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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Asian monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Australian monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_American_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_American_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>South American monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_American_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Global monsoon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_monsoon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global monsoon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Africa (West African and Southeast African)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asian_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asian_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>South Asian monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asian_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southwest_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.1</span> <span>Southwest monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.2</span> <span>Northeast monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>East Asian monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monsoon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeson" title="Moeson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moeson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رياح موسمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياح موسمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monzón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musson" title="Musson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="মৌসুমি বায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌসুমি বায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мусон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мусон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="मानसून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मानसून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мусон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мусон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monson" title="Monson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Monson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons%C3%B3" title="Monsó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monsó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagat" title="Habagat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monzun" title="Monzun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monzun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="मनसुन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मनसुन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoon" title="Mussoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mussoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μουσώνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσώνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monzón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musono" title="Musono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Musono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montzoi" title="Montzoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Montzoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C" title="باد موسمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باد موسمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsunar" title="Monsunar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Monsunar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousson" title="Mousson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mousson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesson" title="Moesson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moesson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons%C3%BAn" title="Monsún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monsún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monzón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="ચોમાસું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચોમાસું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%88%ED%92%8D" title="계절풍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계절풍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մուսսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուսսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="मानसून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानसून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musono" title="Musono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Musono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepnep" title="Nepnep – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nepnep" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monson" title="Monson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons%C3%BAn" title="Monsún – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Monsún" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsone" title="Monsone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monsone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מונסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muson" title="Muson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Muson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾನ್ಸೂನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನ್ಸೂನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მუსონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муссон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Муссон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsuni" title="Monsuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Monsuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муссон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Муссон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hippalus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musons" title="Musons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Musons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musonas" title="Musonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Musonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesson" title="Moesson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moesson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monson" title="Monson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monszun" title="Monszun – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Monszun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Монсун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монсун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varatraza" title="Varatraza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varatraza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="മൺ‌സൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൺ‌സൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8" title="मोसमी पाऊस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोसमी पाऊस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მუსონეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსონეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="မုန်သုန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မုန်သုန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="မုတ်သုန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုတ်သုန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesson_(regentijd)" title="Moesson (regentijd) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moesson (regentijd)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="मनसून – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मनसून" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="モンスーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンスーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsuun" title="Monsuun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Monsuun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monson" title="Monson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussonlar" title="Mussonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mussonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੌਨਸੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਨਸੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مون سون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مون سون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Monção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muson" title="Muson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муссон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муссон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муссон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Муссон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="वर्षाऋतुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्षाऋतुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsunet" title="Monsunet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monsunet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monsoon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="چوماسو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چوماسو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%BAn" title="Monzún – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monzún" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بای وەرزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بای وەرزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Монсун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монсун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsuuni" title="Monsuuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monsuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monsun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklaot" title="Balaklaot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balaklaot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பருவப் பெயர்ச்சிக் காற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருவப் பெயர்ச்சிக் காற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="రుతుపవనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రుతుపవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the seasonal winds. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Monsoon (disambiguation)">Monsoon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Habagat" redirects here. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/RPLS_Habagat" class="mw-redirect" title="RPLS Habagat">RPLS Habagat</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg/260px-Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg/390px-Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg/520px-Monsoon_clouds_near_Nagercoil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Advancing monsoon clouds and showers in Aralvaimozhy, near <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair,_Andaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg/260px-Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg/390px-Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg/520px-Monsoon_clouds_arriving_at_Port_Blair%2C_Andaman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon clouds arriving at Port Blair, Andaman, India</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>monsoon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is now used to describe seasonal changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy phase</a> of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)">West African</a>, Asian–<a href="/wiki/Australian_monsoon" title="Australian monsoon">Australian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">North American</a>, and South American monsoons. </p><p>The term was first <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_British_Raj" title="Glossary of the British Raj">used in English in British India</a> and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in the southwest bringing heavy <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG/220px-Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG/330px-Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG/440px-Monsoon_clouds_Lucknow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon clouds over <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The etymology of the word monsoon is not wholly certain.<sup id="cite_ref-WangClemens2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WangClemens2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English <i>monsoon</i> came from Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">monção</i></span> ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موسم</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mawsim</i></span>, "season"), "perhaps partly via early modern Dutch <i>monson</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_monsoon">Asian monsoon</h3></div> <p>Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> after the collision of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and Asia around 50 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of studies of records from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and that of the wind-blown dust in the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> of China, many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago. More recently, studies of plant fossils in China and new long-duration <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> records from the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> led to a timing of the monsoon beginning 15–20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Ocean_Drilling_Program" title="Integrated Ocean Drilling Program">Integrated Ocean Drilling Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, especially the cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> ice ages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of Asian monsoonal climate cycles from 123,200 to 121,210 years BP, during the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> interglacial, suggests that they had an average duration of around 64 years, with the minimum duration being around 50 years and the maximum approximately 80 years, similar to today.<sup id="cite_ref-WangEtAl2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WangEtAl2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of marine plankton suggested that the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) strengthened around 5 million years ago. Then, during ice periods, the sea level fell and the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia#Indonesian_seaway" title="Geology of Indonesia">Indonesian Seaway</a> closed. When this happened, cold waters in the Pacific were impeded from flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is believed that the resulting increase in sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean increased the intensity of monsoons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a study of the SAM's variability over the past million years found that precipitation resulting from the monsoon was significantly reduced during <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods like the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-GebregiorgisEtAl2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GebregiorgisEtAl2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) underwent several intensifications during the warming following the Last Glacial Maximum, specifically during the time intervals corresponding to 16,100–14,600 BP, 13,600–13,000 BP, and 12,400–10,400 BP as indicated by vegetation changes in the Tibetan Plateau displaying increases in humidity brought by an intensifying ISM.<sup id="cite_ref-QingfengMa2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QingfengMa2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the ISM was relatively weak for much of the Late Holocene, significant glacial accumulation in the Himalayas still occurred due to cold temperatures brought by westerlies from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>, the July ITCZ, the zone of rainfall maximum, migrated northwards, increasing precipitation over southern China during the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) while making Indochina drier.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Late Miocene Global Cooling (LMCG), from 7.9 to 5.8 million years ago, the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) became stronger as the subarctic front shifted southwards.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abrupt intensification of the EAWM occurred 5.5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-HanFangBergerYin2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanFangBergerYin2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EAWM was still significantly weaker relative to today between 4.3 and 3.8 million years ago but abruptly became more intense around 3.8 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as crustal stretching widened the Tsushima Strait and enabled greater inflow of the warm Tsushima Current into the Sea of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 3.0 million years ago, the EAWM became more stable, having previously been more variable and inconsistent, in addition to being enhanced further amidst a period of global cooling and sea level fall.<sup id="cite_ref-KimEtAl2019PPP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimEtAl2019PPP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EASM was weaker during cold intervals of glacial periods such as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) and stronger during interglacials and warm intervals of glacial periods.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another EAWM intensification event occurred 2.6 million years ago, followed by yet another one around 1.0 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-HanFangBergerYin2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanFangBergerYin2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_event" title="Dansgaard–Oeschger event">Dansgaard–Oeschger events</a>, the EASM grew in strength, but it has been suggested to have decreased in strength during <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_event" title="Heinrich event">Heinrich events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AhnEtAl2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhnEtAl2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EASM expanded its influence deeper into the interior of Asia as sea levels rose following the LGM;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also underwent a period of intensification during the Middle Holocene, around 6,000 years ago, due to orbital forcing made more intense by the fact that the Sahara at the time was much more vegetated and emitted less dust.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSaharaAsianMonsoon_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSaharaAsianMonsoon-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Middle Holocene interval of maximum EASM was associated with an expansion of temperate deciduous forest steppe and temperate mixed forest steppe in northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-WangEtAl2019PPP_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WangEtAl2019PPP-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By around 5,000 to 4,500 BP, the East Asian monsoon's strength began to wane, weakening from that point until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particularly notable weakening took place ~3,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the EASM shifted multiple times over the course of the Holocene: first, it moved southward between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, followed by an expansion to the north between approximately 8,000 and 4,000 BP, and most recently retreated southward once more between 4,000 and 0 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-ChengEtAl2020GPC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChengEtAl2020GPC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_monsoon">Australian monsoon</h3></div> <p>The January ITCZ migrated further south to its present location during the Middle Miocene, strengthening the summer monsoon of Australia that had previously been weaker.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five episodes during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> at 2.22 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> (<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>PL-1), 1.83 Ma (PL-2), 0.68 Ma (PL-3), 0.45 Ma (PL-4) and 0.04 Ma (PL-5) were identified which showed a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin Current</a> (LC). The weakening of the LC would have an effect on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature (SST) field</a> in the Indian Ocean, as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a> generally warms the Indian Ocean. Thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. During the weak LC, there is the possibility of reduced intensity of the Indian winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon, because of change in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean dipole">Indian Ocean dipole</a> due to reduction in net heat input to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow. Thus a better understanding of the possible links between <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, Western Pacific Warm Pool, Indonesian Throughflow, wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_American_monsoon">South American monsoon</h3></div> <p>The South American summer monsoon (SASM) is known to have become weakened during Dansgaard–Oeschger events. The SASM has been suggested to have been enhanced during Heinrich events.<sup id="cite_ref-AhnEtAl2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhnEtAl2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/308px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/462px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/616px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7569" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">On May 28, in the dry season</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/308px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/462px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/616px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7424" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">On August 28, in the rainy season</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> in 2010</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/220px--Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="222" data-mwtitle="Monsoons_Wet,_Dry,_Repeat.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monsoons_Wet,_Dry,_Repeat.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm/Monsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMonsoons_Wet%2C_Dry%2C_Repeat.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>This visualization shows the Asian monsoon and how it develops using observational and modeled data. It also shows some of the impacts.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div> <p>Monsoons were once considered as a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breeze</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by higher temperature over land than in the ocean. This is no longer considered as the cause and the monsoon is now considered a planetary-scale phenomenon involving the annual migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone between its northern and southern limits. The limits of the ITCZ vary according to the land–sea heating contrast and it is thought that the northern extent of the monsoon in South Asia is influenced by the high Tibetan Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways. Over oceans, the air temperature remains relatively stable for two reasons: water has a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a> (3.9 to 4.2 J g<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because both <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer)" title="Convection (heat transfer)">convection</a> will equilibrate a hot or cold surface with deeper water (up to 50 metres). In contrast, dirt, sand, and rocks have lower heat capacities (0.19 to 0.35 J g<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they can only transmit heat into the earth by conduction and not by convection. Therefore, bodies of water stay at a more even temperature, while land temperatures are more variable. </p><p>During warmer months sunlight heats the surfaces of both land and oceans, but land temperatures rise more quickly. As the land's surface becomes warmer, the air above it expands and an area of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">low pressure</a> develops. Meanwhile, the ocean remains at a lower temperature than the land, and the air above it retains a higher pressure. This difference in pressure causes <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breezes</a> to blow from the ocean to the land, bringing moist air inland. This moist air rises to a higher altitude over land and then it flows back toward the ocean (thus completing the cycle). However, when the air rises, and while it is still over the land, the air <a href="/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect" title="Joule–Thomson effect">cools</a>. This decreases the air's <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">ability to hold water</a>, and this causes <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> over the land. This is why summer monsoons cause so much rain over land. </p><p>In the colder months, the cycle is reversed. Then the land cools faster than the oceans and the air over the land has higher pressure than air over the ocean. This causes the air over the land to flow to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean, it cools, and this causes precipitation over the oceans. (The cool air then flows towards the land to complete the cycle.) </p><p>Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar rainfall is caused when moist ocean air is lifted upwards by mountains,<sup id="cite_ref-MT_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surface heating,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convergence at the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, and this produces <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_monsoon">Global monsoon</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_table">Summary table</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Monsoon/sub-system </th> <th>Average date of arrival </th> <th>Average date of withdrawal </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Mexico </td> <td>North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA </td> <td>late May<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September </td> <td>incomplete wind reversal, waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tucson, Arizona, USA </td> <td>North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA </td> <td>early July<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September </td> <td>incomplete wind reversal, waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central America </td> <td>Central/South American Monsoon </td> <td>April<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>October<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>true monsoon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amazon Brazil </td> <td>South American monsoon </td> <td>September<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>May<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Brazil </td> <td>South American monsoon </td> <td>November<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>March<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Africa </td> <td>West African </td> <td>June 22<sup id="cite_ref-inno_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sept<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> /October<sup id="cite_ref-inno_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Africa </td> <td>Southeast Africa monsoon w/ Harmattan </td> <td>Jan<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>March<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerala, India </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>Jun 1<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dec 1<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mumbai, India </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>June 10<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Oct 1<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karachi, Pakistan </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>late June - early July<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lahore, Pakistan </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>late June<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>end of September<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phuket, Thailand </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>February/March </td> <td>December </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombo, Sri Lanka </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>May 25<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dec 15<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangkok, Thailand </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>April–May </td> <td>October/November </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yangon, Myanmar </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>May 25<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nov 1<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>persistent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dhaka, Bangladesh </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>mid-June </td> <td>October </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cebu, Philippines </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian/Australian monsoon </td> <td>October </td> <td>March </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, Malaysia </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian/Australian monsoon </td> <td>October </td> <td>March </td> <td>waves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jakarta, Indonesia </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian/Australian monsoon </td> <td>November </td> <td>March </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaohsiung, Taiwan </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>May 10<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taipei, Taiwan </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>May 20<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hanoi, Vietnam </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>May 20<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kagoshima, Japan </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>Jun 10<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seoul, South Korea </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>July 10<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beijing, China </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina/East Asian monsoon </td> <td>July 20<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_45-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September </td> <td>abrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Darwin, Australia </td> <td>Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian/Australian monsoon </td> <td>Oct<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>April<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>persistent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)"><span id="Africa_.28West_African_and_Southeast_African.29"></span>Africa (West African and Southeast African) <span class="anchor" id="Africa"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg/220px-Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg/330px-Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg/440px-Saison_des_pluies_%C3%A0_Mayotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Southeast African monsoon clouds over <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The monsoon of western <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> is the result of the seasonal shifts of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ITCZ migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on or near June 22, then moves back to the south by October.<sup id="cite_ref-inno_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dry, northeasterly <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, and their more extreme form, the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a>, are interrupted by the northern shift in the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">ITCZ</a> and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">North American monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_rainfall_climatology" title="United States rainfall climatology">United States rainfall climatology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg/220px-Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg/330px-Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg/440px-Incoming_monsoon_clouds_over_Arizona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Incoming monsoon clouds over <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/220px--LightningCNP.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="LightningCNP.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LightningCNP.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Three-second video of a lightning strike within a thunderstorm over Island in the Sky, <a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>North American monsoon</b> (<b>NAM</b>) occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. It affects Mexico along the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. It pushes as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> of Southern California, but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the <i>Summer</i>, <i>Southwest</i>, <i>Mexican</i> or <i>Arizona</i> monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also sometimes called the <i>Desert monsoon</i> as a large part of the affected area are the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran deserts</a>. However, it is controversial whether the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North</a> and South American weather patterns with incomplete wind reversal should be counted as true monsoons.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohli_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohli-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <p>The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the Indian Subcontinental Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including Nepal, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Korea and parts of Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asian_monsoon">South Asian monsoon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">Monsoon of South Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Southwest_monsoon">Southwest monsoon</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/220px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/330px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/440px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer monsoons in India</figcaption></figure> <p>The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, and forcing them to rise. As the clouds rise, their temperature drops, and <a href="/wiki/Orographic_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic precipitation">precipitation occurs</a>. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain annually. </p><p>The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Peninsula</a>, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the <i>Arabian Sea Branch</i> and the <i>Bay of Bengal Branch</i>. </p><p>The <i>Arabian Sea Branch</i> of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of the coastal state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India, thus making this area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats (<a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>) with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats. </p><p>The <i>Bay of Bengal Branch</i> of Southwest Monsoon flows over the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> heading towards north-east India and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Eastern Himalayas</a> with large amounts of rain. <a href="/wiki/Mawsynram" title="Mawsynram">Mawsynram</a>, situated on the southern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the west, travelling over the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala. </p><p>The monsoon accounts for nearly 80% of the rainfall in India.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oilseeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseeds">oilseeds</a> and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s. </p><p>The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the roads take a battering every year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and slums are flooded despite drainage systems. A lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economic loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Maharashtra_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Maharashtra floods">2005 flooding in Mumbai</a> that brought the city to a standstill. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and certain regions of India like <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. Recently, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season. </p><p>The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan Mountains</a> falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "<a href="/wiki/Convection_rain" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection rain">local convection</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects also extend westwards to the Mediterranean, where however the impact of the monsoon is to induce drought via the <a href="/wiki/Rodwell-Hoskins_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodwell-Hoskins mechanism">Rodwell-Hoskins mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhawal_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/242px-Bhawal_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/363px-Bhawal_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/484px-Bhawal_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_green,_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/242px-Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/363px-Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg/484px-Into_the_green%2C_Bhawal_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Extreme difference is very much evident between wet and dry seasons in tropical seasonal forest. The image at left is taken at <a href="/wiki/Bhawal_National_Park" title="Bhawal National Park">Bhawal National Park</a> in central Bangladesh during dry season, and the right one is taken in wet monsoon season.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northeast_monsoon">Northeast monsoon</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1)_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg/220px-%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg/330px-%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg/440px-%281%29_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon clouds in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around September, with the sun retreating south, the northern landmass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly, and air pressure begins to build over northern India. The Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still hold their heat, causing cold wind to sweep down from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon. </p><p>While travelling towards the Indian Ocean, the cold dry wind picks up some moisture from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and pours it over peninsular India and parts of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Cities like <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receive rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> is from the Northeast Monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from October to December when the surface <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_system" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure system">high-pressure system</a> is strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry <a href="/wiki/Air_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Air stream">air streams</a> which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system known as a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a> develops over <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asia">South-East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> and winds are directed toward Australia. In the Philippines, northeast monsoon is called <a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asian_monsoon">East Asian monsoon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_monsoon" title="East Asian monsoon">East Asian monsoon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit,_Bulacan_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg/220px-3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg/330px-3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg/440px-3933Typhoons_Krosa_Lekima_monsoon_tidal_flooding_in_Calumpit%2C_Bulacan_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon floods in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang,_Cavite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg/220px-A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg/330px-A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg/440px-A_classic_summer_thunderstorm_in_Silang%2C_Cavite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Monsoonal summer thunderstorm in <a href="/wiki/Silang,_Cavite" title="Silang, Cavite">Silang, Cavite</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Korea, Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east–west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as <i>Meiyu</i> in China, <i>Jangma</i> in Korea, and <i>Bai-u</i> in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain. </p><p>The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> (May), to the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River Basin</a> and Japan (June) and finally to northern China and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to southern China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_monsoon" title="Australian monsoon">Australian monsoon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/220px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/330px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/440px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Monsoonal squall nears <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin, Northern Territory</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The rainy season occurs from September to February and it is a major source of energy for the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley circulation">Hadley circulation</a> during boreal winter. It is associated with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a> and the movement of the heating maxima from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere. North-easterly winds flow down Southeast Asia, are turned north-westerly/westerly by <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> topography towards Australia. This forms a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo, which together with descending cold surges of winter air from higher latitudes, cause significant weather phenomena in the region. Examples are the formation of a rare low-latitude tropical storm in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Vamei" title="Tropical Storm Vamei">Tropical Storm Vamei</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2007_Jakarta_flood" title="2007 Jakarta flood">devastating flood of Jakarta</a> in 2007. </p><p>The onset of the monsoon over <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> tends to follow the heating maxima down <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> (September), to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (October), to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> (November), <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a> and northern Australia (December, January). However, the monsoon is not a simple response to heating but a more complex interaction of topography, wind and sea, as demonstrated by its abrupt rather than gradual withdrawal from the region. The Australian monsoon (the "Wet") occurs in the southern summer when the monsoon trough develops over <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>. Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of Europe</a></div> <p>The <b>European Monsoon</b> (more commonly known as the <b>return of the westerlies</b>) is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the Atlantic, where they become loaded with wind and rain.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June, and again in mid- to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead, the return of the westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low-pressure centres to Western Europe where they create unsettled weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower-than-average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder, and strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The return of the westerlies affects Europe's Northern Atlantic coastline, more precisely Ireland, Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux countries</a>, western Germany, northern France and parts of Scandinavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon_(photographs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon (photographs)">Monsoon (photographs)</a> – New Zealand photographer<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon climate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamage1971" class="citation book cs1">Ramage, C. (1971). <i>Monsoon Meteorology</i>. International Geophysics Series. Vol. 15. 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North American Monsoon System.</a> Retrieved on 2008-02-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030193504/http://www.ees.nmt.edu/vivoni/hydromet/lectures/Lecture17.pdf">Archived</a> October 30, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rohli-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rohli_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohliVega2011" class="citation book cs1">Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhtZKBCv7NMC&pg=PA187"><i>Climatology</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0763791018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0763791018"><bdi>978-0763791018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619061156/http://books.google.com/books?id=WhtZKBCv7NMC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-23</span></span>. <q><i>Although the North American monsoon region experiences pronounced precipitation seasonally, it differs from a true monsoon, which is characterized by a distinct seasonal reversal of prevailing surface winds. No such situation occurs in [North America]</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0763791018&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhtZKBCv7NMC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonsoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookSeager" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Ben; Seager, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/glodech/10Monsoon.html">"The Future of the North American Monsoon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+North+American+Monsoon&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Seager%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focp.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fres%2Fdiv%2Focp%2Fglodech%2F10Monsoon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonsoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExplore2005" class="citation book cs1">Explore, Team (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz_xAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Weather and Climate: India in Focus</i></a>. EdPower21 Education Solutions. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate%3A+India+in+Focus&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=EdPower21+Education+Solutions&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Explore&rft.aufirst=Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPz_xAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonsoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadKanthParvazeMahdi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Latief; Kanth, Raihana Habib; Parvaze, Sabah; Mahdi, Syed Sheraz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdFBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Experimental Agrometeorology: A Practical Manual</i></a>. 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(1998). "Investigations of the precipitation conditions in the central part of the Tianshan mountains". In Kovar, Karel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/redbooks/a193/iahs_193_0343.pdf"><i>Hydrology, water resources and ecology in headwaters. Volume 248 of IAHS publication</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0&rft.au=Robert+V.+Rohli&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Vega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhbqbrg2XswC%26q%3Dcharacteristics%2Bof%2Ban%2Boceanic%2Bclimate%2Bkoppen%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonsoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArceo2023" class="citation web cs1">Arceo, Acor (2023-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/pagasa-northeast-monsoon-amihan-philippines-start-october-20-2023/">"Philippines' northeast monsoon season underway"</a>. <i>RAPPLER</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article6451573.ece">the original</a> on 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%27European+Monsoon%27+to+blame+for+cold+and+rainy+start+to+June&rft.date=2009-06-07&rft.au=Paul+Simons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fweather%2Farticle6451573.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonsoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Chang, C.P., Wang, Z., Hendon, H., 2006, The Asian Winter Monsoon. <i>The Asian Monsoon</i>, Wang, B. (ed.), Praxis, Berlin, pp. 89–127.</li> <li>International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205356/http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf">The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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