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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Mongools" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Mongools" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Mongools" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografische_verspreiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografische_verspreiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografische verspreiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografische_verspreiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificatie_en_dialecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificatie_en_dialecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classificatie en dialecten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classificatie_en_dialecten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Classificatie en dialecten-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classificatie_en_dialecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lijst_met_dialecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lijst_met_dialecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lijst met dialecten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lijst_met_dialecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongools</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 128 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амонгол бызшәа – Abchazisch" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амонгол бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchazisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongools" title="Mongools – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mongools" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ሞንጎልኛ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞንጎልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mongol" title="Idioma mongol – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma mongol" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंगोलियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المنغولية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المنغولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="لغه مونجولى – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه مونجولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mongol" title="Idioma mongol – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma mongol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monqol_dili" title="Monqol dili – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monqol dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="موغول دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موغول دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Монгол теле – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монгол теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Mongol" title="Basa Mongol – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Mongol" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мангольская мова – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангольская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мангольская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мангольская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Монголски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монголски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलियन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मंगोलियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মঙ্গোলীয় ভাষা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মঙ্গোলীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སོག་པོའི་སྐད། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོག་པོའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoleg" title="Mongoleg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mongoleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Монгол хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монгол хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-g%C5%AB-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Mùng-gū-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mùng-gū-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی مەنگۆلی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی مەنگۆلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%B1%C4%9Fol_tili" title="Moñğol tili – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moñğol tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C5%A1tina" title="Mongolština – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mongolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Монгол чĕлхи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монгол чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoleg" title="Mongoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mongoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsk_(sprog)" title="Mongolsk (sprog) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mongolsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolische_Sprache" title="Mongolische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mongolische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Folki" title="Moğolki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moğolki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μογγολική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογγολική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mongolian language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongola_lingvo" title="Mongola lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mongola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mongol" title="Idioma mongol – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma mongol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli_keel" title="Mongoli keel – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mongoli keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliera" title="Mongoliera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mongoliera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان مغولی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مغولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolin_kieli" title="Mongolin kieli – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mongolin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli_kiil" title="Mongoli kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mongoli kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoalsk" title="Mongoalsk – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mongoalsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhong%C3%B3ilis" title="An Mhongóilis – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhongóilis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mongol" title="Lingua mongol – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua mongol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-k%C3%BA-ng%C3%AE" title="Mùng-kú-ngî – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mùng-kú-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מונגולית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोल भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगोल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_bhasa" title="Mongolian bhasa – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mongolian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolski_jezik" title="Mongolski jezik – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mongolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Mongolšćina – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mongolšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_nyelv" title="Mongol nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mongol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մոնղոլերեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնղոլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mongol" title="Bahasa Mongol – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongola_linguo" title="Mongola linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mongola linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lska" title="Mongólska – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mongólska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mongola" title="Lingua mongola – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua mongola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="モンゴル語 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონღოლური ენა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონღოლური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_tili" title="Mongol tili – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mongol tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mongolia" title="Bahasa Mongolia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Моңғол тілі – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моңғол тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8%EC%96%B4" title="몽골어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽골어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_mongol%C3%AE" title="Zimanê mongolî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê mongolî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Монгол кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Монгол кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Моңгол тили – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моңгол тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Mongolica" title="Lingua Mongolica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Mongolica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Монгол чӀал – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Монгол чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_(lingua)" title="Mongol (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mongol (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongools" title="Mongools – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mongools" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C5%B3_kalba" title="Mongolų kalba – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mongolų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Mongoļu valoda – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mongoļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_m%C3%B4ng%C3%B4liana" title="Fiteny môngôliana – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny môngôliana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Монголски јазик – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монголски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മംഗോളിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മംഗോളിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Монгол хэл – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монгол хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मंगोलियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mongol" title="Bahasa Mongol – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မွန်ဂိုးလီးယားဘာသာစကား – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်ဂိုးလီးယားဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="موغولی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موغولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोल भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मंगोल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsk" title="Mongolsk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mongolsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsk" title="Mongolsk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mongolsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2l" title="Mongòl – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mongòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Мангойлаг æвзаг – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мангойлаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੰਗੋਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਗੋਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Monggol" title="Amanung Monggol – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Monggol" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mongolski" title="Język mongolski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mongolski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="منگولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مغولي ژبه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مغولي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_mongol" title="Língua mongol – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua mongol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C3%B1gul_simi" title="Muñgul simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muñgul simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_mongol%C4%83" title="Limba mongolă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba mongolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Монгольский язык – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Монґольскый язык – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монґольскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Монгуол тыла – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Монгуол тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolien_leid" title="Mongolien leid – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mongolien leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolski_jezik" title="Mongolski jezik – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mongolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mongolian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C4%8Dina" title="Mongolčina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mongolčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_mongoleze" title="Gjuha mongoleze – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha mongoleze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Монголски језик – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монголски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliska" title="Mongoliska – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongoliska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dngolsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Mōngolskŏ gŏdka – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mōngolskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மொங்கோலிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொங்கோலிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони муғулӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони муғулӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษามองโกเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามองโกเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_dili" title="Mongol dili – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mongol dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Mongol" title="Wikang Mongol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Mongol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Folca" title="Moğolca – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğolca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Монгол теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Монгол теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Моол дыл – Toevaans" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Моол дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Toevaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Монгол кыл – Oedmoerts" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Монгол кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Oedmoerts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AD%D8%BA%DB%87%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="موڭغۇل تىلى – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="موڭغۇل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Монгольська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="منگولی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگولی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_tili" title="Mongol tili – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mongol tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_m%C3%B3ngo%C5%82a" title="Łéngua móngoła – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua móngoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95" title="Tiếng Mông Cổ – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Mông Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Mongolänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mongolänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙古语 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒙古语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Монһл келн – Kalmuks" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Монһл келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონღოლური ნინა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონღოლური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9" title="מאנגאליש – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנגאליש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙古语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙古语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="蒙古語 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒙古語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3%CD%98-g%C3%AD" title="Bông-kó͘-gí – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bông-kó͘-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%A9%B1" title="蒙古話 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒙古話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9246#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Mongools<br />монгол<br /><span lang="mn" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Menk Hawang Tig', 'Menk Qagan Tig', 'Menk Garqag Tig', 'Menk Har_a Tig', 'Menk Scnin Tig', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Mongol Usug', 'Mongolian White', 'MongolianScript', 'Code2000', 'Menksoft Qagan'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; -ms-writing-mode:tb-lr; writing-mode:tb-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ</span> <span lang="mn" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Menk Hawang Tig', 'Menk Qagan Tig', 'Menk Garqag Tig', 'Menk Har_a Tig', 'Menk Scnin Tig', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Mongol Usug', 'Mongolian White', 'MongolianScript', 'Code2000', 'Menksoft Qagan'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; -ms-writing-mode:tb-lr; writing-mode:tb-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠡᠯᠡ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gesproken in </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kirgizi%C3%AB" title="Kirgizië">Kirgizië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sprekers </th> <td colspan="2">5,2 miljoen </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_talen" title="Mongoolse talen">Mongoolse talen</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oost-Mongoolse_talen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oost-Mongoolse talen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Oost-Mongoolse talen</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Varianten </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcha-Mongools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalcha-Mongools (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chalcha-Mongools</a> (Mongolië), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakhar-Mongools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakhar-Mongools (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chakhar-Mongools</a> (China)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialecten</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> Chalcha, Chakhar, Khorchin, Kharchin, Baarin, Xilingol, Darkhad, Alasha, Oirat, <a href="/wiki/Boerjatisch" title="Boerjatisch">Boerjatisch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet (hoofdbetekenis)">Alfabet</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisch_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillisch alfabet">Cyrillisch</a> (in Mongolië en Rusland), <a href="/wiki/Mongools_schrift" title="Mongools schrift">Mongools</a> (in China en Mongolië) </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Officiële status </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Offici%C3%ABle_taal" title="Officiële taal">Officieel in</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Mongolië"><img alt="Vlag van Mongolië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> en <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van China"><img alt="Vlag van China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalunie" title="Taalunie">Taalorganisatie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Taalcodes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1 </th> <td colspan="2">mn </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-2 </th> <td colspan="2">mon </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-3 </th> <td colspan="2">mon </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal">Taal</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2" style="font-size:120%">Mongools </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Naam (taalvarianten) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <table class="vatop"> <tbody><tr class="vatop"> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongools</a></td> <td style=""><span lang="mn" title="Mongools"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Monggol_kele.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Monggol_kele.svg/17px-Monggol_kele.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Monggol_kele.svg/26px-Monggol_kele.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Monggol_kele.svg/34px-Monggol_kele.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="405" /></a></span>/Mongɣol kele/<span style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Menk Hawang Tig', 'Menk Qagan Tig', 'Menk Garqag Tig', 'Menk Har_a Tig', 'Menk Scnin Tig', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Mongol Usug', 'Mongolian White', 'MongolianScript', 'Code2000', 'Menksoft Qagan'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; -ms-writing-mode:tb-lr; writing-mode:tb-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr; vertical-align:text-top;"> ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ</span></span> </td> </tr><tr class="vatop"> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongoolse_pinyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongoolse pinyin (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mongoolse pinyin</a></td> <td style=""><span lang="mn-Latn" title="Mongools">?</span></td> </tr><tr class="vatop"> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisch_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillisch alfabet">Mongools cyrillisch</a></td> <td style=""><span lang="mn-Cyrl" title="Mongools">Монгол хэл</span> </td> </tr> <tr class="vatop"> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">IPA</a> <small>(Mongools)</small></td> <td style="">[mɔngɔl xɮ] </td> </tr> <tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Het <b>Mongools</b> is de officiële en meest gesproken taal van <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a>. Het is zowel het meest gesproken als het bekendste lid van de <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_talen" title="Mongoolse talen">Mongoolse taalfamilie</a>. Het aantal sprekers van alle dialecten bij elkaar bedraagt wellicht 5,2 miljoen, wat de overgrote meerderheid van de inwoners van <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> en veel van de etnisch Mongoolse inwoners van de <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Autonome Regio van Binnen-Mongolië</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a> omvat.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mongolië is het Chalcha-dialect (wat momenteel geschreven wordt in zowel <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisch_schrift" title="Cyrillisch schrift">Cyrillisch</a> als <a href="/wiki/Traditioneel_Mongools_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditioneel Mongools alfabet">Mongools schrift</a> en soms in het <a href="/wiki/Latijns_schrift" title="Latijns schrift">Latijnse schrift</a> op <a href="/wiki/Sociaalnetwerksite" title="Sociaalnetwerksite">sociale media</a>) overheersend, terwijl in Binnen-Mongolië de taal <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectisch</a> diverser is en wordt geschreven in het traditionele Mongoolse schrift. </p><p>Sommige taalkundigen classificeren verschillende andere Mongoolse talen zoals het <a href="/wiki/Boerjatisch" title="Boerjatisch">Boerjatisch</a> in Oost-Siberië en het Oirat als dialecten van het Mongools, maar deze classificatie is niet in overeenstemming met de huidige internationale standaard. Andere Mongoolse talen zijn het <a href="/wiki/Kalmuks" title="Kalmuks">Kalmuks</a>, dat gesproken wordt bij de <a href="/wiki/Kaspische_Zee" title="Kaspische Zee">Kaspische Zee</a>, het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moghol_(taal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moghol (taal) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Moghol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> en een aantal kleinere talen in China. </p><p>Het Mongools beschikt over <a href="/wiki/Klinkerharmonie" title="Klinkerharmonie">klinkerharmonie</a> en een complexe syllabische structuur voor een Mongoolse taal, die clusters van maximaal drie medeklinkers op een eindlettergreep mogelijk maakt. Het is een typische <a href="/wiki/Agglutinatie_(taalkunde)" title="Agglutinatie (taalkunde)">agglutinerende taal</a> die gebruikmaakt van achtervoegselketens in de verbale en nominale domeinen. Hoewel er een basiswoordvolgorde (<a href="/wiki/SOV-volgorde" title="SOV-volgorde">subject-object-predicaat)</a> is, is de volgorde van <a href="/wiki/Naamwoordgroep" title="Naamwoordgroep">naamwoordgroepen</a> relatief vrij, dus grammaticale rollen worden aangegeven door een systeem van ongeveer acht <a href="/wiki/Naamval" title="Naamval">naamvallen</a>. Er zijn vijf <a href="/wiki/Actief/passief_(taalkunde)" title="Actief/passief (taalkunde)">zinsvormen</a>. Werkwoorden worden gemarkeerd om zinsvorm, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(taalkunde)" title="Aspect (taalkunde)">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werkwoordstijd" title="Werkwoordstijd">werkwoordstijd</a> en <a href="/wiki/Modaliteit_(taalkunde)" title="Modaliteit (taalkunde)">epistemische modaliteit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evidentialiteit" title="Evidentialiteit">evidentialiteit</a> aan te duiden. Bij het koppelen van zinnen wordt een speciale rol gespeeld door converbs. </p><p>Het moderne Mongools is voortgekomen uit het Middelmongools, de taal die in het <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Rijk" title="Mongoolse Rijk">Mongoolse Rijk</a> van de 13e en 14e eeuw werd gesproken. Tijdens de overgang vond een grote verschuiving plaats in het paradigma van klinkerharmonie, ontwikkelden zich lange klinkers, veranderde het naamvallensysteem lichtjes en werd het werkwoordstelsel geherstructureerd. Het Mongools is verwant aan de uitgestorven <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitan_(taal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitan (taal) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kitan-taal</a>. Er werd aangenomen dat Mongools gerelateerd is aan <a href="/wiki/Turkse_talen" title="Turkse talen">Turkse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toengoezische_talen" title="Toengoezische talen">Toengoezische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreaans" title="Koreaans">Koreaanse</a> en <a href="/wiki/Japanse_talen" title="Japanse talen">Japanse</a> talen, maar deze opvatting wordt nu door een meerderheid van (maar niet alle) <a href="/wiki/Vergelijkende_taalkunde" title="Vergelijkende taalkunde">vergelijkende taalkundigen</a> als achterhaald beschouwd. Deze talen worden gegroepeerd onder de <a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFsche_talen" title="Altaïsche talen">Altaïsche taalfamilie</a>. In plaats van een gemeenschappelijke genetische oorsprong, stelden Clauson, Doerfer en Shcherbak voor dat Turkse, Mongoolse en Toengoezische talen een <i><a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></i> vormen.<sup id="cite_ref-clauson56_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clauson56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongoolse literatuur is goed geattesteerd sinds de 13e eeuw, maar heeft eerdere Mongoolse voorlopers in de literatuur van de <a href="/wiki/Kitan" title="Kitan">Kitan</a> en andere <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-volkeren. De Bugut-inscriptie uit 584 n.chr. en de inscriptie van Hüis Tolgoi uit 604-620 n.chr. lijken de oudste ontdekte substantiële Mongoolse of Para-Mongolische teksten te zijn. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografische_verspreiding">Geografische verspreiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geografische verspreiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geografische verspreiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png/260px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png/390px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png/520px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van de verschillende Mongoolse talen</figcaption></figure> <p>Het Mongools is de officiële nationale taal van <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a>, waar het wordt gesproken (maar niet altijd geschreven) door bijna 3,6 miljoen mensen (schatting uit 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Mongolian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongolian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het is de officiële provinciale taal (zowel in gesproken als geschreven vormen) van <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a>, China, waar er ten minste 4,1 miljoen etnische Mongolen wonen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In heel China wordt de taal gesproken door ongeveer de helft van de 5,8 miljoen etnische Mongolen van het land (schatting uit 2005). Het exacte aantal Mongoolse sprekers in China is echter onbekend, aangezien de Chinese overheid geen gegevens bijhoudt over de taalvaardigheid van haar burgers. Het gebruik van het Mongools in Binnen-Mongolië is de afgelopen honderd jaar getuige geweest van perioden van achteruitgang en heropleving. De taal kende een achteruitgang tijdens de late Qing-periode, een heropleving tussen 1947 en 1965, een tweede terugval tussen 1966 en 1976, een tweede opleving tussen 1977 en 1992 en een derde afname tussen 1995 en 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ondanks de achteruitgang van de Mongoolse taal in sommige stedelijke gebieden en onderwijsgebieden van Binnen-Mongolië, zal de etnische identiteit van de verstedelijkte Chinees-sprekende Mongolen waarschijnlijk overleven door de aanwezigheid van stedelijke etnisch Mongoolse gemeenschappen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De meertalige situatie in Binnen-Mongolië lijkt de inspanningen van etnische Mongolen om hun taal te behouden niet in de weg te staan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel een onbekend aantal Mongolen in China, zoals de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" title="Tümed">Tümed</a>, het vermogen om hun taal te spreken mogelijk geheel of gedeeltelijk heeft verloren, worden ze nog steeds geregistreerd als etnische Mongolen en blijven ze zichzelf ook zo identificeren.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De kinderen van interetnische Mongools-Chinese huwelijken beweren ook Mongools te zijn en worden geregistreerd als etnische Mongolen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificatie_en_dialecten">Classificatie en dialecten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Classificatie en dialecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Classificatie en dialecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Ulan_Bator_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulan_Bator_14.JPG/260px-Ulan_Bator_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulan_Bator_14.JPG/390px-Ulan_Bator_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulan_Bator_14.JPG/520px-Ulan_Bator_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traditioneel_Mongools_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditioneel Mongools alfabet">Mongools schrift</a> en Mongools <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillisch">Cyrillisch</a> op <a href="/wiki/Damdin_Soeche_Bator" title="Damdin Soeche Bator">Soeche Bator's</a> standbeeld in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/260px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/390px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/520px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>De plaats van het moderne Mongools op de chronologische stamboom van Mongoolse talen</figcaption></figure> <p>Het Mongools behoort tot de <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_talen" title="Mongoolse talen">Mongoolse talen</a>. De afbakening van de Mongoolse taal binnen de Mongoolse taalfamilie is een veel omstreden theoretisch probleem, waarvan de oplossing wordt belemmerd door het feit dat bestaande gegevens voor de belangrijkste <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%ABteit_(taalkunde)" title="Variëteit (taalkunde)">variëteiten</a> niet gemakkelijk te rangschikken zijn volgens een gemeenschappelijke reeks taalcriteria. Dergelijke gegevens kunnen de <a href="/wiki/Historische_taalkunde" title="Historische taalkunde">historische</a> ontwikkeling van het Mongoolse <a href="/wiki/Dialectcontinu%C3%BCm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectcontinuüm">dialectcontinuüm</a> verklaren, evenals de <a href="/wiki/Sociolingu%C3%AFstiek" title="Sociolinguïstiek">sociolinguïstische</a> kwaliteiten ervan. Hoewel fonologische en lexicale studies relatief goed ontwikkeld zijn,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moet de basis nog worden gelegd voor een vergelijkende <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(taalkunde)" title="Morfologie (taalkunde)">morfosyntactische</a> studie, bijvoorbeeld tussen zeer diverse variëteiten als Chalcha en Khorchin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Juha Janhunen's boek getiteld "Mongools", groepeert hij de Mongoolse taalfamilie tot vier verschillende taalkundige takken:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_(taal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagur (taal) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Dagur-tak</a>, die alleen uit Dagur-taal bestaat, die wordt gesproken in het noordoostelijke deel van <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije">Mantsjoerije</a> in China, met name in de Morin Dawa Daur Autonome Vlag van <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, en in het district Meilisi Daur van <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>.</li> <li>de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moghol_(taal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moghol (taal) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Moghol-tak</a>, die alleen uit de Moghol-taal bestaat, die in Afghanistan wordt gesproken, en mogelijk is uitgestorven.</li> <li>de Shirongolische (of Zuid-Mongolische) tak, die uit ongeveer 7 talen bestaat en die in de regio <a href="/wiki/Amdo_(gebied)" title="Amdo (gebied)">Amdo</a> van <a href="/wiki/Tibetaanse_Autonome_Regio" title="Tibetaanse Autonome Regio">Tibet</a> wordt gesproken.</li> <li>De Algemeen Mongoolse (of Centraal Mongoolse - zie <i><a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_talen" title="Mongoolse talen">Mongoolse talen</a></i>) tak, bestaande uit ongeveer 6 talen, die centraal wordt gesproken in <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a>, evenals <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije">Mantsjoerije</a> en <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a> in het oosten, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_(Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB)" title="Ordos (Binnen-Mongolië)">Ordos</a> in het zuiden, <a href="/wiki/Dzjoengarije" title="Dzjoengarije">Dzjoengarije</a> in het westen en <a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a> in het noorden.</li></ul> <p>De tak "Algemeen Mongools" (of <i>Centraal-Mongools</i>) van de <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_talen" title="Mongoolse talen">Mongoolse taalfamilie</a> wordt gegroepeerd als volgt:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chalcha (<i>Xalx</i>), of de Chalcha-groep van dialecten, wordt centraal gesproken in <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a>, maar sommige dialecten, bijv. Chakhar worden ook gesproken in de regio <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>.</li> <li>Khorchin (<i>Xorcen</i>) of de Khorchin-groep van dialecten wordt gesproken in het oosten, in de oostelijke delen van <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije">Mantsjoerije</a>.</li> <li>Ordos ('Ordes<i>) wordt gesproken in het zuiden, in de <a href="/wiki/Ordos_(Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB)" title="Ordos (Binnen-Mongolië)">stad Ordos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a>.</i></li> <li>Oirat (<i>Oired</i>), wordt gesproken in het westen, in <a href="/wiki/Dzjoengarije" title="Dzjoengarije">Dzjoengarije</a>.</li> <li>Khamnigan (<i>Xamyen'gen</i>) of Khamnigan Mongools wordt gesproken in het noordoosten, in het noordoosten van <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> en ook in het noordwesten van <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije">Mantsjoerije</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerjatisch" title="Boerjatisch">Boerjatisch</a> (<i>Bouryaad</i>) wordt gesproken in het noorden, in de <a href="/wiki/Boerjati%C3%AB" title="Boerjatië">Republiek Boerjatië</a> van <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, evenals de Barga (Bargu) regio van de <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir Unie</a> in de regio <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>.</li></ul> <p>Er bestaat geen onenigheid over het feit dat het Chalcha-dialect van de Mongoolse staat Mongools is.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echter wordt de status van bepaalde variëteiten in de Mongoolse groep - of het nu talen zijn die verschillen van het Mongools of gewoon Mongoolse dialecten zijn - betwist. Er zijn ten minste drie van dergelijke variëteiten: het Oirat (inclusief de <a href="/wiki/Kalmuks" title="Kalmuks">Kalmukse variëteit</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Boerjatisch" title="Boerjatisch">Boerjatisch</a>, die beide in Rusland, Mongolië en China worden gesproken; en Ordos, gesproken rond de stad <a href="/wiki/Ordos_(Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB)" title="Ordos (Binnen-Mongolië)">Ordos</a> in Binnen-Mongolië.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De invloedrijke classificatie van Sanžeev (1953) stelt een 'Mongoolse taal' voor, bestaande uit slechts de drie dialecten Chalcha, Chakhar en Ordos, waarbij Boerjatisch en Oirat als onafhankelijke talen werden beschouwd.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aan de andere kant stelde Luvsanvandan (1959) een veel bredere "Mongoolse taal" voor, bestaande uit een centraal dialect (Chalcha, Chakhar, Ordos), een oostelijk dialect (Kharchin, Khorchin), een westers dialect (Oirat, Kalmuks) en een noordelijk dialect (bestaande uit twee Boerjatische varianten).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovendien stelt het "<i>taalbeleid in de Volksrepubliek China: theorie en praktijk sinds 1949"</i> dat Mongools in vier dialecten kan worden ingedeeld: het Chalcha-dialect in het midden, het Horcin-Haracin-dialect in het oosten, Oriat-Hilimag in het westen, en Bargu-Buriyad in het noorden.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sommige westerse geleerden<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stellen dat de relatief goed onderzochte Ordos-variëteit een onafhankelijke taal is vanwege zijn conservatieve lettergreepstructuur en <a href="/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem">foneeminventaris</a>. Hoewel de onderverdeling van een variëteit als Alasha,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (die onder de culturele invloed staat van Binnen-Mongolië maar historisch verbonden is met Oirat) en van andere grensvariëteiten zoals Darkhad, hoogstwaarschijnlijk problematisch blijft in elke classificatie,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blijft het grootste probleem de vraag hoe Chakhar, Chalcha en Khorchin in relatie tot elkaar en in relatie tot Boerjatisch en Oirat moeten worden geclassificeerd.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De splitsing van [tʃ]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> in [tʃ]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> vóór * i en [ts]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> vóór alle andere gereconstrueerde klinkers, die in Mongolië maar niet in Binnen-Mongolië voorkomt, wordt vaak aangehaald als een fundamenteel onderscheid<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bijvoorbeeld Proto-Mongolisch <i>[*tʃil]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup></i>, Khalkha /tʃiɮ/<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup>, Chakhar /tʃil/<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> 'jaar' tegenover Proto-Mongools <i>[*tʃøhelen]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup></i>, Chalcha /tso:ɮəŋ/<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup>, Chakhar /tʃo:ləŋ/<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> 'weinig'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aan de andere kant wordt de splitsing tussen de verbale achtervoegsels in de verleden tijd - <i>[sŋ]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup></i> in de centrale variëteiten vs. - <i>[dʒɛː]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup></i> in de oosterse variëteiten<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meestal gezien als louter een stochastisch verschil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Binnen-Mongolië verdeelt het officiële taalbeleid de Mongoolse taal in drie dialecten: Zuid-Mongools, Oirat en Barghu-Boerjat. Zuid-Mongools zou bestaan uit Chakhar, Ordos, Baarin, Khorchin, Kharchin en Alasha. De autoriteiten hebben een <a href="/wiki/Standaardtaal" title="Standaardtaal">literaire standaard</a> voor het Mongools opgesteld, waarvan de grammatica zou zijn gebaseerd op het Zuid-Mongools en waarvan de uitspraak is gebaseerd op het Chakhar-dialect zoals gesproken in de <a href="/wiki/Vendelsysteem" title="Vendelsysteem">Effen Blauwe Vendel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dialectologisch echter liggen de westelijke Zuid-Mongoolse dialecten dichter bij Chalcha dan bij de oostelijke Zuid-Mongoolse dialecten: Chakhar ligt bijvoorbeeld dichter bij Chalcha dan bij Khorchin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lijst_met_dialecten">Lijst met dialecten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lijst met dialecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lijst met dialecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juha Janhunen (2003:179) somt de volgende Mongoolse dialecten op, waarvan de meeste in <a href="/wiki/Binnen-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Binnen-Mongolië">Binnen-Mongolië</a> worden gesproken.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Jerim-</a></b>groep <ul><li>Khorchin (Qurciv)</li> <li>Jasagtu (Jasaqdu)</li> <li>Jarut (Jarut)</li> <li>Jalait (Jalajit)</li> <li>Dörbet (Tuirbat)</li> <li>Gorlos (Qhurlus)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Juu Uda-</a></b>groep <ul><li>Aru Khorchin (vAru Qurciv)</li> <li>Baarin (Baqhariv)</li> <li>Ongniut (vUvgniqhut)</li> <li>Naiman (Naimav)</li> <li>Aokhan (vAuqav)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Josotu-</b>groep <ul><li>Kharachin (Qaraciv)</li> <li>Tümet (Tuimat)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulan Tsab-</a></b>groep <ul><li>Chakhar (Caqar)</li> <li>Urat (vUrat)</li> <li>Darkhan (Tarqav)</li> <li>Muumingan (Muumivgqhav)</li> <li>Dörben Küüket (Tuirbav Gaugat)</li> <li>Keshigten (Gasigdav)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xilin_Gol" title="Xilin Gol">Shilingol-</a></b>groep <ul><li>Üdzümüchin (vUiczumuciv)</li> <li>Khuuchit (Qaqhucit)</li> <li>Abaga (vAbaqhe)</li> <li>Abaganar (vAbaqhanar)</li> <li>Sönit (Suinit)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buiten-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Buiten-Mongolië">Buiten-Mongoolse</a></b> groep <ul><li>Chalcha (Qalqe)</li> <li>Khotogoit (Quduqhujit)</li> <li>Darkhat (Tarqat)</li> <li>Tsongol (Cuvgqhul)</li> <li>Sartul (Sartaqhul)</li> <li>Dariganga (Tariqhavgqhe)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schrift">Schrift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Schrift" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Schrift"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg/260px-KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg/390px-KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg/520px-KFC_in_Hohhot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Een <a href="/wiki/KFC_(restaurant)" title="KFC (restaurant)">KFC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>, de hoofdstad van Binnen-Mongolië, China, met een drietalig bord in het <a href="/wiki/Standaardmandarijn" title="Standaardmandarijn">Chinees</a>, Mongools in het Mongoolse schrift en het <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het Mongools wordt in verschillende schriften geschreven. Het <a href="/wiki/Mongools_schrift" title="Mongools schrift">Mongoolse schrift</a> werd gecreëerd in de <a href="/wiki/12e_eeuw" title="12e eeuw">12e eeuw</a> en heeft sindsdien een aantal transformaties ondergaan. In <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> is het schrift in Mongolië vervangen door een aangepast <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisch_schrift" title="Cyrillisch schrift">cyrillisch schrift</a>/(Russisch Mongools). Het nieuwe alfabet is gelijk aan het <a href="/wiki/Russische_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russische alfabet">Russische alfabet</a> met als extra letters de ө (eu) en de ү (oe). China is nu het enige land waar het Mongoolse schrift wordt gebruikt in plaats van cyrillisch schrift. De overheid van <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> heeft in 2020 besloten dat het cyrillische schrift in 2025 weer plaats gemaakt moet hebben voor het Mongoolse. Op dit moment wordt het in Mongolië niet vaak gebruikt, maar op de Mongoolse bankbiljetten staan wel zinnen in dit schrifttype. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pos.</th> <th>Cyrillisch</th> <th>Naam</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">IPA</a></th> <th>ISO 9</th> <th>Uitspraak </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="А (cyrillisch)">Аа</a></td> <td>а (aa)</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" title="Б">Б</a>б</td> <td>бэ (bè)</td> <td>p, p</td> <td>b</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="В (cyrillisch)">Вв</a></td> <td>вэ (vè)</td> <td>w̜, w̜ʲ</td> <td>v</td> <td>v/w </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" title="Г">Г</a>г</td> <td>гэ (gè)</td> <td>ɡ, ɡʲ, ɢ</td> <td>g</td> <td>g (zoals in het <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" title="Д">Д</a>д</td> <td>дэ (dè)</td> <td>t, tʲ</td> <td>d</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Е (cyrillisch)">Ее</a></td> <td>е (je)</td> <td>ji~jθ</td> <td>e</td> <td>je </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%81_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё (cyrillisch)">Ёё</a></td> <td>ё (jo)</td> <td>jɔ</td> <td>ë</td> <td>jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" title="Ж">Ж</a>ж</td> <td>жэ (djè)</td> <td>tʃ</td> <td>ž</td> <td>zj </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" title="З">З</a>з</td> <td>зэ (tzè)</td> <td>ts</td> <td>z</td> <td>ts/z </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" title="И">И</a>и</td> <td>и (ie)</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" title="Й">Й</a>й</td> <td>хагас и (chagas ie, halve ie)</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A_(cyrillisch)" title="К (cyrillisch)">Кк</a></td> <td>ка (ka)</td> <td>kʰ, kʲʰ, x, xʲ</td> <td>k</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" title="Л">Л</a>л</td> <td>эл (èl)</td> <td>ɮ, ɮʲ</td> <td>l</td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="М (cyrillisch)">Мм</a></td> <td>эм (èm)</td> <td>m, mʲ</td> <td>m</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Н (cyrillisch)">Нн</a></td> <td>эн (èn)</td> <td>n, nʲ, ŋ</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="О (cyrillisch)">Оо</a></td> <td>о (oo)</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Өө</td> <td>ө (ö)</td> <td>ө~o</td> <td>ô</td> <td>eu/ö (zoals in het Duits) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="П (cyrillisch)">Пп</a></td> <td>пэ (pè)</td> <td>pʰ, pʰʲ</td> <td>p</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Р (cyrillisch)">Рр</a></td> <td>эр (èr)</td> <td>r, rʲ</td> <td>r</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="С (cyrillisch)">Сс</a></td> <td>эс (ès)</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Т (cyrillisch)">Тт</a></td> <td>тэ (tè)</td> <td>tʰ, tʰʲ</td> <td>t</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="У (cyrillisch)">Уу</a></td> <td>у (oe)</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td>u</td> <td>oe (vanuit de keel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>ү (ü)</td> <td>u</td> <td>ü</td> <td>oe (voor in de mond) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф (cyrillisch)">Фф</a></td> <td>фэ, фа, эф (fè, faa, èf)</td> <td>f, pʰ</td> <td>f</td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5_(cyrillisch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Х (cyrillisch)">Хх</a></td> <td>хэ, ха (chè, cha)</td> <td>x, xʲ</td> <td>h</td> <td>g (zowel hard als zacht) </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" title="Ц">Ц</a>ц</td> <td>цэ (tsè)</td> <td>tsʰ</td> <td>c</td> <td>ts </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" title="Ч">Ч</a>ч</td> <td>чэ (tjè)</td> <td>tʃʰ</td> <td>č</td> <td>tsj </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" title="Ш">Ш</a>ш</td> <td>ша, эш (sja, èsj)</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>š</td> <td>sj </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" title="Щ">Щ</a>щ</td> <td>ща, эшчэ (sjtja, èshtjè)</td> <td>(ʃt͡ʃ))</td> <td>ŝ</td> <td>sjtsj </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" title="Ъ">Ъ</a>ъ</td> <td>хатуугийн тэмдэг (chatoegien tèmdèg, hard teken)</td> <td>geen</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>" (maakt de klinker ervoor harder van klank) </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jery" title="Jery">Ыы</a></td> <td>эр үгийн ы (èr oegien ie, mannelijke ie)</td> <td>i</td> <td>y</td> <td>ie </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zacht_teken" title="Zacht teken">Ьь</a></td> <td>зөөлний тэмдэг (tzeulnie tèmdèg, zacht teken)</td> <td>ʲ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>' (maakt de klinker ervoor zachter van klank) </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" title="Э">Э</a>э</td> <td>э (è)</td> <td>e~i</td> <td>è</td> <td>è/ì </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" title="Ю">Ю</a>ю</td> <td>ю (joe)</td> <td>jʊ, ju</td> <td>û</td> <td>joe </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я">Я</a>я</td> <td>я (ja)</td> <td>ja</td> <td>â</td> <td>ja </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongools&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503231443/https://www.funkymongolian.com/learnmongolian/vocab/">Funky Mongolian</a>, enkele Mongoolse woorden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolor-toli.com/">Bolor Toli</a>, een Engels-Mongools vertaalsite</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate from Svantesson <i>et al.</i> 2005: 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clauson56-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-clauson56_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Clauson (1956). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CLAUSON/Clauson_against.pdf">The case against the Altaic theory</a>". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i> volume 2, pages 181–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongolian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mongolian_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012_11"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Janhunen, Juha</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2012-11-29">29 november 2012</span>). <cite><i>Mongolian</i></cite>. John Benjamins Publishing Company, "1", pp. 11.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2014_59"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tsung, Linda</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-10-27">27 oktober 2014</span>). <cite><i>Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China</i></cite>. Bloomsbury Academic, "3", pp. 59.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2014"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tsung, Linda</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-10-27">27 oktober 2014</span>). <cite><i>Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China</i></cite>. Bloomsbury Academic, "3".</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2003_84"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Iredale, Robyn</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-02">2 augustus 2003</span>). <cite><i>China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies</i></cite>, "4", pp. 84.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012_16"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Janhunen, Juha</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2012-11-29">29 november 2012</span>). <cite><i>Mongolian</i></cite>. John Benjamins Publishing Company, "1", pp. 16.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012_99"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Otsuka, Hitomi</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2012-11-30">30 november 2012</span>). <cite><i>More Morphologies: Contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009</i></cite>, "6", pp. 99.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2003_56,_64–67"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Iredale, Robyn</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-02">2 augustus 2003</span>). <cite><i>China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies</i></cite>. Routledge, "3", 56, 64–67.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012_11"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Janhunen, Juha</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2012-11-29">29 november 2012</span>). <cite><i>Mongolian</i></cite>. John Benjamins Publishing Company, "1", pp. 11.</span><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2003_61"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Iredale, Robyn</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-08-02">2 augustus 2003</span>). <cite><i>China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies</i></cite>, "3", pp. 61.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially Rinčjen 1979, Amaržargal 1988, Coloo 1988 and for a general bibliography on Mongolic phonology Svantesson <i>et al.</i> 2005: 218–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ashimura 2002 for a rare piece of research into dialect morphosyntax that shows significant differences between Khalkha and Khorchin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janhunen 2003d: 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012_3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Janhunen, Juha A.</span> (2012). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SAlwcg9ioPMC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Mongolian</a></i></cite>. John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 3. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-272-3820-7" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-272-3820-7">ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For an exact delimitation of Khalkha, see Amaržargal 1988: 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Janhunen (ed.) 2003 and Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005 for two classificatory schemes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanžeev 1953: 27–61, especially 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005: 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2006"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zhou, Minglang</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2006-04-11">11 april 2006</span>). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=-XDdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&dq=Language+Policy+in+the+People%E2%80%99s+Republic+of+China+The+Use+and+Development+of+Mongol+and+its+Writing+Systems+in+China#v=onepage&q&f=false">Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949</a></i></cite>. Springer Science & Business Media. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-4020-8039-5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-4020-8039-5">ISBN 978-1-4020-8039-5</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">among them Janhunen 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005: 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005: 266 classify Alasha as a variety of Southern Mongolian according to morphological criteria, while Svantesson <i>et al.</i> 2005: 148 classify it as a variety of Oirat according to phonological criteria. For a discussion of opinions on the classification of Darkhad, see Sanžaa and Tujaa 2001: 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005: 166–73, 184–195. See also Janhunen 2003d: 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Svantesson <i>et al.</i> 2005: 143, Poppe 1955: 110–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Svantesson <i>et al.</i> 2006: 159–160; the difference between the [l]s might just be due to the impossibility of reconstructing something as precise as [ɮ]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup> for Proto-Mongolic and imprecision or convenience in notation for Chakhar (Chakhar phonemes according to Dobu 1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., <i>bi tegün-i taniǰei</i> I him know -<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">past</span> 'I knew him' is accepted and ?<i>Bi öčögedür iregsen</i> rejected by an Inner Mongolian grammarian from Khorchin (Chuluu 1998: 140, 165); in Khalkha, by contrast, the first sentence would not appear with the meaning attributed to it, while the second is perfectly acceptable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Činggeltei 1959. Notice that this split is blurred by the school grammar, which treats several dialectal varieties as one coherent grammatical system (for example Činggeltei 1999 [1979]). This understanding is in turn reflected in the undecided treatment of -<i>[sŋ]<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">?</a></sup></i> in research work like Bayančoγtu 2002: 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." (Sečenbaγatur <i>et al.</i> 2005: 85).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janhunen 2003d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janhunen, Juha. 2003. <i>The Mongolic Languages</i>, p.179. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de <i><b><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mn:">Mongoolstalige uitgave</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongools&oldid=67638855">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongools&oldid=67638855</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taal_in_Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Categorie:Taal in Mongolië">Taal in Mongolië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taal_in_Rusland" title="Categorie:Taal in Rusland">Taal in Rusland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taal_in_China" title="Categorie:Taal in China">Taal in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Natuurlijke_taal" title="Categorie:Natuurlijke taal">Natuurlijke taal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mongoolse_taalfamilie" title="Categorie:Mongoolse taalfamilie">Mongoolse taalfamilie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 7 jun 2024 om 12:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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