Communications and Internet Law Center

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class="wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding blocks clearfix"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h1 class="heading-1 has-margin-top-10">Communications and Internet Law Center </h1> </div> <div class="content-links -semibold content-headings -large-gap"> <div class="main-image"> <img class="height-auto" src="https://justatic.com/v/20241127120445/marketing/files/new/production/images/portal/communications-and-internet-law.jpg" width="650px" height="300px" loading="lazy" alt="Communications and Internet Law Center " > </div> <div id="complementary" class="text-diminished -overflow-x-visible white xlarge -collapsed set-maxlimit -max-landscape-tablet has-margin-bottom-20 to-large-font"> <p class="has-no-top-margin"> Technological innovations such as the Internet have empowered the world with new ways to communicate, deliver information, conduct research, and purchase goods and services. With this tremendous new ability, however, comes a plethora of legal issues and disputes. Communications law touches on countless other legal areas, including intellectual property, trademark, free speech, business law, and contract law. Further adding to the complexity of this area of law, many states have enacted rules and created regulatory bodies governing media activities within their borders. </p> <p> Despite the new advancements in communication technologies that the Internet has created, media can still generally be divided into two categories. Print media incorporates newspapers, magazines, and books, while telecommunications media covers radio, television, satellite, wire, cable, and Internet. </p> <p> The federal agency responsible for regulating most media is the <a href="http://www.fcc.gov" target="_blank">Federal Communications Commission</a>, or FCC. The FCC is a <a href="/administrative-law/legislative-agencies/">legislative agency</a> created by the Communications Act of 1934. The FCC has broad authority and discretion to regulate both forms of media communications and has jurisdiction in all 50 states and United States territories. The FCC conducts investigations into viewer or listener complaints regarding allegedly inappropriate material and creates guidelines for rating programming according to age-appropriateness. </p> <p> The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states that "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom . . . of the press." As a result, state and federal governments are prohibited from enacting laws that stifle or chill press speech, or prevent reporters from obtaining information subject to public records requirements. The government has some authority to control the content that is distributed through print and telecommunications media, such as obscene and indecent speech, which falls within the jurisdiction of the FCC. </p> <p> To ensure that journalists will be able to conduct thorough and accurate investigations, the First Amendment has been interpreted as providing reporters with certain so-called shield laws. According to these prophylactic rules and court decisions, journalists are not required to reveal their confidential sources. Currently, shield laws are applied at the state level, and no federal shield laws exist. As a result, there are many different types of shield laws that vary in the nature and scope of protections afforded to reporters. For example, each shield law will have a different set of parameters governing the type of confidential information subject to protection and the legal proceedings during which the identity of the confidential informant must be revealed. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Privacy </h2> <p> In the realm of Internet law, new legal precedents are being established on a routine basis that define the rights of Internet providers and users. One of the main legal issues surrounding Internet law is privacy. Many users provide a plethora of personal information to legal companies, including credit card information, bank account numbers, addresses, social security numbers, and medical history. Computer hackers prey on this information, which can be obtained through various illegal methods. As a result, companies that provide goods and services through the Internet must put in place extensive security breach prevention measures and continually monitor their systems for breaches. The Internet also creates abundant opportunities for copyright and trademark infringement, as well as the misappropriation of intellectual property. As information, ideas, and technologies become more widely available, so does the frequency with which these ideas are misused and misappropriated. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Net Neutrality </h2> <p> Another current issue surrounding Internet law is net neutrality, which is the concept that Internet service providers and governments should treat information made available on the Internet the same. Some commentators fear that service providers or government agencies may start imposing certain fees, such as charging users to access certain information. </p> <p class="color-dove-gray"> <time datetime="2024-07-02" pubdate> <em> Last reviewed July 2024 </em> </time> </p> </div> <div> <a href="#" class="expand-v2" data-directive="j-expand" data-collapsed_class="-collapsed" data-expanded_class="-expanded" data-collapsed_text="<span>View More</span> <span class='arrow'>›</span>" data-expanded_text="<span>Show Less</span>" data-section="complementary" data-go_to="#main-content"> <span> View More </span> <span class="arrow"> › </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar primary-sidebar"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-center-stripes"> <div id="communications-topics" class="large-gap-stripe "> <div class="bg-wild-sand"> <div class="main-content has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans width-100-v2"> <div class="cards -flex -information-cards -overflow-hidden"> <div class="wrapper -flex-wrap"> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="/communications-internet/the-federal-communications-commission-and-fcc-rulemaking/">The Federal Communications Commission</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>The FCC holds legislative and enforcement powers over radio, television, and other media fields. </p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="/communications-internet/the-federal-communications-commission-and-fcc-rulemaking/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="/communications-internet/the-fcc-and-broadcast-content-regulation/">Broadcast Content Regulation</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>Complaints of obscene, indecent, or profane content on air may result in FCC enforcement actions.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="/communications-internet/the-fcc-and-broadcast-content-regulation/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="/communications-internet/communications-privacy-law/">Communications Privacy Law</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>Emails, phone calls, and other communications are shielded during transmission and later in storage.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="/communications-internet/communications-privacy-law/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="/communications-internet/net-neutrality/">Net Neutrality</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>An open, non-discriminatory Internet can promote diversity of opinion and bolster our democracy.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="/communications-internet/net-neutrality/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="communications-listing" class="large-gap-stripe "> <div class="main-content has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2"> <div class="primary-content-wrapper"> <div class="flex-col-wrapper listing-columns"> <div class="listing-column flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong class="heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1">Frequently Asked Questions</strong> <ul class="list-no-styles has-no-padding to-large-font list-gutter--default"> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/#q1">What is the FCC notice and comment process?</a> </strong> <br />The FCC must provide notice to the public when it wants to create, modify, or repeal a rule that contains legally binding rights or obligations. Members of the public can comment on the proposed action, which can affect whether and how the FCC proceeds. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/#q4">Why can the FCC regulate broadcast stations more than cable operators?</a> </strong> <br />Broadcast stations occupy part of the publicly owned spectrum and receive exclusive licenses in exchange for complying with FCC rules. Cable operators do not work within this framework, since they provide their own hardware and charge monthly fees to subscribers. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/#q5">How many channels does a cable operator need to provide for local broadcast stations?</a> </strong> <br />If a cable operator has 12 or fewer channels, it must allocate three channels to local commercial broadcast stations. Other cable operators must allocate one-third of their channels to local commercial broadcast stations. Separate rules apply to local non-commercial educational broadcast stations. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/#q7">What is the marketplace of ideas?</a> </strong> <br />The marketplace of ideas describes a situation in which a diverse range of opinions compete for public attention. This concept is connected to the First Amendment of the Constitution and is often considered essential to a healthy democracy. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/#q10">Can I sue someone for wiretapping?</a> </strong> <br />Yes, you can potentially sue someone for wiretapping under federal law if they intercepted your communication or used or disclosed information collected through illegal wiretapping. You might be able to get actual or statutory damages and an injunction. </li> </ul> <a href="/communications-internet/faqs/" class="-no-underline">View More FAQs ›</a> </div> <div class="listing-column flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong class="heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1">Popular Topics</strong> <ul class="list-no-styles has-no-padding to-large-font list-gutter--default"> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/broadcast-licensing-procedures/">Broadcast Licensing Procedures</a> </strong> <br />The FCC can issue an exclusive license for a station to broadcast at a specific frequency if the applicant meets certain standards and requirements, which may be determined after a hearing. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/cable-carriage-of-broadcast-stations/">Cable Carriage of Broadcast Stations</a> </strong> <br />A broadcast station can choose between a must-carry system, in which a cable operator must carry its signal, and retransmission consent agreements, which involve retransmitting its signal for a fee. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/political-broadcast-rules/">Political Broadcast Rules</a> </strong> <br />Considering their impact on the political process, broadcast stations must follow specific rules for candidate appearances, endorsements, and personal attacks during broadcasts on public issues. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/media-ownership-rules-and-antitrust-laws/">Media Ownership Rules and Antitrust Laws</a> </strong> <br />The FCC historically restricted media ownership concentration to promote diversity of opinion, but the agency has shifted toward deregulating media ownership during the rise of the Internet. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/communications-internet/reporter-shield-laws/">Reporter Shield Laws</a> </strong> <br />To facilitate news gathering, journalists may be excused from disclosing confidential sources or information obtained in the course of their work, but this shield sometimes can be overcome. </li> </ul> <a href="/communications-internet/sitemap/" class="-no-underline">View More Topics ›</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-gap-stripe -with-title" data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-layout="carousel" data-limit="7" data-practice="communications-internet-law" data-display-tooltip="true" > </div> <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-alabaster color-black"> <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> <div class="section-title"> Justia Legal Resources </div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241127120445/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow" /> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - 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