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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_infill_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_infill_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Benefits of infill development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_infill_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistical_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistical_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Logistical challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistical_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburban_infill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburban_infill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Suburban infill</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suburban_infill-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Suburban infill subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Suburban_infill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infill_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infill_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infill housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infill_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rededication of land in an urban environment to new construction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Infill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Infill (disambiguation)">Infill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, <b>infill</b>, or in-fill, is the rededication of land in an <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban environment</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">open-space</a>, to new <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infill also applies, within an urban <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>, to construction on any <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">undeveloped land</a> that is not on the urban margin. The slightly broader term "<a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a>" is sometimes used instead. Infill has been promoted as an economical use of existing <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and a remedy for <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detractors view increased <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">urban density</a> as overloading urban services, including increased <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and decreasing urban green-space.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houck_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many also dislike it for social and historical reasons, partly due to its unproven effects and its similarity with gentrification.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_(9506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/250px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/330px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/500px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Example of a potential urban infill site in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In the urban planning and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate developer">development</a> industries, infill has been defined as the use of land within a built-up area for further construction, especially as part of a community <a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">redevelopment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">growth management</a> program or as part of <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It focuses on the reuse and repositioning of obsolete or underutilized buildings and sites.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban infill projects can also be considered as a means of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable land development</a> close to a city's <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">urban core</a>. </p><p>Redevelopment or land recycling are broad terms which include redevelopment of previously developed land. Infill development more specifically describes buildings that are constructed on vacant or underused property or between existing buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms describing types of redevelopment that do not involve using vacant land should not be confused with infill development. Infill development is commonly misunderstood to be gentrification, which is a different form of redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_infill_development_vs._gentrification">Urban infill development vs. gentrification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Urban infill development vs. gentrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattancarpark.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Manhattancarpark.JPG/220px-Manhattancarpark.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Manhattancarpark.JPG/330px-Manhattancarpark.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Manhattancarpark.JPG/440px-Manhattancarpark.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> adjacent to multi-story buildings. Such vacant lots are often temporary, the old buildings having been demolished for infill development.</figcaption></figure> <p>Infill development is sometimes a part of <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> thus providing a source of confusion which may explain social opposition to infill development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gentrification is a term that is challenging to define because it manifests differently by location, and describes a process of gradual change in the identity of a neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because gentrification represents a gradual change, scholars have struggled to draw a hard line between ordinary, natural changes in a neighborhood and special, unnatural ones based in larger socio-economic and political structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the exact definition of gentrification varies by scholar, most can agree that gentrification redevelops a lower income neighborhood in a way that attracts higher income residents, or caters to their increasing presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Moskowitz, the author of <i>How to Kill a City,</i> has more specifically put gentrification into context by describing it as a process permitted by "decades of racist housing policy" and perpetuated through a "political system focused more on the creation and expansion of business opportunities than the well-being of its citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentrification is most common in urban neighborhoods, although it has also been studied in suburban and rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A defining feature of gentrification is the effect it has on residents. Specifically, gentrification results in the physical displacement of lower class residents by middle or upper class residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism by which this displacement most traditionally occurs is through rental increases and increases in property values.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As gentrifiers start moving into a neighborhood, developers make upgrades to the neighborhood that are catered to them. The initial influx of middle class gentry occurs due to the affordability of the neighborhood combined with attractive developments that have already been made in the neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to accommodate these new residents, local governments will change zoning codes and give out subsidies to encourage the development of new living spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rental increases are then justified by the new capital and demand for housing coming into an area.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through increased rents for existing shops and rental units, long time residents and shopkeepers are forced to move, making way for the more new development.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major difference between gentrification and infill development is that infill development does not always involve physical displacement whereas gentrification does.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because infill development describes any development on unused or blighted land. When successful, infill development creates stable, mixed income communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentrification is more strongly associated with the development of higher-end shopping centers, apartment complexes, and industrial sites. These structures are developed on used land, with the goal of attracting higher income residents to maximize the capital of a certain area. The mixed income communities seen during gentrification are inherently transitional (based on how gentrification is defined), whereas the mixed-income communities caused by infill development are ideally stable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their differences, similarities between gentrification and infill development are apparent. Infill development can involve the development of the same high-end residential and non-residential structures seen with gentrification (i.e. malls, grocery stores, industrial sites, and apartment complexes) and it often brings middle and upper-class residents into the neighborhoods being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_challenges">Social challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The similarities, and subsequent confusion, between gentrification and infill housing can be identified in John A. Powell’s broader scholarship on regional solutions to urban sprawl and concentrated poverty. This is particularly clear in his article titled <i>Race, poverty, and urban sprawl: Access to opportunities through regional strategies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, he argues that urban civil rights advocates must focus on regional solutions to urban sprawl and concentrated poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make his point, powell focuses on infill development, explaining that one of the major challenges to it is the lack of advocacy that it receives locally from urban civil rights advocates and community members.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cites that the concern within these groups is that infill development will bring in middle and upper-class residents and cause the eventual displacement of low-income residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that infill development "is mistakenly perceived as a gentrification process that will displace inner city residents from their existing neighborhoods," demonstrates that there exists confusion between the definitions of the terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powell also acknowledges that there is historical merit to these concerns, citing how during the 1960s infill development proved to favor white residents over minorities and how white-flight to the suburbs occurred throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many opponents to infill development are "inner-city residents of color."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often view "return by whites to the city as an effort to retake the city" that they had previously left. This alludes to the fear of cultural displacement, which has most often been associated with gentrification,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also apply to infill development. Cultural displacement describes the “changes in the aspects of a neighborhood that have provided long-time residents with a sense of belonging and allowed residents to live their lives in familiar ways.” <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> throughout the mid-to-late 20th century, minorities began to constitute the dominant group in inner-city communities. In the decades following, they developed distinct cultural identities and power within these communities. Powell suggests that it is unsurprising that they would want to risk relinquishing this sense of belonging to an influx of upper class white people, especially considering the historical tensions leading up to white flight in urban areas across the country throughout the mid to late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_infill_development">Benefits of infill development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits of infill development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite these concerns, Powell claims that, depending on the city, the benefits of infill development may outweigh the risks that such groups are concerned about. For example, poor cities with high levels of vacant land (such as Detroit) have much to gain through infill development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also addresses the concern that minority groups will lose power in these communities by explaining how "cities like Detroit and Cleveland are far from being at risk of political domination by whites."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ways that Powell believes infill development could help poor cities like Detroit and Cleveland are through the increase in middle class residents and the new buildings that are constructed in the neighborhoods. These new buildings are an attractive alternative to blight, so they can have the benefit of improving property values for lower-class homeowners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While increases property values can sometimes force non-homeowners to relocate, Powell suggests that in poor cities there are enough options for relocation that the displacement often remains "intra-jurisdictional."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another benefit of infill development is the raising of the tax base, which brings more revenue into the city and improves the city’s ability to serve its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infill development's ability to eradicate old industrial sites and city-wide blight also can improve the quality of life for residents and spark much-needed outside investment in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering the confusion between gentrification and infill development, a major obstacle for advocates of infill development is to educate community members on the differences between infill development and gentrification.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doing so requires explaining that infill projects use vacant land and do not displace lower income residents, but instead benefit them in the creation of stable, mixed-income communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the issue of cultural displacement is also paramount, as infill development still has the potential to shift the cultural identity of a neighborhood even if there is no physical displacement associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logistical_challenges">Logistical challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Logistical challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although urban infill is an appealing tool for community redevelopment and growth management, it is often far more costly for developers to develop land within the city than it is to develop on the periphery, in suburban <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costs for developers include acquiring land, removing existing structures,<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and testing for and cleaning up any environmental contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have argued that infill development is more financially feasible for development when it occurs on a large plot of land, with several acres.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale development benefits from what economists call <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and reduces the surrounding negative influences of neighborhood blight, crime, or poor schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, large scale infill development is often difficult in a blighted neighborhood for several reasons, such as the difficulties in acquiring land and in gaining community support. </p><p>Amassing land is one challenge that infill development poses, but greenfield development does not. Neighborhoods that are targets for infill often have parcels of blighted land scattered among places of residence. Developers must be persistent to amass land parcel by parcel and often find resistance from landowners in the target area.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way to approach that problem is for city management to use <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> to claim land. However, that is often unpopular with city management and neighborhood residents. Developers must also deal with regulatory barriers, visit numerous government offices for permitting, interact with a city management that is frequently unwilling to use eminent domain to remove current residents, and generally engage in public-private partnerships with local government.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developers also meet with high social goal barriers in which the local officials and residents are not interested in the same type of development. Although citizen involvement has been found to facilitate the development of <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfield land</a>, residents in blighted neighborhoods often want to convert vacant lots to parks or recreational facilities, but external actors seek to build apartment complexes, commercial shopping centers, or industrial sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Houck_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suburban_infill">Suburban infill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Suburban infill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suburban infill is the development of land in existing <a href="/wiki/Suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbs">suburban areas</a> that was left vacant during the development of the suburb. It is one of the tenets of <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a>, trends that urge densification to reduce the need for <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, encourage <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, and save <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> ultimately.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Urbanism, an exception to infill is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban agriculture</a> in which land in the urban or suburban area is retained to grow food for local consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infill_housing">Infill housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infill housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infill housing is the insertion of additional housing units into an already-approved <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivision</a> or neighborhood. They can be provided as additional units built on the same lot, by dividing existing homes into multiple units, or by creating new residential lots by further subdivision or lot line adjustments. Units may also be built on vacant lots. </p><p>Infill <a href="/wiki/Residential_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential development">residential development</a> does not require the subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield land</a>, natural areas, or prime <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> land, but it usually reduces green space. In some cases of residential infill, existing infrastructure may need expansion to provide enough <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utilities</a> and other services: increased electrical and water usage, additional sewage, increased traffic control, and increased fire damage potential. </p><p>As with other new construction, structures built as infill may clash architecturally with older, existing buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_infills" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban infills">Urban infills</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_consolidation" title="Urban consolidation">Urban consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfirevic Dj., Simonovic Alfirevic S. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19868889/Infill_Architecture_Design_Approaches_for_In-Between_Buildings_and_Bond_as_Integrative_Element_Interpolacija_u_arhitekturi_Pristupi_projektovanju_interpoliranih_objekata_i_spona_kao_integrativni_element_">Infill Architecture: Design Approaches for In-Between Buildings and 'Bond' as Integrative Element</a>. Arhitektura i urbanizam 41: 24–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_NancyDonaghy,_KieranKnaap,_Gerrit-Jan2011" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (2011). "Introduction". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlglCMi9SG4C&pg=PA7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Urban+Economics+and+Planning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538062-0&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Donaghy%2C+Kieran&rft.au=Knaap%2C+Gerrit-Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell,_VirginiaWiley,_Keith2011" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, Virginia; Wiley, Keith (2011). "Part IV: Urban Land-Use and Transportation Policy, Chapter 21: Infill Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">473–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195380620.013.0022">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380620.013.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IV%3A+Urban+Land-Use+and+Transportation+Policy%2C+Chapter+21%3A+Infill+Development%3A+Perspectives+and+Evidence+from+Economics+and+Planning&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Urban+Economics+and+Planning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195380620.013.0022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538062-0&rft.au=McConnell%2C+Virginia&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houck-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houck_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houck_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouck,_Michael_C.2010" class="citation book cs1">Houck, Michael C. (2010). "Chapter 5: In livable cities is preservation of the wild: the politics of providing for nature in cities". In Douglas, Ian; et al. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology</i>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49813-5"><bdi>978-0-415-49813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+In+livable+cities+is+preservation+of+the+wild%3A+the+politics+of+providing+for+nature+in+cities&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Urban+Ecology&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-49813-5&rft.au=Houck%2C+Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span> Note: The odd grammar of the title is based on a quotation from <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, John (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1007/BF02833980">"Race, poverty, and urban sprawl: Access to opportunities through regional strategies"</a>. <i>Forum for Social Economics</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02833980">10.1007/BF02833980</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-0932">0736-0932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153902483">153902483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+for+Social+Economics&rft.atitle=Race%2C+poverty%2C+and+urban+sprawl%3A+Access+to+opportunities+through+regional+strategies&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153902483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0736-0932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02833980&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1007%2FBF02833980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunphy,_Robert2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunphy, Robert (2005). "Smart Transportation and Land Use: the New American Dream". <i>Smart Growth and Transportation: Issues and Lessons Learned</i>. Conference proceedings, Transportation Research Board, volume 32). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fV0q30Gm--IC&pg=PA126">126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Transportation+and+Land+Use%3A+the+New+American+Dream&rft.btitle=Smart+Growth+and+Transportation%3A+Issues+and+Lessons+Learned&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Conference+proceedings%2C+Transportation+Research+Board%2C+volume+32%29&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board+of+the+National+Academies&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dunphy%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcConnellWiley2012" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, Virginia; Wiley, Keith (12 January 2012). "Infill Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlglCMi9SG4C"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538062-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Infill+Development%3A+Perspectives+and+Evidence+from+Economics+and+Planning&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Urban+Economics+and+Planning&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538062-0&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlglCMi9SG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715092247/http://infillphiladelphia.org/about-infill-philadelphia.php">"Infill Philadelphia"</a>. Community Design Collaborative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infillphiladelphia.org/about-infill-philadelphia.php">the original</a> on 15 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infill+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Community+Design+Collaborative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfillphiladelphia.org%2Fabout-infill-philadelphia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320023034/http://www.sedev.org/downloads/GreenInfrastructureHandbook.pdf"><i>The Southeast Tennessee Green Infrastructure Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chattanooga, Tennessee: Southeast Tennessee Development District. 2011. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedev.org/downloads/GreenInfrastructureHandbook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southeast+Tennessee+Green+Infrastructure+Handbook&rft.place=Chattanooga%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Southeast+Tennessee+Development+District&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sedev.org%2Fdownloads%2FGreenInfrastructureHandbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown-Saracino2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown-Saracino, Japonica (2010). <i>The Gentrification Debates: A Reader</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415801652" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415801652"><bdi>978-0415801652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentrification+Debates%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415801652&rft.aulast=Brown-Saracino&rft.aufirst=Japonica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2017" class="citation book cs1">Moskowitz, Peter (2017). <i>How To Kill A City</i>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568587615" title="Special:BookSources/9781568587615"><bdi>9781568587615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Kill+A+City&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781568587615&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A documentary by Kelly Anderson and Allison Lirish Dean ; My Brooklyn LLC. ; director, Kelly Anderson ; producers, Allison Lirish Dean and Kelly Anderson. My Brooklyn. [New York] :New Day Films, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, M. (2013). <i>Listening To Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City</i> [Bachelors of Arts with Honors in the Department of Afroamerican and African Studies ]. University of Michigan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.utexas.edu/gentrificationproject/gentrification-and-displacement-in-austin/">"Background: Gentrification and Displacement"</a>. <i>sites.utexas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Background%3A+Gentrification+and+Displacement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.utexas.edu%2Fgentrificationproject%2Fgentrification-and-displacement-in-austin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter1995" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Michael (May–June 1995). "The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City". <i>Harvard Business Review</i>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=The+Competitive+Advantage+of+the+Inner+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1995-05%2F1995-06&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farris-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farris_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farris_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farris_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farris_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farris_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarris2001" class="citation journal cs1">Farris, J. T. (2001). "The barriers to using urban infill development to achieve smart growth". <i>Housing Policy Debate</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10511482.2001.9521395">10.1080/10511482.2001.9521395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154805986">154805986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Housing+Policy+Debate&rft.atitle=The+barriers+to+using+urban+infill+development+to+achieve+smart+growth&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10511482.2001.9521395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154805986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergLewis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, M; Lewis, M. J. (2000). "Brownfields Redevelopment, Preferences and Public Involvement: A Case Study of an Ethnically Mixed Neighbourhood". <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">2501–</span>2514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000UrbSt..37.2501G">2000UrbSt..37.2501G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420980020080661">10.1080/00420980020080661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154837433">154837433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Brownfields+Redevelopment%2C+Preferences+and+Public+Involvement%3A+A+Case+Study+of+an+Ethnically+Mixed+Neighbourhood&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2501-%3C%2Fspan%3E2514&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154837433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00420980020080661&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000UrbSt..37.2501G&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreilich,_Robert_H.Sitkowski,_Robert_J.Mennillo,_Seth_D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Freilich, Robert H.; Sitkowski, Robert J.; Mennillo, Seth D. (2010). <i>From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development, and Renewable Energy</i> (revised ed.). Chicago: American Bar Association. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hET5BF4jDYC&pg=PA269">269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60442-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60442-812-4"><bdi>978-1-60442-812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sprawl+to+Sustainability%3A+Smart+Growth%2C+New+Urbanism%2C+Green+Development%2C+and+Renewable+Energy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60442-812-4&rft.au=Freilich%2C+Robert+H.&rft.au=Sitkowski%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Mennillo%2C+Seth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828081008/http://www.greenbelt.org/downloads/about/infill.pdf">"San Francisco Bay Area's Greenbelt Alliance: Infill Primer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbelt.org/downloads/about/infill.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+Bay+Area%27s+Greenbelt+Alliance%3A+Infill+Primer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbelt.org%2Fdownloads%2Fabout%2Finfill.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(109 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028011928/http://www.nemw.org/infillch03.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Strategies for Successful Infill Development" by the Northeast-Midwest Institute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nemw.org/infillch03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Strategies+for+Successful+Infill+Development%22+by+the+Northeast-Midwest+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nemw.org%2Finfillch03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(3.54 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denverinfill.com/">DenverInfill.com</a>, News and information about urban infill development in the Mile High City of Denver.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032900/http://www.cnu.org/taxonomy/term/1143">"Infill Development"</a>. The Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnu.org/taxonomy/term/1143">the original</a> on 2014-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infill+Development&rft.pub=The+Congress+for+the+New+Urbanism+%28CNU%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnu.org%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F1143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfill" class="Z3988"></span> (examples of in-fill development in the greater Washington D.C. area)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/20px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/40px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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