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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Election procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_contested_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_contested_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Last contested election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_contested_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assumption_of_office_and_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assumption_of_office_and_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assumption of office and disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assumption_of_office_and_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_entitlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_entitlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Salary and entitlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_entitlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>News reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Singapore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="رئيس سنغافورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس سنغافورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Singapur" title="Presidente de Singapur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sid%C3%A9n_Singapura" title="Présidén Singapura – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Présidén Singapura" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_de_Singapur" title="President de Singapur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_(Singapur)" title="Präsident (Singapur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident (Singapur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Σιγκαπούρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Σιγκαπούρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Presidentes_de_Singapur" title="Anexo:Presidentes de Singapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Presidentes de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="رئیس‌جمهور سنگاپور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Singapour" title="Président de la république de Singapour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de la république de Singapour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Singapur" title="Presidente de Singapur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="싱가포르 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="싱가포르 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सिंगापुर के राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगापुर के राष्ट्रपति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_prezidanti_di_Singapur" title="Listo pri prezidanti di Singapur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo pri prezidanti di Singapur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_presiden_Singapura" title="Daftar presiden Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar presiden Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_di_Singapore" title="Presidenti di Singapore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidenti di Singapore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="נשיא סינגפור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא סינגפור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სინგაპურის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინგაპურის პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სინგაპურიშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინგაპურიშ პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="رئيس سينجابوره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس سينجابوره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Singapura" title="Presiden Singapura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_Singapore" title="President van Singapore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President van Singapore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="シンガポールの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンガポールの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_Singapores_presidenter" title="Liste over Singapores presidenter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over Singapores presidenter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dels_presidents_de_Singapor" title="Lista dels presidents de Singapor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista dels presidents de Singapor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydenci_Singapuru" title="Prezydenci Singapuru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydenci Singapuru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_presidentes_de_Singapura" title="Lista de presidentes de Singapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de presidentes de Singapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Список президентов Республики Сингапур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список президентов Республики Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state of Singapore</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of the officeholders, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">List of presidents of Singapore</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the office. For the incumbent officeholder, see <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the <span class="nowrap">Republic of Singapore</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore,_Istana,_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore%2C_Istana%2C_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg/120px-Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore%2C_Istana%2C_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore%2C_Istana%2C_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg/180px-Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore%2C_Istana%2C_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Crest_of_the_President_of_Singapore%2C_Istana%2C_Singapore_-_20060131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="224" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Presidential coat of arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore#Variant_flags" title="Flag of Singapore">Presidential standard</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2911" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a><br /></div>since 14 September 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Head of state of the Republic of Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mister President</a><br />(informal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><br />(diplomatic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Istana" title="The Istana">The Istana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a><br />(1965–1991)<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">Direct election</a><br />(1991–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Six years,<br />renewable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> (1965)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore">Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1965<span class="noprint">; 59 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965-08-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_Singapore#Powers" title="Powers of the president of Singapore">Chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>1,540,000 annually ($1,133,598 USD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istana.gov.sg">Official website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Singapore" title="Category:Politics of Singapore">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Seah_Kian_Peng" title="Seah Kian Peng">Seah Kian Peng</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">PAP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Singapore)" title="Leader of the House (Singapore)">Leader of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Indranee_Rajah" title="Indranee Rajah">Indranee Rajah</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">PAP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Singapore)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Singaporean_politician)" title="Pritam Singh (Singaporean politician)">Pritam Singh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">WP</a>)</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg/50px-14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg/75px-14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg/100px-14th_Parliament_of_Singapore_-_20100715.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="14th Parliament of Singapore">14th Parliament</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Singapore" title="Constituencies of Singapore">Constituencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore#Composition" title="Government of Singapore">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of Singapore</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">PAP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Organisation of the Government of Singapore">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">The Reserves</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court of Singapore</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sundaresh_Menon" title="Sundaresh Menon">Sundaresh Menon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Prakash" title="Judith Prakash">Prakash</a></li> <li><a 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countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Singapore" title="Template:Politics of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Politics of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>President of the Republic of Singapore</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The president represents the country in official <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomatic</a> functions and possesses certain executive powers over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>, including the control of the <a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">national reserves</a> and the ability to revoke and appoint public service appointments. </p><p>After Singapore achieved <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore#Full_internal_self-government_(1959–1963)" title="Self-governance of Singapore">full internal self-governance</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1959, the ceremonial office of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Lord of the State") was created. The office was later succeeded by the President of Singapore after Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">independence in 1965</a>. The initial role of the president was largely ceremonial and symbolic, carrying residual powers, but the role was later vested with some executive power which includes the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve power</a> to veto certain <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament#Bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">bills</a>, most notably in relation to the country's <a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">reserves</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Check_and_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Check and balance">check and balance</a> process, as well as to revoke and appoint public service appointments among other powers listed in the Constitution. </p><p>Prior to 1991, the president was appointed by Parliament. A <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> was made that year to allow for the president to be <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a> by a popular vote, which was subsequently first held in <a href="/wiki/1993_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="1993 Singaporean presidential election">1993</a>. Singapore follows a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state#Non-executive_model" title="Head of state">non-executive model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> whereby the president is not the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> but rather the head of state. These powers are instead vested in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a>. Another constitutional amendment was made in 2016, that allows for a presidential election to be reserved for an <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">ethnic community in Singapore</a> if no one from that community had been president for the previous five presidential terms.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president has far-reaching formal obligations and duty to act above party politics. Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a>, the president must be a <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean citizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">non-partisan</a> and elected by a popular vote. The incumbent president is <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a>, who took office on 14 September 2023 after being duly elected in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2023 Singaporean presidential election">2023 presidential election</a> with 70.41% of the vote. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of the President of the Republic of Singapore was created on 22 December 1965, retrospective to 9 August 1965, on which Singapore achieved independence from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It succeeded the office of <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Lord of the State") which was created when Singapore attained <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore##Full_internal_self-government_(1959–1963)" title="Self-governance of Singapore">full internal self-government</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1959. The last Yang di-Pertuan Negara, <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a>, became the first President. After his death in 1971, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sheares" title="Benjamin Sheares">Benjamin Sheares</a> who was appointed by Parliament and served until his death in 1981. </p><p>Sheares was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair</a>, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Anson_SMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Anson SMC">Anson SMC</a> from 1979 to 1981, prior to his presidency, who then resigned in 1985. Whilst the apparent reason for Nair's resignation was to seek recovery from his alcoholism, Nair disputes the account, claiming that he was forced out of office by former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a>. Nair was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee" title="Wee Kim Wee">Wee Kim Wee</a>, who served as the Ambassador of South Korea and Japan from 1980 to 1984 prior to his presidency until 1993 and was the first president to exercise custodial powers pursuant to the constitutional amendments in 1991. </p><p>In the early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP), who at the time occupied all the parliamentary seats in Singapore, suffered their first parliamentary loss in 15 years to <a href="/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam" title="J. B. Jeyaretnam">J. B. Jeyaretnam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's Party">Worker's Party</a> (WP). As such, then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> became worried that there would one day be a "freak election result" where the PAP would no longer have control over the Parliament and opposition parties would have unfettered access to the government's reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, in January 1991, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">constitutional</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amendment was passed by Parliament to redefine the role of the president. </p><p>The amendment provided that the president would be <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">elected by a popular vote</a>, subject to strict eligibility requirements. The president was also empowered by the amendment to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> the use of the country's <a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">reserves</a> and revoke or appoint public service appointments. The president can also examine the government's usage of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-ISA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Religious_Harmony_Act" title="Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act">Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MRHA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRHA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concur with the director of the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (CPIB) to investigate persons for corrupt practices, even if the prime minister refuses consent. </p><p>The first elected president was <a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister (Singapore)">Deputy Prime Minister</a> from 1985 to 1993 prior to his presidency, won the <a href="/wiki/1993_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="1993 Singaporean presidential election">1993 presidential election</a>. He served as president from 1993 to 1999. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Singapore Government</a> officially regarded Ong's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee" title="Wee Kim Wee">Wee Kim Wee</a> as the first elected president on the basis that he held and exercised the powers of the elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a result of transitional provisions in the Constitution of Singapore in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court (Singapore)">High Court</a> following a legal challenge by then-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Bock" title="Tan Cheng Bock">Tan Cheng Bock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tan appealed against this decision, but the appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sixth and the oldest to become president was <a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">S. R. Nathan</a>, who served as the Ambassador of the United States from 1990 to 1996 prior to his presidency. He ran unopposed, and became president by virtue of being the sole candidate deemed qualified by the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Elections_Committee" title="Presidential Elections Committee">Presidential Elections Committee</a> (PEC). He served his first term of office from 1999 to 2005 before being re-elected unopposed again for a second term, and he served until 2011. </p><p>After S. R. Nathan stepped down, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan" title="Tony Tan">Tony Tan</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister (Singapore)">Deputy Prime Minister</a> from 1995 to 2005 prior to his presidency, won the <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2011 Singaporean presidential election">2011 presidential election</a> by a narrow margin in a four-cornered fight. He was sworn in as the seventh president of Singapore on 1 September 2011. <a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan" title="Tony Tan">Tony Tan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> are the only <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister (Singapore)">Deputy Prime Ministers</a> who became presidents. </p><p>In 2016, further amendments to the Constitution were passed providing for "reserved elections" for a particular ethnic community, if that community has not provided a president in the past five presidential terms. </p><p>The eighth president, <a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker of Parliament</a> from 2013 to 2017, prior to her presidency, took office on 14 September 2017. She was the sole eligible candidate under the new reform terms which took effect earlier that year. Yacob was also the first <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay</a> head of state in 47 years since the death of the first president of Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a>, and the first female President of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a>, who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 2011 to 2019, and <a href="/wiki/Senior_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Senior Minister of Singapore">Senior Minister</a> from 2019 to 2023, prior to his presidency, won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2023 Singaporean presidential election">2023 presidential election</a> and was elected the ninth President of Singapore after receiving 70.41% of the votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, the parliament of Singapore passed a bill to amend the constitution to allow the President of Singapore to hold international positions in their private capacity, only if the position is of national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_role">Constitutional role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being the head of state, it is also the function of the president to safeguard the national reserves and the integrity of the public service of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive authority of Singapore is vested in the president and exercisable by them or by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a> or any minister authorised by the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Constitution vests "general direction and control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a>" in the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, the president is bound to exercise their powers in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the president is able to exercise some powers in their personal discretion<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as preventing the government of the day from drawing on the reserves which were not accumulated during its current term of office, revoking or appointing any of the public offices under Article 22 of the Constitution such as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Force_(Singapore)" title="Chief of Defence Force (Singapore)">Chief of Defence Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_(Singapore)" title="Commissioner of Police (Singapore)">Commissioner of Police</a>, amongst others.,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exercising oversight over the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (CPIB) and decisions of the Executive under the Internal Security Act<sup id="cite_ref-ISA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act.<sup id="cite_ref-MRHA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRHA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg/170px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg/255px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg/340px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Singapore_15-16_November_2009-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Russian Federation">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> speaking to President <a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">S. R. Nathan</a> during the former's visit in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>As a component of the legislature together with <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a>, the president is also jointly vested with legislative authority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president's primary role in the exercise of legislative power to make laws is assenting to bills passed by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the president exercises this constitutional function in accordance with the Cabinet's advice and not in their personal discretion except in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Assent_to_bills_by_the_President" title="Parliament of Singapore">certain circumstances</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they may not refuse to assent to bills that Parliament has validly passed. The words of enactment in <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law#Statutes" title="Sources of Singapore law">Singapore Statutes</a> are: "Be it enacted by the president with the advice and consent of the Parliament of Singapore, as follows:".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president usually opens each <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Sessions" title="Parliament of Singapore">parliamentary session</a> with an address drafted by the Cabinet setting out the government's agenda for the session,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may address Parliament and send messages to it.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president has been called "Singapore's No. 1 diplomat".<sup id="cite_ref-Tommy_Koh_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommy_Koh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassadors</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> accredited to Singapore present their credentials to the president, and the president is called upon by visiting foreign dignitaries. In addition, the president contributes to the nation's external relations by undertaking overseas trips on Cabinet's advice. The president also serves as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>. </p><p>Presidents have also used the office to champion charitable causes. Wee Kim Wee promoted sports and volunteerism; Ong Teng Cheong promoted culture and the arts, particularly music; and S. R. Nathan established the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Challenge" title="President's Challenge">President's Challenge</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development,_Youth_and_Sports" title="Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports">Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports</a> and its statutory board, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Social_Service" title="National Council of Social Service">National Council of Social Service</a>. As of 2011, the endeavour had raised more than <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>100 million for charities supporting disabled and needy people.<sup id="cite_ref-Tommy_Koh_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tommy_Koh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers">Powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_Singapore" title="Powers of the president of Singapore">Powers of the president of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg/170px-MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg/255px-MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg/340px-MASBuilding-Singapore-20090914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The president has personal discretion as to whether to approve budgets or financial transactions of specified <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore#Statutory_boards" title="Government of Singapore">statutory boards</a> and state-owned companies that are likely to draw on past reserves. The <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, photographed here in September 2009, is one such statutory board.</figcaption></figure> <p>The powers of the president are divided into those which the president may exercise in their own discretion, and those which must be exercised in accordance with the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a> or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of their functions. In other cases, they may consult the CPA if they wish to but is not bound to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution confers on the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government</a> of the day to draw down reserves that it did not accumulate. Thus, a guarantee may only be given or a loan raised by the government if the president concurs,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their approval is also needed for budgets of specified <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore#Statutory_boards" title="Government of Singapore">statutory boards</a> and state-owned companies that draw on their past reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president also possesses personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Provident Fund Board">Central Provident Fund Board</a> to invest moneys belonging to it;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the president may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in their opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president is also empowered to approve changes to key political appointments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">chief justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">attorney-general</a>, chairman and members of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Singapore)" title="Public Service Commission (Singapore)">Public Service Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Force_(Singapore)" title="Chief of Defence Force (Singapore)">Chief of Defence Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_(Singapore)" title="Commissioner of Police (Singapore)">Commissioner of Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) who, in their opinion, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president has certain powers of oversight over the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decisions of the Executive under the Internal Security Act<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, the president has the authority to raise and maintain the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> (SAF). The president also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF. </p><p>The term of office of the first elected president, <a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a>, was marked by the differences between the government and him, concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions culminated in the government issuing a non-binding <a href="/wiki/White_paper#Government_white_papers" title="White paper">white paper</a> entitled <i>The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies</i> (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the government had to request for the approval from President <a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">S. R. Nathan</a> to draw $4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election">Election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">Presidential elections in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person who wishes to run for the office of president has to fulfil stringent qualifications set out in the Constitution, which are as follows: </p> <ul><li>The president must be a <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">citizen of Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president must not be less than 45 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president's name must appear in a current register of electors.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president must be resident in Singapore at the date of their nomination for election, and must have been so resident for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years prior to that date.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president must not be subject to any of the following disqualifications:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(a) being and having been found or declared to be of unsound mind;</dd> <dd>(b) being an undischarged bankrupt;</dd> <dd>(c) holding an office of profit;</dd> <dd>(d) having been nominated for election to Parliament or the office of President or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, failing to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required;</dd> <dd>(e) having been convicted of an offence by a court of law (whether in Singapore or not) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>10,000 (or equivalent in foreign currency) and having not received a free pardon. The person if convicted by a foreign court of law shall not be disqualified unless the offence is also one which, had it been committed in Singapore, would have been punishable by a court of law in Singapore;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>(f) having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, a foreign country, or having made a declaration of allegiance to a foreign country;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>(g) being disqualified under any law relating to offences in connection with elections to Parliament or the office of President by reason of having been convicted of such an offence or having in proceedings relating to such an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The president must be a person of integrity, good character and reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_19(2)(e)_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_19(2)(e)-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president must not be a member of any <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">political party</a> on the date of their nomination for election.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The president must have for a period of not less than three years held office — <ul><li>as <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore#Responsibilities_of_Ministers" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Singapore)" title="Public Service Commission (Singapore)">Public Service Commission</a>, Auditor-General, Accountant-General or <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary">Permanent Secretary</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) of a key statutory board or government company: the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Provident Fund Board">Central Provident Fund Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board" title="Housing and Development Board">Housing and Development Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/JTC_Corporation" title="JTC Corporation">Jurong Town Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temasek_(company)" title="Temasek (company)">Temasek Holdings</a>, or <a href="/wiki/GIC_(sovereign_wealth_fund)" title="GIC (sovereign wealth fund)">GIC Private Limited</a> (formerly known as the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation);<sup id="cite_ref-Cons193bFifth_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons193bFifth-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as the most senior executive of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country#Singapore" title="List of legal entity types by country">company incorporated in Singapore</a> with an average of $500 million in <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)#Legal_foundations" title="Equity (finance)">shareholders' equity</a> for the most recent three years in that office, and which is profitable after <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">taxes</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Cons194197_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons194197-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>in any other similar or comparable position of seniority and responsibility in any other organisation or department of equivalent size or complexity in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> which has given him such experience and ability in administering and managing financial affairs as to enable him to carry out effectively the functions and duties of the office of president.<sup id="cite_ref-Cons1934_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons1934-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The strictness of these qualifications led to the <a href="/wiki/1999_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="1999 Singaporean presidential election">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2005 Singaporean presidential election">2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2017_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2017 Singaporean presidential election">2017 elections</a> being walkovers as only one candidate had qualified on nomination day.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2016, further amendments provide for "reserved elections" for a particular racial group (Chinese, Malay and Indian/other minority) — if that community has not been represented for five presidential terms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other amendments were made to expand the list of key government companies eligible for the candidacy,<sup id="cite_ref-Cons193bFifth_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons193bFifth-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, for candidates using their private sector experience, the use of $500 million of shareholder equity instead of $100 million in paid-up capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Cons194197_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons194197-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes went into effect in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a> later explained that while he expected the "reserved election" policy to be unpopular among the population, he believed it was "the right thing to do".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_procedure">Election procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG/220px-ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG/330px-ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG/440px-ElectionsDepartmentSG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Elections_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections Department">Elections Department</a>, which oversees <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">elections in Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The president holds office for a term of six years from the date on which they assume office.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office falls vacant upon the expiry of the <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>'s term or if the president is for some reason unable to complete their term; for example, due to death, resignation, or removal from office for misconduct or mental or physical infirmity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the office of president becomes vacant before the incumbent's term expires, a poll for an election must be held within six months.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, an election can take place any time from three months before the expiry of the incumbent's term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procedure for elections is laid out in the Presidential Elections Act.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process begins when the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a> issues a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writ of election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Returning_officer" title="Returning officer">returning officer</a> specifying the date and place of nomination day.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential candidates must obtain certificates of eligibility from the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC), the function of which is to ensure that such persons have the necessary qualifications to be nominated as a candidate for the election.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the PEC must be satisfied that the potential candidates are persons of integrity, good character and reputation;<sup id="cite_ref-Art_19(2)(e)_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_19(2)(e)-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if they have not previously held certain key government offices or acted as chairman of the board of directors or CEO of a company incorporated or registered under the Companies Act with shareholders' equity of at least $500 million, that they held a position of comparable seniority and responsibility in the public or private sector that has given them experience and ability in administering and managing financial affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cons1934_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cons1934-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PEC consists of the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Singapore)" title="Public Service Commission (Singapore)">Public Service Commission</a>, who is also the chairman of the PEC,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/2017_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2017 Singaporean presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>, the members of the PEC are <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Teo" title="Eddie Teo">Eddie Teo</a> (chairman), <a href="/wiki/Lim_Soo_Hoon" title="Lim Soo Hoon">Lim Soo Hoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chan_Heng_Chee" title="Chan Heng Chee">Chan Heng Chee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Po%27ad_Shaik_Abu_Bakar_Mattar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Po'ad Shaik Abu Bakar Mattar (page does not exist)">Po'ad Shaik Abu Bakar Mattar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tay_Yong_Kwang" title="Tay Yong Kwang">Tay Yong Kwang</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Seah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Seah (page does not exist)">Peter Seah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, candidates must obtain political donation certificates from the registrar of political donations stating that they have complied with the Political Donations Act,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and file their nomination papers with the returning officer on nomination day.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deposit must also be paid.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidate is declared to have been elected president if only one candidate is nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the returning officer issues a notice of contested election specifying when polling day will be.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the election period, a candidate may not spend more than $600,000 or 30 cents for each person on the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_roll" title="Electoral roll">electoral register</a>, whichever is greater.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permits must be obtained to hold election meetings<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and display posters and banners,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of acts are unlawful, including <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dissuading electors from voting,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making false statements about candidates,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treating" title="Treating">treating</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and undue influence.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal changes introduced in 2010 made the eve of polling day a "cooling-off day" – campaigning must not take place on that day and on polling day itself.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polling day is a public holiday,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and voting is compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters must go to the <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling stations</a> assigned to them.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the poll closes, the presiding officer of each polling station seals the <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot boxes</a> without opening them. Candidates or their polling agents may also affix their own seals to the ballot boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ballot boxes are then taken to counting centres to be opened and the ballots counted.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A candidate or his or her <a href="/wiki/Counting_agent" title="Counting agent">counting agent</a> may ask the returning officer for a recount of votes if the difference between the number of votes for the candidate with the most votes and any other candidate's number of votes is 2% or less.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all counts, and recounts if any, have been completed, the returning officer ascertains whether the total number of electors registered to vote overseas is less than the difference between the number of votes for the two candidates with the highest number of votes. If so, the returning officer declares the candidate with the highest number of votes to be elected as president. If not, the overseas votes may be decisive. The returning officer then states the number of votes cast for each candidate and the date and location where the overseas votes will be counted.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_contested_election">Last contested election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Last contested election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2023 presidential election was the first election with a ballot since the <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2011 Singaporean presidential election">2011 election</a>. The election was won by <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> with 1,746,427 (70.40%) of valid votes. </p><p>Sample counts were announced at about 22:42 and showed that Tharman Shanmugaratnam was leading with 70% of the votes, followed by Ng Kok Song with 16%, and Tan Kin Lian with 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about 23:15, Ng <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">conceded</a> during a press conference and congratulated Tharman, stating that there was a clear result and there was no need to wait for the final results.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about 23:30, Tan congratulated Tharman, but refused to concede until the actual results were announced.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local results were announced at about 00:23 the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Overseas_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overseas-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final turnout (excluding the overseas electorate) was 2,530,912 (93.41%), lower than <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2011 Singaporean presidential election">2011</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election" title="2020 Singaporean general election">2020</a>'s turnouts of 94.80% and 95.81%, respectively. The Elections Department published the overseas vote count on 12 September. Only 3,799 votes were accepted for counting, of which only 78 votes were rejected. Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Ng Kok Song, and Tan Kin Lian garnered 2,834, 595, and 292 votes, respectively, which saw only a 0.01% change in Tharman's and Tan's respective voting percentages. ELD also said that 2,997 <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">postal votes</a> had been downloaded and 2,263 mails were received as of the cut-off date of 11 September, of which only 1,345 had been accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final turnout was 2,534,711, increasing its percentage by 0.14%, from 93.41% to 93.55%.<sup id="cite_ref-Overseas_ELD_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overseas_ELD-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Overseas_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overseas-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final results are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,749,261</td><td style="text-align:right">70.41</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ng_Kok_Song" title="Ng Kok Song">Ng Kok Song</a></td><td style="text-align:right">390,636</td><td style="text-align:right">15.72</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kin_Lian" title="Tan Kin Lian">Tan Kin Lian</a></td><td style="text-align:right">344,584</td><td style="text-align:right">13.87</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="1">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">2,484,481</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="3" style="color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 )"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>2,484,481</td><td>98.02</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>50,230</td><td>1.98</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>2,534,711</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>2,709,455</td><td>93.55</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="3" style="text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Overseas_ELD_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overseas_ELD-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assumption_of_office_and_disabilities">Assumption of office and disabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assumption of office and disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The person elected to the office of president assumes office on the day his predecessor ceases to hold office or, if the office is vacant, on the day following the election. Upon assumption of office, the president is required to take and subscribe in the presence of the chief justice or of another justice of the Supreme Court the Oath of Office, which states:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, [<i>name</i>], having been elected <b>President of the Republic of Singapore</b>, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability without fear or favour, affection or ill-will, and without regard to any previous affiliation with any political party, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore.</p></blockquote> <p>If the President is a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, He or She may utter the phrase in the last sentence, "So help me God". </p><p>Once elected, the president shall:<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>not hold any other office created or recognised by the Constitution;</li> <li>not actively engage in any commercial enterprise;</li> <li>not be a member of any political party; and</li> <li>not serve in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case when the president is unable to perform their duties, their powers are temporarily transferred to the chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA). If the chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers is not available, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">speaker of the Parliament</a> performs the duties of the president. If both are unavailable the presidential functions are performed by an individual appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary_and_entitlements">Salary and entitlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Salary and entitlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ong_Teng_Cheong_with_Carlos_Menem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ong_Teng_Cheong_with_Carlos_Menem.jpg/220px-Ong_Teng_Cheong_with_Carlos_Menem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ong_Teng_Cheong_with_Carlos_Menem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption> President Ong Teng Cheong received by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Parliament of Singapore is required to provide a <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> for the maintenance of the president,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it does so by way of the Civil List and Gratuity Act.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With effect from 17 February 2012, the sum under Class I of the list, which includes the president's personal pay ($1,568,900, known by the British term the "<a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse" title="Privy Purse">privy purse</a>"), an entertainment allowance ($73,000) and an allowance for an acting president ($4,500), is $1,646,400. The privy purse was reduced from $4,267,500 after the president accepted the Ministerial Salaries Review Committee's recommendations on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_20120217_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard_20120217-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The salaries for the president's personal staff (Class II) amount to $4,532,400. Speaking in Parliament on 10 March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Finance (Singapore)">Minister for Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> explained that this sum was to cater for the salaries of an additional staff officer to support the work of the Council of Presidential Advisers, and a butler manager; and to meet higher variable staff salary payments due to the nation's strong economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ST_20110311_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST_20110311-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allowance for the Istana's household expenses (Class III) is $2,762,308, an increase from $694,000. This allowance is used to cover the maintenance of the Istana, vehicles, utilities and other supplies, as well as for ceremonies and celebrations. The increase was to cater for higher expenses for maintaining computer systems, buildings and land, and to account for inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_20120217_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard_20120217-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Class IV expenses for "special services" are $550,000. In previous years, this sum was used to cover various expenses such as the cost of replacing state cars and installing a new document repository.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the current civil list of $9,491,100 represents a decrease of about 18% from the sum for the past fiscal year of $11,605,000.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">List of presidents of Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_Singapore" title="Spouse of the president of Singapore">Spouse of the President of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Singapore, its citizens are organised under the CMIO (Chinese–Malay–Indian–Other) system of categorisation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963">1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Presiden Republik Singapura</i>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">新加坡共和国总统</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó Zǒngtǒng</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு குடியரசுத் தலைவர்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu Kuṭiyaracut Talaivar</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/RSIA1965#:~:text=An%20Act%20to%20make%20provision,from%20and%20independent%20of%20Malaysia.">Republic of Singapore Independence Act (Original Enactment: Act 9 of 1965)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istana.gov.sg/The-President/President-In-Office">"The Istana | President in Office"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Istana+%26%23124%3B+President+in+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istana.gov.sg%2FThe-President%2FPresident-In-Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingapore2018" class="citation web cs1">Singapore, Prime Minister's Office (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/pm-lee-hsien-loong-parliamentary-debate-constitution-amendment-bill">"PMO | PM Lee Hsien Loong at the Parliamentary Debate on the Constitution (Amendment) Bill"</a>. <i>Prime Minister's Office Singapore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister%27s+Office+Singapore&rft.atitle=PMO+%7C+PM+Lee+Hsien+Loong+at+the+Parliamentary+Debate+on+the+Constitution+%28Amendment%29+Bill&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Singapore&rft.aufirst=Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmo.gov.sg%2FNewsroom%2Fpm-lee-hsien-loong-parliamentary-debate-constitution-amendment-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2015" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Kevin (2015). <i>Constitution of Singapore: A Contextual Analysis</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Singapore%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960">Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRHA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRHA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRHA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Religious_Harmony_Act" title="Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act">Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MRHA1990">Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("MRHA").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotwani2017" class="citation news cs1">Kotwani, Monica (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731214013/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-cheng-bock-s-legal-challenge-on-the-reserved-presidential-9010250">"Tan Cheng Bock's legal challenge on the reserved presidential election explained"</a>. <i>Channel NewsAsia</i>. ChannelNewsAsia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-cheng-bock-s-legal-challenge-on-the-reserved-presidential-9010250">the original</a> on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+NewsAsia&rft.atitle=Tan+Cheng+Bock%27s+legal+challenge+on+the+reserved+presidential+election+explained&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Kotwani&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Ftan-cheng-bock-s-legal-challenge-on-the-reserved-presidential-9010250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 163(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2017" class="citation web cs1">Loh, Quentin (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182227/https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/docs/default-source/module-document/judgement/tcb-final-12072017-with-all-amendments-pdf.pdf">"TAN CHENG BOCK v ATTORNEY GENERAL [2017] SGHC 160 DECISION DATE: 07 Jul 2017 HC/OS 495/2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. High Court of the Republic of Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/docs/default-source/module-document/judgement/tcb-final-12072017-with-all-amendments-pdf.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAN+CHENG+BOCK+v+ATTORNEY+GENERAL+%5B2017%5D+SGHC+160+DECISION+DATE%3A+07+Jul+2017+HC%2FOS+495%2F2017&rft.pub=High+Court+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fmodule-document%2Fjudgement%2Ftcb-final-12072017-with-all-amendments-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/law-allows-parliament-to-count-wee-kim-wees-term-in-triggering-reserved-presidential">"Law allows Parliament to count Wee Kim Wee's term in triggering reserved presidential election: High Court"</a>. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708094621/http://www.straitstimes.com/politics/law-allows-parliament-to-count-wee-kim-wees-term-in-triggering-reserved-presidential">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Law+allows+Parliament+to+count+Wee+Kim+Wee%27s+term+in+triggering+reserved+presidential+election%3A+High+Court&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Flaw-allows-parliament-to-count-wee-kim-wees-term-in-triggering-reserved-presidential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-cheng-bock-s-constitutional-challenge-dismissed-by-high-9012246">"Tan Cheng Bock's constitutional challenge dismissed by High Court"</a>. Channel NewsAsia. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709035013/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-cheng-bock-s-constitutional-challenge-dismissed-by-high-9012246">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tan+Cheng+Bock%27s+constitutional+challenge+dismissed+by+High+Court&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Ftan-cheng-bock-s-constitutional-challenge-dismissed-by-high-9012246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mothership.sg/2017/08/perpetual-presidential-hopeful-tan-cheng-bock-bows-out-gracefully/">"Perpetual presidential hopeful Tan Cheng Bock bows out gracefully"</a>. Mothership.sg. 23 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827213946/https://mothership.sg/2017/08/perpetual-presidential-hopeful-tan-cheng-bock-bows-out-gracefully/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perpetual+presidential+hopeful+Tan+Cheng+Bock+bows+out+gracefully&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmothership.sg%2F2017%2F08%2Fperpetual-presidential-hopeful-tan-cheng-bock-bows-out-gracefully%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Justina (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Singaporeans-miffed-by-reserved-presidential-election">"Singaporeans miffed by 'reserved' presidential election – Nikkei Asian Review"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asian Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205215836/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Singaporeans-miffed-by-reserved-presidential-election">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Singaporeans+miffed+by+%27reserved%27+presidential+election+%E2%80%93+Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Justina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics-Economy%2FPolicy-Politics%2FSingaporeans-miffed-by-reserved-presidential-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/halimah-yacob-set-to-be-singapores-first-female-president-a-timeline-of-her-career">"Halimah Yacob set to be Singapore's first female president: A timeline of her career"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 11 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203216/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/halimah-yacob-set-to-be-singapores-first-female-president-a-timeline-of-her-career">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Halimah+Yacob+set+to+be+Singapore%27s+first+female+president%3A+A+timeline+of+her+career&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fhalimah-yacob-set-to-be-singapores-first-female-president-a-timeline-of-her-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/presidential-election-tharman-elected-70-cent-landslide-win-ng-kok-song-tan-kin-lian-3740526">"Tharman Shanmugaratnam to be Singapore's 9th President after 70.4% landslide win"</a>. <i>Channel News Asia</i>. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005259/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/presidential-election-tharman-elected-70-cent-landslide-win-ng-kok-song-tan-kin-lian-3740526">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=Tharman+Shanmugaratnam+to+be+Singapore%27s+9th+President+after+70.4%25+landslide+win&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpresidential-election-tharman-elected-70-cent-landslide-win-ng-kok-song-tan-kin-lian-3740526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoh2023" class="citation news cs1">Goh, Yan Han (22 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/constitution-amended-to-let-president-take-global-roles-in-private-capacity-if-in-national-interest">"Constitution amended to let president take global roles in private capacity if in national interest"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923">0585-3923</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Constitution+amended+to+let+president+take+global+roles+in+private+capacity+if+in+national+interest&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.issn=0585-3923&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Yan+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpolitics%2Fconstitution-amended-to-let-president-take-global-roles-in-private-capacity-if-in-national-interest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 17(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 17(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 23(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 24(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 21(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 21(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 58(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 21(2)(c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509010912/http://www.parliament.gov.sg/Publications/SO-merge%20with%20SO%20notes.pdf"><i>Standing Orders of Parliament (as amended on 19 October 2004)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Parliament of Singapore, 19 October 2004, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.sg/Publications/SO-merge%20with%20SO%20notes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standing+Orders+of+Parliament+%28as+amended+on+19+October+2004%29&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Singapore&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.sg%2FPublications%2FSO-merge%2520with%2520SO%2520notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>, Standing Order 15(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tommy_Koh-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tommy_Koh_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tommy_Koh_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommy_Koh2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Koh" title="Tommy Koh">Tommy Koh</a> (15 June 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608061319/http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/pub/pa_tk_ST_Demystifying%20the%20presidential%20office_150611.pdf">"Demystifying the presidential office"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>, p. A21, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/pub/pa_tk_ST_Demystifying%20the%20presidential%20office_150611.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Demystifying+the+presidential+office&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.au=Tommy+Koh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spp.nus.edu.sg%2Fips%2Fdocs%2Fpub%2Fpa_tk_ST_Demystifying%2520the%2520presidential%2520office_150611.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 21(1) and (2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 22(3) and (4). The Legislature can pass a law requiring the President to act after consultation with, or on the recommendation of, any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of their functions other than those exercisable in his personal discretion or in respect of the Constitution has made other provision: Art. 21(5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 144(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(e), 21(2)(f), 22B and 22D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 22E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 144(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 148A and 148D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 22(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 25(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 22G. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau's powers of investigation derive from the Prevention of Corruption Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PCA1960">Cap. 241, 1993 Rev. Ed.</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(g) and 151(4); <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960">Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>), s. 13A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; MRHA, s. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Tsu_Tau_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hu Tsu Tau Richard">Hu, Richard Tsu Tau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Finance (Singapore)">Minister for Finance</a>), Ministerial Statement, "Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999", <i>Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report</i> (17 August 1999), vol. 70, cols. 2018–2029; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Mitton2000" class="citation cs2">Roger Mitton (10 March 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210092142/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I had a job to do' whether the Government liked it or not, says ex-President Ong – extended interview with Roger Mitton"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a></i>, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2001</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiaweek&rft.atitle=%27I+had+a+job+to+do%27+whether+the+Government+liked+it+or+not%2C+says+ex-President+Ong+%E2%80%93+extended+interview+with+Roger+Mitton&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2000-03-10&rft.au=Roger+Mitton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaweek.com%2Fasiaweek%2Fmagazine%2F2000%2F0310%2Fnat.singapore.ongiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies [Cmd. 5 of 1999]</i>, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by the Government Printers, 1999, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226180358">226180358</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+for+Determining+and+Safeguarding+the+Accumulated+Reserves+of+the+Government+and+the+Fifth+Schedule+Statutory+Boards+and+Government+Companies+%5BCmd.+5+of+1999%5D&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Government+of+Singapore+by+the+Government+Printers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226180358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakir_Hussain2009" class="citation cs2">Zakir Hussain (23 January 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20090123-1.2.5.2.2">"A Budget first: Govt to draw $4.9b from past reserves"</a>, <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. 4 – via NewspaperSG</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=A+Budget+first%3A+Govt+to+draw+%244.9b+from+past+reserves&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft.au=Zakir+Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes20090123-1.2.5.2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Concerns about economy go back to mid-2008: President makes public for first time his decision to allow use of reserves", <i>The Straits Times</i>, 18 February 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Concerns+about+economy+go+back+to+mid-2008%3A+President+makes+public+for+first+time+his+decision+to+allow+use+of+reserves&rft.date=2009-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua_Mui_Hoong2009" class="citation cs2">Chua Mui Hoong (20 February 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/turning-of-the-second-key-went-smoothly">"Turning of the second key went smoothly"</a>, <i>The Straits Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Turning+of+the+second+key+went+smoothly&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft.au=Chua+Mui+Hoong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fturning-of-the-second-key-went-smoothly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(d).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(d) read with Art. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The disqualification of a person under clauses (d) and (e) may be removed by the President and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of five years beginning from the date on which the return mentioned in clause (d) was required to be lodged or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in clause (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in clause (1) (e) was imposed on such person: Constitution, Art. 45(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A person shall not be disqualified under this clause by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen of Singapore: Constitution, Art. 45(2). In clause (f), "foreign country" does not include any part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>: Art. 45(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art_19(2)(e)-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art_19(2)(e)_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art_19(2)(e)_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(e).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(2)(f).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(3)(a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cons193bFifth-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cons193bFifth_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cons193bFifth_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(3)(b) read with the Fifth Schedule.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cons194197-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cons194197_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cons194197_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(4), read with Art. 19(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cons1934-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cons1934_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cons1934_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19(3)(c) and Art 19(4)(b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua_Mui_Hoong1999" class="citation cs2">Chua Mui Hoong (21 August 1999), "See you in six years' time", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. 6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=See+you+in+six+years%27+time&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1999-08-21&rft.au=Chua+Mui+Hoong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Why only President Nathan qualifies", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. 4, 14 August 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Why+only+President+Nathan+qualifies&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005-08-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2017" class="citation news cs1">Han, Kirsten (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/asia/singapore-race-presidential-election/index.html">"How Singapore elected a president without a vote"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054027/http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/asia/singapore-race-presidential-election/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+Singapore+elected+a+president+without+a+vote&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F09%2F11%2Fasia%2Fsingapore-race-presidential-election%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181418/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Apublished%20Published%3A03%2F01%2F2017;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DId%253A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%2520Depth%253A0%2520Status%253Apublished%2520Published%253A03%252F01%252F2017;whole=no#legis">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016</a> (28/2016). 21 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Apublished%20Published%3A03%2F01%2F2017;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DId%253A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%2520Depth%253A0%2520Status%253Apublished%2520Published%253A03%252F01%252F2017;whole=no#legis">the original</a> on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore+%28Amendment%29+Act+2016&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fview.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DId%253A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%2520Depth%253A0%2520Status%253Apublished%2520Published%253A03%252F01%252F2017%3Brec%3D0%3BresUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%252Faol%252Fsearch%252Fsummary%252Fresults.w3p%253Bpage%253D0%253Bquery%253DId%25253A6a6a2578-4806-4cd4-823d-9c2e4fe5a0e6%252520Depth%25253A0%252520Status%25253Apublished%252520Published%25253A03%25252F01%25252F2017%3Bwhole%3Dno%23legis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 19B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021038/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/elected-presidency-amendments-to-constitution-passed-in/3271856.html">"Elected Presidency: Amendments to Constitution passed in Parliament"</a>. <i>Channel NewsAsia</i>. 9 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/elected-presidency-amendments-to-constitution-passed-in/3271856.html">the original</a> on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+NewsAsia&rft.atitle=Elected+Presidency%3A+Amendments+to+Constitution+passed+in+Parliament&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Felected-presidency-amendments-to-constitution-passed-in%2F3271856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuen-C2017" class="citation news cs1">Yuen-C, Tham (30 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/pm-lee-spells-out-why-he-pushed-for-reserved-election">"PM Lee spells out why he pushed for reserved election"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060809/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/pm-lee-spells-out-why-he-pushed-for-reserved-election">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=PM+Lee+spells+out+why+he+pushed+for+reserved+election&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.aulast=Yuen-C&rft.aufirst=Tham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpm-lee-spells-out-why-he-pushed-for-reserved-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 20(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 22L(1)(a) to (c). The office of President also becomes vacant if it is determined that the election of the President was void and no other person was duly elected as President, or if on the expiration of the incumbent's term the person declared elected as President fails to take office: Arts. 22L(1)(d) and (e).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assuming a writ for a presidential election has not yet been issued before the vacation of office or, if it has been issued, has been <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/countermand#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:countermand">countermanded</a>: Constitution, Art. 17(3)(a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 17(3); Presidential Elections Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PrEA1991">Cap. 240A, 2007 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("PEA"), s. 6(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presidential Elections Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PrEA1991">Cap. 240A, 2007 Rev. Ed.</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, ss. 6(2) and (3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 18(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 18(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 18(2)(a) to (c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606123525/http://www.eld.gov.sg/gazette/G_PreP2017/Presidential%20Elections%20Committee.pdf">"Presidential Elections Committee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Elections Department Singapore</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eld.gov.sg/gazette/G_PreP2017/Presidential%20Elections%20Committee.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elections+Department+Singapore&rft.atitle=Presidential+Elections+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eld.gov.sg%2Fgazette%2FG_PreP2017%2FPresidential%2520Elections%2520Committee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political Donations Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDA2000">Cap. 236, 2001 Rev. Ed.</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, ss. 9(4)(ba) and 11(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 10(1) read with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/">Cap. Parliamentary Elections Act, 2007 Rev. Ed.</a>, s. 28(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 16(5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 50(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 62A(2), inserted by the Presidential Elections (Amendment) Act 2010 (No. 11 of 2010) ("PEAA").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presidential Elections (Posters and Banners) Regulations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616155219/http://www.elections.gov.sg/agc/presidentialSubLeg3.htm">Cap. 240A, Rg 3, 2000 Rev. Ed.</a>), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.gov.sg/agc/presidentialSubLeg3.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2010, regs. 2 and 3(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, ss. 42(1)(d) and (e).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, ss. 59, 60A, 62 and 62A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 26(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 22(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 31(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 31(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, ss. 32B(1) and (4). Rejected and tendered votes are excluded. A <i>tendered vote</i> is a vote that is permitted to be cast by a person claiming to be a voter named in the electoral register who turns up at a polling station after someone also claiming to be that voter has already voted: s. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PEA, s. 32(8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3233151/singapore-presidential-poll-counting-begins-vote-viewed-test-pap-support">"Singapore presidential poll: counting begins in vote seen as test of PAP support"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901121635/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3233151/singapore-presidential-poll-counting-begins-vote-viewed-test-pap-support">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Singapore+presidential+poll%3A+counting+begins+in+vote+seen+as+test+of+PAP+support&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3233151%2Fsingapore-presidential-poll-counting-begins-vote-viewed-test-pap-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mothership.sg/2023/09/pe2023-sample-count/">"PE2023 sample count: Tharman tentatively victorious with 70% of votes"</a>. <i>mothership.sg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901162114/https://mothership.sg/2023/09/pe2023-sample-count/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mothership.sg&rft.atitle=PE2023+sample+count%3A+Tharman+tentatively+victorious+with+70%25+of+votes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmothership.sg%2F2023%2F09%2Fpe2023-sample-count%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pe-2023-ng-kok-song-concedes-defeat-tharman-after-clear-result-sample-count-2245601">"PE 2023: Ng Kok Song concedes defeat to Tharman after 'clear result' in sample count"</a>. <i>TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901155819/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pe-2023-ng-kok-song-concedes-defeat-tharman-after-clear-result-sample-count-2245601">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TODAY&rft.atitle=PE+2023%3A+Ng+Kok+Song+concedes+defeat+to+Tharman+after+%27clear+result%27+in+sample+count&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpe-2023-ng-kok-song-concedes-defeat-tharman-after-clear-result-sample-count-2245601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pe-2023-tan-kin-lian-not-ready-concede-defeat-sample-count-tharman-2245611">"PE 2023: Tan Kin Lian doesn't concede defeat after sample count, but congratulates Tharman for 'success in contest'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901155818/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pe-2023-tan-kin-lian-not-ready-concede-defeat-sample-count-tharman-2245611">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TODAY&rft.atitle=PE+2023%3A+Tan+Kin+Lian+doesn%27t+concede+defeat+after+sample+count%2C+but+congratulates+Tharman+for+%27success+in+contest%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpe-2023-tan-kin-lian-not-ready-concede-defeat-sample-count-tharman-2245611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overseas-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overseas_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overseas_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/tharman-shanmugaratnam-singapore-presidential-election-overseas-votes-3763876">"Tharman wins 76% of overseas votes cast in Singapore's Presidential Election"</a>. <i>CNA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=Tharman+wins+76%25+of+overseas+votes+cast+in+Singapore%27s+Presidential+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fsingapore%2Ftharman-shanmugaratnam-singapore-presidential-election-overseas-votes-3763876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIau2023" class="citation web cs1">Iau, Jean (18 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/2-in-5-postal-votes-for-presidential-election-that-arrived-on-time-disallowed-for-counting-eld">"2 in 5 postal votes for presidential election that arrived on time disallowed for counting: ELD"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=2+in+5+postal+votes+for+presidential+election+that+arrived+on+time+disallowed+for+counting%3A+ELD&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Iau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2F2-in-5-postal-votes-for-presidential-election-that-arrived-on-time-disallowed-for-counting-eld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overseas_ELD-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overseas_ELD_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overseas_ELD_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eld.gov.sg/press/2023/PR%20on%20Total%20Votes%20Cast%20for%20PE2023.pdf">"PRESS RELEASE TOTAL VOTES CAST FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRESS+RELEASE+TOTAL+VOTES+CAST+FOR+PRESIDENTIAL+ELECTION+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eld.gov.sg%2Fpress%2F2023%2FPR%2520on%2520Total%2520Votes%2520Cast%2520for%2520PE2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh2023" class="citation news cs1">Oh, Tessa (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/tharman-shanmugaratnam-elected-singapores-9th-president-704-landslide">"Tharman Shanmugaratnam elected as Singapore's 9th president in 70.4% landslide"</a>. <i>Business Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902014744/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/tharman-shanmugaratnam-elected-singapores-9th-president-704-landslide">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Times&rft.atitle=Tharman+Shanmugaratnam+elected+as+Singapore%27s+9th+president+in+70.4%25+landslide&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fsingapore%2Ftharman-shanmugaratnam-elected-singapores-9th-president-704-landslide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamzah2023" class="citation news cs1">Hamzah, Aqil (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/presidential-election-2023-more-than-27-million-eligible-to-vote">"Presidential Election 2023: More than 2.7 million eligible to vote"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830140253/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/presidential-election-2023-more-than-27-million-eligible-to-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+2023%3A+More+than+2.7+million+eligible+to+vote&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft.aulast=Hamzah&rft.aufirst=Aqil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpresidential-election-2023-more-than-27-million-eligible-to-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 20(1) to (3) and the 1st Sch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Arts. 19(3)(a) to (d).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Art. 22J(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civil List and Gratuity Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CLGA1970">Cap. 44, 2002 Rev. Ed.</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansard_20120217-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_20120217_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_20120217_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Teo" title="Josephine Teo"> Josephine Teo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Finance (Singapore)">Minister of State for Finance</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00076927-WA">Civil List (Motion)</a>", <i>Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report</i> (17 February 2012), vol. 88, cols. 1202–1203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam"> Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Finance (Singapore)">Minister for Finance</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00074934-ZZ">Civil List (Motion)</a>", <i>Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report</i> (10 March 2011), vol. 87, col. 4699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST_20110311-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ST_20110311_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakir_Hussain2011" class="citation cs2">Zakir Hussain (11 March 2011), "President's pay approved", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=President%27s+pay+approved&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft.au=Zakir+Hussain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518214055/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110311-0000251/Parliament-approves-increase-in-Presidents-salary,-expenditure">"Parliament approves increase in President's salary, expenditure"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (Singapore newspaper)">Today</a></i>, p. 4, 11 March 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110311-0000251/Parliament-approves-increase-in-Presidents-salary,-expenditure">the original</a> on 18 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Parliament+approves+increase+in+President%27s+salary%2C+expenditure&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2FSingapore%2FEDC110311-0000251%2FParliament-approves-increase-in-Presidents-salary%2C-expenditure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Funds approved for Office of the President", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. C6, 23 January 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Funds+approved+for+Office+of+the+President&rft.pages=C6&rft.date=2009-01-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Civil List and Pension Act: Resolution Passed at Parliament Meeting 2012 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831130014/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/CLGA1970-S137-2012?DocDate=20120402&ViewType=Pdf&_=20170224213721">S 137/2012</a>), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/CLGA1970-S137-2012?DocDate=20120402&ViewType=Pdf&_=20170224213721">the original</a> on 31 August 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoh2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Koh" title="Tommy Koh">Koh, Tommy</a> (15 June 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608061319/http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/pub/pa_tk_ST_Demystifying%20the%20presidential%20office_150611.pdf">"Demystifying the presidential office"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>, p. A21, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/pub/pa_tk_ST_Demystifying%20the%20presidential%20office_150611.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Demystifying+the+presidential+office&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spp.nus.edu.sg%2Fips%2Fdocs%2Fpub%2Fpa_tk_ST_Demystifying%2520the%2520presidential%2520office_150611.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963">1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint</a>).</li> <li>Presidential Elections Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PrEA1991">Cap. 240A, 2007 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("PEA").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation cs2">Lee, Yvonne C.L. (2007), "Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian", <i>Singapore Journal of Legal Studies</i>: <span class="nowrap">290–</span>322, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1139305">1139305</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Under+Lock+and+Key%3A+The+Evolving+Role+of+the+Elected+President+as+a+Fiscal+Guardian&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1139305%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan1994" class="citation cs2">Wan, Wai Yee (1994), "Recent Changes to the Westminster System of Government and Government Accountability", <i>Singapore Law Review</i>, <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">297–</span>332</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Recent+Changes+to+the+Westminster+System+of+Government+and+Government+Accountability&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Wai+Yee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1995" class="citation cs2">Chan, Helena H[ui-]M[eng] (1995), "The Executive", <i>The Legal System of Singapore</i>, Singapore: <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis_Butterworths" class="mw-redirect" title="LexisNexis Butterworths">Butterworths Asia</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-409-99789-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-409-99789-7"><bdi>978-0-409-99789-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Executive&rft.btitle=The+Legal+System+of+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Butterworths+Asia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-409-99789-7&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Helena+H%5Bui-%5DM%5Beng%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2003" class="citation cs2">Ho, Khai Leong (2003), <i>Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-making in Singapore</i>, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-218-8"><bdi>978-981-210-218-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Responsibilities%2C+Unshared+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Policy-making+in+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Eastern+Universities+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-210-218-8&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Khai+Leong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowToh1989" class="citation cs2">Low, Linda; Toh, Mun Heng (1989), <i>The Elected Presidency as a Safeguard for Official Reserves: What is at Stake? [IPS occasional paper; no. 1]</i>, Singapore: Times Academic Press in association with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_(Singapore)" title="Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)">Institute of Policy Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-00-1014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-00-1014-0"><bdi>978-981-00-1014-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elected+Presidency+as+a+Safeguard+for+Official+Reserves%3A+What+is+at+Stake%3F+%5BIPS+occasional+paper%3B+no.+1%5D&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Times+Academic+Press+in+association+with+the+Institute+of+Policy+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-981-00-1014-0&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Toh%2C+Mun+Heng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill (Bill No. 23/90) [Parl. 9 of 1990]</i>, Singapore: Printed for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a> by Singapore National Printers, 1990, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212400288">212400288</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Select+Committee+on+the+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore+%28Amendment+No.+3%29+Bill+%28Bill+No.+23%2F90%29+%5BParl.+9+of+1990%5D&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Government+of+Singapore+by+Singapore+National+Printers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212400288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Safeguarding Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill [<a href="/wiki/Command_paper" title="Command paper">Cmd.</a> 11 of 1990]</i>, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by Singapore National Printers, 1990, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39716236">39716236</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safeguarding+Financial+Assets+and+the+Integrity+of+the+Public+Services%3A+The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore+%28Amendment+No.+3%29+Bill+%26%2391%3BCmd.+11+of+1990%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Government+of+Singapore+by+Singapore+National+Printers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39716236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanLam1997" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin [Yew Lee]; Lam, Peng Er (1997), <i>Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency</i>, Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15632-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15632-5"><bdi>978-0-415-15632-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Political+Change+in+Singapore%3A+The+Elected+Presidency&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15632-5&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+%5BYew+Lee%5D&rft.au=Lam%2C+Peng+Er&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2009" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (2009), "State and Institution Building through the Singapore Constitution 1965–2005", in <a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Thio, Li-ann</a>; Tan, Kevin Y L (eds.), <i>Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution</i>, London; New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge-Cavendish</a>, pp. 50–78 at 68–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+and+Institution+Building+through+the+Singapore+Constitution+1965%E2%80%932005&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=50-78+at+68-71&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_reports">News reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: News reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Kwon_Ping" title="Ho Kwon Ping">Ho, Kwon Ping</a> (7 July 2011), "Soft powers of a president", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>, p. A27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Soft+powers+of+a+president&rft.pages=A27&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Kwon+Ping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2011" class="citation cs2">Wan, Wai Yee (21 July 2011), "Don't politicise role of President", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+politicise+role+of+President&rft.pages=A25&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Wai+Yee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2011" class="citation cs2">Ho, Kwon Ping (23 July 2011), "Elected presidency: Navigating uncharted waters [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Elected+presidency%3A+Navigating+uncharted+waters+%5Bletter%5D&rft.date=2011-07-23&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Kwon+Ping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kin_Lian" title="Tan Kin Lian">Tan, Kin Lian</a> (25 July 2011), "Elected president can be voice of the people [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Elected+president+can+be+voice+of+the+people+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kin+Lian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoh2011" class="citation cs2">Goh, Richard (28 July 2011), "Be clear about president's role [online letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Be+clear+about+president%27s+role+%5Bonline+letter%5D&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwee2011" class="citation cs2">Gwee, Kim Leng (28 July 2011), "People's voice: 'If Mr Tan wanted it his way, he should have stood in the GE' [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=People%27s+voice%3A+%27If+Mr+Tan+wanted+it+his+way%2C+he+should+have+stood+in+the+GE%27+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A28&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Gwee&rft.aufirst=Kim+Leng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiew2011" class="citation cs2">Liew, Shiau Min (28 July 2011), "Hard to confine an elected president to his custodial role [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Hard+to+confine+an+elected+president+to+his+custodial+role+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A28&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Liew&rft.aufirst=Shiau+Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2011" class="citation cs2">Ng, Ya Ken (28 July 2011), "Stick to Constitution: 'State what contributions they would render in the purview, if elected' [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Stick+to+Constitution%3A+%27State+what+contributions+they+would+render+in+the+purview%2C+if+elected%27+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A28&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Ya+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTin2011" class="citation cs2">Tin, Eric (28 July 2011), "Presidential hopeful's contradictions [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Presidential+hopeful%27s+contradictions+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A28&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Tin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChia2011" class="citation cs2">Chia, Daniel (30 July 2011), "Accept EP's role or don't stand [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Accept+EP%27s+role+or+don%27t+stand+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A45&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.aulast=Chia&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoo2011" class="citation cs2">Foo, Stephanie (30 July 2011), "Why a campaign promise may ring hollow [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Why+a+campaign+promise+may+ring+hollow+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A45&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.aulast=Foo&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Bock" title="Tan Cheng Bock">Tan, Cheng Bock</a> (1 August 2011), "Why elected president must be the people's voice [letter]", <i>The Straits Times</i>, p. A27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Why+elected+president+must+be+the+people%27s+voice+%5Bletter%5D&rft.pages=A27&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Cheng+Bock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singapore_presidents" title="Template:Singapore presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singapore_presidents" title="Template talk:Singapore presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Singapore200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sheares" title="Benjamin Sheares">Benjamin Sheares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee" title="Wee Kim Wee">Wee Kim Wee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Nathan" title="S. R. Nathan">S. R. Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan" title="Tony Tan">Tony Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the President of Singapore"><img alt="Flag of the President of Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="1993 Singaporean presidential election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="1999 Singaporean presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2005 Singaporean presidential election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2011 Singaporean presidential election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2017 Singaporean presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2023 Singaporean presidential election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_Singapore" title="Powers of the president of Singapore">Powers of the president of Singapore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore640" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Template:Constitution of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Constitution of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore640" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3Acf2412ff-fca5-4a64-a8ef-b95b8987728e%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0">Text of the Constitution at Singapore Statutes Online</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_judicial_review_in_Singapore_law" title="Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law">Exclusion of judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedies_in_Singapore_constitutional_law" title="Remedies in Singapore constitutional law">Remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy_in_Singapore" title="Representative democracy in Singapore">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_doctrine_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of law doctrine in Singapore">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore" title="Separation of powers in Singapore">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Fundamental liberties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 10 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 11 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 13 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 16 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_Singapore" title="Voting rights in Singapore">Right to vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">The Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">The Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_elections_in_Singapore" title="General elections in Singapore">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_in_Singapore" title="By-elections in Singapore">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Singapore)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Representation Constituency">Group Representation Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-constituency_Member_of_Parliament" title="Non-constituency Member of Parliament">Non-constituency Member of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominated_Member_of_Parliament" title="Nominated Member of Parliament">Nominated Member of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Presidential Council<br />for Minority Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Singapore">The Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore" title="State Courts of Singapore">State Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore">Judicial officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence_in_Singapore" title="Judicial independence in Singapore">Judicial independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Public Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Legal_Service" title="Singapore Legal Service">Singapore Legal Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizenship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean nationality law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special powers against subversion<br />and emergency powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_of_Singapore311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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style="width:9em">Executive branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Legislative branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Judicial branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence_in_Singapore" title="Judicial independence in Singapore">Judicial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore">Judicial officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore" title="State Courts of Singapore">State Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean nationality law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The dome of the Old Supreme Court Building of Singapore"><img alt="The dome of a building with a green patina, against a blue sky with clouds in it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/110px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/165px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/220px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3058" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_Singapore" title="Administrative law in Singapore">Administrative law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_judicial_review_in_Singapore_law" title="Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law">Exclusion of judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedies_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Remedies in Singapore administrative law">Remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_issues_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law">Threshold issues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Illegality_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Illegality in Singapore administrative law">Illegality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fettering_of_discretion_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law">Fettering of discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent_fact_errors_in_Singapore_law" title="Precedent fact errors in Singapore law">Precedent fact errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_and_irrelevant_considerations_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Relevant and irrelevant considerations in Singapore administrative law">Relevant and irrelevant considerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimate_expectation_in_Singapore_law" title="Legitimate expectation in Singapore law">Substantive legitimate expectation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Irrationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wednesbury_unreasonableness_in_Singapore_law" title="Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law"><i>Wednesbury</i> unreasonableness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Procedural_impropriety_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Procedural impropriety in Singapore administrative law">Procedural impropriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_bias_in_Singapore_law" title="Doctrine of bias in Singapore law">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimate_expectation_in_Singapore_law" title="Legitimate expectation in Singapore law">Procedural legitimate expectation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative dispute<br />resolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_International_Mediation_Centre" title="Singapore International Mediation Centre">Singapore International Mediation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Centre" title="Singapore Mediation Centre">Singapore Mediation Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Singapore" title="Criminal law of Singapore">Criminal law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Offences_Act" title="Arms Offences Act">Arms Offences Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Temporary_Provisions)_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)">Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_(Singapore)" title="Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)">Misuse of Drugs Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_Crime_Act_2015" title="Organised Crime Act 2015">Organised Crime Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_Act_(Singapore)" title="Kidnapping Act (Singapore)">Kidnapping Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_(Singapore)" title="Penal Code (Singapore)">Penal Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_377A_of_the_Penal_Code_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)">Section 377A of the Penal Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Human_Trafficking_Act_2015" title="Prevention of Human Trafficking Act 2015">Prevention of Human Trafficking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_(Singapore)" title="Protection from Harassment Act (Singapore)">Protection from Harassment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_(Singapore)" title="Sedition Act (Singapore)">Sedition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undesirable_Publications_Act" title="Undesirable Publications Act">Undesirable Publications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalism Act (Singapore)">Vandalism Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_law_of_Singapore" title="Family law of Singapore">Family law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_law_of_Singapore" title="Matrimonial law of Singapore">Matrimonial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Charter_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Charter (Singapore)">Women's Charter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Religious_Harmony_Act" title="Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act">Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_Act_1994" title="Charities Act 1994">Charities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Muslim_Law_Act" title="Administration of Muslim Law Act">Administration of Muslim Law Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Interference_(Countermeasures)_Act_2021" title="Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021">Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Act_1947" title="Income Tax Act 1947">Income Tax Act 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_Control_(Supply_and_Consumption)_Act_2015" title="Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015">Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_(Therapy,_Education_and_Research)_Act" title="Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act">Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_(Care_and_Treatment)_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act (Singapore)">Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_and_Printing_Presses_Act" title="Newspaper and Printing Presses Act">Newspaper and Printing Presses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnbrokers_Act_2015" title="Pawnbrokers Act 2015">Pawnbrokers Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_Services_Act_2019" title="Payment Services Act 2019">Payment Services Act 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012">Personal Data Protection Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Online_Falsehoods_and_Manipulation_Act_2019" title="Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019">Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Support_Scheme_Act_2015" title="Silver Support Scheme Act 2015">Silver Support Scheme Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Party_Taxi_Booking_Service_Providers_Act" title="Third-Party Taxi Booking Service Providers Act">Third-Party Taxi Booking Service Providers Act 2015</a> (Repealed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transboundary_Haze_Pollution_Act_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014">Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Safety_and_Health_Act" title="Workplace Safety and Health Act">Workplace Safety and Health Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Filing_System" title="Electronic Filing System">Electronic Filing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Electronic_Litigation_System" title="Integrated Electronic Litigation System">Integrated Electronic Litigation System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law" title="Sources of Singapore law">Sources of Singapore law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Singapore">List of acts of the Parliament of Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singapore_articles717" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singapore_topics" title="Template talk:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singapore_articles717" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Archaeology in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history (pre–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore_and_its_early_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore and its early colonial period">Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (1826–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">Independence Agreement 1965</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a 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Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template talk:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of Southeast Asian countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cambodia" title="List of heads of state of Cambodia">Cambodia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Malaysia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand (Monarch)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Timor-Leste" title="President of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Timor-Leste" title="Prime Minister of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Vietnam" title="List of prime ministers of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs" title="List of Burmese monarchs">Burma (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (Governor-General)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Indonesia (Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Laos" title="List of monarchs of Laos">Laos (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Counsellor_of_Myanmar" title="State Counsellor of Myanmar">Myanmar (State Counsellor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">(Governor-General)</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">(Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">South Vietnam (leaders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_ASEAN" title="Secretary-General of ASEAN">ASEAN</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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