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width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/United States and the Russian Revolution">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22">"United States and the Russian Revolution"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> was the key event that pitted the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> against each other for the next seventy years. It was the foundation for a face-off between the two nations that would emerge as the world's <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_intervention">Allied intervention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Allied intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States responded to the Russian Revolution of 1917 by participating in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>, in seeking to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States withheld diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under his <i><a href="/wiki/Aide-m%C3%A9moire" title="Aide-mémoire">Aide Memoire</a></i>, President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> officially entered the United States into the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in Russia</a>. In his doctrine, Wilson called on several reasons behind his decision to intervene: to facilitate the safe exit of a stranded Czech Legion from Russia, to safeguard allied military stores located in northern Russia, to put pressure on the Germans with the potential of an eastern front, and to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> with the hope of the creation of a democratic Russia. As <a href="/wiki/Wilsonianism" title="Wilsonianism">Wilsonianism</a> or Wilsonian <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> was prevalent in Wilson's actions with the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, American intervention consisted of idealistic features as Wilson preferred the creation of a democratic government in Russia. This was seen when American troops, specifically the <a href="/wiki/339th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="339th Infantry Regiment">339th Infantry Regiment</a>, found themselves in routine engagements with Bolshevik forces in an effort to support Russian revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-archivesGov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivesGov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Wilson's decision, the 339th Infantry Regiment was mobilized and sent to Archangel, with a brief stop in England. Under British leadership, Generals F. C. Poole and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, the 339th was tasked with operations on a railroad between <a href="/wiki/Archangel,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel, Russia">Archangel</a> and Lake Onega, including surrounding towns. The allied contingent found little success as fronts were stretched so wide that lines of communications and supply were difficult to procure. Before American forces withdrew from Archangel on June 7, 1919, 222 soldiers of its 5,000 man force were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_response">Domestic response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Domestic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inevitably, Americans became concerned about Bolshevism in the United States. Many viewed <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> as the primary method by which radicals acted in American society. Cries for action against such radicals reached their peak after Attorney-General <a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a>'s home was bombed and numerous bombs intended for other government officials were intercepted. Terror and outrage, remembered as the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare</a>, swept the country. Riots broke out in cities across the country against the Union of Russian Workers and other organizations that the public believed to be filled with Communist conspirators. In response to these riots, Palmer created the General Intelligence Division in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a>. J. Edgar Hoover was selected as the leader of this new division that would investigate the identities and actions of suspected revolutionaries. Palmer, who was still not convinced of Bolshevik responsibility, was highly criticized for a lack of definitive action. However, once he believed the country to be in danger of a revolution, Palmer acted decisively. After meeting with his advisors, he decided that the most appropriate action was mass arrests and deportation of foreign radicals. It was on this premise that he ordered the first of the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a>. In these raids, Hoover and his agency orchestrated a series of massive dragnets and the simultaneous arrests of suspected revolutionaries in multiple cities. During these raids, many suspects were arrested without warrants and suffered from physical injuries incurred from the raiding forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These abuses of civil liberties were overlooked by the public who enthusiastically backed Palmer and Hoover. They conducted these raids with the mindset that Constitutional Rights were a necessary sacrifice in order to preserve the Government of the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Amid these raids, there was still little evidence that the Communists were even involved in the bombings or labor strikes, and many of those arrested were released because of lack of evidence. </p><p>It was not until men such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fisher_Kane" title="Francis Fisher Kane">Francis Fisher Kane</a>, a member of the Justice Department, and Lewis F. Post, Acting Secretary, exposed the violation of civil liberties that the public began to question the actions of the Palmer Raids. With the economy stable once again and no violent anarchist acts since the bombing of Palmer's home, the public began to criticize Palmer once again for these violations. The Red Scare was coming to an end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War_implications">Cold War implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold War implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once Americans left Archangel in 1919, distrust grew between communist Russia and capitalist America as the twentieth century developed. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> recalled America's Russian Expedition by saying "We remember the grim days when American soldiers went to our soldiers headed by their generals…Never have any of our soldiers been on American soil, but your soldiers were on Russian soil. These are facts."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the Cold War evolved out of World War II, but American intervention in the Russian Revolution created a sentiment between the United States and USSR that either communism or capitalism should prevail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The results of U.S. action toward the Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union created an anti-Soviet attitude in America. This attitude, along with the Soviet's <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> ideals, created a hostility that would remain strong throughout the rest of the century. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> proved to be the high point of Soviet-U.S. relations, which would quickly drop off after the war. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schwartz_(journalist)" title="Harry Schwartz (journalist)">Harry Schwartz</a> sums it up in his article in the July 7, 1963 <i>New York Times</i>: "Soviet-United States relations since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution have gone through almost all possible phases from warm comradeship in arms to the deepest hostility". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoJjDgAAQBAJ&q=%22united+states%22+%22Russian+Civil+War%22+%22to+overthrow+the+revolution%22&pg=PT148"><i>Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848136823" title="Special:BookSources/9781848136823"><bdi>9781848136823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%2C+War+Crimes+and+the+West%3A+History+and+Complicity&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781848136823&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoJjDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522united%2Bstates%2522%2B%2522Russian%2BCivil%2BWar%2522%2B%2522to%2Boverthrow%2Bthe%2Brevolution%2522%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ussr">Recognition of the Soviet Union, 1933</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivesGov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archivesGov_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, Gibson Bell (Winter 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/us-army-in-russia-1.html">"Guarding the Railroad, Taming the Cossacks: The U.S. Army in Russia, 1918–1920"</a>. <i>Prologue Magazine</i>. Vol. 34, no. 4. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=Guarding+the+Railroad%2C+Taming+the+Cossacks%3A+The+U.S.+Army+in+Russia%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gibson+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2002%2Fwinter%2Fus-army-in-russia-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes, Benjamin (1986). "The Anglo-American Intervention at Archangel, 1918-1919: The Roles of the 339th Infantry". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>8</b> (3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">367–</span>388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1986.9640417">10.1080/07075332.1986.9640417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-American+Intervention+at+Archangel%2C+1918-1919%3A+The+Roles+of+the+339th+Infantry&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1986.9640417&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+and+the+Russian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&oldid=1268912405">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution&oldid=1268912405</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Anti-communism in the United States">Anti-communism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reactions_to_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Category:Reactions to the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Reactions to the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_involvement_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:American involvement in the Russian Civil War">American involvement in the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_historiography" title="Category:Cold War historiography">Cold War historiography</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2016">Articles needing additional references from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 January 2025, at 04:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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