg" title="File:Pak kanaa moo krob.jpg">Phat khana mu krop</a> – khana (<a href="/wiki/Gailan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gailan">gailan</a>) stir fried with crispy pork.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_kaphrao" title="Phat kaphrao">Phat kaphrao</a> – beef, pork, prawns, or chicken stir fried with <a href="/wiki/Thai_holy_basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai holy basil">Thai holy basil</a>, chillies, garlic, and soy sauce; for instance mu phat kaphrao /kaphrao mu with minced pork.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_suki" title="Thai suki">Suki</a> – a Thai variant of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a>.</li> <li>Thot man – deep fried fishcake made from <a href="/wiki/Notopteridae" title="Notopteridae">knifefish</a> (thot man pla krai) or shrimp (thot man kung).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_jued_tahoo.jpg" title="File:Tom jued tahoo.jpg">Tom chuet</a> or kaeng chuet – a clear soup with vegetables and, for instance, wunsen (<a href="/wiki/Cellophane_noodles" title="Cellophane noodles">cellophane noodles</a>), taohu (<a href="/wiki/Silken_tofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Silken tofu">silken tofu</a>), mu sap (minced pork), or het (mushrooms). It is of Thai Chinese origin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_kha_kai" title="Tom kha kai">Tom kha kai</a> – hot spicy soup with coconut milk, galangal, and chicken.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">Tom yam</a> – hot & sour soup with meat. With shrimp it is called tom yam goong or tom yam kung, with seafood (typically shrimp, squid, fish) tom yam thale, with chicken tom yam kai.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Thai_shared_dishes">Central Thai shared dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Central Thai shared dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Som_tam_thai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Som_tam_thai.JPG/220px-Som_tam_thai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Som_tam_thai.JPG/330px-Som_tam_thai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Som_tam_thai.JPG/440px-Som_tam_thai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Som tam, which contains peanuts, is the Central Thai dish that became famous internationally</figcaption></figure> Ahan Phak Klang (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารภาคกลาง; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'central region food') is most often eaten with the non-<a href="/wiki/Glutinous" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutinous">glutinous</a> <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">jasmine rice</a>. Due to the extensive, centuries-long contact between <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, the flavour principles of many Central Thai dishes, such as sour fish soups, stews and coconut-based curries, including <a href="/wiki/Steamed_curry" title="Steamed curry">steamed curries</a>, are almost identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian cuisine</a>, with the notable exception of Central Thai dishes containing much more chilli and sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Kofahl_and_David-68">[68]</a> <ul><li>Chuchi pla kaphong – snapper in chuchi curry sauce (thick red curry sauce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamed_curry" title="Steamed curry">Ho mok</a> pla – a <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">pâté</a> or <a href="/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9" title="Soufflé">soufflé</a> of fish, spices, coconut milk and egg, steamed in a banana leaf cup and topped with thick coconut cream before serving.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_steamed_fish_with_lime_juice.jpg" title="File:Thai steamed fish with lime juice.jpg">Pla nueng manao</a> – steamed fish with a spicy lime juice dressing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Pla_tub_tim_tod_samrod.jpg" title="File:Pla tub tim tod samrod.jpg">Pla sam rot</a> – literally, 'three flavours fish': deep fried fish with a sweet, tangy and spicy tamarind sauce.</li> <li>Pu cha – a mixture of cooked crab meat, pork, garlic and pepper, deep fried inside the crab shells and served with a simple spicy sauce, such as Sriracha sauce, sweet-hot garlic sauce, nam phrik phao (roasted chilli paste), nam chim buai (plum sauce), or in a red curry paste, with chopped green onions. It is sometimes also served as deep fried patties instead of being fried in the crab shell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">Som tam</a> – grated <a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">green papaya salad</a>, pounded with a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>, similar to the Laotian and Isan Tam mak hoong. There are three main variations There are three main variations: Som tam with peanuts, dried shrimp and palm sugar, Som tam pu with pickled <a href="/wiki/Rice-paddy_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice-paddy crab">rice-paddy crab</a>, and Som tam <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">pla ra</a> with salted <a href="/wiki/Gourami" title="Gourami">gourami</a> fish, white eggplants, fish sauce and <a href="/wiki/Long_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Long bean">long beans</a>. Som tam is usually eaten with sticky rice but a popular variation is to serve it with <a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">Khanom chin</a> (rice noodles) instead.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thot_man_khaophot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Thot_man_khaophot.JPG/220px-Thot_man_khaophot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Thot_man_khaophot.JPG/330px-Thot_man_khaophot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Thot_man_khaophot.JPG/440px-Thot_man_khaophot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Thot man khaophot deep-fried fritters made with corn and herbs, served with a sweet chilli sauce.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Yam – general name for many different kinds of sour <a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Thai salads</a>, such as those made with <a href="/wiki/Glass_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass noodles">glass noodles</a> (yam wunsen), with seafood (yam thale), or grilled beef (yam nuea). The dressing of a "yam" will normally consist of shallots, fish sauce, tomato, lime juice, sugar, chilies and Thai celery (khuenchai), or coriander.</li> <li>Yam pla duk fu – crispy fried catfish with a spicy, sweet-and-sour, green mango salad.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeastern_shared_dishes">Northeastern shared dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northeastern shared dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lap_mu_isan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lap_mu_isan.JPG/220px-Lap_mu_isan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lap_mu_isan.JPG/330px-Lap_mu_isan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lap_mu_isan.JPG/440px-Lap_mu_isan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Larb" title="Larb">Larb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky rice</a> is typical isan dish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Tam_Lao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2013_Tam_Lao.jpg/220px-2013_Tam_Lao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2013_Tam_Lao.jpg/330px-2013_Tam_Lao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2013_Tam_Lao.jpg/440px-2013_Tam_Lao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">Tam maak hoong</a>, more spicy and salty version of som tam, usually contains <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">pla ra</a> (a sauce of fermented fish).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaem71.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yamnaem71.JPG/220px-Yamnaem71.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yamnaem71.JPG/330px-Yamnaem71.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yamnaem71.JPG/440px-Yamnaem71.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Yam naem khao thot; the crisp rice balls are on the right</figcaption></figure> Ahan Isan (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารอีสาน; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> food') generally features dishes similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Laos</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan people</a> historically have close ties with <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a> culture and speak a language that is generally mutually intelligible with the <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of Isan is <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">glutinous rice</a> and most of the Isan food is spicy and cooked with local ingredients found on the farms all through northeastern Thailand. Isan people primarily get their income from farming. Rice, sugar cane, pineapple, potato, and rubber are all farmed in this region. <ul><li>Kaeng khae hoi (snail curry) – Kaeng khae hoi or kaeng khao khua hoi requires the same ingredients as kaeng khae except for using snails instead of chicken. Roasted ground rice thickens the liquid.</li> <li>Lap kai – Lap kai requires minced chicken meat and fresh chicken blood mixed with chili paste for lap made from roasted dried chilies and spices. It is usually eaten with a variety of vegetables and herbs that are pungent known as "phak kap lap". Lap dip refers to the uncooked kind. "Lap suk" is the cooked version which is stir fried with a little oil and water.</li> <li>Yam tao (paddy crabs in algae with eggplant) – Yam tao or tam tao is made from fresh water algae grown in paddy fields in Isan and 2–3 kinds of sliced eggplant with boiled crabs and ginger leaves as well as fresh bird chilies.</li> <li>Tam khai mot daeng (ant eggs and roasted vegetables) – Tam khai mot daeng is made the same as other kinds of "tam" dishes with roasted long peppers and two kinds of chopped mint to enhance the flavor. Shrimp paste is not used in this recipe.</li> <li>Namphrik maeng da (water beetle and chili dip) – This is a rather dry or very thick kind of chili dish. Any kind of chilies (preferably fresh) can be used. Other kinds of edible beetles or wasps or bees can be used instead of the maeng da. Because of the pungent odor of the maeng da, garlic should be left out.</li> <li>Yam phak kum dong (pickled phak kum leaf) – The greens of phak kum have to be pickled for at least three days the same way as pickling mustard greens (phak kat). This recipe calls for roasted dried chilies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_tok_mu" title="Nam tok mu">Nam tok mu</a> – made with pork (mu) or beef (nuea) and somewhat identical to Lap, except that the pork or beef is cut into thin strips rather than minced.</li> <li>No o (pickled bamboo shoots) – No o refers to bamboo shoots that have a strong smell by the process of quick pickling (2–3 days). Some recipes pickle the shoots with the peels and take off the peel just before boiling. Boiling should be rather long for a good result.</li> <li>Namphrik maeng chon (mola crickets and chili dip) – This kind of chili dish is rather dry and very thick. Use fresh chilies of any kind. Other kinds of edible insects or larvae can be used instead of mola crickets which will be called by the name of the insects used as the main ingredients such as wasp, grasshopper, or bee larvae (namphrik to, namphrik taen and namphrik phueng).</li> <li>Khai mot daeng – <a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">ant eggs</a> – clean and high in protein nutrients. Red ants eat mango leaves so their bodies taste like a squirt of lime, but their fresh eggs are fatty and sweet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_yang" title="Kai yang">Kai yang</a> – marinated, grilled chicken.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lap_mu_krop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lap_mu_krop.jpg/220px-Lap_mu_krop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lap_mu_krop.jpg/330px-Lap_mu_krop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lap_mu_krop.jpg/440px-Lap_mu_krop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Lap mu krop, is a variation on the standard lap</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larb" title="Larb">Lap</a> – a traditional Lao <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a> containing meat, onions, chillies, roasted rice powder, and garnished with mint.</li> <li>Nam chim chaeo – is a sticky, sweet and spicy dipping sauce made with dried chilies, fish sauce, palm sugar, and black roasted rice flour. It is often served as a dip with mu yang (grilled pork).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_mi_Khorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Phat mi Khorat">Phat mi Khorat</a> – a stir fried rice noodle dish commonly served with papaya salad in Thailand. Dried rice noodles of many colors are a specific ingredient for this dish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">Tam maak hoong</a> or Som tam pla ra – spicy papaya salad, similar to central thai som tam, but more spicy and less sweet, and containts <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">pla ra</a> (a sauce of fermented fish).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_rong_hai" title="Suea rong hai">Suea rong hai</a> - Grilled beef <a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">brisket</a>.</li> <li>Tom saep – Northeastern-style hot and sour soup.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_naem_khao_thot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam naem khao thot">Yam naem khao thot</a> or naem khluk – a salad made of crumbled rice-and-curry <a href="/wiki/Croquette" title="Croquette">croquettes</a> and sour pork sausage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_shared_dishes">Northern shared dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Northern shared dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/220px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/330px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/440px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A selection of northern Thai dishes, served as starters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miang_pla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Miang_pla.jpg/220px-Miang_pla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Miang_pla.jpg/330px-Miang_pla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Miang_pla.jpg/440px-Miang_pla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miang_kham" title="Miang kham">Miang</a> pla, literally means "wrapped fish"</figcaption></figure> Ahan Phak Nuea (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารภาคเหนือ; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'northern region food') shares certain dishes with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, in Burma, and with <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. As in northeastern Thailand, glutinous rice, not jasmine rice, is eaten as the staple food. <ul><li>Aep – Slow-grilled wrapped in banana leaves, this dish is most often made with chopped meat, small fish or <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">edible insects</a>, mixed with beaten eggs and spices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_hang_le" title="Kaeng hang le">Kaeng hang le</a> – a Burmese-influenced stewed pork curry which uses peanuts, dried chilies, tamarind juice and curry paste in the recipe, but no coconut milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_khae" title="Kaeng khae">Kaeng khae</a> – is a spicy curry of herbs, vegetables, the leaves of an acacia tree (<a href="/wiki/Cha-om" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-om">cha-om</a>) and meat (chicken, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, pork or <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a>). It does not contain coconut milk.</li> <li>Kaeng khanun – a curry of pork stewed with green jackfruit. Like all northern Thai curries, it does not contain coconut milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_pa" title="Kaeng pa">Kaeng pa</a> – Pa in this context has nothing to do with ahan pa ('jungle food'). It does not consist of ingredients found in the forest. It refers to a simple dish with spicy and salty flavours.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190922-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_rind#Thailand" title="Pork rind">Kaep mu</a> – deep fried crispy pork rinds, often eaten with chili pastes such as nam phrik num.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larb#Northern_Thai_larb" title="Larb">Lab nuea</a> – drier and smokier in taste, northern Thai larb does not contain lime or fish sauce. Instead it's flavoured and seasoned with a mix of ground dried chillies, dried spices like <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">star anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, and occasionally blood of the animal used.</li> <li>Nam phrik kha – thick relish made with roasted chilies, garlic, galangal, and salt. This specialty is often served as a dip for steamed mushrooms or steamed sliced beef shank.</li> <li>Nam phrik nam oi – brown sugar chili sauce – brown cane sugar sauce is good as a dip for such sour tasting fruit as green mangoes, mango plums, or tamarinds.</li> <li>Nam phrik nam pu – crab and chili Sauce – Namphrik nam pu is rather thick to almost dry. Many kinds of fresh chilies can be used also. Including smoked chilies.</li> <li>Nam phrik num – a chili paste of pounded large green chilies, shallots, garlic, coriander leaves, lime juice and fish sauce; eaten with steamed and raw vegetables, and sticky rice.</li> <li>Nam phrik pla – fish chili sauce – Namphrik pla or fish chili sauce can be a little thick or thin depending on the amount of liquid from the boiling fish one puts in it. Grilled fish can be used instead of boiled fish. Any kinds of fresh chilies can be used from mild to the hottest kinds to suit one's taste. It goes well with water clover, tips of lead tree greens, or crispy eggplant.</li> <li>Nam phrik ong – resembling a thick <a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">Bolognese sauce</a>, it is made with dried chilies, minced pork, fermented soy beans, and tomato; eaten with steamed and raw vegetables, and sticky rice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_ua" title="Sai ua">Sai ua</a> – a grilled sausage of ground pork mixed with spices and herbs; it is often served with chopped fresh ginger and chilies at a meal. It is sold at markets in Chiang Mai as a snack.</li> <li>Tam som-o – a salad made from the slightly pounded flesh of a pomelo fruit, which is mixed with garlic, sliced lemongrass, and a thick pungent black paste (nam pu) made from boiling down the juices and meat of rice-paddy crab.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_shared_dishes">Southern shared dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Southern shared dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaeng_som_kung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaeng_som_kung.jpg/220px-Kaeng_som_kung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaeng_som_kung.jpg/330px-Kaeng_som_kung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaeng_som_kung.jpg/440px-Kaeng_som_kung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A southern Thai kaeng som, a spicy and sour prawn and vegetable soup/curry.</figcaption></figure> Ahan Phak Tai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อาหารภาคใต้; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'southern region food') shares certain dishes with the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">cuisine of northern Malaysia</a>. Southern Thais, just like the people of central Thailand to the north, and the people of Malaysia to the south, eat non-glutinous rice as their staple food. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">Kaeng matsaman</a> – known in English as Massaman curry, is an Indian-Malay style curry of stewed beef containing roasted dried spices, such as coriander seeds, that are rarely found in other Thai curries. In 2011 <a href="/wiki/CNNGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNGo">CNNGo</a> ranked massaman as number one in an article titled World's 50 most delicious foods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_som" title="Kaeng som">Kaeng som</a> (southern Thai name) or kaeng lueang (central Thai name) – a sour curry with fish, vegetables or fruit, deriving its acidity from the use of tamarind juice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_tai_pla" title="Kaeng tai pla">Kaeng tai pla</a> – a thick sour vegetable curry made with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and shrimp paste, often containing roasted fish or fish innards, bamboo shoots, and eggplant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani#Thai_biryani" title="Biryani">Khao mok</a> – Thai-Malay style biryani, a specialty of southern Thailand's Malay community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kerabu" title="Nasi kerabu">Khao yam</a> – a rice salad from southern Thailand.</li> <li>Khua kling – a dry spicy curry made with minced or diced meat with sometimes yard long beans added to it; often served with fresh green phrik khi nu (Thai chilies) and finely shredded bai makrut (kaffir lime leaves).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Sate</a> – grilled meat, usually pork or chicken, served with cucumber salad and peanut sauce (of Malaysian-Indonesian origin, but now a popular street food in Thailand).</li> <li>Bai liang phat khai – or <a href="/wiki/Gnetum_gnemon" title="Gnetum gnemon">Gnetum gnemon</a> is native to Southeast Asia. It is widely used in Thai. Bai liang tastes sweet and a bit greasy, not rank and bitter like other species. It is commonly eaten as a vegetable with chili sauce and used to make a variety of dishes such as stir-fry with red curry. A popular dish is stir-fried with eggs called Bai liang phat khai.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desserts_and_sweets">Desserts and sweets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Desserts and sweets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_khanom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Thai khanom">List of Thai khanom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Guyomar_de_Pinha" title="Maria Guyomar de Pinha">Maria Guyomar de Pinha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg/220px-Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg/330px-Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg/440px-Thai_market_sweets_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A selection of sweet snacks at a market in Thailand</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khong_wan">Khong wan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Khong wan">edit</a>]</div> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ของหวาน; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: khong wan) lit. 'sweet things'). Although most Thai meals finish with fresh fruit, sometimes sweet snacks, often eaten between meals, will also be served as a dessert. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bua_loi" title="Bua loi">Bua loi</a> – mashed <a href="/wiki/Taro_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro root">taro root</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a> mixed with rice flour into small balls, boiled, then served in coconut milk.</li> <li>Chaokuai – <a href="/wiki/Grass_jelly" title="Grass jelly">grass jelly</a> is often served with only shaved ice and <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chor_muang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chor muang">Chor muang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_krok" title="Khanom krok">Khanom krok</a> – coconut-rice pancakes, one of the ancient Thai desserts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_krok_bai_toei" title="Khanom krok bai toei">Khanom krok bai toei</a> – ancient Thai dessert, shaped to look like flowers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_tom_mad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao tom mad">Khao tom mat</a> – a traditional Thai dessert prepared from sticky rice, coconut milk, and banana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chan" title="Khanom chan">Khanom chan</a> – multi-layers of <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a>-flavoured <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky rice</a> flour mixed with coconut milk. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_auspicious_Thai_desserts" title="Nine auspicious Thai desserts">nine auspicious Thai desserts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_dok_chok" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom dok chok">Khanom dok chok</a> – crispy lotus blossom cookie made from starch, eggs, and coconut milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_farang_kudi_chin" title="Khanom farang kudi chin">Khanom farang kudi chin</a> – a sponge cake of Portuguese origin made in the Kudi Chin community in Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/Thon_Buri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thon Buri District">Thon Buri District</a>. The cake was baked Portuguese-style in a wood-fired oven, but the pumpkin topping came from local Chinese who considered the fruit auspicious. It uses only three ingredients: flour, duck eggs, and sugar. The cake has been named by Bangkok City Hall as one of the six "local wisdoms" of Bangkok considered worthy of preservation.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chak" title="Khanom chak">Khanom chak</a> – sticky rice flour mixed with shredded coconut, covered with nipa palm leaves.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanom_ja_mongkut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanom ja mongkut (page does not exist)">Khanom ja mongkut</a> – One of nine auspicious Thai sweets made of egg yolks, coconut milk, sugar, and flour which is slow cooked until it becomes a paste, which is then carved into crown shapes.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20191123-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_kai_hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom kai hong">Khanom kai hong</a> – Sphere candy has mincemeat eaten only palace people in reign of King Rama I.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_kho" title="Khanom kho">Khanom kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_la" title="Khanom la">Khanom la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_mo_kaeng" title="Khanom mo kaeng">Khanom mo kaeng</a> – a sweet baked <a href="/wiki/Pudding" title="Pudding">pudding</a> containing coconut milk, eggs, palm sugar, and flour, sprinkled with sweet fried onions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_piakpun" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom piakpun">Khanom piakpun</a> – square shaped, made from coconut milk and pandan juice, cut into pieces and served.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_tan" title="Khanom tan">Khanom tan</a> – palm–flavoured mini cake topped with shredded coconut.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom tom">Khanom tom</a> – a rice flour dumpling filled with palm sugar and shredded coconut and topped with shredded coconut.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_thuai" title="Khanom thuai">Khanom thuai</a> talai – steamed sweet coconut jelly and cream.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_wong" title="Khanom wong">Khanom wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao lam">Khao lam</a> – cake made from steamed rice mixed with beans or peas, grated coconut, and coconut milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice" title="Mango sticky rice">Khao niao mamuang</a> – sticky rice cooked in sweetened thick coconut milk, served with slices of ripe mango.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_beans_sticky_rice" title="Black beans sticky rice">Khao niew tua dum</a> –sticky rice cooked in sweetened thick coconut milk with black turtle beans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluai_buat_chi" title="Kluai buat chi">Kluai buat chi</a> – bananas in coconut milk.</li> <li>Lot chong nam kathi – <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius" title="Pandanus amaryllifolius">pandan</a> flavoured <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> noodles in coconut milk, similar to the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Cendol" title="Cendol">cendol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuang_kuan" title="Mamuang kuan">Mamuang kuan</a> – sweets made from preserved mango, often sold as flat wafers, or as a roll.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_saimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti saimai">Roti saimai</a> – Thai-style cotton candy wrapped in roti.</li> <li>Ruam mit – mixed ingredients, such as chestnuts covered in flour, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_root#Uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus root">lotus root</a>, tapioca, and lot chong, in coconut milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangkhaya">Sangkhaya</a> – coconut custard variant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_custard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut custard">Sangkhaya fak thong</a> – egg and coconut <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a> served with pumpkin, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">coconut jam</a> of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarim_(dessert)" title="Sarim (dessert)">Sarim</a> – multi-colored mung bean flour noodles in sweetened coconut milk served with crushed ice.</li> <li>Tako – <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> scented coconut pudding set in cups of <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaf.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_yip" title="Thong yip">Thong yip</a>- "pinched gold egg yolks". One of the nine auspicious Thai desserts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_yot" title="Thong yot">Thong yot</a> – sweet round egg ball. One of the nine auspicious Thai desserts.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khao tom mat, sticky rice and banana"><img alt="Khao tom mat, sticky rice and banana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg/150px-Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg/225px-Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg/300px-Khao_tom_mat_sai_kluai_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khao tom mat, sticky rice and banana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_khrok.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom krok, coconut milk"><img alt="Khanom krok, coconut milk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khanom_khrok.jpg/113px-Khanom_khrok.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khanom_khrok.jpg/170px-Khanom_khrok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khanom_khrok.jpg/227px-Khanom_khrok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khanom krok, coconut milk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mango_sticy_rice_(3859549574).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khao niao mamuang, glutinous rice, fresh mango and coconut milk"><img alt="Khao niao mamuang, glutinous rice, fresh mango and coconut milk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/200px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/300px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/400px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khao niao mamuang, glutinous rice, fresh mango and coconut milk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thong_yib.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thong yip"><img alt="Thong yip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Thong_yib.jpg/200px-Thong_yib.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Thong_yib.jpg/300px-Thong_yib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Thong_yib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="206" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thong yip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kluai_buat_chi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kluai buat chi banana, coconut milk and coconut cream"><img alt="Kluai buat chi banana, coconut milk and coconut cream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kluai_buat_chi.jpg/175px-Kluai_buat_chi.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kluai_buat_chi.jpg/262px-Kluai_buat_chi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kluai_buat_chi.jpg/349px-Kluai_buat_chi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1714" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kluai buat chi banana, coconut milk and coconut cream</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_tom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom tom, glutinous rice powder, coconut cream, grated coconut, sugar and flavourings"><img alt="Khanom tom, glutinous rice powder, coconut cream, grated coconut, sugar and flavourings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khanom_tom.JPG/125px-Khanom_tom.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khanom_tom.JPG/188px-Khanom_tom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khanom_tom.JPG/251px-Khanom_tom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khanom tom, glutinous rice powder, coconut cream, grated coconut, sugar and flavourings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_tako_sai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom tako"><img alt="Khanom tako" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Khanom_tako_sai.jpg/150px-Khanom_tako_sai.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Khanom_tako_sai.jpg/225px-Khanom_tako_sai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Khanom_tako_sai.jpg/300px-Khanom_tako_sai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khanom tako</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo_kaeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom mo kaeng"><img alt="Khanom mo kaeng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mo_kaeng.jpg/99px-Mo_kaeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mo_kaeng.jpg/149px-Mo_kaeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mo_kaeng.jpg/199px-Mo_kaeng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khanom_mo_kaeng" title="Khanom mo kaeng">Khanom mo kaeng</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_cream">Ice cream</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ice cream">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Ice_Cream,_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg/220px-Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg/330px-Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg/440px-Coconut_Ice_Cream%2C_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ice cream with <a href="/wiki/Thapthim_krop" title="Thapthim krop">thapthim krop</a>, Bangkok</figcaption></figure> Ice cream was introduced to Thailand during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama V">King Rama V</a> when the first ice cream machine was imported to Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20140106-72">[72]</a> Ice cream in the second half of the 19th century was made of coconut water blended with ice. At first, ice could not be produced in Thailand. That led to importing ice from Singapore. Ice cream was then an upper-class treat, but over time ice cream became more widely available and the product was improved by replacing coconut water with coconut milk. There were two types of ice cream in Thailand. First, ice cream in the palace was made of coconut juice with roasted tamarind on top. Second, ice cream for the public was coconut ice cream with the scent of the Nommaeo flower with a slight sweet taste. The ice cream "tube" was born during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rama_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama VII">Rama VII</a>. Its ingredients were contained inside a zinc tube which was shaken until it solidified, then skewered stick to serve as a handle. It was sold by mobile vendors using dry ice and salt to keep the ice cream cold. Eventually, ice cream was manufactured and sold in small cups.<a href="#cite_note-Manager-73">[73]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>, aitim tat (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ไอติม">ไอติม</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:ตัด">ตัด</a>; "cut ice cream"), was very popular 30 years ago (1986). It came in rectangular bars of various flavors, sliced into pieces by the vendor, who then inserted two wooden sticks into the pieces to use as holders. Aitim tat was made from milk, coconut milk, flour, sugar, and artificial flavour. The price was one or two <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a>, depending on the size.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20140106-72">[72]</a> The Pop Company in the 1970s set up the first ice-cream manufacturing plant in Thailand. The company used a duck logo, resulting it the nickname aitim tra pet (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ไอติม">ไอติม</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ตรา">ตรา</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:เป็ด">เป็ด</a>; "duck brand ice cream").<a href="#cite_note-BP-20140106-72">[72]</a> It was sold in front of Chaloemchai Theater. Its most popular offering was called "banana split", with three flavors of ice cream, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry.<a href="#cite_note-Manager-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beverages">Beverages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beverages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thai beverages" redirects here. For for company Thai Beverage, see <a href="/wiki/ThaiBev" title="ThaiBev">ThaiBev</a>.</div> Khrueang duem (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เครื่องดื่ม; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'beverages') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_ice_tea#Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai ice tea">Cha yen</a> – Thai iced tea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krating_Daeng" title="Krating Daeng">Krating Daeng</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">energy drink</a> and the origin of <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a>.</li> <li>Nam maphrao – the juice of a young coconut, often served inside the coconut.</li> <li>Nam matum – a refreshing and healthy drink made from the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael tree</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nom_yen" title="Nom yen">Nom yen</a> – a drink made from sala syrup and hot milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a> – a sweet Thai black <a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">iced coffee</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Khao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Khao">Lao Khao</a> – a traditional <a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirits">distilled spirits</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> period, which perhaps give origin to <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> liquor called <a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(rice_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (rice wine)">Satho</a> – a traditional <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> region.</li> <li>Nam bai bua bok – A refreshing and healthy drink is made from the green leaf of the <a href="/wiki/Centella_asiatica" title="Centella asiatica">Centella asiatica</a>.</li></ul> Other alcoholic beverages from Thailand include Hong Thong, Phraya, Regency, <a href="/wiki/Mekhong_(spirit)" title="Mekhong (spirit)">Mekhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sang_Som" class="mw-redirect" title="Sang Som">Sang Som</a>. Several brands of beer are <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Thailand" title="Beer in Thailand">brewed in Thailand</a>; the two most prominent brands are <a href="/wiki/Singha" title="Singha">Singha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chang_(Thai_beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang (Thai beer)">Chang</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects">Insects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_insects_by_country" title="List of edible insects by country">List of edible insects by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insekten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insekten.jpg/220px-Insekten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insekten.jpg/330px-Insekten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insekten.jpg/440px-Insekten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>A street stall selling fried insects</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Edible insects</a>, whole or in chili paste and as ingredients in fortified products, are common in Thailand. Some claim that Thailand is the world leader in edible insects.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The UN <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) estimates that there are about 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">cricket</a> farms alone in 53 of Thailand's 76 provinces.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A wide range of <a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_insects_by_country#Thailand" title="List of edible insects by country">insects are eaten</a> in Thailand, especially in Isan and in the north. Many markets in Thailand sell deep-fried <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, crickets (ching-rit), <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> (non mai), <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant eggs</a> (khai mot) and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>. The culinary creativity even extends to naming: one tasty larva, which is also known under the name "bamboo worm" (non mai phai, <a href="/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis" title="Omphisa fuscidentalis">Omphisa fuscidentalis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> is colloquially called "express train" (rot duan) due to its appearance. Most insects reportedly taste fairly bland when deep-fried. In contrast to the bland taste of most of these insects, the maeng da or maelong da na (<a href="/wiki/Lethocerus_indicus" title="Lethocerus indicus">Lethocerus indicus</a>) has been described as having a very penetrating taste, similar to that of a very ripe <a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonzola cheese">gorgonzola cheese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Giant_water_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant water bug">giant water bug</a> is famously used in a chili dip called nam phrik maeng da.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Ant eggs and silkworms are eaten boiled in a soup in <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>, or used in egg dishes in northern Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Street_food,_food_courts,_and_market_food">Street food, food courts, and market food</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Street food, food courts, and market food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_market_food_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/220px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/330px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/440px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>A stall at a wet market in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> selling a wide selection of dishes</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand" title="Street food of Thailand">Street food of Thailand</a></div> The street food culture of much of Southeast Asia was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese immigrants</a> during the late 19th century. As a result, many Thai street foods are derived from or heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Street food was commonly sold by the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">ethnic Chinese population of Thailand</a> and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s, when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and by the 1970s, it had "displaced home-cooking."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The quality and choice of street food in Thailand is world-renowned. Bangkok is often mentioned as one of the best street food cities in the world, and even called the street food capital of the world.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The website <a href="/wiki/VirtualTourist" class="mw-redirect" title="VirtualTourist">VirtualTourist</a> says: "Few places in the world, if any, are as synonymous with street food as Thailand. For the variety of locations and abundance of options, we selected Bangkok, Thailand, as our number one spot for street food. Bangkok is notable for both its variety of offerings and the city's abundance of street hawkers."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> There is scarcely a Thai dish that is not sold by a street vendor or at a market somewhere in Thailand. Some specialize in only one or two dishes; others offer a complete menu that rival that of restaurants. Some sell only pre-cooked foods, while others make food to order. Foods that are made to order tend to be dishes that can be quickly prepared: quick stir fries with rice, such as phat kaphrao (spicy basil-fried minced pork, chicken, or seafood)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> or phat khana (stir fried <a href="/wiki/Gailan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gailan">gailan</a>) and quick curries such as pladuk phat phet (catfish fried with red curry paste). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_food_Yasothon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Street_food_Yasothon.jpg/220px-Street_food_Yasothon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Street_food_Yasothon.jpg/330px-Street_food_Yasothon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Street_food_Yasothon.jpg/440px-Street_food_Yasothon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Street food during the <a href="/wiki/Yasothon" title="Yasothon">Yasothon</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Festival" title="Rocket Festival">Rocket Festival</a></figcaption></figure> Noodles are a popular street food item as they are mainly eaten as a single dish. Chinese-style noodle soups, fried noodles, and fermented Thai rice noodles (<a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">khanom chin</a>), served with a choice of different Thai curries, are popular. Nearly everywhere in Thailand, you will see som tam (<a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">green papaya salad</a>) and sticky rice sold at stalls and roadside shops. This is popularly eaten together with grilled chicken, but if the shop does not sell any themselves, someone else nearby will. In most cities and towns there will be stalls selling sweet roti, a thin, flat fried dough envelope, with fillings such as banana, egg, and chocolate. The roti is similar to the Malay <a href="/wiki/Roti_canai" title="Roti canai">roti canai</a> and Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Roti_prata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti prata">roti prata</a>, and the stalls are often operated by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thai Muslims</a>. Sweets snacks, collectively called khanom, such as tako (coconut cream jelly), khanom man (coconut <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> cake), and khanom wun (flavored jellies), can be seen displayed on large trays in glass covered push-carts. Other sweets, such as <a href="/wiki/Khanom_bueang" title="Khanom bueang">khanom bueang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanom_krok" title="Khanom krok">khanom krok</a> (somewhat similar to Dutch <a href="/wiki/Poffertjes" title="Poffertjes">poffertjes</a>), are made to order. In the evenings, mobile street stalls, often only a scooter with a side car, drive by and temporarily set up shop outside bars in Thailand, selling kap klaem ("drinking food"). Popular kap klaem dishes sold by mobile vendors are grilled items such as sun-dried squid, meats on skewers, or grilled sour sausages, and deep-fried snacks such as fried insects or fried sausages. Peeled and sliced fruits are also sold from street carts, laid out on a bed of crushed ice to preserve their freshness. Salapao, steamed buns filled with meat or sweet beans and the Thai version of the Chinese steamed <a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">baozi</a>, are also commonly sold by mobile vendors. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg/220px-Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg/330px-Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg/440px-Tuk-tuk_fastfood_grill_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A motorcycle with a side car selling grilled fast food snacks</figcaption></figure> Food markets in Thailand, large open air halls with permanent stalls, tend to operate as a collection of street stalls, each vendor with their own set of tables and providing (limited) service, although some resemble the regular food courts at shopping malls and large supermarkets, with service counters and the communal use of tables. Food courts and food markets offer many of the same foods as street stalls, both pre-cooked as well as made to order. Night food markets, in the form of a collection of street stalls and mobile vendors, spring up in parking lots, along busy streets, and at temple fairs and local festivals in the evenings, when the temperatures are more agreeable and people have finished work. The dishes sold at <a href="/wiki/Wet_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet markets">wet markets</a> in Thailand tend to be offered pre-cooked. Many people go there, and also to street vendors, to buy food for at work, or to take back home. It is a common sight to see Thais carrying whole communal meals consisting of several dishes, cooked rice, sweets, and fruit, all neatly packaged in plastic bags and <a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">foam food containers</a>, to be shared with colleagues at work or at home with friends and family. Due to the fact that many dishes are similar to those that people would cook at home, it is a good place to find regional, and seasonal, foods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetarianism_in_Thailand">Vegetarianism in Thailand</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism in Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:283px;max-width:283px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg/170px-Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg/255px-Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg/340px-Thai_%22che%22_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="393" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ah-han-jay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ah-han-jay.png/105px-Ah-han-jay.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ah-han-jay.png/158px-Ah-han-jay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ah-han-jay.png/210px-Ah-han-jay.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Traditional Thai vegetarian restaurants will carry yellow signs with che (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เจ">เจ</a>) (left) or ahan che (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:อาหาร">อาหาร</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เจ">เจ</a>) (right) written in red in <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai script</a>.</div></div></div></div> Although the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Emperor_Gods_Festival" title="Nine Emperor Gods Festival">Vegetarian Festival</a> is celebrated each year by a portion of Thailand's population, and many restaurants in Thailand will offer vegetarian food during this festival period, pure vegetarian food is usually difficult to find in normal restaurants and eateries in Thailand. All traditionally made <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curries</a>, for instance, contain <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> is used as salt in many Thai dishes. At shops and restaurants that specifically cater to vegetarians, substitutes for these ingredients are used. Meat dishes are also commonly part of the <a href="/wiki/Alms_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alms (Buddhism)">alms</a> offered to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhist monks in Thailand</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> is not considered obligatory in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, but having an animal killed specifically to feed Buddhist monks is prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg/220px-Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg/330px-Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg/440px-Yam_huapli_thot_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A salad made with deep-fried banana blossom at a vegetarian restaurant in Chiang Mai</figcaption></figure> In most towns and cities, traditional <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist vegetarian fare</a>, without any meat or seafood products of any kind and also excluding certain strong tasting vegetables and spices, is sold at specialized vegetarian restaurants which can be recognized by a yellow sign with in Thai script the word che (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เจ">เจ</a>) or ahan che (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:อาหาร">อาหาร</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:เจ">เจ</a>) written on it in red. These restaurants serve what can be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> food. Many Indian restaurants of the sizable <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Thai-Indian community</a> will also have vegetarian dishes on offer, due to the fact that vegetarianism is held as an ideal by many <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">followers of the Hindu faith</a>. Indian vegetarian cuisine can incorporate <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. Due to the increased demand for vegetarian food from foreign tourists, many hotels, guesthouses and restaurants that cater to them will now also have vegetarian versions of Thai dishes on their menu. <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescatarians</a> would have very few problems with Thai cuisine due to the abundance of Thai dishes which only contain fish and seafood as their source of animal protein.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_diplomacy">Culinary diplomacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culinary diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r,_peanuts_og_chili_(6200203175)_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg/220px-Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg/330px-Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg/440px-Restaurant_Kiin_Kiin_Ingef%C3%A6r%2C_peanuts_og_chili_%286200203175%29_adjusted_cropped_resized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>A dish of peanuts, ginger, and chili, Kiin Kiin (Copenhagen)</figcaption></figure> Thai cuisine only became well-known worldwide from the 1960s on, when <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Thailand became a destination for international tourism</a> and US troops arrived in large numbers during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The number of Thai restaurants went up from four in the 1970s <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to between two and three hundred in less than 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-Sunanta-94">[94]</a>: 3–4  The earliest attested Thai restaurant in the United States, "Chada Thai", opened its doors in 1959 in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado. It was run by the former newspaper publisher Lai-iad (Lily) Chittivej. The oldest Thai restaurant in London, "The Bangkok Restaurant", was opened in 1967 by Mr and Mrs <a href="/wiki/Bunnag_family" title="Bunnag family">Bunnag</a>, a former Thai diplomat and his wife, in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The global popularity of Thai cuisine is seen as an important factor in promoting tourism, and also increased exports of Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">agricultural sector</a>. From the 2000s, it was developed as a deliberate <a href="/wiki/Gastrodiplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiplomacy">gastrodiplomacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Premiership of Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin administration</a> (2001–2006) launched the "Kitchen of the World" campaign early in its tenure to promote Thai cuisine internationally, with a yearly budget of 500 million <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a>. It provided loans and training for <a href="/wiki/Restaurateur" title="Restaurateur">restaurateurs</a> seeking to establish Thai restaurants overseas; established the "Thai Select" certification program which encouraged the use of ingredients imported from Thailand; and promoted integration between Thai investors, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways</a>, and the Tourism Authority of Thailand with Thai restaurants overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Sunanta-94">[94]</a>: 10–12  The "Global Thai" program, launched in 2002, was a government-led culinary diplomacy initiative. It aimed to boost the number of Thai restaurants worldwide to 8,000 by 2003 from about 5,500 previously.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-20020221-96">[96]</a> By 2011, that number had swelled to more than 10,000 Thai restaurants worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The program was explained in Thailand: Kitchen of the World, an e-book published to promote the program. The point of the e-book: "In the view of the Export Promotion Department, Thai restaurants have a good business potential that can be developed to maintain a high level of international recognition. To achieve that goal, the department is carrying out a public relations campaign to build up a good image of the country through Thai restaurants worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-KOTW-98">[98]</a>: Chapter 7  The Department of Export Promotion of the Thai <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)">Ministry of Commerce</a> offers potential restaurateurs plans for three different "master restaurant" types—from fast food to elegant—which investors can choose as a prefabricated restaurant plan.<a href="#cite_note-ThaiSelect-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice-20180329-100">[100]</a> Concomitantly, the <a href="/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-Import Bank of Thailand">Export-Import Bank of Thailand</a> offered loans to Thai nationals aiming to open restaurants abroad, and the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Bank of Thailand set up an infrastructure for loans of up to US$3 million for overseas food industry initiatives, including Thai restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-20180329-100">[100]</a> One survey conducted in 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Sasin_Graduate_Institute_of_Business_Administration_of_Chulalongkorn_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University">Kellogg School of Management and Sasin Institute</a> showed that Thai cuisine ranked fourth when people were asked to name an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> cuisine, after <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>. When asked "what is your favourite cuisine?", Thailand's cuisine came in at sixth place, behind the three aforementioned cuisines, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sunanta-94">[94]</a>: 3–4  In June 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand" title="Tourism Authority of Thailand">Tourism Authority of Thailand</a> organised a conference to discuss these matters at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_National_Convention_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre">Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre</a> in Bangkok. TAT Governor Seree Wangpaichitr said, "This conference was long overdue. The promotion of Thai cuisine is one of our major niche-market targets. Our figures show that visitors spent 38.8 billion baht on eating and drinking last year, up 16% over 1997."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the list of the "World's 50 most delicious foods", compiled by <a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN</a> in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">som tam</a> stands at place 46, <a href="/wiki/Nam_tok_(food)" title="Nam tok (food)">nam tok</a> mu at 19, <a href="/wiki/Tom_yum" title="Tom yum">tom yam</a> kung at 8, and <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">massaman curry</a> stands on first place as most delicious food in the world.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In a reader's poll held a few months later by CNN, Nam tok mu came in at 36, Thai fried rice at 24, green curry at 19, massaman curry at 10, and Thai som tam, pad thai, and tom yam kung at six, five, and four.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 2012, the British <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_(magazine)" title="Restaurant (magazine)">Restaurant Magazine</a> included <a href="/wiki/Nahm" title="Nahm">Nahm Bangkok</a> of chef <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(chef)" title="David Thompson (chef)">David Thompson</a> in its yearly list of <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants" title="The World's 50 Best Restaurants">The World's 50 Best Restaurants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Thai chefs of the Thailand Culinary Academy took second place in the Gourmet Team Challenge (Practical) of the FHC China International Culinary Arts Competition 14 in Shanghai, China on 14–16 November 2012. They won the IKA Culinary Olympic 2012 competition held in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Germany between 5–10 October 2012, where they received four gold and one silver medal.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/James_Beard_Foundation_Award" title="James Beard Foundation Award">James Beard Foundation Award</a> for Best Chef in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a>, was presented to <a href="/wiki/Andy_Ricker" title="Andy Ricker">Andy Ricker</a> of restaurant "<a href="/wiki/Pok_Pok" title="Pok Pok">Pok Pok</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, and for Best Chef in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> to Saipin Chutima of restaurant "Lotus of Siam" in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Nevada" title="Winchester, Nevada">Winchester, Nevada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michelin_stars">Michelin stars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Michelin stars">edit</a>]</div> Three restaurants that specialize in Thai cuisine, but are owned by non-Thai chefs, have received <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin stars</a>: <ul><li>2002 – 2011 "<a href="/wiki/Nahm" title="Nahm">Nahm</a>" in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, run by chef <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(chef)" title="David Thompson (chef)">David Thompson</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>2009 – "Kiin Kiin" in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, run by chef Henrik Yde-Andersen and <a href="/wiki/Lertchai_Treetawatchaiwong" title="Lertchai Treetawatchaiwong">Lertchai Treetawatchaiwong</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>2015 – "<a href="/wiki/Pok_Pok" title="Pok Pok">Pok Pok</a> NY" in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, run by chef <a href="/wiki/Andy_Ricker" title="Andy Ricker">Andy Ricker</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_tours_and_cooking_courses">Culinary tours and cooking courses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culinary tours and cooking courses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_(3195324838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/220px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/330px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/440px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Food tours and cooking courses in Thailand almost always include a trip to the local market.</figcaption></figure> Culinary tours of Thailand have gained popularity in recent years. Alongside other forms of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">tourism in Thailand</a>, food tours have carved a niche for themselves. Many companies offer culinary and cooking tours of Thailand and many tourists visiting Thailand attend cooking courses offered by hotels, guesthouses and cooking schools.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_interventions">Governmental interventions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Governmental interventions">edit</a>]</div> The Thai government believes that a substandard Thai restaurant meal served abroad "...sabotages the country's reputation."<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> To ensure the quality of Thai food abroad, the government has over the years initiated a series of programs designed to create universal standards for Thai food. In 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Finance (Thailand)">Ministry of Finance</a> sent officials to the US to award certificates to deserving restaurants. On their return the project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> Soon thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labor_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labor (Thailand)">Ministry of Labor</a> created Krua Thai Su Krua Lok ('Thai kitchen goes global'). Its centerpiece was a 10-day Thai cooking course for those who wanted to prepare Thai food overseas.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> The effort was short-lived. After some officials had a bad Thai meal abroad, in 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck administration</a> had the idea of standardising Thai food everywhere. The <a href="/wiki/National_Food_Institute_of_Thailand" title="National Food Institute of Thailand">National Food Institute (NFI)</a> came up with a program called Rod Thai Tae ('authentic Thai taste').<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> A parallel effort was called the "Thai Delicious" project. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thai_Delicious_project">Thai Delicious project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Thai Delicious project">edit</a>]</div> Thailand's National Innovation Agency (NIA), a public organization under the Thai <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Science and Technology">Ministry of Science and Technology</a>, spearheaded a 30 million baht (US$1 million),<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140928-113">[113]</a> effort by the government to: <ul><li>Develop Thai recipes with "authentic taste" and establish them as standard recipes</li> <li>Develop biosensor equipment to analyze and evaluate taste and flavors</li> <li>Develop institutional food (ready-to-cook products) based on the standardized recipes to meet the demand for Thai food in foreign countries</li> <li>Provide a food certification service as well as training for local and foreign chefs working in Thai restaurants worldwide<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ul> The agency has posted 11 "authentic" recipes for <a href="/wiki/Tom_yum" title="Tom yum">tom yam</a> kung (nam sai), tom yam kung (nam khon), <a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">pad thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">Massaman curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">kaeng khiao wan</a> (green curry), <a href="/wiki/Yellow_curry" title="Yellow curry">kaeng lueang</a> (southern Thai sour curry), golek chicken sauce, <a href="/wiki/Khao_soi" title="Khao soi">khao soi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sai_ua" title="Sai ua">sai ua</a> (northern Thai sausage), <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">nam phrik num</a> (green pepper chili paste), and <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_ong" title="Nam phrik ong">nam phrik ong</a> (northern Thai chili paste).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> These recipes were featured at a gala dinner promoting "Authentic Thai Food for the World", held at the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e" title="Plaza Athénée">Plaza Athénée</a> Hotel Bangkok on 24 August 2016 at which Thailand's Minister of Industry was the honored guest.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> By 2020, Thai Delicious plans to post over 300 Thai food recipes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> To determine authenticity, Thai researchers developed the "e-delicious machine", described as "...an intelligent robot that measures smell and taste in food ingredients through sensor technology in order to measure taste like a food critic."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The machine evaluates food by measuring its conductivity at different voltages. Readings from 10 sensors are combined to produce a chemical signature. Because the machine cannot judge taste, the food is compared with a standard derived from a database of popular preferences for each dish. For <a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">tom yam</a>, the spicy soup flavored with <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">Kaffir lime</a> leaves and <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, researchers posted notices at <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a> in Bangkok, requesting 120 tasters. The tasters—students, university staff, and area workers—were paid a few <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a> for their opinions. They were served 10 differently prepared soups and rated each one. The winning soup was declared the standard, and its chemical characteristics were programmed into the machine. When testing food, the machine returns a numerical score from one to 100. A score lower than 80 is deemed "not up to standard". The machine cost about US$100,000 to develop.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140928-113">[113]</a> Restaurants that follow officially sanctioned recipes can affix a "Thai Delicious" logo to their menus.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140928-113">[113]</a> Each machine sold for 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a>. This project was shelved.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> The Thai Delicious project has been criticized, the main rationale being that "Standardisation is the enemy of Thai food."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Some observers think, however, that the quality of Thai food, at least in the US, is declining with its increased popularity,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> a state of affairs that Thai Delicious aims to fix. In August 2018, Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)">Ministry of Commerce</a> kicked off a project called "Thai Select". It issues certificates in three grades to domestic Thai restaurants: gold (five stars); red (four stars); and orange (three stars). The goal is to enable tourists to Thailand to choose a worthy restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20190113-112">[112]</a> Culture Minister Vira Rojpojchanarat announced in 2018 that between 2020 and 2024, his ministry will investigate ways to preserve authentic Thai cuisine from the increasing influence of foreign dishes. "Unique in its preparation with recipes handed down for generations, Thai culinary art needs better protection against foreign influences which are now changing the look and taste of certain local dishes," he warned. The plan will conform to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage">Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>, initiated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>). The 2003 convention intends to protect the "uses, representations, expressions, knowledge and techniques that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, recognised as an integral part of their cultural heritage".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_reduction_efforts">Salt reduction efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Salt reduction efforts">edit</a>]</div> On average, Thai people consume 4,300 mg of sodium per day, twice the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>'s recommended maximum.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Thai street food is one of the top three contributors to high salt intake. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)">Public Health Ministry</a> has embarked on a program to reduce the population's salt consumption by 30 percent.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">List of Thai dishes</a> (includes names in <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients" title="List of Thai ingredients">List of Thai ingredients</a> (includes names in <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_khanom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Thai khanom">List of Thai khanom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_restaurants" title="List of Thai restaurants">List of Thai restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_desserts_and_snacks" title="List of Thai desserts and snacks">List of Thai desserts and snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Thai salads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_royal_cuisine" title="Khmer royal cuisine">Khmer royal cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation news cs1">Tucker, Ian (19 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/19/bangkok-thai-street-food-david-thompson">"One night in Bangkok on the trail of Thai street food"</a>. The Observer. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204194118/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/19/bangkok-thai-street-food-david-thompson">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=One+night+in+Bangkok+on+the+trail+of+Thai+street+food&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2010%2Fsep%2F19%2Fbangkok-thai-street-food-david-thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP-20190922-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20190922_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20190922_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukphisit2019" class="citation news cs1">Sukphisit, Suthon (22 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1755664/curry-extraordinaire">"Curry extraordinaire"</a>. Bangkok Post. No. B Magazine. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708091757/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Your+pick%3A+World%27s+50+best+foods&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.au=Tim+Cheung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fexplorations%2Feat%2Freaders-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125120930/http://www.thaicarving.co.uk/php/history.php">"The History of Thai Fruit and Vegetable Carving"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaicarving.co.uk/php/history.php">the original</a> on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Thai+Fruit+and+Vegetable+Carving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaicarving.co.uk%2Fphp%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indthai-5"><a href="#cite_ref-indthai_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Historical-Ties-India-and-Thailand-1.aspx">"Historical Ties India and Thailand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128152426/http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Historical-Ties-India-and-Thailand-1.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+Ties+India+and+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esamskriti.com%2Fessay-chapters%2FHistorical-Ties-India-and-Thailand-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ภาสกรวงษ์-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ภาสกรวงษ์_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mae Krua Hua Pa (แม่ครัวหัวป่าก์). Bangkok: Sataporn Books. 1908. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-160-04279-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-160-04279-1"><bdi>978-6-160-04279-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mae+Krua+Hua+Pa+%28%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%29&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Sataporn+Books&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-6-160-04279-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pewporchai-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Pewporchai_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A Study of Cooking Terms in Thai Recipe Book: A Case of Her Ladyship Plian Bhaskarawongse's "Mae Krua Hua Pa" Recipe Book". Journal of Liberal Arts: 138–165. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberal+Arts&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Cooking+Terms+in+Thai+Recipe+Book%3A+A+Case+of+Her+Ladyship+Plian+Bhaskarawongse%27s+%22Mae+Krua+Hua+Pa%22+Recipe+Book&rft.pages=138-165&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015072010/http://thailand.prd.go.th/ebook/kitchen/content/ch3.html">"Chapter3"</a>. Thailand.prd.go.th. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thailand.prd.go.th/ebook/kitchen/content/ch3.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter3&rft.pub=Thailand.prd.go.th&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthailand.prd.go.th%2Febook%2Fkitchen%2Fcontent%2Fch3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cummings_(travel_writer)" title="Joe Cummings (travel writer)">Cummings, Joe</a> (2000). World Food: Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food%3A+Thailand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135622/http://www.thaiso.com/thailand-a-z/thai-food.htm">"Thai Food"</a>. thaiso.com. 20 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaiso.com/thailand-a-z/thai-food.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Food&rft.pub=thaiso.com&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaiso.com%2Fthailand-a-z%2Fthai-food.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolger_Y._ToschkaValeeratana_K._SinsawasdiNithiya_Rattanapanone2022" class="citation book cs1">Holger Y. Toschka; Valeeratana K. Sinsawasdi; Nithiya Rattanapanone, eds. (2022). "Thai Cuisine Identity". The Science of Thai Cuisine: Chemical Properties and Sensory Attributes. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-02328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-02328-1"><bdi>978-1-032-02328-1</bdi></a>. <q>Apart from that, it is the Isan or northeastern Thai cuisine that reflects the essence of the arid Khorat Plaetau and its food sources. These are similar to the culture of Laos, enriched by the Khmer cuisine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thai+Cuisine+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Thai+Cuisine%3A+Chemical+Properties+and+Sensory+Attributes&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-032-02328-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faafood.net/2012/03/thai-royal-cuisine.html">"Royal Thai Cuisine"</a>. Thai Food Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615123657/http://www.faafood.net/2012/03/thai-royal-cuisine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2012. 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Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thai+Recipes+Today&rft.atitle=Thai+Food+and+Culture&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thai-recipes-today.com%2Fthai-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Albala2011" class="citation book cs1">Ken Albala, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. 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Retrieved 23 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Alert+sounded+over+pesticides+in+hydroponic+veggies&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F1400206%2Falert-sounded-over-pesticides-in-hydroponic-veggies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP-20191110-58"><a href="#cite_ref-BP-20191110_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWipatayotin2019" class="citation news cs1">Wipatayotin, Apinya (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1791074/farmers-despair-over-chemical-ban">"Farmers despair over chemical ban"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Farmers+despair+over+chemical+ban&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Wipatayotin&rft.aufirst=Apinya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fspecial-reports%2F1791074%2Ffarmers-despair-over-chemical-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPA-20191128-59"><a href="#cite_ref-BPA-20191128_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWipatayotin2019" class="citation news cs1">Wipatayotin, Apinya (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1803544/uproar-at-ban-delay">"Uproar at ban delay"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Uproar+at+ban+delay&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Wipatayotin&rft.aufirst=Apinya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1803544%2Fuproar-at-ban-delay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tna.mcot.net/view/y3-ELeY">"Chair of Pharmacy Council Resigns From NHSC"</a>. Thai News Agency. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chair+of+Pharmacy+Council+Resigns+From+NHSC&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftna.mcot.net%2Fview%2Fy3-ELeY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-BPB-20191128-61"><a href="#cite_ref-BPB-20191128_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWipatayotin2019" class="citation news cs1">Wipatayotin, Apinya (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1804119/farm-chemicals-ban-still-in-force-insist-health-officials">"Farm chemicals ban still in force, insist health officials"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Farm+chemicals+ban+still+in+force%2C+insist+health+officials&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Wipatayotin&rft.aufirst=Apinya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1804119%2Ffarm-chemicals-ban-still-in-force-insist-health-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1103277/panel-blasts-halal-pork-logo">"Panel blasts 'halal' pork logo"</a>. Bangkok Post. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Panel+blasts+%27halal%27+pork+logo&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F1103277%2Fpanel-blasts-halal-pork-logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/world/1103892/one-third-of-fish-sauces-found-below-standard">"One-third of fish sauces found below standard"</a>. Bangkok Post. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=One-third+of+fish+sauces+found+below+standard&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fworld%2F1103892%2Fone-third-of-fish-sauces-found-below-standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712212529/http://www.eatingthaifood.com/2012/01/thai-breakfast-food-dishes/">"Thai Breakfast: 13 of the Most Popular Dishes"</a>. Eating Thai Food. 24 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eatingthaifood.com/2012/01/thai-breakfast-food-dishes/">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Breakfast%3A+13+of+the+Most+Popular+Dishes&rft.pub=Eating+Thai+Food&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eatingthaifood.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fthai-breakfast-food-dishes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrbreakfast.com/w_asia.asp">"Breakfast In Asia"</a>. MrBreakfast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530065630/http://www.mrbreakfast.com/w_asia.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breakfast+In+Asia&rft.pub=MrBreakfast.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrbreakfast.com%2Fw_asia.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622004738/http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/832514">"Bangkok – A Taste of Pa Thong Ko (Thai Crullers) in Yaowarat – China & Southeast Asia – Chowhound"</a>. Chowhound.chow.com. 8 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/832514">the original</a> on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangkok+%E2%80%93+A+Taste+of+Pa+Thong+Ko+%28Thai+Crullers%29+in+Yaowarat+%E2%80%93+China+%26+Southeast+Asia+%E2%80%93+Chowhound&rft.pub=Chowhound.chow.com&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchowhound.chow.com%2Ftopics%2F832514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616201434/http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=71">"Khanomchin nam-ngeo – Lanna Food – Northern Thai Information Center, Chiang Mai University Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=71">the original</a> on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khanomchin+nam-ngeo+%E2%80%93+Lanna+Food+%E2%80%93+Northern+Thai+Information+Center%2C+Chiang+Mai+University+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cmu.ac.th%2Fntic%2Fen_lannafood%2Fdetail_lannafood.php%3Fid_food%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kofahl_and_David-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Kofahl_and_David_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKofahlDavid2017" class="citation book cs1">Kofahl, Daniel; David, Wahyudi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0smDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP13">Food Culture of Southeast Asia: Perspectives of Social Science and Food Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kassel_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassel University Press">Kassel University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-737-60286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-737-60286-0"><bdi>978-3-737-60286-0</bdi></a>. <q>By contrast, the flavor principles of "Central Thai cuisine" (hereafter referred to simply as "Thai cuisine") are almost identical to those of neighboring Cambodia. The endless variations of sour fish soups or stews, along with the curries prepared with coconut milk (including the national dish amok), for example, will be familiar to anybody coming to Bangkok. One may well be surprised, though, to discover that Khmer cooks consider chili superfluous, like the liberal use of sugar, typical of modern Bangkok fare. The close culinary affinity becomes all the more apparent when contrasting the cuisine of Cambodia to that of Thailand's Northeast (and the related food of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Their flavour principles have little in common indeed. The reason for this affinity between Thai and Cambodian cuisine is most likely the pronounced, centuries-long contact between the empires of Angkor and Ayutthaya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Perspectives+of+Social+Science+and+Food+Science&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Kassel+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-737-60286-0&rft.aulast=Kofahl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=David%2C+Wahyudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0smDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWancharoen2018" class="citation news cs1">Wancharoen, Supoj (28 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1454126/a-delicious-slice-of-history">"A delicious slice of history"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=A+delicious+slice+of+history&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft.aulast=Wancharoen&rft.aufirst=Supoj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-reports%2F1454126%2Fa-delicious-slice-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangertalk.co/thailands-portuguese-cakes/">"Thailand's Portuguese Cakes"</a>. Strangertalk. 4 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181016/http://www.strangertalk.co/thailands-portuguese-cakes/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strangertalk&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Portuguese+Cakes&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strangertalk.co%2Fthailands-portuguese-cakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP-20191123-71"><a href="#cite_ref-BP-20191123_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThepthong2019" class="citation news cs1">Thepthong, Phitsanu (23 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1800384/museum-goes-its-own-sweet-way#cxrecs_s">"Museum goes its own sweet way"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Museum+goes+its+own+sweet+way&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft.aulast=Thepthong&rft.aufirst=Phitsanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1800384%2Fmuseum-goes-its-own-sweet-way%23cxrecs_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP-20140106-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20140106_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20140106_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20140106_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharoenpo2014" class="citation news cs1">Charoenpo, Anucha (6 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/nostalgia/388157/ancient-ice-cream-still-worth-a-lick">"Ancient ice-cream still worth a lick"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Ancient+ice-cream+still+worth+a+lick&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.aulast=Charoenpo&rft.aufirst=Anucha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fnostalgia%2F388157%2Fancient-ice-cream-still-worth-a-lick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manager-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manager_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manager_73-1">b</a> "ย้อนตำนานไอศกรีม สู่วัฒนธรรมการกินที่หลากหลาย" . <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Daily/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9550000047164">http://www.manager.co.th/Daily/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9550000047164</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118152444/http://www.manager.co.th/Daily/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9550000047164">Archived</a> 18 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 17 เมษายน 2555 11:36 น. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard2019" class="citation news cs1">Board, Jack (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032">"Food of the future? Five-star edible insects served up as Thailand gets creative with bug business"</a>. Channel News Asia (CNA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819123158/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia+%28CNA%29&rft.atitle=Food+of+the+future%3F+Five-star+edible+insects+served+up+as+Thailand+gets+creative+with+bug+business&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Board&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fthailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcocer2018" class="citation news cs1">Alcocer, Jesus (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1505534/putting-out-feelers-in-the-cricket-market">"Putting out feelers in the cricket market"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Putting+out+feelers+in+the+cricket+market&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Alcocer&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-reports%2F1505534%2Fputting-out-feelers-in-the-cricket-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNJn.d." class="citation web cs1">NJ (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104110644/http://shatterthelookingglass.com/eat-it-like-a-local-bamboo-worms/">"Eat It Like a Local: Bamboo Worms"</a>. Shatter the Looking Glass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shatterthelookingglass.com/eat-it-like-a-local-bamboo-worms/">the original</a> on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shatter+the+Looking+Glass&rft.atitle=Eat+It+Like+a+Local%3A+Bamboo+Worms&rft.au=NJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshatterthelookingglass.com%2Feat-it-like-a-local-bamboo-worms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Fers2012" class="citation book cs1">El-Fers, Mohamed (6 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEvTAwAAQBAJ&q=the+maeng+da+described+as&pg=PA75">Historic ABC of Thailand</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4717-7557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4717-7557-4"><bdi>978-1-4717-7557-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927134521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEvTAwAAQBAJ&q=the+maeng+da+described+as&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+ABC+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4717-7557-4&rft.aulast=El-Fers&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEvTAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmaeng%2Bda%2Bdescribed%2Bas%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Fers2012" class="citation book cs1">El-Fers, Mohamed (6 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEvTAwAAQBAJ&q=This+giant+water+bug+is+famously+used+in+a+chili+dip&pg=PA75">Historic ABC of Thailand</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4717-7557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4717-7557-4"><bdi>978-1-4717-7557-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928042705/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEvTAwAAQBAJ&q=This+giant+water+bug+is+famously+used+in+a+chili+dip&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+ABC+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4717-7557-4&rft.aulast=El-Fers&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEvTAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThis%2Bgiant%2Bwater%2Bbug%2Bis%2Bfamously%2Bused%2Bin%2Ba%2Bchili%2Bdip%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=100">"Chio khai mot-daeng"</a>. Lanna Food. Northern Thai Information Center (NTIC), Chiang Mai University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630042645/http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=100">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lanna+Food&rft.atitle=Chio+khai+mot-daeng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cmu.ac.th%2Fntic%2Fen_lannafood%2Fdetail_lannafood.php%3Fid_food%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Petrini2001" class="citation book cs1">Carlo Petrini (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&q=%22street+food%22+typical&pg=PA63">Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ...</a> Chelsea Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603581721" title="Special:BookSources/9781603581721"><bdi>9781603581721</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927090649/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&q=%22street+food%22+typical&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Food%3A+Collected+Thoughts+on+Taste%2C+Tradition%2C+and+the+Honest+Pleasures+...&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=9781603581721&rft.au=Carlo+Petrini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVf94-rwpJ8C%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2Btypical%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Thompson2009" class="citation book cs1">David Thompson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FF8Sjr479AC&q=%22street+food%22+traditions&pg=PT20">Thai Street Food</a>. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580082846" title="Special:BookSources/9781580082846"><bdi>9781580082846</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927090654/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FF8Sjr479AC&q=%22street+food%22+traditions&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+Street+Food&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter%2FTen+Speed&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781580082846&rft.au=David+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FF8Sjr479AC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2Btraditions%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._W._Higman2011" class="citation book cs1">B. W. Higman (8 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PT130">How Food Made History</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444344653" title="Special:BookSources/9781444344653"><bdi>9781444344653</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927090658/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PT130">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Food+Made+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.isbn=9781444344653&rft.au=B.+W.+Higman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIUoz98yMvgC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2B%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775">"The 10 best street food cities in the world, per VirtualTourist.com, Frommer's"</a>. NY Daily News. AFP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034522/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+10+best+street+food+cities+in+the+world%2C+per+VirtualTourist.com%2C+Frommer%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Flife-style%2Feats%2F10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wc3zr">"The Hairy Bikers' Asian Adventure, Thailand – Bangkok and the Central Plains"</a> (Video). BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204150257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wc3zr">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Hairy+Bikers%27+Asian+Adventure%2C+Thailand+%E2%80%93+Bangkok+and+the+Central+Plains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb03wc3zr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908043521/http://www.virtualtourist.com/press-center/top-ten-street-food-cities">"Top Ten Cities for Street Food"</a>. Virtual Tourist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualtourist.com/press-center/top-ten-street-food-cities">the original</a> on 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Tourist&rft.atitle=Top+Ten+Cities+for+Street+Food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualtourist.com%2Fpress-center%2Ftop-ten-street-food-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Richard (24 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/feb/24/worlds-best-street-food-lonely-planet">"The world's best street food"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+We+Feast&rft.atitle=The+Thai+Government+is+Trying+to+Standardize+Deliciousness&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.aulast=Theeboom&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstwefeast.com%2Feat%2F2014%2F09%2Fthe-thai-government-is-trying-to-standardize-deliciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1080120/thai-food-made-bland">"Thai food, made bland"</a>. Bangkok Post. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Thai+food%2C+made+bland&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1080120%2Fthai-food-made-bland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen2012" class="citation news cs1">Cowen, Tyler (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/six-rules-for-dining-out/308929/">"Six Rules for Dining Out; How a frugal economist finds the perfect lunch"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703201751/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/six-rules-for-dining-out/308929/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Six+Rules+for+Dining+Out%3B+How+a+frugal+economist+finds+the+perfect+lunch&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2012%2F05%2Fsix-rules-for-dining-out%2F308929%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1570506/thai-cuisine-under-threat-from-foreign-influences">"Thai cuisine 'under threat' from foreign influences"</a>. Bangkok Post. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Thai+cuisine+%27under+threat%27+from+foreign+influences&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F1570506%2Fthai-cuisine-under-threat-from-foreign-influences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharoensuthipan2019" class="citation news cs1">Charoensuthipan, Penchan (1 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1621330/as-fda-stumbles-laws-to-control-salt-in-diet-sought">"As FDA stumbles, laws to control salt in diet sought"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=As+FDA+stumbles%2C+laws+to+control+salt+in+diet+sought&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Charoensuthipan&rft.aufirst=Penchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F1621330%2Fas-fda-stumbles-laws-to-control-salt-in-diet-sought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425154425/http://www.searo.who.int/thailand/news/salt-reduction-in-thailand/en/">"Salt Reduction in Thailand"</a>. World Health Organization Thailand. November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searo.who.int/thailand/news/salt-reduction-in-thailand/en/">the original</a> on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+Thailand&rft.atitle=Salt+Reduction+in+Thailand&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searo.who.int%2Fthailand%2Fnews%2Fsalt-reduction-in-thailand%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(chef)" title="David Thompson (chef)">David Thompson</a>, Classic Thai Cuisine, 145 pages, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press" title="Ten Speed Press">Ten Speed Press</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89815-563-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89815-563-0">0-89815-563-0</a></li> <li>Vatcharin Bhumichitr, The Essential Thai Cookbook, 192 pages, New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517596302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517596302">978-0517596302</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadoongpatt2017" class="citation book cs1">Padoongpatt, Mark (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hcxDwAAQBAJ">Flavors of Empire: Food and the Making of Thai America</a>. American Crossroads (Book 45) (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520293748" title="Special:BookSources/9780520293748"><bdi>9780520293748</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavors+of+Empire%3A+Food+and+the+Making+of+Thai+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=American+Crossroads+%28Book+45%29&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017-09&rft.isbn=9780520293748&rft.aulast=Padoongpatt&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5hcxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cummings_(travel_writer)" title="Joe Cummings (travel writer)">Joe Cummings</a>, Lonely Planet World Food Thailand, 288 pages, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> Publications, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-026-4">978-1-86450-026-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ricker" title="Andy Ricker">Andy Ricker</a>, Pok Pok: Food and Stories from the Streets, Homes, and Roadside Restaurants of Thailand, 304 pages, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607742883" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607742883">978-1607742883</a></li> <li>ML Sirichalerm Svasti (Chef <a href="/wiki/McDang" title="McDang">McDang</a>), The Principles of Thai Cookery, 304 pages, McDang dot Com Company, Limited, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-16906-010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-16906-010-9">978-6-16906-010-9</a></li> <li>Leela Punyaratabandhu, Simple Thai Food: Classic Recipes from the Thai Home Kitchen, 236 pages, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607745235" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607745235">978-1607745235</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_cuisine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of Thailand"> Cuisine of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of Thailand">Cuisine of Thailand</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine#Q841984" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thaifoodmaster.com">Thaifoodmaster – Step by Step recipes, Thai cuisine history and Thai culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maeban.co.th/index.php">Mae Ban – Traditional Thai Recipes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journeyingtheglobe.com/thailand-food-culture/">Thailand Food Culture: Thai Cuisine’s 9 Best Dishes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302083057/https://www.journeyingtheglobe.com/thailand-food-culture/">Archived</a> 2 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asian-recipe.com/thai-vegetarian-dishes-3501">Vegetarian Thai Recipes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Thai_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_cuisine" title="Template:Thai cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thai_cuisine" title="Template talk:Thai cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thai_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thai cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Thai_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fried_rice" title="American fried rice">American fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakmi" title="Bakmi">Bami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Chok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_jungle_prince" title="Evil jungle prince">Evil jungle prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_omelette" title="Oyster omelette">Hoi thot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_kha_mu" title="Khao kha mu">Khao kha mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_khluk_kapi" title="Khao khluk kapi">Khao khluk kapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Khao man kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_rice" title="Duck rice">Khao na pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Khao mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_mu_daeng" title="Khao mu daeng">Khao mu daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaitiao_khua_kai" title="Kuaitiao khua kai">Kuaitiao khua kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_noodles" title="Boat noodles">Kuaitiao ruea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_krop" title="Mi krop">Mi krop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_noodles" title="Drunken noodles">Pad kee mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">Pad thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_mi_Khorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Phat mi Khorat">Phat mi Khorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_see_ew" title="Pad see ew">Phat si-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_na" title="Rat na">Rat na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai noodles">Sukhothai noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_fried_rice" title="Thai fried rice">Thai fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_tau_foo" title="Yong tau foo">Yentafo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">Green curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamed_curry" title="Steamed curry">Ho mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_pa" title="Kaeng pa">Kaeng pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_som" title="Kaeng som">Kaeng som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khai_yat_sai" title="Khai yat sai">Khai yat sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_chae_nampla" title="Kung chae nampla">Kung chae nampla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">Massaman curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_kaeng_hua_chai_thao" title="Nam kaeng hua chai thao">Nam kaeng hua chai thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuea_phat_phrik" title="Nuea phat phrik">Nuea phat phrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanaeng" title="Phanaeng">Phanaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_kaphrao" title="Phat kaphrao">Phat kaphrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_khing" title="Phat khing">Phat khing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_phrik_khing" title="Phat phrik khing">Phat phrik khing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_curry" title="Red curry">Red curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">Som tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_kha_kai" title="Tom kha kai">Tom kha kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_khlong" title="Tom khlong">Tom khlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_som" title="Tom som">Tom som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_yum" title="Tom yum">Tom yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_khai_dao" title="Yam khai dao">Yam khai dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_curry" title="Yellow curry">Yellow curry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot_salad" title="Bamboo shoot salad">Bamboo shoot salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chim_chum" title="Chim chum">Chim chum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_yang" title="Kai yang">Kai yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_(dish)" title="Koi (dish)">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larb" title="Larb">Larb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_tok_(food)" title="Nam tok (food)">Nam tok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_krok_Isan" title="Sai krok Isan">Sai krok Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_rong_hai" title="Suea rong hai">Suea rong hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">Tam maak hoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_khao" title="Nam khao">Yam naem khao thot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thai</a> dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_khae" title="Kaeng khae">Kaeng khae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_hang_le" title="Kaeng hang le">Kaeng hang le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_kan_chin" title="Khao kan chin">Khao kan chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_soi" title="Khao soi">Khao soi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ngiao" title="Nam ngiao">Nam ngiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_num" title="Nam phrik num">Nam phrik num</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_ong" title="Nam phrik ong">Nam phrik ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_ua" title="Sai ua">Sai ua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thai</a> dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_phrik_kraduk_mu" title="Kaeng phrik kraduk mu">Kaeng phrik kraduk mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_tai_pla" title="Kaeng tai pla">Kaeng tai pla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kerabu" title="Nasi kerabu">Khao yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khua_kling" title="Khua kling">Khua kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_dagang" title="Nasi dagang">Nasi dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">Nasi goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">Nasi lemak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cho_muang" title="Cho muang">Cho muang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_gow" title="Har gow">Hakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_jujube" title="Crab jujube">Hoicho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Kalamae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_puff" title="Curry puff">Karipap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_rind" title="Pork rind">Khaep mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Bánh cuốn">Khao phan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_bodin" title="Khanom bodin">Khanom bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Khanom chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_khai_nok_kratha" title="Khanom khai nok kratha">Khanom khai nok kratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_gao" title="Nian gao">Khanom kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_khuai_ling" title="Khanom khuai ling">Khanom khuai ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_cucur" title="Kue cucur">Khanom fak bua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip_cake" title="Turnip cake">Khanom phak kat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_Tokyo" title="Khanom Tokyo">Khanom Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_chae" title="Khao chae">Khao chae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_cracker" title="Prawn cracker">Khao kriap kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrongkhraeng_krop" title="Khrongkhraeng krop">Khrongkhraeng krop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluai_khaek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluai khaek">Kluai khaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koh-Kae" title="Koh-Kae">Koh-Kae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krop_khem" title="Krop khem">Krop khem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_noodle_roll" title="Rice noodle roll">Kuaitiao lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_tiang" title="La tiang">La tiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_hiang" title="Ngo hiang">Loba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuang_kuan" title="Mamuang kuan">Mamuang kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuang_nampla_wan" title="Mamuang nampla wan">Mamuang nampla wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miang_kham" title="Miang kham">Miang kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_ping" title="Mu ping">Mu ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">Pathongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiah" title="Popiah">Popia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_sai_mai" title="Roti sai mai">Roti sai mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhu_sai_mu" title="Sakhu sai mu">Sakhu sai mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siopao" title="Siopao">Salapao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_muan" title="Thong muan">Thong muan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_muan_sot" title="Thong muan sot">Thong muan sot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_khanom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Thai khanom">List of Thai khanom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_loi" title="Bua loi">Bua loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulan_dan_mek" title="Bulan dan mek">Bulan dan mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha_mongkut" title="Cha mongkut">Cha mongkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_jelly" title="Grass jelly">Chaokuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakthong_kaeng_buat" title="Fakthong kaeng buat">Fakthong kaeng buat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fios_de_ovos" title="Fios de ovos">Foi thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_babin" title="Khanom babin">Khanom babin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_bueang" title="Khanom bueang">Khanom bueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_bueang_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom bueang Yuan">Khanom bueang Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chak" title="Khanom chak">Khanom chak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chan" title="Khanom chan">Khanom chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_farang_kudi_chin" title="Khanom farang kudi chin">Khanom farang kudi chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_keson_lamchiak" title="Khanom keson lamchiak">Khanom keson lamchiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_khai" title="Khanom khai">Khanom khai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_khai_hong" title="Khanom khai hong">Khanom khai hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_khai_pla" title="Khanom khai pla">Khanom khai pla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_krok" title="Khanom krok">Khanom krok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_la" title="Khanom la">Khanom la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_met_khanun" title="Khanom met khanun">Khanom met khanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_mo_kaeng" title="Khanom mo kaeng">Khanom mo kaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_namdokmai" title="Khanom namdokmai">Khanom namdokmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_phing" title="Khanom phing">Khanom phing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanom_piakpoon" title="Kanom piakpoon">Khanom piakpun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_sai_bua" title="Khanom sai bua">Khanom sai bua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_sane_chan" title="Khanom sane chan">Khanom sane chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_sot_sai" title="Khanom sot sai">Khanom sot sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_tan" title="Khanom tan">Khanom tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_thang_taek" title="Khanom thang taek">Khanom thang taek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_thian" title="Khanom thian">Khanom thian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_thuai" title="Khanom thuai">Khanom thuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_gao" title="Fa gao">Khanom thuai fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom tom">Khanom tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_wong" title="Khanom wong">Khanom wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice_in_bamboo" title="Sticky rice in bamboo">Khao lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_mak" title="Khao mak">Khao mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_niao_sangkhaya" title="Khao niao sangkhaya">Khao niao sangkhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_tom" title="Khao tom">Khao tom mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleeb_lamduan" title="Kleeb lamduan">Kleeb lamduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluai_buat_chi" title="Kluai buat chi">Kluai buat chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krayasat" title="Krayasat">Krayasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cendol" title="Cendol">Lot chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_chup" title="Luk chup">Luk chup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice" title="Mango sticky rice">Mango sticky rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhaeng_sai" title="Namkhaeng sai">Namkhaeng sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtan_pan" title="Namtan pan">Namtan pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-aew" title="O-aew">O-aew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sago_with_coconut_milk" title="Sago with coconut milk">Sago with coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir-fried_ice_cream" title="Stir-fried ice cream">Stir-fried ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">Sangkhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin-coconut_custard" title="Pumpkin-coconut custard">Sangkhaya fak thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarim_(dessert)" title="Sarim (dessert)">Sarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapthim_krop" title="Thapthim krop">Thapthim krop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_ek" title="Thong ek">Thong ek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_yip" title="Thong yip">Thong yip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_yot" title="Thong yot">Thong yot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thua_khiao_tom_namtan" title="Thua khiao tom namtan">Thua khiao tom namtan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budu_(sauce)" title="Budu (sauce)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_variations#Thailand" title="Hot dog variations">Hot dogs in Thai cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">Jasmine rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap_klaem" title="Kap klaem">Kap klaem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khantoke" title="Khantoke">Khantoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">Khanom chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_chae" title="Khao chae">Khao chae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">Kiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sausage" title="Chinese sausage">Kun chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">Mu daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_kratha" title="Mu kratha">Mu kratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_l%E1%BB%A5a" class="mw-redirect" title="Giò lụa">Mu yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naem_(food)" title="Naem (food)">Naem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_chim" title="Nam chim">Nam chim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">Nam phrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik_phao" title="Nam phrik phao">Nam phrik phao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_auspicious_Thai_desserts" title="Nine auspicious Thai desserts">Nine auspicious Thai desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padaek" title="Padaek">Padaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai pepper">Phrik khi nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">Pla ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riceberry" title="Riceberry">Riceberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Kapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriracha" title="Sriracha">Sriracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamed_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamed rice">Steamed rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">Sticky rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_suki" title="Thai suki">Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_fruit_carving" title="Thai fruit carving">Thai fruit carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Thai salads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Cha chak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krating_Daeng" title="Krating Daeng">Krating Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_khao" title="Lao khao">Lao Khao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhong_(spirit)" title="Mekhong (spirit)">Mekhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nom_yen" title="Nom yen">Nom yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Som" class="mw-redirect" title="Sang Som">Sang Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Satho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singha" title="Singha">Singha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Thailand" title="Beer in Thailand">Thai beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thai wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">List of Thai dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients" title="List of Thai ingredients">List of Thai ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_restaurants" title="List of Thai restaurants">List of Thai restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand" title="Street food of Thailand">Street food of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_cuisine" title="Category:Thai cuisine">Category: Thai cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thailand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand_topics" title="Template talk:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thailand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese cuisine">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian cuisine">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory cuisine (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_cuisine" title="Christmas Island cuisine">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands cuisine (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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