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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Đăng nhập</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trang dành cho người dùng chưa đăng nhập <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_thi%E1%BB%87u" aria-label="Tìm hiểu thêm về sửa đổi"><span>tìm hiểu thêm</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3p_c%E1%BB%A7a_t%C3%B4i" title="Danh sách các sửa đổi được thực hiện qua địa chỉ IP này [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Đóng góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%C3%B4i" title="Thảo luận với địa chỉ IP này [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Thảo luận cho địa chỉ IP 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Các_đặc_trưng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Các_đặc_trưng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Các đặc trưng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Các_đặc_trưng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lịch_sử" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lịch_sử"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lịch sử</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lịch_sử-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ứng_dụng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ứng_dụng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ứng dụng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ứng_dụng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phổ_biến" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phổ_biến"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phổ biến</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phổ_biến-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giá_cả" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giá_cả"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Giá cả</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giá_cả-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hợp_chất" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hợp_chất"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hợp chất</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hợp_chất-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tính_chất" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tính_chất"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tính chất</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tính_chất-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tham_khảo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tham_khảo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tham khảo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tham_khảo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chú_thích" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chú_thích"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chú thích</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chú_thích-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liên_kết_ngoài" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liên_kết_ngoài"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Liên kết ngoài</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liên_kết_ngoài-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 144 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ጀርማኒየም – Tiếng Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርማኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chermanio" title="Chermanio – Tiếng Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chermanio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – Tiếng Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermaniu" title="Xermaniu – Tiếng Asturias" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xermaniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Asturias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="ژرمانیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرمانیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Mã Lai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mã Lai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rmanium" title="Gérmanium – Tiếng Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gérmanium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="জার্মেনিয়াম – Tiếng Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মেনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Mân Nam" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mân Nam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Германій – Tiếng Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaniyo" title="Hermaniyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hermaniyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མི་ནིམ། – Tiếng Tây Tạng" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Tạng" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="huy hiệu bài viết chọn lọc"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – Tiếng Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniom" title="Germaniom – Tiếng Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Germaniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Tiếng Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Séc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Séc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – Tiếng Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniwm" title="Germaniwm – Tiếng Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germaniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Đan Mạch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đan Mạch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جيرمانيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جيرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – Tiếng Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γερμάνιο – Tiếng Hy Lạp" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hy Lạp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="huy hiệu bài viết chọn lọc"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumo" title="Germaniumo – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germaniumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Tiếng Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ژرمانیم – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمانیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermani" title="Gjermani – Tiếng Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermani" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1iniam" title="Gearmáiniam – Tiếng Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gearmáiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – Tiếng Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmainium" title="Gearmainium – Tiếng Gael Scotland" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmainium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Gael Scotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermanio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="જર્મેનિયમ – Tiếng Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Khách Gia" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khách Gia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Германион – Tiếng Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Германион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%84" title="저마늄 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저마늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գերմանիում – Tiếng Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – Tiếng Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Tiếng Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Khoa Học Quốc Tế" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khoa Học Quốc Tế" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmGwangaza" title="UmGwangaza – Tiếng Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmGwangaza" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – Tiếng Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גרמניום – Tiếng Do Thái" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Do Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniyum" title="Germaniyum – Tiếng Java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Germaniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%9Br%C9%A9man%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜರ್ಮೇನಿಯಮ್ – Tiếng Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიუმი – Tiếng Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniom" title="Germaniom – Tiếng Cornwall" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Germaniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Cornwall" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerimani" title="Gerimani – Tiếng Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gerimani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8many%C3%B2m" title="Jèmanyòm – Tiếng Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jèmanyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%C3%BBm" title="Germanyûm – Tiếng Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Germanyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng La-tinh" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng La-tinh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C4%81nijs" title="Germānijs – Tiếng Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Germānijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanis" title="Germanis – Tiếng Litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotyjinme" title="dotyjinme – Tiếng Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Tiếng Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nio" title="Germànio – Tiếng Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germànio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nium" title="Germánium – Tiếng Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germánium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германиум – Tiếng Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermani%C3%B4ma" title="Zermaniôma – Tiếng Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zermaniôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ജെർമേനിയം – Tiếng Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെർമേനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Tiếng Mông Cổ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mông Cổ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျာမေနီယမ် – Tiếng Miến Điện" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Miến Điện" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Hà Lan" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ゲルマニウム – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – Tiếng Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniy" title="Germaniy – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜਰਮੇਨੀਅਮ – Tiếng Punjab" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Punjab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جرمینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဇျာမေနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇျာမေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – Tiếng Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_(element)" title="Germani (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Germani (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Hạ Giéc-man" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hạ Giéc-man" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nio" title="Germânio – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – Tiếng Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhirmanyu" title="Qhirmanyu – Tiếng Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhirmanyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Tiếng Phạn" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phạn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0niu" title="Germàniu – Tiếng Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germàniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumi" title="Germaniumi – Tiếng Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Germaniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmaniu" title="Girmaniu – Tiếng Sicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmaniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nium" title="Germánium – Tiếng Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germánium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – Tiếng Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaaniyaam" title="Jermaaniyaam – Tiếng Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jermaaniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="جێرمانیۆم – Tiếng Kurd Miền Trung" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێرمانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kurd Miền Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум – Tiếng Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanijum" title="Germanijum – Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rmanium" title="Gérmanium – Tiếng Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gérmanium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Tiếng Thụy Điển" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thụy Điển" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanyo" title="Hermanyo – Tiếng Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hermanyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செருமேனியம் – Tiếng Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமேனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="జెర్మేనియం – Tiếng Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెర్మేనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เจอร์เมเนียม – Tiếng Thái" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจอร์เมเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – Tiếng Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyum" title="Germanyum – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germanyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Германій – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="جرمانیئم – Tiếng Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمانیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="گېرمانىي – Tiếng Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanii_(himine_element)" title="Germanii (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Germanii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" title="鍺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鍺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyo" title="Germanyo – Tiếng Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Germanyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗 – Tiếng Ngô" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ngô" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גערמאניום – Tiếng Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גערמאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rm%C3%A1n%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%C3%B9" title="Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù – Tiếng Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" title="鍺 – Tiếng Quảng Đông" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鍺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quảng Đông" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="huy hiệu bài viết chọn lọc"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Không gian tên"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germani" title="Xem bài viết [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bài viết</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn:Germani" rel="discussion" title="Thảo luận về trang này [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Thảo luận</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Thay đổi biến thể ngôn ngữ" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tiếng Việt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germani"><span>Đọc</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit" title="Sửa đổi trang này [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sửa đổi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit" title="Sửa đổi mã nguồn của trang này [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sửa mã nguồn</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=history" title="Các phiên bản cũ của trang này [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Xem lịch sử</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Công cụ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Công cụ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Công cụ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Thêm tùy chọn" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tác vụ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germani"><span>Đọc</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit" title="Sửa đổi trang này [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sửa đổi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit" title="Sửa đổi mã nguồn của trang này [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sửa mã nguồn</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=history"><span>Xem lịch sử</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chung </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%C3%A2y/Germani" title="Các trang liên kết đến đây [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Các liên kết đến đây</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Thay_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_li%C3%AAn_quan/Germani" rel="nofollow" title="Thay đổi gần đây của các trang liên kết đến đây [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Thay đổi liên quan</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Trang_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t" title="Một danh sách chứa tất cả trang đặc biệt [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Trang đặc biệt</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&oldid=70931130" title="Liên kết thường trực đến phiên bản này của trang"><span>Liên kết thường trực</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=info" title="Thêm chi tiết về trang này"><span>Thông tin trang</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Tr%C3%ADch_d%E1%BA%ABn&page=Germani&id=70931130&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hướng dẫn cách trích dẫn trang này"><span>Trích dẫn trang này</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermani"><span>Lấy URL ngắn gọn</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermani"><span>Tải mã QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In và xuất </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:S%C3%A1ch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Germani"><span>Tạo một quyển sách</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germani&action=show-download-screen"><span>Tải dưới dạng PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&printable=yes" title="Bản để in ra của trang [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bản để in ra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tại dự án khác </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Germanium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867" title="Liên kết đến khoản mục kết nối trong kho dữ liệu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Khoản mục Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Giao diện</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;background:#cccc99; padding-bottom: 8px;">Germani, <sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">32</span></sub>Ge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/220px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/330px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/440px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Germanium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div style="padding:5px"><a href="/wiki/Quang_ph%E1%BB%95_v%E1%BA%A1ch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quang phổ vạch">Quang phổ vạch</a> của germani</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Tính chất chung</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Tên, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ký hiệu hóa học">ký hiệu</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Germani, Ge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phiên âm</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' trong 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' trong 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' trong 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' trong 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' trong 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' trong 'happy'">i</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' trong 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">jər-<span style="font-size:90%">MAY</span>-nee-əm</i></a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Hình dạng</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Ánh kim xám trắng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Germani trong <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn">bảng tuần hoàn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; border-width:1px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Hydro (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli (noble gas)"><img alt="Heli (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi (alkali metal)"><img alt="Lithi (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beryli" title="Beryli (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Beryli (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor (metalloid)"><img alt="Bor (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Nitơ (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Oxy (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Fluor (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon (noble gas)"><img alt="Neon (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Natri" title="Natri (alkali metal)"><img alt="Natri (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Magnesi (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Nhôm (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic (metalloid)"><img alt="Silic (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor (polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Phosphor (polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh (polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Lưu huỳnh (polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Chlor (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon (noble gas)"><img alt="Argon (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali (alkali metal)"><img alt="Kali (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Calci (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scandi" title="Scandi (transition metal)"><img alt="Scandi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani (transition metal)"><img alt="Titani (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi (transition metal)"><img alt="Vanadi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom (transition metal)"><img alt="Chrom (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan (transition metal)"><img alt="Mangan (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt (transition metal)"><img alt="Sắt (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt (transition metal)"><img alt="Cobalt (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel (transition metal)"><img alt="Nickel (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng (transition metal)"><img alt="Đồng (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm (transition metal)"><img alt="Kẽm (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Gali (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99; border:1px solid black; margin:-1px;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germani" title="Germani (metalloid)"><img alt="Germani (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic (metalloid)"><img alt="Arsenic (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Seleni" title="Seleni (polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Seleni (polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Brom (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton (noble gas)"><img alt="Krypton (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rubidi" title="Rubidi (alkali metal)"><img alt="Rubidi (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stronti" title="Stronti (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Stronti (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yttri" title="Yttri (transition metal)"><img alt="Yttri (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi (transition metal)"><img alt="Zirconi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi (transition metal)"><img alt="Niobi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Molypden" title="Molypden (transition metal)"><img alt="Molypden (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Techneti" title="Techneti (transition metal)"><img alt="Techneti (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni (transition metal)"><img alt="Rutheni (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rhodi" title="Rhodi (transition metal)"><img alt="Rhodi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi (transition metal)"><img alt="Paladi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc (transition metal)"><img alt="Bạc (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi (transition metal)"><img alt="Cadmi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indi" title="Indi (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Indi (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Thiếc (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon (metalloid)"><img alt="Antimon (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Teluri" title="Teluri (metalloid)"><img alt="Teluri (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Iod (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon (noble gas)"><img alt="Xenon (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi (alkali metal)"><img alt="Caesi (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Bari (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan (lanthanide)"><img alt="Lantan (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri (lanthanide)"><img alt="Ceri (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymi" title="Praseodymi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Praseodymi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Neodymi" title="Neodymi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Neodymi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Promethi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari (lanthanide)"><img alt="Samari (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Europi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini (lanthanide)"><img alt="Gadolini (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Terbi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosi" title="Dysprosi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Dysprosi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Holmi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Erbi" title="Erbi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Erbi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium (lanthanide)"><img alt="Thulium (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbi" title="Ytterbi (lanthanide)"><img alt="Ytterbi (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti (lanthanide)"><img alt="Luteti (lanthanide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni (transition metal)"><img alt="Hafni (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal (transition metal)"><img alt="Tantal (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram (transition metal)"><img alt="Wolfram (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni (transition metal)"><img alt="Rheni (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi (transition metal)"><img alt="Osmi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi (transition metal)"><img alt="Iridi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin (transition metal)"><img alt="Platin (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng (transition metal)"><img alt="Vàng (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%B7_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thuỷ ngân (transition metal)"><img alt="Thuỷ ngân (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Thali (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Chì (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Bismuth (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni (metalloid)"><img alt="Poloni (metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin (diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Astatin (diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon (noble gas)"><img alt="Radon (noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Franci" title="Franci (alkali metal)"><img alt="Franci (alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Radi" title="Radi (alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Radi (alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Actini" title="Actini (actinide)"><img alt="Actini (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori (actinide)"><img alt="Thori (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Protactini" title="Protactini (actinide)"><img alt="Protactini (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani (actinide)"><img alt="Urani (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni (actinide)"><img alt="Neptuni (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni (actinide)"><img alt="Plutoni (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi (actinide)"><img alt="Americi (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium (actinide)"><img alt="Curium (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli (actinide)"><img alt="Berkeli (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Californi" title="Californi (actinide)"><img alt="Californi (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini (actinide)"><img alt="Einsteini (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fermi" title="Fermi (actinide)"><img alt="Fermi (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevi" title="Mendelevi (actinide)"><img alt="Mendelevi (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobeli" title="Nobeli (actinide)"><img alt="Nobeli (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lawrenci" title="Lawrenci (actinide)"><img alt="Lawrenci (actinide)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordi" title="Rutherfordi (transition metal)"><img alt="Rutherfordi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dubni" title="Dubni (transition metal)"><img alt="Dubni (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgi" title="Seaborgi (transition metal)"><img alt="Seaborgi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bohri" title="Bohri (transition metal)"><img alt="Bohri (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi (transition metal)"><img alt="Hassi (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Meitneri" title="Meitneri (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Meitneri (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadti" title="Darmstadti (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Darmstadti (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Roentgeni (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici (transition metal)"><img alt="Copernici (transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Nihoni (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccccc;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flerovi" title="Flerovi (post-transition metal)"><img alt="Flerovi (post-transition metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moscovi" title="Moscovi (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Moscovi (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Livermori" title="Livermori (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Livermori (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic">Si</a><br />↑<br /><span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b>Ge</b></span><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc">Sn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">Gali</a> ← <span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germani</a></b></span> → <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Số nguyên tử">Số nguyên tử</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyên tử lượng">Khối lượng nguyên tử chuẩn</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68144546">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><abbr title="giá trị gần đúng">(±)</abbr></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68144546"><span class="nobold"> (<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">72,63(1)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phân loại</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span title="color legend: á kim" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#cccc99"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81_kim" title="Á kim">á kim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn)">Nhóm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_l%E1%BB%9Bp_(v%E1%BB%8F_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD)" title="Phân lớp (vỏ nguyên tử)">phân lớp</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 14">14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_l%E1%BB%9Bp_(v%E1%BB%8F_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD)_p" class="mw-redirect" title="Phân lớp (vỏ nguyên tử) p">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Chu kỳ (bảng tuần hoàn)">Chu kỳ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 4">Chu kỳ 4</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_h%C3%ACnh_electron" title="Cấu hình electron">Cấu hình electron</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>2</sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:1em; font-weight:normal;">mỗi lớp</div></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Tính chất vật lý</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFc" title="Màu sắc">Màu sắc</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Ánh kim xám trắng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trạng thái vật chất">Trạng thái vật chất</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_r%E1%BA%AFn" title="Chất rắn">Chất rắn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Nhiệt độ nóng chảy">Nhiệt độ nóng chảy</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">1211,40 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (938,25 °C, 1720,85 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_bay_h%C6%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhiệt độ bay hơi">Nhiệt độ sôi</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ri%C3%AAng" title="Khối lượng riêng">Mật độ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">5,323 <a href="/wiki/Gam_tr%C3%AAn_centimet_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Gam trên centimet khối">g<b>·</b>cm<sup><small>−3</small></sup></a> <span class="nowrap">(ở 0 °C, 101.325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Pascal (đơn vị)">kPa</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mật độ ở thể lỏng</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">ở nhiệt độ nóng chảy: 5,60 g<b>·</b>cm<sup><small>−3</small></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Nhiệt nóng chảy">Nhiệt lượng nóng chảy</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">36,94 <a href="/wiki/Joule_tr%C3%AAn_mol" title="Joule trên mol">kJ<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup></a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_bay_h%C6%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhiệt bay hơi">Nhiệt bay hơi</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">334 kJ<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_dung" title="Nhiệt dung">Nhiệt dung</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">23,222 J<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5t_h%C6%A1i" title="Áp suất hơi"><b>Áp suất hơi</b></a> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>P (Pa) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr> <td>ở T (K) </td> <td>1644 </td> <td>1814 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>2287 </td> <td>2633 </td> <td>3104 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Tính chất nguyên tử</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Trạng thái oxy hóa">Trạng thái oxy hóa</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:112%;"><b>4</b></span>, 3, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>2</b></span>, 1, 0,<sup id="cite_ref-ZeroValentTin2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -1, -2, -3, -4</span> <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_t%C3%ADnh_(h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Lưỡng tính (hóa học)">Lưỡng tính</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_%C3%A2m_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Độ âm điện">Độ âm điện</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">2,01 (Thang Pauling) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ion_h%C3%B3a" title="Năng lượng ion hóa">Năng lượng ion hóa</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Thứ nhất: 762 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><br />Thứ hai: 1537,5 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><br />Thứ ba: 3302,1 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n_k%C3%ADnh_c%E1%BB%99ng_ho%C3%A1_tr%E1%BB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Bán kính cộng hoá trị">Bán kính cộng hoá trị</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">thực nghiệm: 122 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B4m%C3%A9t" class="mw-redirect" title="Picômét">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n_k%C3%ADnh_li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Bán kính liên kết cộng hóa trị">Bán kính liên kết cộng hóa trị</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">122 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n_k%C3%ADnh_van_der_Waals" title="Bán kính van der Waals">Bán kính van der Waals</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">211 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Thông tin khác</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể">Cấu trúc tinh thể</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%ADp_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lập phương kim cương (trang không tồn tại)">Lập phương kim cương</a><div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể Lập phương kim cương của Germani"><img alt="Cấu trúc tinh thể Lập phương kim cương của Germani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif/50px-Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif/75px-Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif/100px-Diamond_Cubic-F_lattice_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A2m_thanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vận tốc âm thanh">Vận tốc âm thanh</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">que mỏng: 5400 m<b>·</b>s<sup><small>−1</small></sup> (ở 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_gi%C3%A3n_n%E1%BB%9F_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Độ giãn nở nhiệt">Độ giãn nở nhiệt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">6,0 µm<b>·</b>m<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Độ dẫn nhiệt">Độ dẫn nhiệt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">60,2 W<b>·</b>m<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9F_su%E1%BA%A5t" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện trở suất">Điện trở suất</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">ở 20 °C: 1  Ω<b>·</b>m </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Từ học">Tính chất từ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%8Bch_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Nghịch từ">Nghịch từ</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BA%A3m_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Độ cảm từ">Độ cảm từ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68144546"><span class="nobold">(<i>χ</i><sub>mol</sub>)</span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3004231600000000000♠"></span>−76,84<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Mô đun Young">Mô đun Young</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">103<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_c%E1%BA%AFt" title="Mô đun cắt">Mô đun cắt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">41<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Mô đun khối">Mô đun khối</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">75<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_s%E1%BB%91_Poisson" title="Hệ số Poisson">Hệ số Poisson</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">0,26<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thang_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng_Mohs" title="Thang độ cứng Mohs">Độ cứng theo thang Mohs</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">6,0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_%C4%91%C4%83ng_k%C3%BD_CAS" title="Số đăng ký CAS">Số đăng ký CAS</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">7440-56-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#cccc99">Đồng vị ổn định nhất</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;">Bài chính: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_c%E1%BB%A7a_Germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đồng vị của Germani (trang không tồn tại)">Đồng vị của Germani</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Đồng vị">Iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%B1_phong_ph%C3%BA_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sự phong phú tự nhiên của đồng vị (trang không tồn tại)">NA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_b%C3%A1n_r%C3%A3" title="Chu kỳ bán rã">Chu kỳ bán rã</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Phóng xạ">DM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3" title="Năng lượng phân rã">DE</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_ph%E1%BA%A9m_ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3" title="Sản phẩm phân rã">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>68</sup>Ge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>270,8 <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y" title="Ngày">ngày</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_gi%E1%BB%AF_electron" title="Bắt giữ electron">ε</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td><sup>68</sup><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>70</sup>Ge </td> <td>21,23% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>70</sup>Ge ổn định với 38 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>71</sup>Ge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>11,26 <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y" title="Ngày">ngày</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_gi%E1%BB%AF_electron" title="Bắt giữ electron">ε</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td><sup>71</sup><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>72</sup>Ge </td> <td>27,66% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>72</sup>Ge ổn định với 40 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>73</sup>Ge </td> <td>7,73% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>73</sup>Ge ổn định với 41 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>74</sup>Ge </td> <td>35,94% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>74</sup>Ge ổn định với 42 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>76</sup>Ge </td> <td>7,44% </td> <td>1,78×10<sup>21</sup> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm">năm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta_k%C3%A9p" title="Phân rã beta kép">β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td>– </td> <td><sup>76</sup><a href="/wiki/Seleni" title="Seleni">Se</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>Germani</b> là một <a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học">nguyên tố hóa học</a> trong <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn">bảng tuần hoàn</a> có ký hiệu <b>Ge</b> và <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Số nguyên tử">số nguyên tử</a> 32. Nó là một <a href="/wiki/%C3%81_kim" title="Á kim">á kim</a> màu trắng bạc, cứng, bóng, về mặt hóa học là tương tự như <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc">thiếc</a>. Germani tạo ra một lượng lớn các hợp chất <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1_kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hữu cơ kim loại (trang không tồn tại)">hữu cơ kim loại</a> và là vật liệu <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn" title="Chất bán dẫn">bán dẫn</a> quan trọng được sử dụng để sản xuất <a href="/wiki/Tranzito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranzito">transistor</a>. Nó được đặt tên theo tên gọi của <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức">Đức</a> trong <a href="/wiki/Latinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinh">tiếng La tinh</a> là Germania. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Các_đặc_trưng"><span id="C.C3.A1c_.C4.91.E1.BA.B7c_tr.C6.B0ng"></span>Các đặc trưng</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Các đặc trưng”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Các đặc trưng"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Germanium.jpg/200px-Germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Germanium.jpg/300px-Germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Germanium.jpg/400px-Germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Một khối Germani</figcaption></figure> <p>Germani là một nguyên tố màu trắng ánh xám, cứng có nước bóng kim loại và cấu trúc tinh thể tương tự như <a href="/wiki/Kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kim cương">kim cương</a>. Ngoài ra, một điều quan trọng cần lưu ý là germani là chất bán dẫn, với các tính chất điện nằm giữa các <a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Kim loại">kim loại</a> và các <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_c%C3%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Chất cách điện">chất cách điện</a>. Ở trạng thái nguyên chất, á kim này là chất kết tinh, giòn và duy trì độ bóng trong không khí ở nhiệt độ phòng. Các kỹ thuật <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinh_ch%E1%BA%BF_khu_v%E1%BB%B1c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinh chế khu vực (trang không tồn tại)">tinh chế khu vực</a> đã dẫn tới việc sản xuất germani kết tinh cho ngành công nghiệp bán dẫn với hàm lượng tạp chất chỉ ở cấp độ 10<sup>−10</sup>. Cùng với <a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">gali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a> và <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nước">nước</a>, nó là một trong các chất giãn nở ra khi đóng băng. Dạng oxide, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioxide_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioxide germani (trang không tồn tại)">dioxide germani</a>, cũng có tính chất bất thường như có chiết suất cao đối với ánh sáng nhìn thấy, nhưng lại là trong suốt với ánh sáng <a href="/wiki/Tia_h%E1%BB%93ng_ngo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tia hồng ngoại">hồng ngoại</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lịch_sử"><span id="L.E1.BB.8Bch_s.E1.BB.AD"></span>Lịch sử</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sửa đổi phần “Lịch sử”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=2" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Lịch sử"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Năm <a href="/wiki/1871" title="1871">1871</a>, germani (<a href="/wiki/Latinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinh">tiếng La tinh</a> <i>germania</i> để chỉ <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức">Đức</a>) là một trong các nguyên tố mà <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovich_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev">Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_d%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91o%C3%A1n_c%E1%BB%A7a_Mendeleev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyên tố dự đoán của Mendeleev (trang không tồn tại)">dự báo</a> là tồn tại như là nguyên tố tương tự nhưng còn thiếu của nhóm <a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic">silic</a> (Mendeleev gọi nó là "eka-silicon"). Sự tồn tại của nguyên tố này được <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Winkler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Winkler (trang không tồn tại)">Clemens Winkler</a> chứng minh năm <a href="/wiki/1886" title="1886">1886</a>. Sự phát hiện này là sự khẳng định quan trọng cho ý tưởng về tính tuần hoàn nguyên tố của Mendeleev. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Tính chất</th> <th>Ekasilicon</th> <th>Germani</th> </tr><tr> <td>Nguyên tử lượng</td> <td>72</td> <td>72,59</td> </tr><tr> <td>Tỷ trọng (g/cm³)</td> <td>5,5</td> <td>5,35</td> </tr><tr> <td>Điểm sôi (°C)</td> <td>Cao</td> <td>947</td> </tr><tr> <td>Màu</td> <td>Xám</td> <td>Xám</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Sự phát triển của các transistor bằng germani đã mở ra vô vàn ứng dụng của điện tử học <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_r%E1%BA%AFn_(%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trạng thái rắn (điện tử) (trang không tồn tại)">trạng thái rắn</a>. Từ năm <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> cho tới đầu thập niên <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>, lĩnh vực này đã tạo ra một thị trường ngày càng tăng cho germani, nhưng sau đó silic độ tinh khiết cao đã bắt đầu thay thế germani trong các loại transistor, <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> và chỉnh lưu. Silic có các tính chất điện học tốt hơn, nhưng đòi hỏi độ tinh khiết cao hơn—một độ tinh khiết mà con người không thể đạt được ở quy mô thương mại trong giai đoạn đầu. Trong khi đó, nhu cầu về germani trong các mạng liên lạc viễn thông bằng <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1p_quang" title="Cáp quang">cáp quang</a>, các hệ thống quan sát ban đêm bằng hồng ngoại và các xúc tác polyme hóa đã gia tăng một cách mạnh mẽ. Các ứng dụng này chiếm tới 85% nhu cầu tiêu thụ germani toàn thế giới vào năm <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. Germani khác với silic ở chỗ việc cung cấp silic bị hạn chế bởi năng lực sản xuất trong khi việc cung cấp germani bị hạn chế bởi sự hạn chế các nguồn có thể khai thác. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ứng_dụng"><span id=".E1.BB.A8ng_d.E1.BB.A5ng"></span>Ứng dụng</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sửa đổi phần “Ứng dụng”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=3" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Ứng dụng"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Không giống như phần lớn các chất bán dẫn khác, germani có <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B9ng_c%E1%BA%A5m_(b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vùng cấm (bán dẫn) (trang không tồn tại)">vùng cấm</a> nhỏ, cho phép nó phản ứng rất hiệu quả với ánh sáng hồng ngoại. Vì thế nó được sử dụng trong các <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%ADnh_quang_ph%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kính quang phổ (trang không tồn tại)">kính quang phổ</a> hồng ngoại và các thiết bị quang học khác trong đó đòi hỏi các thiết bị phát hiện cực kỳ nhạy với tia hồng ngoại. <a href="/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFt_su%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiết suất">Chiết suất</a> của oxide germani và thuộc tính tán sắc của nó làm cho germani là hữu ích trong các thấu kính <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Máy ảnh">camera</a> góc rộng và trong kính vật của các <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi" title="Kính hiển vi">kính hiển vi</a>. </p><p>Các transistor từ germani vẫn còn được sử dụng trong một số <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_%C3%A2m_n%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiệu ứng âm nền (trang không tồn tại)">hộp dậm chân</a> của các <a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%C3%B4ng" title="Nhạc công">nhạc công</a> muốn tái tạo các đặc trưng âm khác biệt cho <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzzbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzzbox (trang không tồn tại)">âm "fuzz"</a> từ thời kỳ ban đầu của <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, đáng chú ý có <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzz_Face&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzz Face (trang không tồn tại)">Fuzz Face</a> của <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Arbiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas Arbiter (trang không tồn tại)">Dallas Arbiter</a>. </p><p>Germani là vật liệu quang học hồng ngoại có tầm quan trọng cao và có thể dễ dàng cắt, đánh bóng thành các thấu kính hay cửa sổ. Cụ thể, nó được sử dụng như là thấu kính vật trong các camera nhiệt làm việc trong khoảng bước sóng 8-14 micron chụp hình nhiệt thụ động và cho hot-spot detection in military and fire fighting applications. Vật liệu này có <a href="/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFt_su%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiết suất">chiết suất</a> rất cao (4,0) và vì thế cần được bọc lót chống phản xạ. Cụ thể, lớp bọc lót chống phản xạ đặc biệt rất cứng như <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacbon_t%E1%BB%B1a_kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacbon tựa kim cương (trang không tồn tại)">cacbon tựa kim cương</a> (DLC) (chiết suất 2,0) là phù hợp tốt nhất và sản sinh ra bề mặt cứng như kim cương có thể chống chịu được các tác động môi trường khác nhau. </p><p>Hợp kim gecmanua silic (hay "silic-germani", SiGe) rất nhanh chóng trở thành vật liệu bán dẫn quan trọng, dùng trong các mạch IC tốc độ cao. Các mạch IC dùng các tính chất của kết nối Si-SiGe có thể nhanh hơn nhiều so với các mạch chỉ dùng silic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:GermaniumUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/220px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/330px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/440px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Một chiếc bát làm từ germani</figcaption></figure> <p>Ứng dụng khác: </p> <ul><li>Tác nhân trong sản xuất <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_kim" title="Hợp kim">hợp kim</a></li> <li>Phosphor trong các <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_hu%E1%BB%B3nh_quang" title="Đèn huỳnh quang">đèn huỳnh quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_x%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c" class="mw-redirect" title="Chất xúc tác">Chất xúc tác</a></li> <li>Các thiết bị phát hiện dùng một tinh thể germani độ tinh khiết cao có thể nhận dạng chính xác nguồn bức xạ (ví dụ trong an ninh hàng không)</li> <li>Các <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn" title="Đĩa bán dẫn">đĩa bán dẫn</a> với nền là germani cho các tế bào quang điện hiệu suất cao đa kết nối trong các ứng dụng cho tàu vũ trụ.</li></ul> <p>Một vài hợp chất của germani có độc tính thấp đối với <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Th%C3%BA" title="Lớp Thú">động vật có vú</a>, nhưng lại có độc tính cao đối với một vài loại <a href="/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn">vi khuẩn</a> nào đó. Tính chất này làm cho chúng trở thành có ích như là các tác nhân chữa trị bằng hóa chất. </p><p>Các tinh thể germani độ tinh khiết cao được dùng trong các <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1y_d%C3%B2_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Máy dò germani (trang không tồn tại)">máy dò</a> cho <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%ADnh_quang_ph%E1%BB%95_gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kính quang phổ gamma (trang không tồn tại)">kính quang phổ gamma</a>. </p><p>Nghiên cứu của <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m_v%C3%A0_D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ph%E1%BA%A9m_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Cục quản lý Thực phẩm và Dược phẩm Hoa Kỳ">FDA</a> đưa ra kết luận rằng germani, khi sử đụng như là chất bổ sung dinh dưỡng, "thể hiện một số nguy hiểm tiềm tàng cho sức khỏe con người".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trong những năm gần đây germani được gia tăng sử dụng trong các hợp kim của các kim loại quý. Ví dụ, trong hợp kim <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_sterling" title="Bạc sterling">bạc sterling</a>, nó được thêm vào để giảm vết bẩn màu, tăng chống xỉn màu, và làm tăng phản ứng của hợp kim đối với xơ cứng kết tủa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phổ_biến"><span id="Ph.E1.BB.95_bi.E1.BA.BFn"></span>Phổ biến</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sửa đổi phần “Phổ biến”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=4" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Phổ biến"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Renierit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Renierit.JPG/200px-Renierit.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Renierit.JPG/300px-Renierit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Renierit.JPG/400px-Renierit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Quặng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renierite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renierite (trang không tồn tại)">Renierite</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nguyên tố này được tìm thấy trong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argyrodit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argyrodit (trang không tồn tại)">argyrodit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> của germani và <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc">bạc</a>); <a href="/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Than đá">than đá</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanit (trang không tồn tại)">germanit</a>; quặng <a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm">kẽm</a>; và một số <a href="/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Khoáng vật">khoáng vật</a> khác. Xem thêm <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thể loại:Khoáng vật germani (trang không tồn tại)">Khoáng vật germani</a></i> </p><p>Ở quy mô thương mại, germani thu được từ quặng kẽm nhờ xử lý bụi quặng nóng chảy cũng như từ các phụ phẩm sau cháy của một vài dạng than đá. Vì thế nguồn dự trữ lớn của germani chính là các nguồn than đá. </p><p>Á kim này có thể tách ra từ các kim loại khác bằng cách <a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chưng cất">chưng cất</a> phân đoạn tetraclorua dễ bay hơi của nó. Kỹ thuật này cho phép sản xuất germani cực kỳ tinh khiết. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Giá_cả"><span id="Gi.C3.A1_c.E1.BA.A3"></span>Giá cả</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sửa đổi phần “Giá cả”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=5" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Giá cả"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Năm <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> giá thành của germani vào khoảng 0,70$/kg. Tuy nhiên, giá thành này liên tục giảm kể từ đó<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hợp_chất"><span id="H.E1.BB.A3p_ch.E1.BA.A5t"></span>Hợp chất</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sửa đổi phần “Hợp chất”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=6" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Hợp chất"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Một số <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_v%C3%B4_c%C6%A1" title="Hợp chất vô cơ">hợp chất vô cơ</a> của germani như <a href="/wiki/Gecman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecman">gecman</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahi%C4%91rua_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahiđrua germani (trang không tồn tại)">tetrahiđrua germani</a> (GeH<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraclorua_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraclorua germani (trang không tồn tại)">tetraclorua germani</a> (GeCl<sub>4</sub>), và <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioxide_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioxide germani (trang không tồn tại)">dioxide germani</a> (germania) (GeO<sub>2</sub>). Một số hợp chất <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1" title="Hóa hữu cơ">hữu cơ</a> của germani như <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrametylgecman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrametylgecman (trang không tồn tại)">tetrametylgecman</a> hay tetrametyl germani, (Ge(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>), và <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraetylgecman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraetylgecman (trang không tồn tại)">tetraetylgecman</a> hay tetraetyl germani, (Ge(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>). Hợp chất hữu cơ mới của germani gần đây (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobutylgecman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobutylgecman (trang không tồn tại)">isobutylgecman</a> ((CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>GeH<sub>3</sub>), đã được thông báo là chất lỏng ít nguy hại hơn để thay thế cho khí <a href="/wiki/Gecman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecman">gecman</a> độc hại trong các ứng dụng bán dẫn. </p> <dl><dt>Xem thêm</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thể loại:Hợp chất germani (trang không tồn tại)">Hợp chất germani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gecman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecman">Gecman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gecmanua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gecmanua (trang không tồn tại)">Gecmanua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tính_chất"><span id="T.C3.ADnh_ch.E1.BA.A5t"></span>Tính chất</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tính chất”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=7" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tính chất"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germani nguyên chất được biết đến với việc sinh ra một cách tự phát các <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%E1%BA%BFn_v%E1%BB%8B_xo%E1%BA%AFn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biến vị xoắn (trang không tồn tại)">biến vị xoắn</a> rất dài, còn gọi là <b>râu germani</b>. Sự phát triển của các râu này là một trong các nguyên nhân chính trong các hỏng hóc của các diode và transistor cũ sản xuất từ germani, do phụ thuộc vào việc chúng kết thúc chạm vào đâu mà điều đó có thể dẫn tới đoản mạch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tham_khảo"><span id="Tham_kh.E1.BA.A3o"></span>Tham khảo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tham khảo”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=8" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tham khảo"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/32.html">Phòng thí nghiệm quốc gia Hoa Kỳ Los Alamos – Germanium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610172934/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/32.html">Lưu trữ</a> 2008-06-10 tại <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chú_thích"><span id="Ch.C3.BA_th.C3.ADch"></span>Chú thích</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sửa đổi phần “Chú thích”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=9" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Chú thích"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67233549">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"“""”""‘""’"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/germanium.htm">“Trọng lượng nguyên tử tiêu chuẩn: Germani”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+nguy%C3%AAn+t%E1%BB%AD+ti%C3%AAu+chu%E1%BA%A9n%3A+Germani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fgermanium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIAAW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIAAW (trang không tồn tại)">CIAAW</a>.2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin2_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">“New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry Europe (trang không tồn tại)">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 tháng 8 năm 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112012253/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Lưu trữ</a> 2012-01-12 tại <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). <i>CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://ap/rt/1997/00000025/00000003/art01098&unc=">“Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements”</a>. <i>Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 211–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regulatory+Toxicology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Hazard+Assessment+of+Germanium+Supplements&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-219&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Tao+S.H.+v%C3%A0+Bolger+P.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fsearch%2Fexpand%3Fpub%3Dinfobike%3A%2F%2Fap%2Frt%2F1997%2F00000025%2F00000003%2Fart01098%26unc%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation journal cs1">“Germanium”. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>: 2. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/220303.pdf">[1]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation journal cs1">“Germanium”. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>: 2. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs04.pdf">[2]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation journal cs1">“Germanium”. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>: 2. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs05.pdf">[3]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation journal cs1">“Germanium”. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>: 2. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs06.pdf">[4]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation journal cs1">“Germanium”. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>: 2. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs07.pdf">[5]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AGermani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liên_kết_ngoài"><span id="Li.C3.AAn_k.E1.BA.BFt_ngo.C3.A0i"></span>Liên kết ngoài</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sửa đổi phần “Liên kết ngoài”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germani&action=edit&section=10" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Liên kết ngoài"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71936381">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70981351">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanium?uselang=vi">Germani</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r71936381"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70981351"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/40px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/60px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/80px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Tra <i><b><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/vi:germanium" class="extiw" title="wikt:vi:germanium">germanium</a></b></i> trong từ điển mở tiếng Việt <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ge/index.html">WebElements.com – Germanium</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%; max-width:1300px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68880983">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n_thu_g%E1%BB%8Dn&action=edit"><abbr title="Sửa bản mẫu này">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn">Bảng tuần hoàn</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m" title="Kim loại kiềm">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m_th%E1%BB%95" title="Kim loại kiềm thổ">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_8" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_9" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_10" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_11" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_12" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_Bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm Bo">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 14">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nit%C6%A1" title="Nhóm nitơ">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_16" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 16">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 1">1</a> </td> <td title="H, Hydro" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Heli" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Li, Lithi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryli" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryli" title="Beryli"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Bor" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="N, Nitơ" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="O, Oxy" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="F, Fluor" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Na, Natri" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natri" title="Natri"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Nhôm" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Si, Silic" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphor" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="S, Lưu huỳnh" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlor" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 4">4</a> </td> <td title="K, Kali" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calci" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandi" title="Scandi"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titani" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cr, Crom" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Crom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crom"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mn, Mangan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Fe, Sắt" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Co, Coban" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Coban" class="mw-redirect" title="Coban"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Ni, Niken" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niken" class="mw-redirect" title="Niken"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cu, Đồng" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Zn, Kẽm" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gali" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Ge, Gecmani" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gecmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecmani"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Se, Selen" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selen" class="mw-redirect" title="Selen"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Br, Brom" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rb, Rubidi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidi" title="Rubidi"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Sr, Stronti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronti" title="Stronti"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttri"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molypden" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molypden" class="mw-redirect" title="Molypden"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tc, Tecneti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecneti"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ru, Rutheni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodi" title="Rhodi"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Pd, Paladi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Ag, Bạc" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadimi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadimi"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="In, Indi" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indi" title="Indi"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Sn, Thiếc" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimon" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Te, Telu" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telu" class="mw-redirect" title="Telu"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title=" I , Iod" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod"><span style="display:block"> I </span></a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Cs, Caesi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Ba, Bari" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="La, Lantan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantan"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Ce, Xeri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeri"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymi" title="Praseodymi"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymi" title="Neodymi"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Pm, Prometi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometi"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samari" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolini" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosi" title="Dysprosi"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbi" title="Erbi"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thuli" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuli"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbi"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lu, Luteti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantan"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="W, Wolfram" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Re, Rheni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platin" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Au, Vàng" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Hg, Thủy ngân" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thủy ngân"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Tl, Tali" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tali"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Pb, Chì" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Po, Poloni" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="At, Astatin" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fr, Franci" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Franci" title="Franci"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radi" title="Radi"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actini" title="Actini"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Th, Thori" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactini" title="Protactini"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="U, Urani" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptuni" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutoni" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Am, Americi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curi" class="mw-redirect" title="Curi"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkeli" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californi" title="Californi"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermi" title="Fermi"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevi" title="Mendelevi"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="No, Nobeli" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeli" title="Nobeli"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrenci" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrenci" title="Lawrenci"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordi" title="Rutherfordi"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubni" title="Dubni"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgi" title="Seaborgi"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohri" title="Bohri"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitneri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneri" title="Meitneri"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadti" title="Darmstadti"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgeni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernici" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihoni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovi" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovi" title="Flerovi"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovi" title="Moscovi"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermori" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermori" title="Livermori"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> </td></tr></tbody></table>    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