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href="#Ethno-linguistic_profile_of_Indian_Singaporeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethno-linguistic profile of Indian Singaporeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-linguistic_profile_of_Indian_Singaporeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period:_1820s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period:_1820s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colonial period: 1820s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period:_1820s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_and_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_and_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Migration and settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Social characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reform_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Social reform movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reform_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915_Singapore_Mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915_Singapore_Mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>1915 Singapore Mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915_Singapore_Mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_history:_1960s_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_history:_1960s_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-colonial history: 1960s – present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_history:_1960s_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_post-colonial_period:_1960s_–_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_post-colonial_period:_1960s_–_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Immediate post-colonial period: 1960s – 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_post-colonial_period:_1960s_–_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period:_1990s_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period:_1990s_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Contemporary period: 1990s – present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period:_1990s_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-depth_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-depth_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In-depth studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-depth_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Income and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism_in_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism_in_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Hinduism in Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism_in_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Little India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Naming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Indian institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_in_national_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_national_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Participation in national life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_national_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_Singaporeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_Singaporeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Notable Indian Singaporeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_Singaporeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Singaporeans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_India_di_Singapura" title="Orang India di Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang India di Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_India_Singapura" title="Orang India Singapura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang India Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporen_intialaiset" title="Singaporen intialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Singaporen intialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கப்பூர் இந்தியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்கப்பூர் இந்தியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96" title="Індійці в Сінгапурі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійці в Сінгапурі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="新加坡印度人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新加坡印度人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge, recommended article, featured list badge"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_India_Singapura" title="Halak India Singapura – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak India Singapura" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indians_in_Singapore&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Singapore">Indians in Singapore</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Indian Singaporeans</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore,_circa_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png/220px-Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png/330px-Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png/440px-Traditional_Indian_Chettiar_financiers_in_Singapore%2C_circa_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="401" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Chettiar" title="Chettiar">Indian Chettiar</a> financiers in Singapore, circa 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b> 362,274</b><br />9.0% of Singapore resident population (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-pop2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (official and majority)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (minority)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil Malaysians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugus" title="Malaysian Telugus">Malaysian Telugus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malaysian Malayali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasians in Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in South Africa">Indians in South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_Southeast_Africa" title="Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa">Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">Indo-Caribbeans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritians">Indo-Mauritians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijians" title="Indo-Fijians">Indo-Fijians</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indian Singaporeans</b> are Singaporeans of <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> or of general <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestry</a>. They constitute approximately 9.0% of the country's residents, making them the third largest ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">contact with ancient India</a> left a deep impact on Singapore's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay</a> culture, the mass settlement of Indians on the island began with the <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">founding of modern Singapore</a> by the British Empire in 1819. Initially, the Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers and soldiers. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">gender ratio</a> and a better <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">spread of age groups</a>. </p><p>Indian Singaporeans are linguistically and religiously diverse, with ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> forming a plurality – although there are significant amounts of Singaporeans of South Asian descent that do not identify with the former, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Sikhs</a>. The Indo–Singaporean culture has endured and evolved over 200 years. By the late 20th century, it had grown distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, with Indian Singaporean elements becoming diffused within a broader <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singaporean culture</a> that includes other ethnic groups. </p><p>Prominent individuals of South Asian descent have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indian Singaporeans are also collectively well represented, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">diplomacy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Law_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in Singapore">law</a> and sports, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_of_Indian_Singaporeans">Definitions of Indian Singaporeans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions of Indian Singaporeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-170px-KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-255px-KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-340px-KITLV_-_103788_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>An Indian couple in Singapore, circa 1890.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Government_of_Singapore#Departments/Divisions_10" title="Organisation of the Government of Singapore">Singapore Department of Statistics</a> broadly defines Indians as a <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>), comprising "persons of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi or Sri Lankan origin such as <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugus">Telugus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> etc."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indians 'in Singapore' may be further defined in terms of nationality and residency status. Most ethnic Indians are Singapore residents, known in local parlance as 'Singaporean Indians', or 'local Indians'. They are usually the locally-born and nativised second, third, fourth or even fifth generation descendants of settlers from the Indian subcontinent, many with little to no connection left with the latter. In addition, there are also many ethnic Indian <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_workers_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant workers in Singapore">immigrant workers in Singapore</a>. Foreign citizens of the Republic of India are called 'Indian nationals', or even 'Indian Indians'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign Indians may be distinguished in terms of residency status. </p><p>Well educated professionals or entrepreneurs with a high earning capacity may be granted renewable Employment Passes. These entitle the holder's spouse, children and parents to Dependents Passes. Students may enter on Students Passes. Pass holders may apply for Permanent Residence, which lets them live in Singapore on a long term-basis on a five-year renewal term. As part of <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean nationality law</a>, they are also eligible to apply for Singapore Citizenship although acceptance have been stringent since the 2010s. In contrast, unskilled foreign workers enter Singapore with Work Permits. They are rarely allowed to stay in Singapore for more than two years and are never allowed to bring dependents with them. Nor are they eligible to apply for either Permanent Residence or Citizenship. </p><p>Demographic statistics are generally restricted to 'Singapore residents', defined as both Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents. Many of the statistics about Indians in Singapore in this article are restricted to this group. Scholars have noted "(o)fficial figures for workers on temporary contracts are difficult to obtain because the Ministry of Manpower in Singapore considers the information sensitive."<sup id="cite_ref-Lal-p176_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lal-p176-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there is limited information about short-term or 'non-resident' Indians in Singapore. Note that use of the term 'non-resident' Indian should not be confused with the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Non Resident Indian</a> or NRI, which the government of the Republic of India uses to describe its citizens living abroad. In Singapore, an NRI may be statistically non-resident (in the case of work permit or pass holders) or he/she may be considered a Singapore resident (in the case of permanent residents). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-linguistic_profile_of_Indian_Singaporeans">Ethno-linguistic profile of Indian Singaporeans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethno-linguistic profile of Indian Singaporeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian languages in Singapore</a></div> <p>Indian Singaporean are grouped according to their respective ethnolinguistic backgrounds in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> or 'dialect group'. Most Indians in Singapore have ancestral links to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, with substantial groups from <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> accounting for most of the remainder. These are generally the descendants of both free and indentured settlers from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the 19th and early half of the 20th century. </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> census categorised 237,473 Singaporeans and 110,646 permanent residents into a number of '<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>' groups. However, these groups included <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, who are an ethnoreligious rather than linguistic group. Virtually all of the Sikhs are <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a>, which was also captured as a separate 'dialect' category (comprising mainly Hindu Punjabis). Given their small absolute and relative numbers, the following table adapts the 2010 census data by combining the 'Sikh' (12,952) and 'Punjabi' (5,672) category under 'Punjabi'. </p><p>The percentages in the table refer to the proportion of each language group within the larger Resident Indian community in Singapore. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png/400px-Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png/600px-Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png/800px-Singaporean_Homelands%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" usemap="#ImageMap_fc81df71c593dd92" resource="/wiki/File:Singaporean_Homelands,_India.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fc81df71c593dd92"><area href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" shape="poly" coords="37,81,37,83,38,83,39,83,39,84,38,85,38,86,37,88,37,89,38,90,39,91,38,92,38,92,37,93,38,93,38,94,37,95,37,96,38,97,40,96,40,98,41,100,42,100,43,99,44,99,45,100,46,101,48,100,51,100,54,95,56,93,57,92,58,89,59,86,60,84,62,84,64,85,64,87,65,90,65,91,68,90,68,90,70,91,71,92,71,91,72,91,73,94,75,96,76,97,77,99,77,100,78,101,79,100,79,98,80,99,81,98,82,100,82,101,83,102,83,102,84,101,85,100,84,99,84,98,84,97,84,96,84,94,83,92,82,90,82,87,84,84,85,81,84,79,84,77,86,77,88,77,91,78,91,76,90,76,88,76,88,73,88,72,87,71,85,69,85,67,84,67,81,66,80,65,80,64,77,64,76,64,75,63,73,63,72,64,71,64,70,65,71,66,70,68,69,68,68,69,66,68,63,68,60,66,59,66,57,65,56,64,55,62,54,60,53,58,52,58,51,60,50,58,49,58,48,58,48,57,48,57,48,57,46,57,45,58,45,59,44,59,44,60,44,62,44,63,44,65,44,65,43,64,42,64,42,64,42,65,41,65,40,66,41,67,42,68,42,69,42,69,41,71,41,72,41,73,41,73,41,74,41,75,39,75,38,76,37,76,37,77,38,77,38,79,38,79,37,80" alt="Punjab" title="Punjab" /><area href="/wiki/Sindh" shape="poly" coords="24,104,24,106,25,108,25,109,26,110,26,112,27,112,27,113,28,114,28,115,27,116,27,117,26,119,24,120,24,120,25,121,26,121,27,122,28,123,28,125,28,126,30,127,31,128,32,128,33,128,34,127,36,127,36,124,41,125,44,125,45,124,47,124,48,125,50,124,50,120,48,117,47,115,44,115,44,114,44,110,43,109,40,108,39,107,39,105,42,100,40,98,40,97,38,97,34,97,31,99,28,100,27,101" alt="Sindh" title="Sindh" /><area href="/wiki/Gujarat" shape="poly" coords="33,128,33,130,35,130,35,131,37,132,39,134,41,135,44,135,46,134,48,134,47,135,46,137,42,138,41,139,40,137,39,137,40,140,41,141,43,142,46,145,48,148,51,150,53,149,56,148,59,146,60,144,59,142,58,141,59,141,60,140,59,138,60,139,61,140,61,142,62,143,62,146,62,147,64,148,64,152,64,153,64,154,66,153,67,152,67,150,66,149,69,151,70,149,70,148,67,146,71,143,70,142,68,143,68,140,69,140,68,138,70,138,68,137,68,136,70,136,69,134,68,132,68,130,66,129,65,128,64,127,64,126,64,125,63,126,63,125,63,124,62,123,61,124,60,123,59,124,58,122,57,122,53,122,51,122,50,122,50,124,49,125,47,124,45,125,43,125,37,125,37,127,35,127" alt="Gujarat" title="Gujarat" /><area href="/wiki/Goa" shape="poly" coords="72,185,74,188,76,192,77,190,77,188,76,186,75,186,73,185" alt="Goa" title="Goa" /><area href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" shape="poly" coords="55,193,60,193,65,194,68,197,71,201,75,208,79,218,81,224,81,231,82,241,57,240,52,214,53,199,54,193" alt="Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep" /><area href="/wiki/Kerala" shape="poly" coords="81,206,84,210,87,216,89,222,90,225,90,227,92,232,96,236,96,233,96,231,95,229,96,228,96,227,95,225,96,224,96,222,96,221,95,221,94,222,93,220,93,219,92,216,92,216,92,215,90,215,89,213,91,212,88,211,86,210,84,209,84,208,84,207" alt="Kerala" title="Kerala" /><area href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" shape="poly" coords="112,224,115,225,116,226,118,229,120,233,122,236,124,239,125,242,125,247,124,248,121,250,119,252,116,252,115,252,113,248,112,246,112,242,112,240,111,237,112,235,112,235,112,232,113,232,113,231,111,230,112,230,113,229,113,228,113,228,113,226,112,226" alt="Sri Lanka" title="Sri Lanka" /><area href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" shape="poly" coords="112,200,113,200,114,201,113,203,113,204,113,205,112,206,112,208,111,210,111,210,110,210,110,211,110,212,111,212,111,214,110,215,111,215,111,216,110,216,110,218,111,218,111,219,112,219,112,222,109,222,109,221,108,222,108,224,107,226,107,228,109,228,110,229,109,229,105,229,102,232,102,234,100,236,98,236,96,236,96,234,96,231,96,229,96,227,96,225,96,223,96,221,95,221,94,222,93,220,93,219,92,216,92,215,90,214,90,213,91,212,92,214,94,214,95,212,95,212,98,212,99,211,99,210,97,209,97,209,98,208,98,207,97,207,97,205,98,205,98,204,100,203,101,204,101,204,102,204,102,203,104,202,105,203,107,203,107,201,107,200,108,200,109,202,110,202,111,201,112,200,111,200" alt="Tamil Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu" /><area href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" shape="poly" coords="110,210,110,212,111,212,111,210" alt="Puducherry" title="Puducherry" /><area href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" shape="poly" coords="110,216,110,218,112,218,112,216" alt="Puducherry" title="Puducherry" /><area href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="94,183,94,184,95,186,94,186,94,187,95,188,95,190,95,191,93,191,93,190,92,191,92,192,93,192,93,194,93,194,93,195,95,195,95,194,96,194,96,195,96,196,95,196,94,196,93,196,93,198,94,198,94,197,96,198,96,197,96,198,97,198,99,197,100,198,100,200,101,200,101,201,102,201,102,202,101,204,101,204,101,204,102,204,102,203,104,202,104,202,106,203,107,200,108,200,110,202,112,199,113,199,112,196,112,194,112,191,111,188,112,185,113,183,115,183,115,184,116,184,116,183,117,181,118,180,119,180,122,180,123,179,124,178,124,176,123,176,123,175,124,174,125,173,126,172,128,172,129,170,130,169,130,168,131,167,132,167,134,164,136,161,138,159,137,159,136,160,134,160,134,162,133,162,132,161,130,161,129,160,128,159,128,160,127,160,127,161,126,161,125,162,124,162,124,163,125,163,125,164,124,164,124,164,124,164,123,165,123,165,122,163,122,163,121,164,121,166,120,166,120,166,120,167,118,167,118,168,118,168,117,170,116,171,114,171,113,170,113,172,112,172,111,173,110,174,109,176,108,176,108,176,107,177,106,178,104,178,103,179,102,180,102,181,101,182,100,182,99,182,99,183,97,183,96,183,95,183" alt="Andhra Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Telangana" shape="poly" coords="96,154,96,156,96,157,95,157,95,158,94,159,94,160,95,160,95,161,95,162,93,162,93,163,94,164,94,165,95,166,95,167,94,168,94,168,96,168,96,169,95,171,94,171,94,172,95,174,95,175,96,177,96,178,95,179,95,180,97,180,96,181,97,183,99,182,101,182,102,180,103,179,106,177,109,176,111,173,112,172,113,172,113,170,114,170,114,171,116,170,117,169,118,168,116,168,115,168,114,166,113,165,113,166,112,164,110,163,109,162,108,163,107,161,106,159,107,158,106,157,105,156,104,156,103,156,102,156,101,155,101,156,100,156,99,155,99,154,97,154,97,154" alt="Telangana" title="Telangana" /><area href="/wiki/Bengal" shape="poly" coords="148,104,148,105,149,107,150,109,150,109,150,111,149,112,149,114,150,115,151,115,151,116,149,116,149,118,150,120,150,121,150,122,150,124,150,124,149,125,149,127,148,127,148,128,147,128,142,132,140,130,139,131,139,132,141,133,142,135,144,135,144,136,144,136,146,139,146,140,147,141,148,142,148,142,148,142,150,144,154,140,154,143,156,144,157,143,159,143,161,143,164,141,166,140,166,142,168,140,170,140,170,137,171,137,171,140,172,140,172,139,172,136,173,136,173,138,174,137,175,137,176,142,177,144,178,144,179,148,180,148,180,144,182,145,182,144,181,144,181,140,180,136,178,132,177,128,175,129,175,132,175,134,172,131,171,131,171,128,172,126,175,125,176,122,176,120,177,120,177,120,176,119,175,118,164,118,162,118,161,117,161,115,160,113,160,112,159,111,160,110,160,109,160,108,158,108,157,107,155,107,154,106,153,105,152,104,151,104,151,105,150,105,150,104" alt="Bengal" title="Bengal" /><area href="/wiki/India" shape="rect" coords="128,180,178,192" alt="India" title="India" /></map><figcaption>This clickable map depicts the ethno-linguistic backgrounds of the majority of Indian Singaporeans. Click on the regional subdivisions to see the name of a state, province or region.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Population Profile of Singapore Indian Dialect Groups</b><br /> (<i>Residential population; Singaporeans and permanent residents</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethno-linguistic background </th> <th>Ancestral origin </th> <th>2010 census </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td align="right">188,591 </td> <td align="right">54.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td align="right">26,348 </td> <td align="right">7.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> </td> <td align="right">18,624 </td> <td align="right">5.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td align="right">4,124 </td> <td align="right">1.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> </td> <td align="right">3,971 </td> <td align="right">1.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td align="right">3,140 </td> <td align="right">0.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani people">Hindustani</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">Indo-Portuguese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> <br /> Other or Mixed<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><br /><i>Various</i> </td> <td align="right">103,321 </td> <td align="right">29.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">348,119 </td> <td align="right">100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This map depicts India as an undivided entity before the partition in 1947, because some Indian Singaporeans trace their roots to regions that now fall outside the Republic of India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The map also includes other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>, as 'Indian Singaporean' a broad term that encompasses various South Asian ethnicities that fall outside India proper, like the Sri Lankan Tamils.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singaporeans of heritage must identify with their paternal ethnic group under Singaporean law.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>The Singaporean Indian demographic is characterised by an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> majority (54.18%) and a large number of smaller groups. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> in Singapore include the descendants of Tamil settlers from India and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lanka</a> (sometimes referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylonese</a>'). Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Malayalee" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalee">Malayalees</a>, tracing their heritage to <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in southern India, form the second largest community, making up 7.57% of the local Indian population. Tamils and Malayalees are the two main <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> ethnolinguistic communities in Singapore, forming two-thirds of the Indian population. Meanwhile, the three main <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> ethnolinguistic groups in Singapore (the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> communities) constitute 7.67% of the Singaporean Indian populace. The remaining 29.68% is composed of many smaller groups with ancestry from both southern India (such as the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a>) and northern India (such as the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani people">Hindustanis</a>, the Malay colloquial term for Hindi-speaking Indians), or ethnically mixed Singaporeans with paternal Indian ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singaporean_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Singaporean Indians">History of Singaporean Indians</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg/200px-SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg/300px-SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg/400px-SingaporeStone-bwphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Stone" title="Singapore Stone">Singapore Stone</a>, inscribed with an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a>, c 10th to 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a> exerted a profound influence over Southeast Asia through <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka#Buddhist_missions" title="Ashoka">religious missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola#Overseas_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola">wars</a> and other forms of contact. <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Pre-colonial</a> Singapore was part of 'Indianised Kingdoms' like <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, which formed part of a cultural region known as <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Singapore and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a>, was Hindu-Buddhist. One of the most extensive and enduring Indian influence in <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> culture is the vast number of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language#Vocabulary_and_borrowed_words" title="Malay language">Indian loan words</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>. </p><p>Indian influence is also seen in symbols and mythology associated with ancient Singapore. The <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a> or Malay Annals describe the Indian prince who founded Singapore – <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a> – as being a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and an Indian Princess.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the royal and sacred associations of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill" title="Fort Canning Hill">Fort Canning Hill</a>, the seat of ancient rulers, are related to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological digs have unearthed Hindu-Buddhist artefacts from the pre-colonial period. In 1822, <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> documented the ruins of a Hindu or Buddhist temple on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill" title="Fort Canning Hill">Fort Canning Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore's two most important pre-colonial artefacts are the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Stone" title="Singapore Stone">Singapore Stone</a>, which is inscribed with an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a> and a gold armlet bearing the motif of a Hindu 'kala' head.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period:_1820s–1950s"><span id="Colonial_period:_1820s.E2.80.931950s"></span>Colonial period: 1820s–1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial period: 1820s–1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_(2023)_-_img_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg/170px-Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg/255px-Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg/340px-Gopuram_-_Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_%282023%29_-_img_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1827, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple</a> is Singapore's oldest <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temple.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration_and_settlement">Migration and settlement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Migration and settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Portuguese colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Malacca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) in 1511, the Portuguese government encouraged their explorers to bring their married Indian women who were converted already to Roman Catholic Christianity, under a policy set by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a>. These people were <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> Catholics) and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a> (Catholics of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi descent</a>). Kuparis who were of mixed Samvedic Brahmin, Goan and Portuguese descent also arrived. <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and their children from Portuguese that include <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese Burghers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a> also came later. Their children already intermarried with Malay population, losing their ethnic identities. Indian contact was rekindled from 1819 to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when both <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a> and Singapore were under <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial rule</a>. Unlike earlier forms of contact, this led to mass migration and, eventually, the formation of a large, settled and distinct population. By 1824, Singapore's first census counted 756 Indian residents, or about 7% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1826, official figures give a total population of 13,750, of which 1,021 are Indians – 244 from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and 777 from the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>, most of whom were males.<sup id="cite_ref-census_1826_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1826-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Indian immigrants were predominantly adult men who came from India to find work, serve military duties or prison sentences for several years before returning home. There was a constant flow of Indians in and out of the city, keeping the local community fairly transient.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of Indians were also wealthy merchants who settled in Singapore and built local commercial and social institutions. Best known amongst them was <a href="/wiki/Naraina_Pillai" title="Naraina Pillai">Naraina Pillai</a>, the earliest Indian community leader and the island's first building contractor. In 1827, he also founded the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple</a>, Singapore oldest Hindu place of worship. </p><p>The influx of Indians in the half century after 1819 led to a brief period when Indians, for the only time, overtook the Malays to become the second largest ethnic group. In 1860, they formed 16% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their number then fell from 13,000 that year to 12,000 in 1880, or 8.7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, Indians slowly began to settle permanently in greater numbers and the relative size of the community in colonial Singapore became stable, fluctuating between 7.7% and 9.4%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_characteristics">Social characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-170px-KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-255px-KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-340px-KITLV_-_103786_-_Indian_couple_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="3045" /></a><figcaption>An Indian-Muslim couple in Singapore, circa 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have characterised the Indian community in colonial times as being diverse and highly stratified along class lines. According to Dr Rajesh Rai, the social hierarchy comprised four main groups: the educated professional elite (over 0.5% of the Indian community), mercantile groups (under 10%), the white collar middle class (5–7%) and the uneducated labourers (over 80%).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic class and job functions were also aligned with the ethnic origins of immigrants. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalee" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalee">Malayalees</a> formed the core of the English educated upper middle class. Mercantile families tended to be <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a>, and Tamil Muslim. South Indian upper caste Hindus tended to perform traditional skilled jobs, such as moneylenders (<a href="/wiki/Chettiars" class="mw-redirect" title="Chettiars">Chettiars</a>) and priests (<a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>). <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were often policemen or private security guards. Most of these migrants were voluntary migrants who entered and left Singapore freely on their own resources. Unskilled <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a> tended to be landless Tamil peasants from the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> caste as well as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dravida" title="Adi Dravida">Adi Dravidas</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Untouchable_(social_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Untouchable (social system)">Untouchables</a>'. These were often indentured labourers who were brought through various labour recruitment systems to work on rubber plantations in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malaya</a>. Many later came to work in Singapore once free of their bonds. Another group which was less than free was the military. The first Indians in Singapore were 120 <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a> in the Bengal Native Infantry and a 'bazaar contingent' of washermen, servants and others who came with <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> on his first visit in 1819. Throughout the colonial period, military personnel came from all over India. Most returned home after their service without settling in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, there were the convicts. In the 19th century, the British shipped Indian convicts to Singapore to relieve overcrowded Indian jails. These men (and some women) were used as labour to build public buildings and roads in Singapore. Like the sepoys, they came from all parts of India. While some returned to India, several settled in Singapore after serving their sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_reform_movements">Social reform movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social reform movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RamakrishnaSg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RamakrishnaSg.jpg/200px-RamakrishnaSg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RamakrishnaSg.jpg/300px-RamakrishnaSg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RamakrishnaSg.jpg/400px-RamakrishnaSg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ramakrishna Mission, Singapore.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 19th century, <b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu reform movement">Hindu reform movements</a></b> emerged in India as part of a broader cultural modernisation. These movements sought to promote what they saw as a more authentic form of Hinduism while addressing social abuses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste system">Hindu caste system</a>. These movements spread to overseas Indian communities, including Singapore. Groups like the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and Sree Narayana Mission were active conduits of this reform movement. Traditional religious practices, especially among lower caste Hindus, centred around various rural folk traditions, esoteric rituals and superstitions. In contrast, the new movement appealed to better educated urban Hindus, by conducting religious education classes for children and adults, and interpreting the values, concepts and principals behind the religion for lay people. These groups also encouraged a more direct relationship with God, unmediated by Brahmin priests and rituals, through individual devotion (stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>), chanting Bhajans, or hymns, as well as through <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>. Charitable service was also promoted. The Ramakrishna Mission in Singapore set up a home for boys from troubled homes, while the Sree Narayana Mission set up a home of the destitute elderly. </p><p>Another social reform movement was the <b><a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a></b>, which emerged in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s to liberate <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian people</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dravida" title="Adi Dravida">Adi Dravidas</a> and lower caste Tamils from what was seen as <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> oppression. This movement sought inspiration from Tamil history and culture. In Singapore, groups like the Tamil Reform Association were inspired by this movement. They imported publications from India that promoted the movement, and they also hosted visiting leaders of the Self-Respect Movement from Tamil Nadu when they visited Singapore. The Singapore groups focussed on moral, social and religious reform. For example, they campaigned against caste distinctions and alcohol abuse. These groups also promoted the use of the Tamil language, and the development of Tamil literature in Singapore, through the establishment of Tamil newspapers and schools. They were also involved in the union activism, especially in those work sectors dominated by Tamils. Tamil-educated journalists and teachers were at the forefront of this movement. Leaders like <a href="/wiki/Thamizhavel_G._Sarangapani" title="Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani">Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani</a> were especially instrumental in championing the rights of Tamils and Indians, by encouraging Indians to register for Singapore citizenship in the 1950s and by campaigning to make Tamil one of Singapore's official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1915_Singapore_Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1915 Singapore Mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/200px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/300px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/400px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Sepoy mutineers awaiting execution in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</a>, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, was an incident concerning 850 <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a> soldiers who mutinied against their British superiors on 15 February 1915 in Singapore, as part of the <a href="/wiki/1915_Ghadar_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ghadar Conspiracy">1915 Ghadar Conspiracy</a> (not to be mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny of 1857">Indian Mutiny of 1857</a>). The predominantly Muslim soldiers mutinied because they believed they were being sent to fight against Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a>. This mutiny lasted nearly seven days, and resulted in the deaths of 47 soldiers and civilians at the hands of the mutineers, who were subsequently arrested and <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialled</a>; those who were found guilty of capital crimes were executed by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Volunteer_Corps" title="Singapore Volunteer Corps">Singapore Volunteer Corps</a>. In general, the mutiny was restricted to Muslim soldiers, and did not involve the wider Indian population in Singapore. While the mutiny was a significant event in Singaporean history, and one of the most important ones specifically involving the Indian diaspora, it was somewhat distinct from the mainstream development of nationalist sentiments among the Indian population in Singapore, which emerged most prominently around the time of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_movements">Political movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_in_Singapore" title="Indian National Army in Singapore">Indian National Army in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg/170px-Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg/255px-Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg/340px-Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Indian troops in Singapore, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nationalist movements in India established branch organisations in Singapore to draw on local Indian support for Indian independence. The <b><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></b> was a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">political organisation</a> operated from the 1920s to the 1940s to organise those living outside of India to remove the British from India. Founded in 1928 by Indian nationalists <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the organisation was active in Singapore and Malaya following Japan's successful <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></b> (INA) was an armed force formed by <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian nationalists</a> in 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, also during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Their aim was to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in colonial India, with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese</a> assistance. Many Indian soldiers and civilians were recruited in Singapore and Malaya to join the INA during the Japanese occupation. Many of them died fighting alongside the Japanese against the British in Burma during the war. </p><p>Indian nationalist sentiments in Singapore and Malaya were paralleled by the rise of Chinese nationalism amongst the overseas Chinese in these territories. As these colonies progressed towards independence, Indians and Chinese in Malaya organised themselves along the lines of ethnic political parties. For instance, the Indian Association in Singapore, today a social and recreational club, was one of a network of such clubs in early 20th century Malaya which came together to form what would become the <b><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a></b> (MIC), the current ethnic Indian party within Malaysia's ruling <a href="/wiki/Barisan_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Barisan National">Barisan National</a> coalition government. Unlike Malaysia's delicate ethno-demographic balance, Singapore had a large Chinese majority. This rendered ethnic-based politics less viable, and tended to support class-based politics instead. For example, several Indian professionals supported the more conservative pro-British parties, as they had been beneficiaries of the colonial system. In contrast, the ruling <b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a></b> (PAP) espoused an ideology of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> which gained the support of Indian union workers. <a href="/wiki/Sinnathamby_Rajaratnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinnathamby Rajaratnam">S. Rajaratnam</a> was one of the founding members of the PAP, and he worked to define and champion its vision of a multi-racial country, in contrast to the Malaysian model. </p><p>More left-leaning Indian leaders and intellectuals, such as <a href="/wiki/C.V._Devan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="C.V. Devan Nair">C.V. Devan Nair</a> and James Puthucheary initially supported more radically left-wing groups. They had been imprisoned by the British for their radical union activism. Later, some of these men join the more moderate wing of the PAP. Devan Nair went on to build the modern trades union movement in Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress" title="National Trades Union Congress">National Trades Union Congress</a>. Consequently, Indians in Singapore tended to align themselves, both individually and as groups, with parties advocating specific political or economic ideologies, rather than along purely racial lines. This basic difference between the Indian communities of Singapore and Malaysia has endured to the present day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_history:_1960s_–_present"><span id="Post-colonial_history:_1960s_.E2.80.93_present"></span>Post-colonial history: 1960s – present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-colonial history: 1960s – present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immediate_post-colonial_period:_1960s_–_1980s"><span id="Immediate_post-colonial_period:_1960s_.E2.80.93_1980s"></span>Immediate post-colonial period: 1960s – 1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Immediate post-colonial period: 1960s – 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have identified two phases in the development of the Indian community after Singaporean independence in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Lal-p185_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lal-p185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase, from 1965 to the early 1990s, saw a decline in the proportion of the community from 9% in 1957 to a low of 6.4% in 1980. One reason was the withdrawal of British military forces in the early 1970s, which led to the repatriation of many Indian base workers. Another factor was the retirement of older men, who chose to return to families in India. Meanwhile, post-1965 immigration restrictions ended new migration from India. Furthermore, there was a rise in the emigration of Indian Singaporeans to the West in the late 1980s. During this time, the Indian population continued to grow in absolute terms due to natural increase. Even as it grew proportionally smaller, the community also became more settled, with several new generations born locally. A historical novel titled 'Sembawang: A Novel' explores this notion as well traces the lives of Indian migrants who lived in an Indian enclave outside the HM Naval Base in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1960s to 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> government tried to cultivate a shared national identity and to end the historical tendency of Singaporeans to identify with the national – and often nationalistic – politics of their ancestral homelands. While different ethnic groups were allowed and sometimes encouraged to retain their cultural identities, they were also pushed to integrate socially, politically and economically across ethnic lines. The government pursued policies to integrate the races in public housing estates and national schools. Young men underwent two years of compulsory national service in ethnically mixed military or police camps. Traditional family businesses were superseded by government agencies or foreign multi-national corporations, which hired multi-ethnic workforces on the basis of meritocratic ability rather than kinship or ethnicity. Consequently, "the cultivation of a Singaporean identity has been largely successful in converting Indian migrants into Indian-Singaporeans."<sup id="cite_ref-Lal-p185_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lal-p185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, Indian social patterns and political activities became aligned and integrated within the national mainstream from the 1960s. </p><p>Although the Singapore government championed public policies and a political discourse of racial integration and national identity, it came to recognise that important differences in the socio-economic profiles of the three main races continued to endure in the post-colonial period. Initially, it had set up Mendaki, a quasi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay</a> community self-help group to promote educational advancement within that community to address underperformance by Malay students. In the 1980s, this approach – which was initially seen as an exceptional measure taken in the case of the Malay community – became entwined with the rhetoric of <a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a>, which saw the promotion of a greater consciousness and pride in each citizen's own ethnic heritage, as a bulwark against the supposedly negative influence of Western culture. Consequently, the government established the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Development_Association" title="Singapore Indian Development Association">Singapore Indian Development Association</a> (SINDA) in 1991 to address the educational and social problems of the Indian community. Shortly after, a similar body was set up for the majority Chinese community. </p><p>Apart from ethnic self-help groups like SINDA (which remain controversial in Singapore), the government has in the main pursued policies emphasising racial integration and national identity. It is against this backdrop that immigration policies were liberalised in the 1990s, leading to an influx of foreigners in Singapore, particularly Indian nationals. This led to a new phase in the history of the Indian community in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_period:_1990s_–_present"><span id="Contemporary_period:_1990s_.E2.80.93_present"></span>Contemporary period: 1990s – present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary period: 1990s – present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG/200px-Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG/300px-Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG/400px-Singapore_LittleIndia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Foreign construction workers at <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A second phase began in the early 1990s, when immigration policies were liberalised to attract foreign professionals to boost the size and skills of the local workforce. The government was keen to draw in well educated migrants from Asian countries who, it was hoped, would be both keen and able to settle permanently. This also addressed the problem of Singapore's extremely low fertility rates. In addition to these professionals, unskilled foreign workers were recruited as low cost manual labour for construction sites and the cleaning sector, albeit without the prospect of permanent settlement. As a result of these policies, the Indian population grew faster than other groups. The proportion of Indian citizens and permanent residents rose from 6.4% in 1980 to 9.23% in 2010. This was mainly due to rapid growth in the number of Indian nationals who acquired Singapore citizenship or permanent residency. </p><p>For some years now, the Department of Statistics has stopped providing ethnic data about the short-term or 'non-resident' foreign citizens living in Singapore (i.e. those without Singapore Permanent Residence). As of end June 2007, there were 1,005,500 such persons, or 21.5% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat-10_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat-10-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group includes two-year work permit holders as well as those holding renewable Employment, Dependant and Student Passes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Dr Rajesh Rai from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> has observed that "independent surveys approximate the number of South Asians on work permits to be… approximately 90,000–100,000."<sup id="cite_ref-Lal-p176_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lal-p176-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2007, a cabinet minister said "more than 20,000 Indian professionals had set up home" in Singapore, although it is unclear if this referred only to Employment Pass holders, or if it included Permanent Residents, Student Pass and/or Dependant Pass holders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these figures, the number of short-term or 'non-resident' Indians in Singapore in 2007 is likely to be in the region of 100,000. As such, the proportion of Indians in the total population is likely to range from 9% to 10% (suggesting 89,000 to 135,000 'non-resident' Indians). </p><p>The advance release figures from Singapore's 2010 Census show, for the first time, the number of ethnic Indian Singapore citizens, and ethnic Indian Singapore Permanent Residents, separately – instead of combining the two. As of 2010, there were 237,473 Indian Singapore citizens, or 7.35% of the citizen population. There were 110,646 Indian PRs, or 20.45% of the PR population. In total, ethnic Indians formed 348,119, or 9.23% of the 'resident' population of citizens and PRs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-depth_studies">In-depth studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In-depth studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several in-depth studies have been conducted and published in the recent years on the Indian communities in Singapore such as Rajesh Rai's, Indians in Singapore, 1819–1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City, Anitha Devi Pillai's, From Kerala to Singapore: Voices from the Singapore Malayalee Community,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathew Mathews, The Singapore Ethnic Mosaic,<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcat.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S A Nathanji's Singapore: Nation Building and Indians' Legacy amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcat.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_and_education">Income and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Income and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/School300.jpg/220px-School300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/School300.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DPS_International_School_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="DPS International School Singapore">DPS International School Singapore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alongside other ethnic groups, Indians from all social backgrounds have achieved significant advances in their educational levels, income, life expectancy and other social indicators. Singapore's extraordinary economic growth from the 1960s to 1990s lifted many out of poverty and created a broad middle class. In the process, many Indians experienced upward social mobility for the first time. Despite this progress, Indians remain somewhat stratified in terms of class relative to other ethnic groups. With the influx of highly qualified Indian Permanent Residents, the socio-economic indicators of the Indian community have improved, arguably masking the under-achievement of some Indians. In 2005, both the average and median monthly income for Indian Residents (S$3,660 and $2,480 respectively) exceeded those for all Residents (S$3,500 and S$2,410 respectively). In the same year, 25% of Indian Residents had a <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degree</a> as their highest qualification attained. In contrast the national average was only 17%.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat-indicators-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other educations statistics are less positive. In 2004, 73% of Indians among the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore#Primary_education" title="Education in Singapore">Primary</a> One cohort were <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore#Admission_to_post-secondary_institutions" title="Education in Singapore">admitted to a post-secondary institution</a>, compared with 86% for the Chinese, and 75% for the Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-esd_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esd-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, 73.7% of Indian students received 5 or more passes in the <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_GCE_%27O%27_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean GCE 'O' Level">Singaporean GCE 'O' Level</a> examinations, compared with 86.5% of Chinese students and 59.3% of Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-esd_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esd-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given their performance in the 'O' level examinations, it would appear Indians would have been under represented among students who sat for the <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">'A' level examination</a>. However, those Indians who did reach the 'A' level and sat for this exam marginally outperformed the national average. 93% of Indians received 2 'A' and 2 'AO' level passes, compared with 92.6% among Chinese students, and 92.3% nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-esd_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esd-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socio-economic problems, and especially educational under-performance, facing Singapore Indians is addressed by the community through <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Development_Association" title="Singapore Indian Development Association">Singapore Indian Development Association</a> (SINDA), the national self-help group for the Indian community. </p><p>Singapore has the following international schools for expatriate Indians: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Indian_International_School_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Indian International School Singapore">Global Indian International School Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPS_International_School_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="DPS International School Singapore">DPS International School Singapore</a></li> <li>National Public School Singapore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DangerKeepOut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DangerKeepOut.jpg/220px-DangerKeepOut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DangerKeepOut.jpg/330px-DangerKeepOut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DangerKeepOut.jpg/440px-DangerKeepOut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Construction site sign showing Singapore's four <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a>: English, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese (in Traditional Script)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian languages in Singapore</a></div> <p>The official languages of Singapore are English, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Chinese (Mandarin)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sgindepact_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgindepact-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national language of Singapore is Malay for historical reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-sgindepact_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgindepact-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is used in the national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persons of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">ethnic Tamil ancestry</a> form about 58% of Singapore's Indian residents. Minority Indian groups include <a href="/wiki/Malayalee" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalee">Malayalees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking people, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of actual daily language use, 39% of Indian residents speak mainly English at home, and a similar number use <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. The remainder speak either <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (11%) or other languages, including other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a> (11%).There are about 3000 families which speak Marathi at home.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat-indicators-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3.1% of all Singapore residents speak mainly Tamil at home<sup id="cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat-indicators-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is one of the country's four <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil is taught as a second language in most public schools. Tamil content (produced locally or abroad) is available on free-to-air and cable television as well as radio channels, and in libraries, cinemas, theatres and bookshops. Tamil is used in temples, mosques and churches catering to the community. Some business and non-profit groups, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a> neighbourhood, use Tamil on a daily basis. </p><p>Many Indian loan words are found in Malay, and, to a lesser extent, in English. The influence of Indian vocabulary, syntax and pronunciation are also found in <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>, the local English dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Singapore Tamil is slightly distinct from the versions spoken in India and Sri Lanka, with its closest cousin being the Malaysian Tamil spoken across the border. Local usage includes some words from English, Malay and other languages. Meanwhile, certain Tamil words or phrases that are archaic in India and Sri Lanka are still used in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/250px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/375px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/500px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>Depictions of <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">Dravidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a> on the <i>gopuram</i> (entrance tower) of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore</a>, dedicated to the Hindu goddess of rain; <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gold; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 562.53406853567px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 223.34360795809px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 37.428259311242px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:44.27582310389px 89.664103678524px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion of Indian Singaporeans (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2020Religion_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Religion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (57.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (23.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (7.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism and other non-Catholic</a> (5.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and other religion (3.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No Religion</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Majority of the Indian Singaporeans are Hindus. The proportion of Indians following Islam, Christianity and Buddhism are relatively higher as the census include Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans and other South Asian ethnic groups under the category of "Indians".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020Census_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Census-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the latest 2020 Census, 57.3% of Singapore's Indian population declared themselves as Hindus, including 23.4% Muslims, 12.6% Christians, 4.6% other religions and 2.2% non-religious, as stated in the following statistics. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Origin of religion </th> <th>Religion </th> <th>Number <br /> (2020) </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>171,326</td> <td>57.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td> <td>10,265</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>2,031</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other (most <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>)</td> <td>1,420</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Subtotal of Indian-origin religions</b></i></td> <td><i><b>185,042</b></i></td> <td><i><b>61.9%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>69,964</td> <td>23.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td>37,605</td> <td>12.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></i></small></td> <td><small><i>21,853</i></small></td> <td><small><i>7.3%</i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and other Christians</i></small></td> <td><small><i>15,752</i></small></td> <td><small><i>5.3%</i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Subtotal of Abrahamic religions</b></i></td> <td><i><b>107,569</b></i></td> <td><i><b>36%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td></td> <td>6,443</td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><b>Grand total of all religions</b></i></td> <td><i><b>299,054</b></i></td> <td><i><b>100%</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism_in_Singapore">Hinduism in Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hinduism in Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism in Singapore</a></div> <p>Based on the latest 2020 Census, 5.0% of the resident population aged above 15 years, were Hindu. Almost all Hindus in Singapore were ethnic Indians (99%), with the majority of Singapore's ethnic Indians (57.3%) being Hindu. </p><p>There are approximately <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Singapore" title="List of Hindu temples in Singapore">35 temples</a> serving Hindus in Singapore. Most are built in the South Indian Dravidian style. Specific communities have established their own temples. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> community built the Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple at Ceylon Road, while the <a href="/wiki/Chettiar" title="Chettiar">Chettiar</a> community set up the Sri Thandayuthapani Temple at Tank Road. The <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> community also established the Sri Lakshminarayan Temple, built in the North Indian style. Two Hindu temples have been gazetted as <a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="National Monuments of Singapore">National Monuments of Singapore</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaipusam8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thaipusam8.jpg/170px-Thaipusam8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thaipusam8.jpg/255px-Thaipusam8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thaipusam8.jpg/340px-Thaipusam8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> participant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although temples may be historically associated with certain communities, Hindu temples in Singapore are open to all regardless or language, caste or religion (non-Hindus may visit the temples). A unique feature of Hinduism in Singapore is the fact that a noticeable number of non-Indians, usually Buddhist Chinese, do participate in a variety of Hindu activities, including praying to Hindu deities, donating money to the temple funds and participating in Hindu festivals like the <a href="/wiki/Fire-walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-walking">fire-walking</a> ceremony, and <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a>. </p><p>The most visible Hindu festivals in Singapore are <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a>. Minor celebrations include the <a href="/wiki/Fire_walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire walking">Fire walking</a> festival and Hindu temple chariot processions. <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> is a national public holiday in Singapore. For a month before it, the Little India district is decorated with ornamental fairy lights. Bazaars are held in different parts of the district, with stalls selling religious paraphenilia, greeting cards, food, decorations, clothes, etc. Deepavali day itself is marked with a ritual bath and prayers in the morning, followed by feasting and visits to family and friends. </p><p>Thaipusam is celebrated prominently in Singapore, Malaysia and other countries with large Tamil populations. As a <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>, participants carry 'kavadis' along a processional route. Some men carry kavadis attached to their bodies via hooks and spears that pierce their skin. Thaipusam is the only time when major Singapore roads are closed for a religious procession. The festival is a major religious and urban event, drawing thousands of devotees, supporters and onlookers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG/200px-Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG/300px-Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG/400px-Central_Sikh_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Sikh_Temple" title="Central Sikh Temple">Central Sikh Temple</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> in Singapore.</figcaption></figure> <p>Singapore's approximately 10,000 Indian Sikhs formed 3.4% of the Indian Singaporean population aged above 15 years. Most Sikhs in Singapore are of Indian Origin(accounting to 80-90% of Sikhs). There is a smaller Jain community consisting of a few thousand in population. </p><p>Among over 15% Muslim Singapore Residents, approximately 13% were Indian, with most of the remainder being Malay (82%), including some Chinese (2.2%) and other ethnicity (2.8%); Indian Muslim Singaporeans easily intermarried with Malays. predate the Islamic period (c. 570-632 AD), or the birth of Islam. In reality, Indonesians and Malays came to know about Islam through the merchants of South India and not through Arab missionaries. Among Christian Singapore Residents, about 5.8% were Indian, with most of the remainder being Chinese (86%), including small Malay (0.4%) and other ethnicity (7.8%). Within the Christian community, Indians formed 10.3% of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristangs</a> of part-Indian descent), and 3.9% of Non-Catholic Christians (mainly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>). </p><p>Within the wider Muslim and Christian communities, Indians have established their own places of worship, where sermons, services and prayers are conducted in Indian languages. Consequently, there are a substantial number of 'Indian' churches, mosques and Buddhist temples in Singapore. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Jamae" title="Masjid Jamae">Masjid Jamae</a>, built in 1826, is the oldest Tamil mosque in Singapore, and a National Monument. In 1888, the Tamil Catholic community set up the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Singapore">Church of Our Lady of Lourdes</a>, Singapore's oldest Tamil Catholic Church, as well as a National Monument. The <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Muni_Buddha_Gaya_Temple" title="Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple">Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> temple, built in a mix of Chinese, Indian, Sri Lankan and Thai styles, and is quite different from most Chinese Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> temples in Singapore. The small Indian Buddhist community (mainly Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>) in Singapore often frequents this temple, which is located in Little India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mama_shop" title="Mama shop">Mama shop</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cuisine in Singapore">Indian cuisine in Singapore</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_rojak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_rojak.JPG/200px-Indian_rojak.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_rojak.JPG/300px-Indian_rojak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_rojak.JPG/400px-Indian_rojak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Indian <a href="/wiki/Rojak" title="Rojak">rojak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The great variety of Singapore food includes <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian food</a>, which tends to be <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Mamak_stall#Mamak_fare" title="Mamak stall">local Tamil Muslim cuisine</a>, although <a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian food</a> has become more visible recently. Indian dishes have become modified to different degrees, after years of contact with other Singapore cultures, and in response to locally available ingredients as well as changing local tastes. The local forms of Indian food may be seen as localised or even regional variations of Indian food, or in some cases, a form of hybrid Indian-Singaporean cuisine. Popular 'Indian' dishes and elements of Indian cuisine (although sometimes prepared and sold by non-Indians) include <a href="/wiki/Indian_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian pickle">achar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curries" class="mw-redirect" title="Curries">curry</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">laksa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_head_curry" title="Fish head curry">Fish head curry</a>), Indian <a href="/wiki/Rojak" title="Rojak">rojak</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Mee_goreng" title="Mee goreng">mee goreng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murtabak" title="Murtabak">murtabak</a>, nasi <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roti_john" title="Roti john">roti john</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roti_prata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti prata">roti prata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">teh tarik</a>. </p><p>Other dishes were popular during the colonial period, when Indian ingredients and other culinary influences spread with the Empire to places like Singapore. Many of them endure in some homes and restaurants. Some of these dishes include <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">mince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulligatawny_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulligatawny soup">mulligatawny soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_moolie" title="Fish moolie">fish moolie</a>, curry tiffin, pork <a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">vindaloo</a> and spiced <a href="/wiki/Mutton_chop_(meat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton chop (meat)">Mutton chop</a>. </p><p>There are also many other Indian foods that are less widely available foods, but which can still be found in several areas serving a more specifically Indian clientele, especially in and around <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India, Singapore</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">appam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatura" title="Bhatura">bhatura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muruku" class="mw-redirect" title="Muruku">muruku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putu_mayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Putu mayam">putu mayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">samosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandoori" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandoori">tandoori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thosai">thosai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upma" title="Upma">upma</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_sweets_and_desserts" title="List of Indian sweets and desserts">various sweets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">jalebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">laddu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paayasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Paayasam">paayasam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milo_dinosaur" title="Milo dinosaur">Milo dinosaur</a> is a drink that originated within <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Singaporean">Indian Singaporean</a> eateries during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_India">Little India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Little India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepavali_22,_Little_India,_Singapore,_Oct_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/200px-Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/300px-Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/400px-Deepavali_22%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Annual <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> light-up of <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a> in 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian imprint on Singapore's urban landscape can be seen most prominently in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a> neighbourhood. On 7 July 1989, at the start of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">architectural conservation</a> in Singapore, this area was gazetted for conservation, which makes its buildings legally protected from unauthorised modifications and demolition. Bounded by <a href="/wiki/Serangoon_Road" title="Serangoon Road">Serangoon Road</a>, Sungei Road and <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Besar" title="Jalan Besar">Jalan Besar</a>, the area is recognised as the hub of the Indian community in Singapore. It contains mainly two-storey <a href="/wiki/Shophouse" title="Shophouse">shophouses</a> of the Early, Transitional, Late and Art Deco Shophouse Styles, as well as several places of worship for different <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faiths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from serving the social, cultural and commercial needs of the Indian community, the area is established as one of the more historic urban districts Singapore, with a colourful personality that makes it an indelible part of the national landscape and identity. In 2004, it was also Singapore's third most popular free-access tourist attraction, after <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Heritage_Centre,_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg/220px-Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg/330px-Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg/440px-Indian_Heritage_Centre%2C_Singapore_-_20150423-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Heritage_Centre" title="Indian Heritage Centre">Indian Heritage Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India, Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian names">Indian names</a></div> <p>Because of their linguistic and religious diversity, Singapore Indians use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions">naming conventions</a>. Traditionally, most Tamil Hindus place their father's name after their given name, linked by 's/o' (son of) or 'd/o' (daughter of), e.g. 'Ravi s/o Govindasamy'. Similarly, Tamil Muslims have names in the form 'Abdul s/o Rahman' (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Malays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Singapore">Malay</a> Muslims, who use the connector 'bin' (son of) or 'binte / bte' (daughter of) instead). Likewise, a Tamil Christian name might be Daryl s/o David. The use of these connectors arose during the colonial period. However, this format is somewhat rare today. </p><p>Often, an individual will reduce their father's name to an initial, hence 'G. Ravi'. This approach is popular among many Singapore politicians, as it simplifies names that, to non-Indian Singaporeans, can be very long, complicated and difficult to pronounce. Thus, the late Senior Minister Sinnathamby Rajaratnam was known as <a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam" title="S. Rajaratnam">S. Rajaratnam</a>, while late former President Sellapa Ramanathan is known as <a href="/wiki/S.R._Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="S.R. Nathan">S.R. Nathan</a>. Likewise, other prominent Indians include S. Dhanabalan, <a href="/wiki/S._Jayakumar_(Singaporean_politician)" title="S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)">S. Jayakumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam" title="J. B. Jeyaretnam">J. B. Jeyaretnam</a> (also known simply as 'JBJ'). Likewise, Tamil Muslims and Christians also use initials in a similar way. This convention is regularly used in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. </p><p>Another popular approach is to omit the 's/o' or 'd/o' connector altogether, e.g. 'Ravi Govindasamy'. While the name appears to conform to a Western format, the last name (Govindasamy) technically remains the father's name, and is not the family surname. As such, the individual should properly be addressed as 'Mr Ravi', rather than 'Mr Govindasamy'. However, some people use their father's name as a surname, i.e. Ravi calls himself 'Mr Govindasamy' and uses it as a surname for his children. Instead of naming his son 'Arun (s/o) Ravi', he would name him 'Arun Govindasamy' (or even 'Arun Govind'). This approach is also adopted among several Tamil Christians. Some new surnames have been created in this way. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indians</a> use <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> names as surnames in the Western mode. Common examples of such names in Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Iyer" title="Iyer">Iyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pillay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillay">Pillay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mudaliyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudaliyar">mudaliyar</a> (Tamil), <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menon_(subcaste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menon (subcaste)">Menon</a> (Malayalee). While <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> people use caste as the middle name <a href="/wiki/Reddy" title="Reddy">Reddy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Naidu" title="Naidu">Naidu</a> and family name as surname. </p><p>Some Tamil Christian families have retained Indian names (as given names or 'family' names), generally alongside or in place of Western or Christian names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan" title="Vivian Balakrishnan">Vivian Balakrishnan</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East Indian</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujaratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengalis</a>, use family surnames, although the Gujaratis may choose whether to merge their father's name with the surname. <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> men invariably adopt '<a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a>' as their surname, while Sikh women adopt '<a href="/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a>', as is their traditional practice. However, some Sikhs have also re-introduced supplementary family or <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> names, thus instead of simply 'Charanjit Singh', an individual might adopt the name 'Charanjit Singh Siddhu' for himself or his son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribution">Contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_institutions">Indian institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indian institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_organisations_in_Singapore" title="List of Indian organisations in Singapore">List of Indian organisations in Singapore</a></div> <p>Many of the clubs and associations established by and for Indians in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> are defined along narrower linguistic, religious or other sub-ethnic lines. The following groups are among the more important national Indian organisations in Singapore that cater to all Indians, regardless or cultural background. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianAssocSg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IndianAssocSg.jpg/200px-IndianAssocSg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IndianAssocSg.jpg/300px-IndianAssocSg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IndianAssocSg.jpg/400px-IndianAssocSg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Indian Association building in Singapore.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Development_Association" title="Singapore Indian Development Association">Singapore Indian Development Association</a></b> (SINDA) – SINDA was set up in 1991 to address educational under-performance in the Indian community. It also deals with other social and economic problems faced by Indians.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Association" title="Singapore Indian Association">Singapore Indian Association</a></b> (IA) – The IA was set up in 1923 by Singapore's Indian elite to promote the social, physical, intellectual, cultural and the general welfare of its members. While the association initially focussed on social and political issues faced by the Indian community, it has evolved into a private sports and recreation members-only club.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</b> (SICCI) – Established first in 1924 as the Indian Merchants Association, the SICCI is an independent, non-profit organisation with over 500 members.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Society of Indian Students</b> (SOIS) – Established first in 1999 in the National University of Singapore, the primary objective of SOIS is to provide a framework for students to interact with and to assist one another; Virtually all Indian students at NUS are directly or indirectly linked to SOIS.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_national_life">Participation in national life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Participation in national life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg/170px-President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg/255px-President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg/340px-President_of_Singapore_SR_Nathan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sellapan_Ramanathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellapan Ramanathan">S.R. Nathan</a> at an <a href="/wiki/The_Istana" title="The Istana">Istana</a> open day.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Singaporean_Indians" title="List of Singaporean Indians">List of Singaporean Indians</a></div> <p>Indian Singaporeans have made their mark nationally and even internationally in a variety of arenas. </p> <ul><li><b>Politics</b> – Indians have been well represented in national politics, including the ruling <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) as well as opposition parties. Indians have served as three out of nine <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Presidents of Singapore</a>, two out of four <a href="/wiki/Senior_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Senior Minister of Singapore">Senior Ministers</a> and three out of eleven <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister (Singapore)">Deputy Prime Ministers</a>. At some point, Indians have been Ministers of almost all ministries, including Foreign Affairs and Finance. The only key posts Indians have not held are Prime Minister and Defence Minister. As of June 2018, Indians were over-represented in the Cabinet (5 out of 19 cabinet ministers, or 26% of the total). They also comprise 10 out of 89 MPs in the 13th Parliament of Singapore, and one of three of its Non-constituency MPs.</li> <li><b>The law</b> – Historically, Indians have been prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Legal_profession_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal profession in Singapore">legal profession</a>, including the judiciary. In 2007, 21 out of 81 persons listed in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Singapore Academy of Law</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Senior_counsel" title="Senior counsel">senior counsel</a> directory in June 2018, or 26%, were Indian. In the <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_Courts_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate Courts of Singapore">Subordinate Courts of Singapore</a>, 9.8% of all District Judges was ethnic Indian. Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court of Singapore</a>, 14%, or two of the 14 <a href="/wiki/Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore">Supreme Court Judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Commissioner">Judicial Commissioners</a>, are Indian.<sup id="cite_ref-sgdi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgdi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Diplomacy</b> – Indians have traditionally served in the Singapore Diplomatic Service in disproportionate numbers. The Second Permanent Secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, Mr <a href="/wiki/Bilahari_Kausikan" title="Bilahari Kausikan">Bilahari Kausikan</a>, is Indian, as have been three of its five Ministers to date. As of March 2007, a survey of the Singapore Government Directory Interactive website showed about 27% of the heads of <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_diplomatic_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean diplomatic missions">Singaporean diplomatic missions</a> abroad were Indian, including heads of missions to the UN in New York and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, High Commissioners to Malaysia and South Africa and Ambassadors to Belgium (de facto representative to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) Germany, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-sgdi_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgdi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Education</b> – Since colonial times, teaching was a job Indians were traditionally involved in. In 2006, Indians remained well represented in the teaching service. In March 2007, the Singapore Government Directory Interactive website showed that 13.3% of primary school <a href="/wiki/Principal_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal (school)">principals</a> were Indian, as were 10.3% of secondary school principals.<sup id="cite_ref-sgdi_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgdi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians also head prominent higher education schools and <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">NUS</a> Faculty of Engineering, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_(Singapore)" title="Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)">Institute of Policy Studies</a>, Institute of South Asian Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy">Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyam_44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bharatanatyam_44.jpg/170px-Bharatanatyam_44.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bharatanatyam_44.jpg/255px-Bharatanatyam_44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Bharatanatyam_44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bharatnatyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatnatyam">Bharatnatyam</a></i>, a form of classical Indian dance.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>The arts</b> – Indian Singaporeans have distinguished themselves in a number of cultural fields, including contemporary forms of art targeted at a broad national and international audience, as well as more traditional Indian art forms. From 1979 to 2006, Indian Singaporeans have won 10, or 11.4%, of the 88 <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Medallion" title="Cultural Medallion">Cultural Medallions</a> conferred, the highest honour to artists given by the Singapore government.</li> <li><b>Civil Service</b> – In addition to the foreign, legal and education services, Indians have also traditionally entered the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore Civil Service</a>. Several individuals have risen to prominence in various <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore#Ministries_and_responsibilities_of_Ministers" title="Government of Singapore">government ministries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_boards_of_the_Singapore_Government" title="Statutory boards of the Singapore Government">statutory boards</a>. 9.4% of the heads of Singapore's 64 statutory boards are Indian – these are the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accounting_and_Corporate_Regulatory_Authority" title="Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority">Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Endowments_Board" title="Hindu Endowments Board">Hindu Endowments Board</a>, Hindu Advisory Board and Sikh Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-sgdi_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgdi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business</b> – In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> listed four ethnic Indians among the 40 largest private individual and family fortunes in Singapore, which is 10% of the list. These four individuals each represent large and diversified business empires in their own right, ranging from commodities to retail to electronics, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Indian_Singaporeans">Notable Indian Singaporeans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable Indian Singaporeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_in_Singapore" title="List of Indians in Singapore">List of Indians in Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Singaporeans" title="List of Singaporeans">List of Singaporeans</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Full Name <br /> <small> <i>also known as</i> </small> </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Ethnolinguistic Heritage </th> <th>Religion </th> <th>Occupation(s) </th> <th>Contributions </th> <th>Namesake Streets/Institutions </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naraina_Pillai" title="Naraina Pillai">Naraina Pillai</a> <br /> <small> <i>Narayana Pillay</i> </small></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1765<span class="noprint">;<br />260 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1765</span>)</span></td> <td><i>Unknown</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> (Indian)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>Entrepreneur, Philanthropist</td> <td>First Indian to set foot in modern Singapore (not counting established <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Indian Peranakans</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> on the ship <i>Indiana</i> in 1819. Established the first Hindu temple in modern Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple</a> (not counting Malay-built Hindu temples that existed on Fort Canning during the Hindu-Buddhist Malay era). First-ever <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">building contractor</a> in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Pillai Road in <a href="/wiki/Paya_Lebar" title="Paya Lebar">Paya Lebar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arumugam Annamalai Pillai <br /> <small> <i>Namly</i> </small></td> <td>1839<span class="noprint">;<br />186 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1839</span>)</span></td> <td>1924<span class="noprint">;<br />101 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1924</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Ceylonese)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Civil Servant, Land Surveyor, Landlord</td> <td>Third prominent Ceylonese Tamil to arrive in Singapore. Surveyor-General of the Colony of Singapore; surveyed and mapped the vast majority of the island of Singapore. One of the largest landowners in colonial Singapore; owned large tracts of land in Katong, Siglap, Tanglin, and Bukit Timah. Personally named the Bukit Timah roads of King's Road, Queen's Road, Duchess Road, Coronation Road, Prince of Wales Road, and Victoria Park.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The British named the Bukit Timah roads of Namely Ave, Namely Close, Namely Crescent, Namely Drive, Namely Garden, Namely Grove, Namely Hill, Namely Place, Namely Rise and Namely View after Pillai, as he formerly owned the lands bounded by these roads. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hunmah Somapah</td> <td>1870<span class="noprint">;<br />155 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1870</span>)</span></td> <td>1919<span class="noprint">;<br />106 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919</span>)</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigan</a></td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Landlord</td> <td>Largest Indian landlord in colonial Singapore. Owned land in Punggol, Serangoon, Tampines, Paya Lebar, and Changi. Owned a total of 108 houses, shophouses, shops, and 4 plantations at the time of his demise. Part of the Hindu delegation that lobbied the British to make <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> a public holiday in colonial Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Kampong Somapah, Somapah Bus Interchange (1982–1989), Somapah Road in <a href="/wiki/Changi" title="Changi">Changi</a>. Formerly Somapah station on the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_MRT_line" title="East–West MRT line">East–West MRT line</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Expo_MRT_station" title="Expo MRT station">Expo</a>) and Somapah station on the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_MRT_line" title="Downtown MRT line">Downtown MRT line</a> (Now <a href="/wiki/Upper_Changi_MRT_station" title="Upper Changi MRT station">Upper Changi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navroji_Mistri" title="Navroji Mistri">Navroji Rastomji Mistri</a> <small> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> </small> <br /> <small> <i>Noel R. Mistri</i> </small></td> <td>3 June 1885<span class="noprint">;<br />139 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1885-06-03</span>)</span></td> <td>29 October 1953<span class="noprint">;<br />71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1953-10-29</span>)</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td> <td>Entrepreneur, Landlord, Philanthropist</td> <td>First prominent Parsi to arrive in Singapore. Established the Phoenix Aerated Water Company. Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (1946) for his role in sheltering and protecting homeless people during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation of Singapore</a>.</td> <td>Mistri Road and Parsi Road in <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar" title="Tanjong Pagar">Tanjong Pagar</a>; Mistri Wing of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_General_Hospital" title="Singapore General Hospital">Singapore General Hospital</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>P. Govindasamy Pillai</td> <td>1887<span class="noprint">;<br />138 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1887</span>)</span></td> <td>21 July 1980<span class="noprint">;<br />44 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1980-07-21</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>Entrepreneur, Philanthropist</td> <td>Established a chain of Indian general stores in Singapore. <br /> Donated money to build the gopuram of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Perumal_Temple" title="Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple">Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Ascott_Limited#History" title="The Ascott Limited">Rajabali Jumabhoy</a></td> <td>16 January 1898<span class="noprint">;<br />127 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1898-01-16</span>)</span></td> <td>26 November 1998<span class="noprint">;<br />26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-11-26</span>)</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Bohra</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiism</a>)</td> <td>Entrepreneur, Landlord</td> <td>Founder of Scotts Holdings, now known as <a href="/wiki/The_Ascott_Limited" title="The Ascott Limited">The Ascott Limited</a>. Formerly one of the richest Singaporeans, with a maximum recorded net worth of almost 1 billion Singapore dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Choor_Singh" title="Choor Singh">Choor Singh Sidhu</a></td> <td>19 January 1911<span class="noprint">;<br />114 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911-01-19</span>)</span></td> <td>31 March 2009<span class="noprint">;<br />15 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-03-31</span>)</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td> <td>Judge</td> <td>Former Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court of Singapore</a>. One of the founders of the Singapore Khalsa Association. Played a part in abolishing <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury">trial by jury</a> in Singapore. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam" title="S. Rajaratnam">Sinnathamby Rajaratnam</a> <br /> <small> <i>S. Rajaratnam</i> </small></td> <td>25 February 1915<span class="noprint">;<br />109 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1915-02-25</span>)</span></td> <td>22 February 2006<span class="noprint">;<br />18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006-02-22</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">(Ceylonese)</a></td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td>Author of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Singapore pledge</a>, First Foreign Minister of Singapore, Third <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore">Deputy Prime Minister</a> of Singapore (1980–85).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam_School_of_International_Studies" title="S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies">S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>; S. Rajaratnam Block at <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Institution" title="Raffles Institution">Raffles Institution</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M._Bala_Subramanion" title="M. Bala Subramanion">M. Bala Subramanion</a></td> <td>5 March 1917<span class="noprint">;<br />107 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1917-03-05</span>)</span></td> <td>3 February 2021<span class="noprint">;<br />4 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-02-03</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td></td> <td>Civil servant</td> <td>The country's first Asian <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster-general">postmaster-general</a>. He was also an Indian community leader who was a member of community groups including <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Association" title="Singapore Indian Association">Singapore Indian Association</a>, Singapore Indian Education Trust and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singapore_Indian_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society (page does not exist)">Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanagaratnam_Shanmugaratnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam">Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam</a></td> <td>2 April 1921<span class="noprint">;<br />103 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1921-04-02</span>)</span></td> <td>28 July 2018<span class="noprint">;<br />6 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2018-07-28</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Ceylonese)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathologist</a></td> <td>Father of <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair Chengara Veetil</a> <br /> <small> <i>C. V. Devan Nair</i> </small></td> <td>6 August 1923<span class="noprint">;<br />101 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1923-08-06</span>)</span></td> <td>6 December 2005<span class="noprint">;<br />19 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005-12-06</span>)</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a></td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td>Third <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a> and commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> (1981–85).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">Sellapan Ramanathan</a> <br /> <small> <i>S. R. Nathan</i> </small></td> <td>3 July 1924<span class="noprint">;<br />100 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1924-07-03</span>)</span></td> <td>22 August 2016<span class="noprint">;<br />8 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2016-08-22</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td>Sixth and longest-serving <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a> (1999–2011).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam" title="J. B. Jeyaretnam">Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam</a> <br /> <small> <i>J. B. Jeyaretnam</i> </small></td> <td>5 January 1926<span class="noprint">;<br />99 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1926-01-05</span>)</span></td> <td>30 September 2008<span class="noprint">;<br />16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-09-30</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Ceylonese)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>)</td> <td>Lawyer, Politician</td> <td>First opposition politician to be elected to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thakral_Corporation" title="Thakral Corporation">Kartar Singh Thakral</a></td> <td>22 September 1933<span class="noprint">;<br />91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1933-09-22</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Entrepreneur</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Y._Pillay" title="J. Y. Pillay">Joseph Yuvaraj Pillay</a> <br /> <small> <i>J. Y. Pillay</i> </small></td> <td>30 March 1934<span class="noprint">;<br />90 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1934-03-30</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian-Ceylonese)</td> <td>Christianity</td> <td>Civil servant</td> <td>Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Airlines" title="Malaysia–Singapore Airlines">Malaysia–Singapore Airlines</a> (1971–72), Founding Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> after its establishment as an independent carrier in 1972 (1972–1996).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Dhanabalan" title="S. Dhanabalan">Suppiah Dhanabalan</a> <br /> <small> <i>S. Dhanabalan</i> </small></td> <td>8 August 1937<span class="noprint">;<br />87 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1937-08-08</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Brethrenism</a>)</td> <td>Politician</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Jayakumar_(Singaporean_politician)" title="S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)">Shunmugam Jayakumar</a> <br /> <small> <i>S. Jayakumar</i> </small></td> <td>12 August 1939<span class="noprint">;<br />85 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1939-08-12</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Lawyer, Politician, Diplomat</td> <td>7th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore">Deputy Prime Minister</a> of Singapore (2004–2009). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sivakant_Tiwari" title="Sivakant Tiwari">Sivakant Tiwari</a> <br /> <small> <i>S. Tiwari</i> </small></td> <td>20 December 1945<span class="noprint">;<br />79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945-12-20</span>)</span></td> <td>26 July 2010<span class="noprint">;<br />14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-07-26</span>)</span></td> <td>Hindustani</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Lawyer</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Anandan" title="Subhas Anandan">Subhas Anandan</a></td> <td>25 December 1946<span class="noprint">;<br />78 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1946-12-25</span>)</span></td> <td>7 January 2015<span class="noprint">;<br />10 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-01-07</span>)</span></td> <td>Malayali</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Lawyer</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Mahbubani" title="Kishore Mahbubani">Kishore Mahbubani</a></td> <td>24 October 1948<span class="noprint">;<br />76 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1948-10-24</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi</a></td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Diplomat, Professor</td> <td>First Singaporean President of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (2001–2), Singapore's Permanent Representative to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (1984–89; 1998–2004).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mustaq Ahmad</td> <td>8 June 1951<span class="noprint">;<br />73 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1951-06-08</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Hindustani</td> <td>Islam</td> <td>Entrepreneur</td> <td>Founder of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Centre" title="Mustafa Centre">Mustafa Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilahari_Kausikan" title="Bilahari Kausikan">Bilahari Kim Hee Papanasam Setlur Kausikan</a></td> <td>1954<span class="noprint">;<br />71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Chindian; Tamil (Indian)-<a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan Chinese</a></td> <td> </td> <td>Diplomat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Sadasivan" title="Balaji Sadasivan">Balaji Sadasivan</a></td> <td>11 July 1955<span class="noprint">;<br />69 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1955-07-11</span>)</span></td> <td>27 September 2010<span class="noprint">;<br />14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-09-27</span>)</span></td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._K._Rajah" title="V. K. Rajah">Vijaya Kumar Rajah</a> <br /> <small> <i>V. K. Rajah</i> </small></td> <td>14 January 1957<span class="noprint">;<br />68 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1957-01-14</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Lawyer</td> <td>8th <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a> of Singapore </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></td> <td>25 February 1957<span class="noprint">;<br />67 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1957-02-25</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Ceylonese)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td>9th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a> (Incumbent, 2023–present), 10th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore">Deputy Prime Minister</a> of Singapore (2011–2019). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davinder_Singh_(lawyer)" title="Davinder Singh (lawyer)">Davinder Singh Sachdev</a></td> <td>1 September 1957<span class="noprint">;<br />67 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1957-09-01</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Lawyer, Politician</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacintha_Abisheganaden" title="Jacintha Abisheganaden">Jacintha Abisheganaden</a></td> <td>3 October 1957<span class="noprint">;<br />67 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1957-10-03</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chindian">Chindian</a>; Tamil (Indian)-Chinese</td> <td>Christianity</td> <td>Singer, Actress</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Shanmugam" title="K. Shanmugam">Kasiviswanathan Shanmugam</a> <br /> <small> <i>K. Shanmugam</i> </small></td> <td>26 March 1959<span class="noprint">;<br />65 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1959-03-26</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Lawyer, Politician</td> <td>Minister for Law, Minister for Home Affairs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_(Singaporean_politician)" title="Inderjit Singh (Singaporean politician)">Inderjit Singh Dhaliwal</a></td> <td>5 June 1960<span class="noprint">;<br />64 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1960-06-05</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Politician</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indranee_Rajah" title="Indranee Rajah">Indranee Thurai Rajah</a></td> <td>12 April 1963<span class="noprint">;<br />61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-04-12</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Chindian; Tamil (Indian)-Chinese</td> <td>Christianity (Anglican Protestantism)</td> <td>Lawyer, Politician</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prince" title="Joseph Prince">Xenonamandar Jegahusiee Singh</a> <br /> <small> <i>Joseph Prince</i> </small></td> <td>15 May 1963<span class="noprint">;<br />61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-05-15</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Chindian; Punjabi-Chinese</td> <td>Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> Protestantism)</td> <td>Pastor</td> <td>Co-founder and senior pastor of <a href="/wiki/New_Creation_Church" title="New Creation Church">New Creation Megachurch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tambyah" title="Paul Tambyah">Paul Tambyah</a></td> <td>5 February 1965<span class="noprint">;<br />60 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965-02-05</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil</td> <td></td> <td>Medical</td> <td>Professor of Medicine and infectious diseases expert. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurmit_Singh" title="Gurmit Singh">Gurmit Ottawan Singh</a></td> <td>24 March 1965<span class="noprint">;<br />59 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965-03-24</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Chindian; Punjabi-Chinese</td> <td>Christianity</td> <td>Actor</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Phua_Chu_Kang_Pte_Ltd" title="Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd">Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd</a></i> sitcom. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._Sundramoorthy" title="V. Sundramoorthy">Varadaraju Sundramoorthy</a> <br /> <small> <i>V. Sundramoorthy</i> </small></td> <td>October 6, 1965<span class="noprint">;<br />59 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965-10-06</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (Indian)</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Sportsman</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharanjit_Leyl" title="Sharanjit Leyl">Sharanjit Leyl</a></td> <td>15 February 1973<span class="noprint">;<br />52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1973-02-15</span>)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Reporter, Journalist</td> <td>BBC News Reporter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gurmit Kaur Campbell</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Model</td> <td>First Singaporean supermodel,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first Singaporean to be featured on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a>. Modelled for <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld" title="Karl Lagerfeld">Karl Lagerfeld</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Murli Kewalram Chanrai</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sindhi</td> <td>Hinduism</td> <td>Entrepreneur</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravinder_Singh_(general)" title="Ravinder Singh (general)">Ravinder Singh</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Military</td> <td>Army General, Major-General of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Army" title="Singapore Army">Singapore Army</a> (2011–14). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Singaporean_politician)" title="Pritam Singh (Singaporean politician)">Pritam Singh</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Punjabi</td> <td>Sikhism</td> <td>Lawyer and Politician</td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state-owned broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">Mediacorp</a> operates two Tamil-language properties serving Singapore's Indian community—the radio station <a href="/wiki/Oli_968" title="Oli 968">Oli 968</a>, and television channel <a href="/wiki/Vasantham_(TV_channel)" title="Vasantham (TV channel)">Vasantham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's Tamil newspaper—the <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Murasu" title="Tamil Murasu">Tamil Murasu</a></i>—was first published on 2 May 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Singapore" title="Arya Samaj in Singapore">Arya Samaj in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_in_Singapore" title="Indian National Army in Singapore">Indian National Army in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Jainism in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Sikhism in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Singapore" title="List of Hindu temples in Singapore">List of Hindu temples in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_organisations_in_Singapore" title="List of Indian organisations in Singapore">List of Indian organisations in Singapore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pop2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf">"Singapore Census 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Singapore Government</i>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Government&rft.atitle=Singapore+Census+2020&rft.pages=43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fcop2020%2Fsr1%2Fcop2020sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516214219/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">"Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore</i>. 2010. p. 185. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Singapore&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+2010+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2Fcop2010%2Fcensus_2010_release1%2Fcop2010sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leow, p.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his 2006 National Day Rally, Singapore's Prime Minister said "A Chinese Chinese is different from a Singapore Chinese. An Indian Indian is different from a Singapore Indian. In fact, when I met Mr. Koizumi last year and I told him, you know, we are bringing in Chinese Chinese, Indian Indians, he looked at me, he said, "Chinese Chinese?" I had to explain, "Ya, indeed, they come from China. Singapore Chinese come from Singapore. We are different." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726093934/http://www.singaporeangle.com/2006/08/transcript-of-pms-rally-speech-in.html">"Transcript of PM's Rally Speech in English: Prime Minister Lee Hsein Loong's NDR 2006 (English speech): Singapore--Our Future, Our Home"</a>. singaporeangle.com. 21 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporeangle.com/2006/08/transcript-of-pms-rally-speech-in.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+PM%27s+Rally+Speech+in+English%3A+Prime+Minister+Lee+Hsein+Loong%27s+NDR+2006+%28English+speech%29%3A+Singapore--Our+Future%2C+Our+Home&rft.pub=singaporeangle.com&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporeangle.com%2F2006%2F08%2Ftranscript-of-pms-rally-speech-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lal-p176-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lal-p176_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lal-p176_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005201416/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2Fcop2010%2Fcensus_2010_release1%2Fcop2010sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, pp. 12–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Low, Cheryl-Ann Mei Gek, 'Singapore from the 14th to 19th Century' in Miksic & Low (2004) p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Low, Cheryl-Ann Mei Gek, 'Singapore from the 14th to 19th Century' in Miksic & Low (2004) p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Low, Cheryl-Ann Mei Gek, 'Singapore from the 14th to 19th Century' in Miksic & Low (2004) p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2006" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Wei Chean (31 January 2006). "Singapore's Treasures". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+Treasures&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Wei+Chean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_1826-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_1826_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_ArnoldCartwright,_H.A.1907" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A., eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n43/mode/2up"><i>Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources</i></a>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+British+Malaya%3A+its+history%2C+people%2C+commerce%2C+industries%2C+and+resources&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924023134368%23page%2Fn43%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, p.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, pp.36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, p.96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Netto, p.14-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.178-179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, p.56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Netto, p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lal-p185-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lal-p185_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lal-p185_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lal, p.185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2020" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, Anitha Devi (2020). <i>Sembawang: A Novel (Translation)</i>. Marshall Cavendish Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814893282" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814893282"><bdi>978-9814893282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sembawang%3A+A+Novel+%28Translation%29&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9814893282&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=Anitha+Devi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singstat-10-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat-10_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/mdsmar10.pdf">http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/mdsmar10.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits">"Work passes and permits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)">Ministry of Manpower</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+passes+and+permits&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Manpower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mom.gov.sg%2Fpasses-and-permits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Leeway for DBS' Indian expansion' by Ravi Velloor in The Straits Times 5 Nov 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2017" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, Anitha Devi (2017). <i>From Kerala to Singapore : voices from the Singapore Malayalee community</i>. Puva Arumugam. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814721837" title="Special:BookSources/9789814721837"><bdi>9789814721837</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962741080">962741080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Kerala+to+Singapore+%3A+voices+from+the+Singapore+Malayalee+community&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962741080&rft.isbn=9789814721837&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=Anitha+Devi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat.org-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldcat.org_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldcat.org_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Singapore ethnic mosaic : many cultures, one people</i>. Mathews, Mathew, 1974-. Singapore. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813234734" title="Special:BookSources/9789813234734"><bdi>9789813234734</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1012427552">1012427552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+ethnic+mosaic+%3A+many+cultures%2C+one+people&rft.place=Singapore&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1012427552&rft.isbn=9789813234734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singstat-indicators-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singstat-indicators_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf">"KEY INDICATORS OF THE RESIDENT POPULATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 19 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KEY+INDICATORS+OF+THE+RESIDENT+POPULATION&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fghsr1%2Findicators.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esd-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esd_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esd_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esd_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224653/http://www.moe.gov.sg/esd/ESD%20Interactive/Table%2033%20%282005%29.pdf">"Table 33: Percentage of pupils with at least 5 'O' level passes by ethnic group"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Education Statistics Digest</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education (Singapore)</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/esd/ESD%20Interactive/Table%2033%20(2005).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+Statistics+Digest&rft.atitle=Table+33%3A+Percentage+of+pupils+with+at+least+5+%27O%27+level+passes+by+ethnic+group&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Fesd%2FESD%2520Interactive%2FTable%252033%2520%282005%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgindepact-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sgindepact_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgindepact_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-RSI&doctitle=REPUBLIC%20OF%20SINGAPORE%20INDEPENDENCE%20ACT%0A&date=latest&method=whole">"Republic of Singapore Independence Act"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Singapore+Independence+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Fnon_version%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcgi_getdata.pl%3Factno%3D1997-REVED-RSI%26doctitle%3DREPUBLIC%2520OF%2520SINGAPORE%2520INDEPENDENCE%2520ACT%250A%26date%3Dlatest%26method%3Dwhole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SAFNAA1959">Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leow, Bee Geok (2001). Census of Population 2000: Demographic Characteristics. p.47-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213104245/http://www.sg/explore/profile_people.htm">"Singapore Infomap"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sg/explore/profile_people.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore+Infomap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sg%2Fexplore%2Fprofile_people.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Religion-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Religion_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616140325/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">"20% of Singapore residents have no religion, an increase from the last population census"</a>. <i>Channel News Asia</i>. 16 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">the original</a> on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=20%25+of+Singapore+residents+have+no+religion%2C+an+increase+from+the+last+population+census&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fcensus-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf">"Full report of 2021 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 213<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Full+report+of+2021+Census&rft.pages=213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fcop2020%2Fsr1%2Fcop2020sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Census-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Census_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210617123031/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1">the original</a> on 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Religion+by+Ethnic+in+Singapore+2020%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublications%2Freference%2Fcop2020%2Fcop2020-sr1%2Fcensus20_stat_release1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIAS-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIAS_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakiam" class="citation web cs1">Pakiam, Geoffrey K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/milo-dinosaur-life-and-times-southeast-asian-national-beverage">"Milo Dinosaur. The life and times of a Southeast Asian national beverage | IIAS"</a>. <i>www.iias.asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Asian_Studies" title="International Institute for Asian Studies">International Institute for Asian Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Milo Dinosaur's name appears to have originated in <b>Singapore-based Indian-Muslim eateries during the mid-1990s.</b> Eateries claiming credit include A&A Muslim Restaurant, Al-Ameen Eating House, and Al-Azhar Eating Restaurant, all popular with youth and young adults.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iias.asia&rft.atitle=Milo+Dinosaur.+The+life+and+times+of+a+Southeast+Asian+national+beverage+%7C+IIAS&rft.aulast=Pakiam&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.asia%2Fthe-newsletter%2Farticle%2Fmilo-dinosaur-life-and-times-southeast-asian-national-beverage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623012537/http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/india.htm">"Little India Conservation Area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority" title="Urban Redevelopment Authority">Urban Redevelopment Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/india.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+India+Conservation+Area&rft.pub=Urban+Redevelopment+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ura.gov.sg%2Fconservation%2Findia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207013049/http://www.stb.com.sg/doc/sarts2004.pdf">"Annual Report on Tourism Statistics 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board" title="Singapore Tourism Board">Singapore Tourism Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stb.com.sg/doc/sarts2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+on+Tourism+Statistics+2004&rft.pub=Singapore+Tourism+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stb.com.sg%2Fdoc%2Fsarts2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ia.sg/">"Anonym Technology Ptd Ltd"</a>. <i>Ia.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eresources.nlb.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Mustaq+Ahmad+-+Infopedia&rft.aulast=Singapore&rft.aufirst=National+Library+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_1164_2009-03-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806203921/http://www.dnariyadh.com/moodboard/20110901-gurmit-redefining-beauty">"GURMIT: REDEFINING BEAUTY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnariyadh.com/moodboard/20110901-gurmit-redefining-beauty">the original</a> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GURMIT%3A+REDEFINING+BEAUTY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnariyadh.com%2Fmoodboard%2F20110901-gurmit-redefining-beauty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/today20081021-1.2.30.11">"Two more to savour"</a>. <i>Today (retrieved from NLB)</i>. 21 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+%28retrieved+from+NLB%29&rft.atitle=Two+more+to+savour&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Ftoday20081021-1.2.30.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManiPrakashSelvarajan2017" class="citation book cs1">Mani, A.; Prakash, Pravin; Selvarajan, Shanthini (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamil+Murasu&pg=PA201">"6: Tamil Community and Culture in Singapore"</a>. In Mathews, Mathew (ed.). <i>The Singapore Ethnic Mosaic: Many Cultures, One People</i>. World Scientific. pp. <span class="nowrap">201–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-323-475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-323-475-8"><bdi>978-981-323-475-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Tamil+Community+and+Culture+in+Singapore&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Ethnic+Mosaic%3A+Many+Cultures%2C+One+People&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.isbn=978-981-323-475-8&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Pravin&rft.au=Selvarajan%2C+Shanthini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4RIDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTamil%2BMurasu%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Adam (1999). <i>Singapore English in a Nutshell: An Alphabetical Description of its Features</i>. Singapore: Federal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-01-2435-X" title="Special:BookSources/981-01-2435-X"><bdi>981-01-2435-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+English+in+a+Nutshell%3A+An+Alphabetical+Description+of+its+Features&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Federal+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=981-01-2435-X&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChewLee1991" class="citation book cs1">Chew, Ernest C.T.; Lee, Edwin (1991). <i>A History of Singapore</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-588565-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-588565-1"><bdi>0-19-588565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-588565-1&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.T.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1994" class="citation book cs1">Hall, D.G.E. (1994). <i>A History of South-East Asia</i> (4th ed.). London: Macmillan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South-East+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=D.G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalReeves_(exec._ed.)Rai2006" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Brij V.; Reeves (exec. ed.), Peter; Rai, Rajesh (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora</i>. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet in association with <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4155-65-9" title="Special:BookSources/981-4155-65-9"><bdi>981-4155-65-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Indian+Diaspora&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet+in+association+with+National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-4155-65-9&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Brij+V.&rft.au=Reeves+%28exec.+ed.%29%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rai%2C+Rajesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeow2001" class="citation book cs1">Leow, Bee Geok (2001). <i>Census of Population 2000: Demographic Characteristics</i>. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-4448-6" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-4448-6"><bdi>981-04-4448-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2000%3A+Demographic+Characteristics&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=981-04-4448-6&rft.aulast=Leow&rft.aufirst=Bee+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeow2001" class="citation book cs1">Leow, Bee Geok (2001). <i>Census of Population 2000: Education, Language and Religion</i>. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-4459-1" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-4459-1"><bdi>981-04-4459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2000%3A+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=981-04-4459-1&rft.aulast=Leow&rft.aufirst=Bee+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksicLow2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John N.</a>; Low, Cheryl-Ann (Mei Gek) (2004). <i>Early Singapore 1300s–1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts</i>. Singapore: Singapore History Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Singapore+1300s%E2%80%931819%3A+Evidence+in+Maps%2C+Texts+and+Artefacts&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+History+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.au=Low%2C+Cheryl-Ann+%28Mei+Gek%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Netto, Leslie, ed. (2003). <i>Passage of Indians: 1923–2003</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Association" title="Singapore Indian Association">Singapore Indian Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-8531-X" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-8531-X"><bdi>981-04-8531-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passage+of+Indians%3A+1923%E2%80%932003&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+Indian+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-04-8531-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2004" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Sylvia (2004). <i>Singapore Heritage Food: Yesterday's recipes for today's cook</i>. Singapore: Landmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Heritage+Food%3A+Yesterday%27s+recipes+for+today%27s+cook&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Landmark+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._M._Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="C. M. Turnbull">Turnbull, C. M.</a> (1989). <i>A History of Singapore, 1819–1988</i> (2nd ed.). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-588943-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-588943-6"><bdi>0-19-588943-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Singapore%2C+1819%E2%80%931988&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-588943-6&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rai, Rajesh, Indians in Singapore, 1819-1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadanVasudevanRaman2004" class="citation book cs1">Madan, Madhu; Vasudevan, Yamini; Raman, Rita (2004). <i>Dreams to Reality: Singapore Indian Entrepreneurs</i>. Singapore: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singapore_Indian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (page does not exist)">Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> (SICCI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+to+Reality%3A+Singapore+Indian+Entrepreneurs&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+Indian+Chamber+of+Commerce+and+Industry+%28SICCI%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rft.au=Vasudevan%2C+Yamini&rft.au=Raman%2C+Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pillai, A.D. & Arumugam, P. (2017). From Kerala to Singapore: Voices of the Singapore Malayalee Community. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia).</li> <li>Pillai, A.D. (2020) Sembawang: A Novel. (Translation). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaiPillai1994" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Raghu; Pillai, Niru K. (1994). <i>Arpanam : A Dedication: Facets of Singapore Indians</i>. Singapore: Produced by <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Books_(publisher)" title="Landmark Books (publisher)">Landmark Books</a> for the Organising Committee of a Dinner by the Indian Community. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3002-82-4" title="Special:BookSources/981-3002-82-4"><bdi>981-3002-82-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arpanam+%3A+A+Dedication%3A+Facets+of+Singapore+Indians&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Produced+by+Landmark+Books+for+the+Organising+Committee+of+a+Dinner+by+the+Indian+Community&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=981-3002-82-4&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Raghu&rft.au=Pillai%2C+Niru+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhuMani1993" class="citation book cs1">Sandhu, K.S.; Mani, A. (1993). <i>Indian Communities in Southeast Asia</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a> (ISEAS) & Times Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-210-017-2" title="Special:BookSources/981-210-017-2"><bdi>981-210-017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Communities+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies+%28ISEAS%29+%26+Times+Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=981-210-017-2&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Mani%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqueShotam1990" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Sharon; Shotam, Nirmala Puru (1990). <i>Singapore's Little India: Past, Present, and Future</i> (2nd ed.). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-902-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/9971-902-31-1"><bdi>9971-902-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%27s+Little+India%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9971-902-31-1&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Shotam%2C+Nirmala+Puru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnappah1979" class="citation book cs1">Sinnappah, Arasaratnam (1979). <i>Indians in Malaysia and Singapore</i> (Rev. ed.). Kuala Lumpur; New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-580427-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-580427-9"><bdi>0-19-580427-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+in+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-19-580427-9&rft.aulast=Sinnappah&rft.aufirst=Arasaratnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoundar2003" class="citation book cs1">Soundar, Chitra (2003). <i>Gateway to Indian Culture</i> (2nd ed.). Singapore: Asiapac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-229-327-2" title="Special:BookSources/981-229-327-2"><bdi>981-229-327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gateway+to+Indian+Culture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Asiapac&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-229-327-2&rft.aulast=Soundar&rft.aufirst=Chitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1994" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Anthony R. (1994). <i>New Place, Old Ways: Essays on Indian Society and Culture in Modern Singapore</i>. Delhi: Hindustan Pub. Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7075-027-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7075-027-X"><bdi>81-7075-027-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Place%2C+Old+Ways%3A+Essays+on+Indian+Society+and+Culture+in+Modern+Singapore&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Hindustan+Pub.+Corp&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-7075-027-X&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRerceretnam2003" class="citation book cs1">Rerceretnam, Marc J. (2003). <i>Black Europeans, the Indian coolies and empire : colonialisation and christianized Indians in colonial Malaya & Singapore, c. 1870s – c. 1950s, PhD thesis</i>. Sydney: University of Sydney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Europeans%2C+the+Indian+coolies+and+empire+%3A+colonialisation+and+christianized+Indians+in+colonial+Malaya+%26+Singapore%2C+c.+1870s+%E2%80%93+c.+1950s%2C+PhD+thesis&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rerceretnam&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Singaporeans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Indian Singaporeans</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indian+Singaporeans">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indian+Singaporeans&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604100652/http://www.kalari-payat.org/">Kalari Payat-Silambam Centre, Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinda.org.sg">Singapore Indian Development Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722205742/http://www.owlib.com/dir/dir.show?cat_id=2072">Hindu Temples in Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg">Statistics Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnation.org/diaspora/singapore.htm">Tamils of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri-online.com/tag/singapore">NRI Online</a> contains info on NRIs in Singapore</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guadeloupeans" title="Indo-Guadeloupeans">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India (Sri Lankan Tamils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry diaspora">Pondicherry Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_diaspora" title="Tamil Nadu diaspora">Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singaporeans95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="width:1%">CMIO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporeans" title="Arab Singaporeans">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Ceylonese/Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese (PRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Singapore" title="Filipinos in Singapore">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Singapore" title="Koreans in Singapore">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore" title="Malaysians in Singapore">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Singapore" title="Nepalis in Singapore">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Singapore" title="Pakistanis in Singapore">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_Singapore" title="Thais in Singapore">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Singapore" title="Vietnamese people in Singapore">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Singapore" title="Australians in Singapore">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_diaspora556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_diaspora" title="Template:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_diaspora556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_Southeast_Africa" title="Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Madagascar" title="Indians in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Indian_origin" title="Mauritians of Indian origin">Mauritius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Mauritians" title="Bihari Mauritians">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritians" title="Tamil Mauritians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Mozambique" title="Indians in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9unionnais_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunionnais of Indian origin">Réunion</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Malbars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Seychellois" title="Indo-Seychellois">Seychelles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Tanzania" title="Indians in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Uganda" title="Indians in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zambia" title="Indians in Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Botswana" title="Indians in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Egypt" title="Indians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Indian" title="Ghanaian Indian">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_people" title="Indo-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Barbados" title="Indians in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Belizeans" title="Indo-Belizeans">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Indians in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Grenadians" title="Indo-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guadeloupeans" title="Indo-Guadeloupeans">Guadeloupe</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Haitians" title="Indo-Haitians">Haiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Martinique</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saint_Lucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saint Lucian">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Vincentian" title="Indo-Vincentian">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Indians in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Argentina" title="Indians in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Indian immigration to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Chile" title="Indians in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">French Guiana</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Panama" title="Indians in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Peru" title="Indians in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Uruguayans" title="Indian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Venezuela" title="Indians in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Canadians" title="Sindhi Canadians">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="South Asian Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Indian Americans by location">by location</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bangladesh" title="Indians in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Maldives" title="Indians in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Nepalis" title="Indian Nepalis">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Indians in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Telugus" title="Sri Lankan Telugus">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Brunei" title="Indians in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cambodia" title="Indians in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Gujaratis" title="Malaysian Gujaratis">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayalees" title="Malaysian Malayalees">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugus" title="Malaysian Telugus">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Vietnam" title="Indians in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Japan" title="Indians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Korea" title="Indians in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Taiwan" title="Indians in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bahrain" title="Indians in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Iran" title="Indians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kuwait" title="Indians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Lebanon" title="Indians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Oman" title="Indians in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar" title="Indians in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Turkey" title="Indians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Indians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Poland" title="Indians in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Finland" title="Indians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sweden" title="Indians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cyprus" title="Indians in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Italy" title="Indians in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Maltese" title="Indian Maltese">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Portugal" title="Indians in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Spain" title="Indians in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_France" title="Indians in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Germany" title="Indians in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Ireland" title="South Asians in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Switzerland" title="Indians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_community_of_London" title="Indian community of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indo-Caribbean_people" title="British Indo-Caribbean people">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Gujaratis" title="British Gujaratis">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">Tamil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijians" title="Indo-Fijians">Fiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis_in_Fiji" title="Gujaratis in Fiji">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Caledonia<sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Zealanders" title="Indian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Indians" title="Māori Indians">Maori-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">Tamil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Diaspora_by_state_and_ethnolinguistic_regions_of_India" title="Indian diaspora">Ethnic diasporas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_diaspora" title="Gujarati diaspora">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_diaspora" title="Kashmiri diaspora">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpuri_diaspora" title="Mirpuri diaspora">Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_diaspora" title="Mizo diaspora">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_diaspora" title="Odia diaspora">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">South Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_diaspora" title="Malayali diaspora">Malayalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">In the Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">Telugus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_India" title="Little India">Little India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman">Non-Resident Indian Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Divas" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Divas">Non-Resident Indian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas department</a> of France in the southwest Indian Ocean</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas departments</a> of France in the Americas</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup>A <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France#Sui_generis_collectivity" title="Overseas France">sui generis collectivity</a> of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&oldid=1272826235">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporeans&oldid=1272826235</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Singapore" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore">Ethnic groups in Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_diaspora_in_Singapore" title="Category:Indian 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