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title="Salzbergwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salzbergwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Αλατωρυχείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλατωρυχείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_de_sal" title="Mina de sal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mina de sal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmino" title="Salmino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salmino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_de_sel" title="Mine de sel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mine de sel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambang_garam" title="Tambang garam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tambang garam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97" title="מכרה מלח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכרה מלח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoutmijn" title="Zoutmijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoutmijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltgruve" title="Saltgruve – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saltgruve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopalnia_soli" title="Kopalnia soli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kopalnia soli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_sal" title="Mineração de sal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineração de sal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salin%C4%83" title="Salină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Salină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_mine" title="Salt mine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Salt mine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вађење соли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вађење соли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltgruva" title="Saltgruva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saltgruva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about mining for salt. For the secret CIA prison, see <a href="/wiki/Salt_Pit" title="Salt Pit">Salt Pit</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_mine_0096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Salt_mine_0096.jpg/220px-Salt_mine_0096.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Salt_mine_0096.jpg/330px-Salt_mine_0096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Salt_mine_0096.jpg/440px-Salt_mine_0096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Modern rock-salt mine near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Morris (town), New York">Mount Morris, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Salt mining</b> extracts natural <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> deposits from underground. The mined salt is usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> (commonly known as rock salt), and extracted from <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzbergwerk,_Deutschen_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG/220px-Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG/330px-Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG/440px-Salzbergwerk%2C_Deutschen_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of an underground salt mine in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg/170px-Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg/255px-Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg/340px-Slanic_Salt_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Inside <a href="/wiki/Salina_Veche" class="mw-redirect" title="Salina Veche">Salina Veche</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%83nic" title="Slănic">Slănic, Prahova</a>, Romania. The railing (lower middle) gives the viewer an idea of scale.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the advent of the modern <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> and earth-moving equipment, mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations because of rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt (both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust) and of other problems caused by accidental excessive sodium intake. Salt is now plentiful, but until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, it was difficult to come by, and salt was often mined by slaves or prisoners. Life expectancy for the miners was low. </p><p>The earliest found salt mine was in Hallstatt, Austria where salt was mined, starting in 5000BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history" title="Salt in Chinese history">cultivation</a> and trade in mined salt.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt. The Chinese writer, poet, and politician <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hua" title="Zhang Hua">Zhang Hua</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a> wrote in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i> how people in <a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution.<sup id="cite_ref-deng_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt. Salt mining was an arduous task for them, as they faced geographical and technological constraints. Salt was extracted mainly from the sea, and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production.<sup id="cite_ref-Höllmann_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Höllmann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese made use of <a href="/wiki/Salt_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt crystal">natural crystallization</a> of salt lakes and constructed some <a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">artificial evaporation basins</a> close to shore.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1041, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for <a href="/wiki/Salt_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt production">salt production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deng_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southwestern China, natural salt deposits were mined with <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">bores</a> that could reach to a depth of more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft), but the yields of salt were relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-Höllmann_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Höllmann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As salt is a necessity of life, salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of the Imperial Chinese government's revenue and state development.<sup id="cite_ref-Höllmann_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Höllmann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such as <a href="/wiki/K%2BS" title="K+S">K+S</a>, <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compass_Minerals" title="Compass Minerals">Compass Minerals</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining_regions_around_the_world">Mining regions around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mining regions around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Valley_(Khewra_Salt_Mines).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG/220px-Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG/330px-Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG/440px-Crystal_Valley_%28Khewra_Salt_Mines%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Crystal Valley region of the <a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Khewra Salt Mines">Khewra Salt Mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. With around 250,000 visitors a year, the site is a major tourist attraction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaltMosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SaltMosque.JPG/220px-SaltMosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SaltMosque.JPG/330px-SaltMosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SaltMosque.JPG/440px-SaltMosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A small <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg/220px-Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg/330px-Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg/440px-Large_hole_drilling_rig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Large hole drilling rig for blast-hole drilling at salt mine <a href="/wiki/Haigerloch" title="Haigerloch">Haigerloch</a>-Stetten</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_salt_production" title="List of countries by salt production">List of countries by salt production</a></div> <p>Some notable salt mines include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12em;">Country</th> <th style="width:70em;">Site(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzkammergut" title="Salzkammergut">Salzkammergut</a>. </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Provadiya">Provadiya</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a>, an ancient town which Bulgarian archaeologists regard as the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt-production facility approximately six millennia ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Maugh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maugh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>Sifto Salt Mine<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Goderich,_Ontario" title="Goderich, Ontario"> Goderich</a>, Ontario, which, at 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> (2.4 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>) wide and 2 miles (3.2 km) long, is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending 7 km<sup>2</sup> (2.7 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (January 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>The "<a href="/wiki/-wich_town#Springs_and_wells" title="-wich town">-wich towns</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a>, where manual labor is used.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheinberg" title="Rheinberg">Rheinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountcharles" title="Mountcharles">Mountcharles</a> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Racalmuto" title="Racalmuto">Racalmuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realmonte" title="Realmonte">Realmonte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petralia_Soprana" title="Petralia Soprana">Petralia Soprana</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the production sites managed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italkali (page does not exist)">Italkali</a>. </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>Société de Sel de Mohammedia (Mohammedia Rock Salt company) near <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td> <td>Kilroot, near <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a>, more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km. </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">Khewra Salt Mines</a>, the world's second largest salt-mining operation, spanning over 300 km. It was first discovered by a horse of Alexander the Great. The mine is still operation till today. </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka" title="Wieliczka">Wieliczka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bochnia" title="Bochnia">Bochnia</a>, both established in the mid-13th century and still operating, mostly as museums. <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odawa_Salt_Mine" title="Kłodawa Salt Mine">Kłodawa Salt Mine</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%83nic" title="Slănic">Slănic</a></b> (with <a href="/wiki/Salina_Veche" class="mw-redirect" title="Salina Veche">Salina Veche</a>, Europe's largest salt mine), <a href="/wiki/Cacica" title="Cacica">Cacica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocnele_Mari" title="Ocnele Mari">Ocnele Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salina_Turda" title="Salina Turda">Salina Turda</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Ocna" title="Târgu Ocna">Târgu Ocna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocna_Sibiului" title="Ocna Sibiului">Ocna Sibiului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praid" title="Praid">Praid</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salina_Ocna_Dej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salina Ocna Dej (page does not exist)">Salina Ocna Dej</a>. </td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solikamsk" title="Solikamsk">Solikamsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> (European Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seregovo_mine" title="Seregovo mine">Seregovo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> (European Russia)</li></ul></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soledar_Salt_Mine" title="Soledar Salt Mine">Soledar Salt Mine</a> in Soledar, Donetsk oblast. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>, underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 as the Carey Salt Company. In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company formed, then purchased the mine. In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Strataca" title="Strataca">Strataca</a> salt mine museum and <i>Underground Vaults & Storage</i> constructed a new 650 feet (200 m) shaft to an older part of the mine for tours and storage. Also, Lyons Salt Company and <a href="/wiki/Compass_Minerals" title="Compass Minerals">Compass Minerals</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Lyons,_Kansas" title="Lyons, Kansas">Lyons, Kansas</a>, and Independent Salt Company is located in <a href="/wiki/Kanopolis,_Kansas" title="Kanopolis, Kansas">Kanopolis, Kansas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Island_(Louisiana)" title="Avery Island (Louisiana)">Avery Island, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Island_mine" title="Whiskey Island mine">Whiskey Island mine</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairport_Harbor_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairport Harbor mine (page does not exist)">Fairport Harbor mine</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt" title="Morton Salt">Morton Salt</a> is located 30 mi (48 km) to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a>, 1,100 feet (340 m) beneath which the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_salt_mine" title="Detroit salt mine">Detroit Salt Company's</a> 1,500-acre (6 km<sup>2</sup>) subterranean complex extends<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston County, New York</a>, location of American Rock Salt, the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a> earned the nickname "The Salt City" for its salt mining, an activity that continues in the region to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Saline,_Texas" title="Grand Saline, Texas">Grand Saline, Texas</a> has a Morton Salt mine. It is one of the largest in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park" title="Minute Maid Park">Minute Maid Park</a> is a newly discovered saltworks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltville,_Virginia" title="Saltville, Virginia">Saltville, Virginia</a>, the site of one of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"> Confederacy</a>'s main saltworks.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idiomatic_use">Idiomatic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Idiomatic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In slang, the term <em>salt mines</em>, and especially the phrase <em>back to the salt mines</em>, refers ironically to one's workplace, or a dull or tedious task. This phrase originates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> in reference to the Russian practice of sending prisoners to <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labor</a> in Siberian salt mines.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Salt mines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">Khewra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schacht_Asse_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Schacht Asse II">Schacht Asse II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turda_Salt_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turda Salt Mine">Turda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Salt_Mine" title="Windsor Salt Mine">Windsor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Salt evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine_mining" title="Brine mining">Brine mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">Salt lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">Salt dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mines_and_saltworks_of_Gouhenans" title="Coal mines and saltworks of Gouhenans">Coal mines and saltworks of Gouhenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozon_coal_and_saltworks" title="Grozon coal and saltworks">Grozon coal and saltworks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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January 7, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107110921/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cayuga-salt-mine-elevator-malfunction-traps-17-miners-underground-lansing-n491851">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=All+17+Cargill+Salt+Miners+Trapped+on+Underground+Elevator+Freed&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fcayuga-salt-mine-elevator-malfunction-traps-17-miners-underground-lansing-n491851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/back-to-the-salt-mines">"Definition of back to the salt mines"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112073049/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/back-to-the-salt-mines">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+back+to+the+salt+mines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fback-to-the-salt-mines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2010" class="citation web cs1">Houston, Natalie (2010-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/the-salt-mines-really/22927">"The Salt Mines. Really??"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education Blogs: ProfHacker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112073052/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/the-salt-mines-really/22927">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education+Blogs%3A+ProfHacker&rft.atitle=The+Salt+Mines.+Really%3F%3F&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fprofhacker%2Fthe-salt-mines-really%2F22927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salt_topics" title="Template talk:Salt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt" title="History of salt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">In the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Salt_Co._v._United_States" title="International Salt Co. v. United States">International Salt Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt_in_Middlewich" title="History of salt in Middlewich">In Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history" title="Salt in Chinese history">In Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_salts" title="List of edible salts">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraum_salts" title="Abraum salts">Abraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaea_salt" title="Alaea salt">Alaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberger_process" title="Alberger process">Alberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok" title="Asín tibuok">Asín tibuok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bittern_(salt)" title="Bittern (salt)">Bittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Black lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_salt" title="Celery salt">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_salt" title="Curing salt">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_salt" title="Cyclic salt">Cyclic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flake_salt" title="Flake salt">Flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_sel" title="Fleur de sel">Fleur de sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_salt" title="Himalayan salt">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">Iodised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugyeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugyeom">Jugyeom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_namak" title="Kala namak">Kala namak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_brining_salt" title="Korean brining salt">Korean brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshio_salt" title="Moshio salt">Moshio salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_salt" title="Pickling salt">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_reed_salt" title="River reed salt">River reed salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder#Onion_salt" title="Onion powder">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salammoniac" title="Salammoniac">Salammoniac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Sea salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoned_salt" title="Seasoned salt">Seasoned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_gris" title="Sel gris">Sel gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salt" title="Smoked salt">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Truffle salt">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asin_tibuok#Guimaras_and_Capiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asin tibuok">Túltul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salted_foods" title="Category:Salted foods">Food usage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brined_cheese" title="Brined cheese">Brined cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">Salt-cured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">Salt and cardiovascular disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salt mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_well" title="Salt well">Salt well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_works" title="Sink works">Sink works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pan_salt_making" title="Open-pan salt making">Open-pan salt making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_salt_production" title="List of countries by salt production">List of countries by salt production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Cheshire" title="Salt in Cheshire">In Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_industry_in_Ghana" title="Salt industry in Ghana">In Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds" title="San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">In Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_of_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain of salt">Grain of salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_Bible" title="Salt in the Bible">Salt in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">Salting the earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_lick" title="Mineral lick">Mineral lick</a></li> 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