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class="mw-page-title-main">France–Soviet Union relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">France–Soviet Union relations</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/68px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/90px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_France,_Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embassy of France, Moscow (page does not exist)">Embassy of France, Moscow</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_the_Soviet_Union,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embassy of the Soviet Union, Paris (page does not exist)">Embassy of the Soviet Union, Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean Herbette (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Dufourcq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Dufourcq">Bertrand Dufourcq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Dufourcq" class="extiw" title="fr:Bertrand Dufourcq">fr</a>]</span> (last)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Soviet_Union_to_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ambassadors of the Soviet Union to France (page does not exist)">Full list</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Krasin" title="Leonid Krasin">Leonid Krasin</a> (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Dubinin" title="Yuri Dubinin">Yuri Dubinin</a> (last)<br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_France_to_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ambassadors of France to the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Full list</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations">Foreign relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> officially began on 28 October, 1924. </p><p>Initially, France opposed the Bolsheviks and supported anti-communist forces in Russia. However, by 1924, both countries sought international trade, leading to increased commercial and cultural exchanges. Throughout the 20th century, the relationship between France and the Soviet Union experienced periods of alliance and discord. The two nations signed a treaty of alliance and mutual assistance during World War II, but tensions rose during the Cold War. France's communist party had strong influence domestically, and the decolonization of the French colonial empire provided Moscow with opportunities to support anti-colonial movements. In the 1960s and 1970s, France tried to act as a broker between Moscow and Washington, but relations were strained by events such as the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917-1941">1917-1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1917-1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bolsheviks opted for peace with Germany in 1917 and refused to honour Russia's existing loans. In December 1917 France broke relations and supported the anti-Bolshevik cause. It supported the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">war of 1920</a>. It also recognised <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a>, the military leader of <a href="/wiki/South_Russian_Government" title="South Russian Government">South Russia</a> and the leader of the White <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Army_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="Caucasus Army (Armed Forces of South Russia)">Caucasus Army</a>, as the legitimate head of state of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France also wanted to directly intervene in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Soviet-Polish War</a>, but its key ally the United Kingdom was unwilling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operations failed, and France switched from a diplomacy of opposition to one of containment of communism, with sharply reduced contacts. French communists continued visiting Moscow and promoting communism in France, but there was no official presence. By 1924, Comintern efforts to overthrow capitalism in a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> had failed, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> meant the Soviets were eager for international trade. As a result, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>'s government in Paris officially recognised the Soviet Union, leading to a rapid growth of commercial and cultural exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet artists were welcomed in Paris, especially <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a>, In turn, Moscow honored leading French artists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet diplomats in France sought a military alliance with France in the early 1930s, but the French were distrustful of the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">a weak one was signed in May 1935</a>. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a> worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939 French and British diplomats tried to form a military alliance with Moscow, but the Germans offered much better terms. The <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Soviet-German pact</a> of August 1939 indicated Moscow's decisive break with Paris, as it became an economic ally of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941-1991">1941-1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1941-1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG/220px-Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG/330px-Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG/440px-Yak_3_Le_Bourget_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>FAFL <i><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Normandie-Niemen</a></i> Yak-3 preserved at the Paris <a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air and Space Museum">museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg/220px-Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg/330px-Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg/440px-Aankomst_premier_Chroestsjev_in_Parijs%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev and de Gaulle, May 1960.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany invaded the USSR</a> in 1941, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> emphasised that <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> supported the USSR. In December 1944, de Gaulle went to Moscow; The two nations signed a treaty of alliance and mutual assistance. The treaty was finally renounced in 1955, long after the Cold War had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalin thought France was no longer a great power so de Gaulle had to make concessions to Stalin to obtain his support against Anglo-Saxon dominance, hoping to make France a bridge between the Soviets and the Anglo-Americans. All of the Big Three refused to pretend that France was a power again, so it was not invited to the decisive <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, which was humiliating. The emerging <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> produced new tensions. When de Gaulle became the French leader in 1945, he put communists in minor roles in his government, blocking them from key positions such as a home office, the foreign office, and the war office. Furthermore, Stalin's successful efforts to seize power in Poland were worrisome to the French. With Roosevelt replaced by <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a>, France increasingly turned to the American presence in Western Europe to maintain the balance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a> was a strong political influence in France, and was under the direction of the Kremlin. It drew support from certain labour unions, from veterans of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">anti-Nazi resistance</a>, and from artists and intellectuals. Communists emphasised <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>, to win support in the artistic and cultural communities. <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> was an outspoken anti-American communist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947 the French Communist Party was at its height, and there was speculation it might come to power. However, Soviet strong-arm tactics in Eastern Europe, combined with strong opposition from key few French government officials, broke the power of the Party and sent it into a downward spiral.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">Decolonisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> gave Moscow the opportunity to provide propaganda support for anti-colonial fighters, as well as weapons, especially in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">Vietnam</a>. This angered French moderates.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the pressure from the left, the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> had more urgent concerns regarding relations with Germany, an economy supported by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Aid</a>, fears of communist subversion in the colonial empire, and American support for the anti-communist war in Vietnam. Official government policy supported the United States and NATO. When de Gaulle returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, relations with Moscow improved. De Gaulle did not trust the United States to use nuclear weapons in defense of France, so it built its own. To enhance France's global prestige, he tried to be a broker between Moscow and Washington. </p><p>In May 1960, de Gaulle hosted a summit in Paris between Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and NATO leaders, but the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a> rendered it unsuccessful. De Gaulle then moved away from NATO to concentrate more on Europe as an independent actor. He reduced reliance on the American military because the Cold War was heating up between Washington and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France never officially left NATO, but de Gaulle sharply reduced its military commitment In the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations were badly hurt by <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968, and the rejection of communism by numerous artists and intellectuals. However, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> made <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> possible in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> made a visit to France in October 1985 in order to fix the strains in the Franco-Soviet relations. Nevertheless, France's bilateral activities continued with NATO, which made close deals with the communist USSR impossible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France–Russian Empire relations (page does not exist)">France–Russian Empire relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="France–Yugoslavia relations">France–Yugoslavia relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902"><i>The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2"><bdi>978-0-19-151881-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed+%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919-1933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151881-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F86068902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance%E2%80%93Soviet+Union+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Jabara Carley, "Episodes from the Early Cold War: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1917–1927." <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i> 52.7 (2000): 1275-1305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludmila Stern, "The All‐Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and French Intellectuals, 1925–29." <i>Australian Journal of Politics & History</i> 45.1 (1999): 99-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVershinin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vershinin, Aleksandr (2020). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'My task is to get into the French army': Soviet strategy and the origins of Soviet-French military cooperation in the 1930s". <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (5): 685–714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2020.1737930">10.1080/01402390.2020.1737930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2390">0140-2390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219068008">219068008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=%27My+task+is+to+get+into+the+French+army%27%3A+Soviet+strategy+and+the+origins+of+Soviet-French+military+cooperation+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=685-714&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219068008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0140-2390&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402390.2020.1737930&rft.aulast=Vershinin&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance%E2%80%93Soviet+Union+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haslam, Jonathan (1984). <i>The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333300503" title="Special:BookSources/9780333300503">9780333300503</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Bruce Strang, "John Bull in Search of a Suitable Russia: British Foreign Policy and the Failure of the Anglo-French-Soviet Alliance Negotiations, 1939." <i>Canadian Journal of History</i> 41.1 (2006): 47-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Gildea, <i>France since 1945</i> (2002) pp 30-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Young, "Stalin and de Gaulle," <i>History Today</i> (June 1990) 40#6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirsten Hoving Keen, "Picasso's communist interlude: the murals of 'War' and 'Peace'." <i>The Burlington Magazine</i> 122.928 (1980): 464-470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/880052">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Evans and Emmanuel Godin. "The great fear of 1947: could France have gone communist?." <i>History Today</i> 55.1 (2005): 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yahia H. Zoubir, "US and Soviet Policies Towards France's Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa." <i>Canadian Journal of History</i> 30.3 (1995): 439-466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Varat, "Point of Departure: A Reassessment of Charles de Gaulle and the Paris Summit of May 1960." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 19.1 (2008): 96-124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592290801913759">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Tint, <i>French Foreign Policy since the Second World War</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchforeignpol00herb/page/n0">online free to borrow</a> pp 106-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges‐Henri Soutou, "France and the Cold War, 1944–63." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 12.4 (2001): 35-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William I Hitchcock, <i>France Restored: Cold War diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe 1944-1954</i> (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bell and Byron Criddle. "The decline of the French communist party." <i>British Journal of Political Science</i> 19.4 (1989): 515-536.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title "Envoy" was used from 1942 to 1944. From 1966 to 1991, the title "Ambassador" was used. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Soviet_Union_to_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ambassadors of the Soviet Union to France (page does not exist)">List of ambassadors of the Soviet Union to France</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title changed several times throughout history. Four titles were used: Plenipotentiary, <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27Affaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Chargé d'Affaires">Chargé d'Affaires</a>, Representative to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Committee_of_Liberation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Committee of Liberation (page does not exist)">French Committee of Liberation</a> and Ambassador.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also served as the first Ambassador of the Russian Federation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Algeria–France relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Angola–France relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Cape Verde–France relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Central African Republic–France relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Chad–France relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–France relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–France relations">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Djibouti–France relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Egypt–France relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Ethiopia–France relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="France–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="France–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="France–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="France–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="France–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="France–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="France–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="France–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="France–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="France–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="France–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="France–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="France–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="France–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="France–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="France–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="France–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="France–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="France–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Argentina–France relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Barbados–France relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Brazil–France relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Chile–France relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Colombia–France relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Cuba–France relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Dominica–France relations">Dominica, (Commonwealth of)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93France_relations" title="El Salvador–France relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="France–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="France–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="France–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="France–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="France–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="France–Republic of Texas relations">Texas <span style="font-size:85%;">(historic)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="France–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="France–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Afghanistan–France relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Armenia–France relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%94France_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan—France relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Bangladesh–France relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Brunei–France relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Cambodia–France relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="France–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="France–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="France–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="France–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="France–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="France–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="France–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="France–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="France–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="France–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="France–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="France–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="France–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="France–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="France–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="France–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="France–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="France–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="France–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="France–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="France–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="France–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="France–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="France–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="France–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="France–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Albania–France relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Andorra–France relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Austria–France relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Belgium–France relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Bulgaria–France relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Croatia–France relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Cyprus–France relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Czech Republic–France relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Denmark–France relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Finland–France relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="France–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="France–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="France–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="France–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="France–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="France–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="France–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="France–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="France–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="France–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="France–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="France–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="France–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="France–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="France–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="France–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="France–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="France–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="France–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="France–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Australia–France relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Fiji–France relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="France–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="France–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="France–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="France–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="France–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Africa_relations" title="France–Africa relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Americas relations">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="France and the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">French entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_France" title="List of diplomatic missions of France">Diplomatic missions of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_France" title="List of diplomatic missions in France">in France</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Paris" title="List of diplomatic missions in Paris">Paris</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Soviet_Union&#124;link=Soviet_Union_Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Soviet_Union&#124;link=Soviet_Union_Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Angola–Soviet Union relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Guinea–Soviet Union relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Soviet Union relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Liberia–Soviet Union relations">Liberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Canada–Soviet Union relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Grenada–Soviet Union relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Japan–Soviet Union relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Laos–Soviet Union relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Malaysia–Soviet Union relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–Soviet Union relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Palestine–Soviet Union relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Philippines–Soviet Union relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Soviet Union–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Austria–Soviet Union relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Baltic–Soviet relations">The Baltics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Denmark–Soviet Union relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Weimar and Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="East Germany–Soviet Union relations">East Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Norway–Soviet Union relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Soviet Union–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Soviet Union–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Africa–Soviet Union relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_within_the_Comecon" title="International relations within the Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_European_Home" title="Common European Home">Common European Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign trade of the Soviet Union">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Occupations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="padding:0.35em 0; 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