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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere and leaves again</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg/220px-Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg/330px-Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg/440px-Frederic_Church_Meteor_of_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meteor_of_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="The Meteor of 1860">The Meteor of 1860</a></i>. In 2010, it was determined to be an Earth-grazing meteor procession.<sup id="cite_ref-tex_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>Earth-grazing fireball</b> (or <b>Earth grazer</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Fireball_(meteor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireball (meteor)">fireball</a>, a very bright <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> that enters <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%99s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth’s atmosphere">Earth’s atmosphere</a> and leaves again. Some fragments may impact Earth as <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, if the meteor starts to break up or explodes in mid-air. These phenomena are then called Earth-grazing <a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">meteor processions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tex_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous examples of Earth-grazers are the <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">1972 Great Daylight Fireball</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meteor_Procession_of_July_20,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor Procession of July 20, 1860">Meteor Procession of July 20, 1860</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tex_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newscientist.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an Earth-grazer <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">passes through the atmosphere</a> its mass and velocity are changed, so that its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, after it re-enters space, will be different from its orbit before it encountered <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsna_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsna-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spurny_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere, but rather incrementally thinner air from the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> (11~50 km (7~31 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> (~85 km or 53 mi), and <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> (~690 km or 430 mi) up to the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a> (~10,000 km or 6,200 mi) (see also <a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">thermopause</a>). For example, a <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> can become a <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> at an altitude of 85–120 km (53–75 mi) above the Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_Earth-grazing_fireballs">Known Earth-grazing fireballs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Known Earth-grazing fireballs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-grazing_meteoroid,_13_October_1990,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth-grazing_meteoroid%2C_13_October_1990%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Earth-grazing_meteoroid%2C_13_October_1990%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Earth-grazing_meteoroid%2C_13_October_1990%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Sky photo with the <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990</a>, as the light track across the picture going from the south to the north, taken at <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1_hora_(N%C3%ADzk%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk)" title="Červená hora (Nízký Jeseník)">Červená hora</a> (Czech Republic), one of the stations of the <a href="/wiki/European_Fireball_Network" title="European Fireball Network">European Fireball Network</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An Earth-grazing fireball is a rarely measured kind of fireball<sup id="cite_ref-Spu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by a meteoroid that collides with the Earth but survives the collision by passing through, and exiting, the atmosphere. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> four grazers have been scientifically observed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession_of_July_20,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor procession of July 20, 1860">Meteor procession of July 20, 1860</a><sup id="cite_ref-tex_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newscientist.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession_of_February_9,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor procession of February 9, 1913">Meteor procession of February 9, 1913</a> led to conclusions a temporary <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellite</a> capture of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> had broken up<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">1972 Great Daylight Fireball</a>, August 10, 1972, US19720810 at 15 km/s above United States and Canada (first scientific observation). It was estimated to have lost about half its mass,<sup id="cite_ref-maa_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 800 m/s of velocity during the encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-gsna_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsna-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 13, 1990, a 40 kilogram, 41.5 km/s <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">meteoroid passed at 97.9 km above Czechoslovakia</a> (first orbit calculation based on photographic records from two distant places).<sup id="cite_ref-spurny_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 29, 2006, fireball passed 18.8 km/s through the atmosphere 71.4 km above Japan<sup id="cite_ref-Abe1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abe1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abe2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abe2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 7, 2007, EN070807 passed through the atmosphere over Europe with an orbit belonging to the rare <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroid</a> type<sup id="cite_ref-Spu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 10, 2012, an Earth-grazing fireball from the Daytime ζ-Perseid shower passed over Spain, travelling 510 km in the atmosphere. It was the faintest Earth-grazing meteor reported in the scientific literature and the first one belonging to a meteor shower.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 24, 2014, a slow moving <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> fireball SPMN241214 passed over north Africa, Spain, and Portugal, travelling about 1,200 km in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 7, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fireball_Network" title="Desert Fireball Network">Desert Fireball Network</a> observed a grazing fireball that traveled over 1300 km through the atmosphere above Western Australia and South Australia. The closest approach was about 58.5 km, and the initial mass is estimated to be a minimum of ~60 kg. The meteoroid came from an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollo-type</a> orbit, and due to the close encounter with the Earth, it was sent onto a Jupiter-family comet-like orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">List of Earth-crossing asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a> – Sand- to boulder-sized particle of debris in the Solar System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession" title="1913 Great Meteor Procession">Cyrillids</a> – Meteor shower across the Western Hemisphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a> – Prediction of the dates and times of asteroids impacting Earth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tex-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tex_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tex_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tex_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tex_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2010/06/YearOfMeteors060110.html">"Texas State astronomers solve Walt Whitman meteor mystery : University News Service : Texas State University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019041851/http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2010/06/YearOfMeteors060110.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-19<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+State+astronomers+solve+Walt+Whitman+meteor+mystery+%3A+University+News+Service+%3A+Texas+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txstate.edu%2Fnews%2Fnews_releases%2Fnews_archive%2F2010%2F06%2FYearOfMeteors060110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span>. Txstate.edu (2010-05-28). Retrieved on 2013-10-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell2009" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Picture+of+the+Day&rft.atitle=Earthgrazer%3A+The+Great+Daylight+Fireball+of+1972&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap090302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newscientist.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/gallery/whitman-mystery-solved/3">"Images of Harper's Weekly front page story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428174011/http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/whitman-mystery-solved/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Images+of+Harper%27s+Weekly+front+page+story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fgallery%2Fwhitman-mystery-solved%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-150-year-old_meteor_mystery_solved_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605014144/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/06/02/4448882-150-year-old-meteor-mystery-solved">150-year-old meteor mystery solved</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsna-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsna_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsna_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fis.unipr.it/~albino/ITASN/GSNA/US19720810/US19720810.html">US19720810 (Daylight Earth grazer)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307122520/http://www.fis.unipr.it/~albino/ITASN/GSNA/US19720810/US19720810.html">Archived</a> March 7, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Global Superbolic Network Archive, 2000, 'Size: 5 to 10 m'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maa_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maa_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120051405/http://www.maa.agleia.de/Comet/Other/1972.html">Daylight Fireball of August 10, 1972</a> C. Kronberg, Munich Astro Archive, archived summary by Gary W. Kronk of early analysis and of Zdeněk Ceplecha's paper for Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1994, '3 meters, if a carbonaceous chondrite, or as large as 14 meters, if composed of cometary materials', 'post-encounter ... 2 or 10 meters'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spurny-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spurny_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spurny_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurný, P.; Ceplecha, Z.; Borovicka, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JIMO...19...13S">Earth-grazing fireball: Czechoslovakia, Poland, October 13, 1990, 03h27m16sUT</a>. WGN, Vol. 19, Nr. 1, p. 13; (aphelion of its orbit changed from 2.80 AU to 1.80 AU)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurnýJ._BorovičkaZ._CeplechaL._Shrbený2008" class="citation journal cs1">Spurný, P. Spurný; J. Borovička; Z. Ceplecha; L. Shrbený (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8217.pdf">"Precise Multi-instrument Data on 45 Fireballs Recorded over Central Europe in the Period 2006-2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asteroids, Comets, Meteors</i>. <b>1405</b>. Czech Republic: Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Fričova 298, CZ-251 65 Ondřejov Observatory: 8217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPICo1405.8217S">2008LPICo1405.8217S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221050/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8217.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>. <q>EN070807 fireball ... very rare Earth-grazing fireball ... Aten type</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asteroids%2C+Comets%2C+Meteors&rft.atitle=Precise+Multi-instrument+Data+on+45+Fireballs+Recorded+over+Central+Europe+in+the+Period+2006-2008&rft.volume=1405&rft.pages=8217&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008LPICo1405.8217S&rft.aulast=Spurn%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=P.+Spurn%C3%BD&rft.au=J.+Borovi%C4%8Dka&rft.au=Z.+Ceplecha&rft.au=L.+Shrben%C3%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Facm2008%2Fpdf%2F8217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although other grazers have been seen and, rarely, photographed, without specialised scientific observations their orbits cannot be determined. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonid</a> grazer over Hawaii on 2001-11-18 -<a href="#Abe2">Abe 2006 (PDF)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Keefe, John A. 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JRASC..53...59O">A Probable Natural Satellite: The Meteor procession of February 9, 1913</a>. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 53, p.59. Code 1959JRASC..53...59O. Retrieved 2008-07-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abe1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abe1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Abe1">Abe 2006 (abstract)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abe2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abe2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abe 2006 (PDF) approximately 100 kg, orbit aphelion reaches Jupiter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EN indicates the <a href="/wiki/European_Fireball_Network" title="European Fireball Network">European Fireball Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadiedoEsparteroCastro-TiradoPastor2016" class="citation journal cs1">Madiedo, José M.; Espartero, Francisco; Castro-Tirado, Alberto J.; Pastor, Sensi; de los Reyes, José A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstw1020">"An Earth-grazing fireball from the Daytime ζ-Perseid shower observed over Spain on 2012 June 10"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>460</b> (1): 917–922. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08380">1604.08380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.460..917M">2016MNRAS.460..917M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstw1020">10.1093/mnras/stw1020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54851418">54851418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Earth-grazing+fireball+from+the+Daytime+%CE%B6-Perseid+shower+observed+over+Spain+on+2012+June+10&rft.volume=460&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=917-922&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1604.08380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54851418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstw1020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016MNRAS.460..917M&rft.aulast=Madiedo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Espartero%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Castro-Tirado%2C+Alberto+J.&rft.au=Pastor%2C+Sensi&rft.au=de+los+Reyes%2C+Jos%C3%A9+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstw1020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorenoMadiedoZamorano2016" class="citation conference cs1">Moreno, A.; Madiedo, J. M.; Zamorano, J.; et al. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1088.pdf">"Preliminary Spectroscopic and Dynamical Analysis of an Earth-Grazer Fireball Observed on December 24, 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 21-25, 2016 at The Woodlands, Texas</i>. p. 1088. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016LPI....47.1088M">2016LPI....47.1088M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135050/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1088.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Spectroscopic+and+Dynamical+Analysis+of+an+Earth-Grazer+Fireball+Observed+on+December+24%2C+2014&rft.btitle=47th+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference%2C+held+March+21-25%2C+2016+at+The+Woodlands%2C+Texas&rft.pages=1088&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016LPI....47.1088M&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Madiedo%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Zamorano%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hou.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2016%2Fpdf%2F1088.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoberJansen-SturgeonSansomDevillepoix2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shober, Patrick M.; Jansen-Sturgeon, Trent; Sansom, Eleanor K.; Devillepoix, Hadrien A. R.; Towner, Martin C.; Bland, Phil A.; Cupák, Martin; Howie, Robert M.; Hartig, Benjamin A. D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab8002">"Where Did They Come from, Where Did They Go: Grazing Fireballs"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>159</b> (5): 191. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01895">1912.01895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AJ....159..191S">2020AJ....159..191S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab8002">10.3847/1538-3881/ab8002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208617451">208617451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Where+Did+They+Come+from%2C+Where+Did+They+Go%3A+Grazing+Fireballs&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=191&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.01895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208617451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab8002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AJ....159..191S&rft.aulast=Shober&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rft.au=Jansen-Sturgeon%2C+Trent&rft.au=Sansom%2C+Eleanor+K.&rft.au=Devillepoix%2C+Hadrien+A.+R.&rft.au=Towner%2C+Martin+C.&rft.au=Bland%2C+Phil+A.&rft.au=Cup%C3%A1k%2C+Martin&rft.au=Howie%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Hartig%2C+Benjamin+A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Fab8002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth-grazing+fireball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth-grazing_fireball&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Earth-grazing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Earth-grazing"><i>Earth-grazing</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100722.html">Fireball of 1860</a> (painting)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090302.html">Fireball of 1972</a> (photo)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_impact_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Modern impact events</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Pre-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1490 <a href="/wiki/Qingyang_event" title="Qingyang event">Qingyang</a></li> <li>1783 <a href="/wiki/1783_Great_Meteor" title="1783 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1860 <a href="/wiki/1860_Great_Meteor" title="1860 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1908 <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a></li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession" title="1913 Great Meteor Procession">Great Meteor Procession</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/1930_Curu%C3%A7%C3%A1_River_event" title="1930 Curuçá River event">Curuçá River</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Chicora_meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicora meteor">Chicora meteor</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite" title="Sikhote-Alin meteorite">Sikhote-Alin meteor</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteor</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">Great Daylight Fireball</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Post-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Eastern_Mediterranean_event" title="2002 Eastern Mediterranean event">2002 Eastern Mediterranean event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Carancas_impact_event" title="2007 Carancas impact event">2007 Carancas impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3"><span class="nowrap">2008 TC<sub>3</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Buzzard_Coulee_meteorite" title="Buzzard Coulee meteorite">Buzzard Coulee meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">2009 Sulawesi superbolide</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill_meteorite" title="Sutter's Mill meteorite">Sutter's Mill meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_meteoroid" title="2012 United Kingdom meteoroid">2012 United Kingdom meteoroid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Novato_meteorite" title="Novato meteorite">Novato meteor</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_meteorite" title="Braunschweig meteorite">Braunschweig meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ontario_fireball" title="2014 Ontario fireball">2014 Ontario fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kerala_meteoroid" title="2015 Kerala meteoroid">2015 Kerala meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thailand_bolide" title="2015 Thailand bolide">2015 Thailand bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1190F" title="WT1190F">WT1190F impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China_bolide" title="2017 China bolide">2017 China bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA impact</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China_bolide" title="2020 China bolide">2020 China bolide</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_EB5" title="2022 EB5"><span class="nowrap">2022 EB<sub>5</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_WJ1" title="2022 WJ1"><span class="nowrap">2022 WJ<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_CX1" title="2023 CX1"><span class="nowrap">2023 CX<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_BX1" title="2024 BX1"><span class="nowrap">2024 BX<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_RW1" title="2024 RW1"><span class="nowrap">2024 RW<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_UQ" title="2024 UQ">2024 UQ impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impact events on Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impact events on Jupiter</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predicted_asteroid_impacts_on_Earth" title="List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth">Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">Bolides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air bursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorite_falls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorite falls">Meteorite falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li>Damage scales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>DART</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Optical_Ground_Station" title="ESA Optical Ground Station">OGS Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance#Ongoing_projects" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_events" title="Category:Impact events">Impact events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_meteoroids" title="Category:Fiction about meteoroids">Fiction about meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Fiction about impact events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meteor_showers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meteor_showers" title="Template:Meteor showers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meteor_showers" title="Template talk:Meteor showers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meteor_showers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meteor showers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meteor_showers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor showers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andromedids" title="Andromedids">Andromedids</a></li> <li>Antihelion Source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquariids" title="Aquariids">Aquariids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Aquariids" title="Eta Aquariids">eta Aquariids</a></li> <li>kappa Aquariids</li> <li>North delta Aquariids</li> <li>North iota Aquariids</li> <li>South iota Aquariids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Delta_Aquariids" title="Southern Delta Aquariids">Southern Delta Aquariids</a></li> <li>tau Aquariids</li></ul></li> <li>Aquilids <ul><li>South June Aquilids</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arietids" title="Arietids">Arietids</a> <ul><li>Daytime eps. Arietids</li> <li>Daytime May Arietids</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigids" title="Aurigids">Aurigids</a> <ul><li>alpha Aurigids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Aurigids" title="Delta Aurigids">delta Aurigids</a></li> <li>Nov. iota Aurigids</li></ul></li> <li>Bootids (<a href="/wiki/June_Bootids" title="June Bootids">June Bootids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis-Minorids" title="Canis-Minorids">Canis-Minorids</a></li> <li>Cancrids (<a href="/wiki/Delta_Cancrids" title="Delta Cancrids">delta Cancrids</a>)</li> <li>Capricornids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Capricornids" title="Alpha Capricornids">alpha Capricornids</a></li> <li>Daytime Capri.-Sagitt.</li></ul></li> <li>Carinids (<a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinids" title="Eta Carinids">eta Carinids</a>)</li> <li>Cassiopeids (beta Cassiopeids)</li> <li>Centaurids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centaurids" title="Alpha Centaurids">alpha Centaurids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Centaurids" title="Theta Centaurids">theta Centaurids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Centaurids" title="Omicron Centaurids">omicron Centaurids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cetids <ul><li>omega Cetids</li> <li>pi Cetids</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comae_Berenicids" class="mw-redirect" title="Comae Berenicids">Comae Berenicids</a></li> <li>Cygnids (<a href="/wiki/Kappa_Cygnids" title="Kappa Cygnids">kappa Cygnids</a>)</li> <li>Doradids (gamma Doradids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draconids" title="Draconids">Draconids</a></li> <li>Eridanids (eta Eridanids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminids" title="Geminids">Geminids</a> (epsilon Geminids)</li> <li>Herculids (<a href="/wiki/Tau_Herculids" title="Tau Herculids">tau Herculids</a>)</li> <li>Hydrids (<a href="/wiki/Sigma_Hydrids" title="Sigma Hydrids">sigma Hydrids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonis_Minorids" title="Leonis Minorids">Leonis Minorids</a> (Dec. Leonis Minorids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrids" title="Lyrids">Lyrids</a> <ul><li>eta Lyrids</li> <li>June Lyrids</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocerotids" title="Monocerotids">Monocerotids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Monocerotids" title="Alpha Monocerotids">alpha Monocerotids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Normids (gamma Normids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orionids" title="Orionids">Orionids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasids" title="Pegasids">Pegasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseids</a> <ul><li>Daytime <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Perseids" title="Zeta Perseids">zeta Perseids</a></li> <li>September epsilon Perseids</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicids" title="Phoenicids">Phoenicids</a> (July Phoenicids)</li> <li>Piscis Austrinids</li> <li>Puppids (<a href="/wiki/Pi_Puppids" title="Pi Puppids">pi Puppids</a>)</li> <li>Puppid-Velids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrantids" title="Quadrantids">Quadrantids</a></li> <li>Scorpiids <ul><li>alpha Scorpiids</li> <li>North omega Scorpiids</li> <li>South omega Scorpiids</li></ul></li> <li>Serpentids (kappa Serpentids)</li> <li>Sextantids (Daytime Sextantids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">Taurids</a> <ul><li>Daytime <a href="/wiki/Beta_Taurids" title="Beta Taurids">beta Taurids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">Northern Taurids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">Southern Taurids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursids" title="Ursids">Ursids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginids" title="Virginids">Virginids</a> <ul><li>alpha Virginids</li> <li>gamma Virginids</li> <li>eta Virginids</li> <li>theta Virginids</li> <li>iota Virginids</li> <li>lambda Virginids</li> <li>mu Virginids</li> <li>pi Virginids</li> <li>psi Virginids</li> <li>March Virginids</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By peak date</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif/65px-Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif" decoding="async" width="65" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif/98px-Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif/130px-Meteor_falling_courtesy_NASA.gif 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="327" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrantids" title="Quadrantids">January 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centaurids" title="Alpha Centaurids">February 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Centaurids" title="Theta Centaurids">February 10</a></li> <li>March 14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginids" title="Virginids">April 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrids" title="Lyrids">April 22–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Puppids" title="Pi Puppids">April 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Aquariids" title="Eta Aquariids">May 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arietids" title="Arietids">June 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Bootids" title="June Bootids">June 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicids" title="Phoenicids">July 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Delta_Aquariids" title="Southern Delta Aquariids">July 28–29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Cygnids" title="Kappa Cygnids">July 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Capricornids" title="Alpha Capricornids">July 31 – August 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">August 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigids" title="Aurigids">September 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draconids" title="Draconids">October 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">October 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orionids" title="Orionids">October 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonis_Minorids" title="Leonis Minorids">October 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromedids" title="Andromedids">November 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">November 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">November 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Monocerotids" title="Alpha Monocerotids">November 21–22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicids" title="Phoenicids">December 5–6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminids" title="Geminids">December 13–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenicids" title="Coma Berenicids">December 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursids" title="Ursids">December 22</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meteor_Society" title="American Meteor Society">American Meteor Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization" title="International Meteor Organization">International Meteor Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Meteor_Network" title="North American Meteor Network">North American Meteor Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_index" title="Population index">Population index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)" title="Radiant (meteor shower)">Radiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenithal_Hourly_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenithal Hourly Rate">Zenithal Hourly Rate</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_showers" title="List of meteor showers">List of meteor showers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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