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</a> <ul id="toc-Indiana_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Rain_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Rain_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Latter Rain Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Rain_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indianapolis_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indianapolis_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Indianapolis expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indianapolis_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_and_"religious_communalism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_and_"religious_communalism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Changes and "religious communalism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_and_"religious_communalism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 In California </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_California-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In California subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving_Peoples_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_Peoples_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Moving Peoples Temple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_Peoples_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Apostolic Socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Urban expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Organizational structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruiting,_faith_healings,_and_fund_raising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting,_faith_healings,_and_fund_raising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Recruiting, faith healings, and fund raising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting,_faith_healings,_and_fund_raising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Size and scope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinsolving_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinsolving_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Kinsolving series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinsolving_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Defections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Francisco_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Francisco_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 San Francisco Temple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Francisco_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_murder/suicide_at_Jonestown,_Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_murder/suicide_at_Jonestown,_Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mass murder/suicide at Jonestown, Guyana </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mass_murder/suicide_at_Jonestown,_Guyana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mass murder/suicide at Jonestown, Guyana subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mass_murder/suicide_at_Jonestown,_Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bankruptcy_and_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bankruptcy_and_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bankruptcy and dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankruptcy_and_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Peoples Temple</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="معبد الشعوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبد الشعوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqlar%C4%B1n_m%C9%99b%C9%99di" title="Xalqların məbədi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xalqların məbədi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_del_Poble" title="Temple del Poble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple del Poble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1m_lidu" title="Chrám lidu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrám lidu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peoples Temple" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_del_Pueblo_de_los_Disc%C3%ADpulos_de_Cristo" title="Templo del Pueblo de los Discípulos de Cristo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo del Pueblo de los Discípulos de Cristo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85" title="معبد مردم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد مردم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_du_Peuple" title="Temple du Peuple – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple du Peuple" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_do_Pobo" title="Templo do Pobo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Templo do Pobo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%90" title="인민사원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인민사원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenisah_Rakyat" title="Kenisah Rakyat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenisah Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peoples Temple" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_del_popolo" title="Tempio del popolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio del popolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="מקדש העם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש העם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხალხთა ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხალხთა ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaudies_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Liaudies šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liaudies šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peoples Temple" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="人民寺院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人民寺院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_tempel" title="Folkets tempel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkets tempel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Ludu" title="Świątynia Ludu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia Ludu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_do_Povo" title="Templo do Povo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo do Povo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templul_Popoarelor" title="Templul Popoarelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Templul Popoarelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Храм народов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм народов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peoples Temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Храм народа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Храм народа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hram_naroda" title="Hram naroda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hram naroda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansan_temppeli" title="Kansan temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansan temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_tempel" title="Folkets tempel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkets tempel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்கள் கோயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் கோயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halklar_Tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Halklar Tapınağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halklar Tapınağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF%E6%95%99" title="人民圣殿教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人民圣殿教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q477125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American religious movement (1953–1978)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1954–1978 American religious movement. For the megachurch, see <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Church" title="Peoples Church">Peoples Church</a>. For the Tying Tiffany album, see <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_(album)" title="Peoples Temple (album)">Peoples Temple (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Peoples Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_Temple_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peoples_Temple_logo.svg/200px-Peoples_Temple_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peoples_Temple_logo.svg/300px-Peoples_Temple_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peoples_Temple_logo.svg/400px-Peoples_Temple_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="755" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Peoples Temple</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">Christian new religious movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a> church movement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communist</a> elements / <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Semi-<a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">congregationalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">James Warren "Jim" Jones</a> (1955–78)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Defunct from 1978, formerly present in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1954 <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">December 4, 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">7 in California (prior moving to Guyana)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000–5,000 (over 20,000 claimed but not substantiated)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> originally Peoples Temple Full Gospel Church and commonly shortened to Peoples Temple, was an American <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious organization</a> which existed between 1954 and 1978 and was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, the Peoples Temple spread a message that combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ideology, with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a>. After Jones moved the group to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1960s and established several locations throughout the state, including its <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_in_San_Francisco" title="Peoples Temple in San Francisco">headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, the Temple forged ties with many <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> political figures and claimed to have 20,000 members (though 3,000–5,000 is more likely). The Temple is best known for the events of November 18, 1978, in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, when 909 people died in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a> at its remote settlement, named "<a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a>", as well as the murders of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congressman">U.S. Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ryan" title="Leo Ryan">Leo Ryan</a> and members of his visiting delegation at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Port_Kaituma" title="Port Kaituma">Port Kaituma</a> airstrip. The incident at Jonestown resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act prior to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001</a>. Because of the killings in Guyana, the Temple is regarded by scholars and by popular view as a <a href="/wiki/Cult#Destructive_cults" title="Cult">destructive cult</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_California">Before California</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before California">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indiana_formation">Indiana formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indiana formation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg/220px-Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg/330px-Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg/440px-Jimjonesfirstchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Jim Jones's first church in Indianapolis, Indiana</figcaption></figure> Before he founded his church, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a> had become enamored with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and he was also frustrated by the harassment which communists were being subjected to in the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-q134-2">[2]</a> This, among other things, provided a clerical inspiration for Jones; as he himself described it in a biographical recording:<a href="#cite_note-q134-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I decided, how can I demonstrate my <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>? The thought was, infiltrate the church. So I consciously made a decision to look into that prospect.</blockquote> Although Jones feared that he would end up being the victim of a backlash for being a communist, he was surprised when a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> superintendent helped him enter the church, despite his knowledge that Jones was a communist.<a href="#cite_note-horrock-4">[4]</a> In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, but left that church because it barred him from <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrating</a> <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> into his congregation.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> In 1954, Jones founded his own church in a rented space in Indianapolis, at first, he named it the Community Unity Church.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> Jones had previously observed a <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> service at the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptist</a> Church, which led him to conclude that such healings could attract people, and generate income, which he could use to accomplish his social goals.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> Jones and the Temple's members knowingly faked healings because they found that the healings increased people's faith and generated financial resources which they could use to help the poor and finance the church.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> These "healings" involved the use of chicken livers and other animal tissue, which Jones (and confederate Temple members) claimed were <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancerous</a> tissues which had been removed from the bodies of the people who had been healed.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 1955, Jones bought his first church building, located in a racially mixed Indianapolis neighborhood. He first named his church Wings of Deliverance,<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> and later that year, he renamed it the Peoples Temple Full Gospel Church, the first time he used the phrase "Peoples Temple".<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> Jones's healings and purported <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairvoyant">clairvoyant</a> revelations attracted <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter_Rain_Movement">Latter Rain Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latter Rain Movement">edit</a>]</div> Jones began closely associating with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Assemblies_of_God,_International" title="Independent Assemblies of God, International">Independent Assemblies of God</a> (IAoG), an international group of churches who embraced the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Rain_(post%E2%80%93World_War_II_movement)" title="Latter Rain (post–World War II movement)">Latter Rain movement</a>. The IAoG had few requirements for ordaining ministers and were accepting of divine healing practices. In June 1955, Jones held his first joint meetings with <a href="/wiki/William_Branham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Branham">William Branham</a>, a healing <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> leader in the global <a href="/wiki/Healing_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Healing Revival">Healing Revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn201782-7">[7]</a> In 1956, Jones was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> as an IAoG minister by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mattsson-Boze" title="Joseph Mattsson-Boze">Joseph Mattsson-Boze</a>, a leader in the Latter Rain movement and the IAoG. Jones quickly rose to prominence in the group. Working with the IAoG, Jones organized and hosted a healing convention to take place from June 11 to June 15, 1956, in Indianapolis's <a href="/wiki/Cadle_Tabernacle" title="Cadle Tabernacle">Cadle Tabernacle</a>. Needing a well-known figure to draw crowds, he arranged to share the pulpit again with Reverend Branham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198250–52-8">[8]</a> Branham was known to tell supplicants their name, address, and why they came for prayer, before pronouncing them healed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs19829–10-9">[9]</a> Jones was intrigued by Branham's methods and began performing the same feats. Jones and Branham's meetings were very successful and attracted an audience of 11,000 at their first joint campaign. At the convention, Branham issued a prophetic endorsement of Jones and his ministry, saying that God used the convention to send forth a new great ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2017177–179"Sharing_the_pulpit_with_Rev._Jim_Jones_of_Peoples_Temple,_where_[Branham]_"prophesied"_God's_"blessing"_on_Jones'_ministry..."-10">[10]</a> Many attendees in the campaign believed Jones's performance indicated that he possessed a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">supernatural gift</a>, and coupled with Branham's endorsement, it led to rapid growth of Peoples Temple. Jones was particularly effective at recruitment among the African American attendees at the conventions.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-osojj-12">[12]</a> According to a newspaper report, regular attendance at Peoples Temple swelled to 1,000 thanks to the publicity Branham provided to Jones and Peoples Temple.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Following the convention, Jones renamed his church the "Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel" to associate it with <a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a> Pentecostalism; the name was later shortened to the Peoples Temple.<a href="#cite_note-fgo-14">[14]</a> Jones participated in a series of multi-state revival campaigns with Branham and Mattsson-Boze in the second half of the 1950s, making multiple joint appearances with them. Jones claimed to be a follower and promoter of Branham's "Message" during the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2017179–181-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-tmcojjwb-16">[16]</a> Peoples Temple hosted a second international Pentecostal convention in 1957 which was again headlined by Branham. Through the conventions and with the support of Branham and Mattsson-Boze, Jones secured connections throughout the Latter Rain movement.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstown.sdsu.edu-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-fgo-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indianapolis_expansion">Indianapolis expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indianapolis expansion">edit</a>]</div> Jones used the convention meetings with other Pentecostal speakers to gain wide publicity, and Jim Jones continued to disguise the fact that he was using religion to further his political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> Those conventions drew as many as 11,000 attendees,<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> as James Warren Jones and the other preachers conducted "healings" and impressed attendees by revealing private information—usually addresses, phone numbers, or <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security numbers</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Private_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Private detective">private detectives</a> could easily discover beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> Jones and Temple members also drove through various cities in Indiana and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> on recruiting and fundraising efforts.<a href="#cite_note-raven57-18">[18]</a> The Temple stressed <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> ideals, asking members to attend in casual clothes so poor members would not feel out of place, and providing shelter for the needy.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> While the Temple had increased its African-American membership from 15% to nearly 50%, in order to attempt further gains the Temple hired African-American preacher Archie Ijames (who had earlier given up organized religion).<a href="#cite_note-raven49-6">[6]</a> Pastor Ijames was one of the first to commit to Jones's <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> In 1959, the church joined the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, and was renamed the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> This affiliation was a successful attempt to both raise the dwindling membership and restore the reputation of the organization. In February 1960, the Temple opened a <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchen</a> for the poor and expanded their social services to include rent assistance, job placement services, free canned goods, clothing, and coal for winter heating.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> Jones and his wife Marceline helped to increase the Temple's soup kitchen service to an average of about 2,800 meals per month.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> The Temple's public profile was further elevated when Jones was appointed to the Indianapolis <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a>. He engaged in public attempts to integrate businesses and was the subject of much local media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_and_"religious_communalism"">Changes and "religious communalism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Changes and "religious communalism"">edit</a>]</div> Jones had read extensively about <a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven58-21">[21]</a> Jones and members of the Temple visited Divine several times, while Jones studied his writings and tape recordings of his sermons.<a href="#cite_note-raven59-22">[22]</a> The Temple printed Divine's texts for its members and began to preach that members should <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstain from sex</a> and only adopt children.<a href="#cite_note-raven59-22">[22]</a> In 1959, Jones tested the new fiery rhetorical style that Divine had used in a sermon.<a href="#cite_note-raven60-23">[23]</a> His speech captivated members with lulls and crescendos, as Jones challenged individual members in front of the group.<a href="#cite_note-raven60-23">[23]</a> The speech also marked the beginning of the Temple's underlying "us versus them" message.<a href="#cite_note-raven60-23">[23]</a> Jones carefully wove in that the Temple's home for senior citizens was established on the basis "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_need" class="mw-redirect" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his need">From each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>", quoting <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven61-24">[24]</a> He did so knowing that his Christian audience would recognize the similarities with text from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (4:34–35) which stated: "distribution was made to each as any had need."<a href="#cite_note-raven61-24">[24]</a> Jones would repeatedly cite that passage to paint <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus</a> as a communist, while at the same time attacking much of the text of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven61-24">[24]</a> The Temple began tightening control over its organization,<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> asking more of its members than did other churches.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> It required that members spend Thanksgiving and Christmas with its Temple "family" rather than with blood relatives,<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> the beginning of a process to wean members from outside contact and redirect their lives toward a total commitment to the Temple and its goals.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> Jones began to offer a deal towards a socialist collective, which he called "<a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communalism</a>", in which members would donate their material possessions to the Temple in exchange for the Temple meeting all those members' needs.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> Pastor James was one of the first to commit.<a href="#cite_note-raven54-19">[19]</a> The Temple had little luck converting most <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwesterners</a> to communist ideals, even when disguised as religion.<a href="#cite_note-raven62-25">[25]</a> Admiring the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, Jones traveled to the island nation in 1960 in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade poor black Cubans to move to his congregation in Indiana.<a href="#cite_note-raven62-25">[25]</a> The Temple's religious message transitioned during this period, to one treading between <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and the subtle notion that Jones was a Christ-like figure.<a href="#cite_note-raven74-26">[26]</a> While Temple aides complained privately, Jones said that the new message was needed to foster members' dedication to the Temple's larger goals.<a href="#cite_note-raven74-26">[26]</a> He maintained such implications until the mid-to-late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-raven74-26">[26]</a> In 1961, Jones claimed he had had a <a href="/wiki/Religious_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious vision">vision</a> in which Indianapolis and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> were destroyed in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-raven76-27">[27]</a> convincing aides that the Temple needed to look for a new location. A 1962 <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> magazine article listed the nine safest places to be in a nuclear war, with <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Belo Horizonte, Brazil">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military dictatorship">Brazil</a>, topping the list because of its location and atmospheric conditions.<a href="#cite_note-raven77-28">[28]</a> Jones traveled through Brazil from 1962 through early 1963.<a href="#cite_note-raven83-29">[29]</a> He requested money from the Temple while in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, but the Temple lacked adequate funds for such a request because of shrinking finances in Jones's absence.<a href="#cite_note-raven83-29">[29]</a> Jones sent a preacher that had become a follower in Brazil back to Indiana to help stabilize the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-raven85-30">[30]</a> Jones returned to Indiana in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-violent-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_California">In California</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In California">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_Peoples_Temple">Moving Peoples Temple</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moving Peoples Temple">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_California_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peoples Temple is located in California"><img alt="Peoples Temple is located in California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/240px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/360px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/480px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1171" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.374%;left:59.435%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Los Angeles</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.667%;left:21.102%;font-size:110%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><img alt="San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/11px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/17px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/22px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div>San Francisco</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.788%;left:13.824%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Ukiah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div>Ukiah</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.01%;left:52.611%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Bakersfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Bakersfield</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.152%;left:45.5%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Fresno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Fresno</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.566%;left:29.713%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sacramento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Sacramento</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38%;left:18.407%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Santa Rosa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Santa Rosa</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_California_location_map.svg" title="File:USA California location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Some of the Peoples Temple's locations in California.</div></div></div> Jones returned from Brazil in December 1963 to find Peoples Temple bitterly divided. Financial issues and a much smaller congregation forced Jones to sell the Peoples Temple church building and relocate to a smaller building nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn2017122-31">[31]</a> To raise money, Jones briefly returned to the revival circuit, traveling and holding healing campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn2017122-31">[31]</a> After dealing with the issues at Peoples Temple, and possibly in part to distract from them, he told his Indiana congregation that the world would be engulfed by nuclear war on July 15, 1967, leading to a new socialist <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a> on Earth, and that the Temple must move to <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> for safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198294-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> With Jones's return, the majority of his congregation gradually returned to Peoples Temple, improving their financial situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198294-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> During 1964 Jones made multiple trips to California to locate a suitable location to relocate. In July 1965, Jones and his followers began moving to their new location in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Valley,_California" title="Redwood Valley, California">Redwood Valley, California</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198296-34">[34]</a> Jones's assistant pastor, Russell Winberg, strongly resisted Jones's efforts to move the congregation and warned members of Peoples Temple that Jones was abandoning Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198296-34">[34]</a> Winberg took over leadership of the Indianapolis church when Jones departed. About 140 of Jones's most loyal followers made the move to California, while the rest remained behind with Winberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198296-34">[34]</a> In California, Jones was able to use his education degree from Butler University to secure a job as a history and government teacher at an adult education school in Ukiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198298-35">[35]</a> Jones used his position to recruit for Peoples Temple, teaching his students the benefits of Marxism and lecturing on religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198299-36">[36]</a> Jones planted loyal members of Peoples Temple in the classes to help him with recruitment. His efforts were successful, and Jones recruited 50 new members to Peoples Temple in the first few months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198299-36">[36]</a> In 1967, Jones's followers persuaded another 75 members of the Indianapolis congregation to move to California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982101-37">[37]</a> In 1968, the Peoples Temple's California location was admitted to the Disciples of Christ. Jones began to use the denominational connection to promote Peoples Temple as part of the 1.5 million member denomination. He played up famous members of the Disciples, including <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, and misrepresented the nature of his position in the denomination. By 1969, Jones increased the membership in Peoples Temple in California to 300.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982126-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_Socialism">Apostolic Socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apostolic Socialism">edit</a>]</div> Jones developed a theology that was significantly influenced by the teachings of the Latter Rain movement, William Branham, Father Divine, and infused with Jones's personal communist worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200452-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2017182-40">[40]</a> Jones referred to his belief as "<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic</a> Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200460-41">[41]</a> Following the relocation of Peoples Temple to California, Jones began to gradually introduce the concepts to his followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982i,_97-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200460-41">[41]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wessinger" title="Catherine Wessinger">Catherine Wessinger</a>, Jones always spoke of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>'s virtues, but chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism until he began to do so in sermons at the Temple in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200032–37-43">[43]</a> Jones taught that "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment", which he defined as socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton199853-44">[44]</a> Jones asserted that traditional Christianity had an incorrect view of God. By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as "fly away religion", rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as being a tool to oppress women and non-whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200037-45">[45]</a> Jones referred to traditional Christianity's view of God as a "<a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">Sky God</a>" who was "no God at all".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200037-45">[45]</a> Instead, Jones claimed to be following the true God who created all things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200456–57-46">[46]</a> Jones taught that ultimate reality was called the "Divine Principle", and this principle was the true God. Jones equated the principle with love, and he equated love with socialism. Jones asserted he was a savior sent by the true God, to rescue humanity from their sufferings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200037-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200453–56-47">[47]</a> Jones insisted that accepting the "Divine Principle" was equivalent to being "<a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus#Christology_of_the_crucifixion" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified with Christ</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200461-48">[48]</a> Jones increasingly promoted the idea of his own divinity, going so far as to tell his congregation that "I am come as God Socialist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982i,_97-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200460-41">[41]</a> Jones carefully avoided claiming divinity outside of Peoples Temple, but he expected to be acknowledged as god-like among his followers. Former Temple member Hue Fortson Jr. quoted him as saying: <blockquote>What you need to believe in is what you can see.... If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father.... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God.<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-49">[49]</a></blockquote> Further attacking traditional Christianity, Jones authored and circulated a tract entitled "The Letter Killeth", criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Bible</a>, and dismissing <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James</a> as a slave owner and a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> who was responsible for the corrupt translation of scripture. Jones claimed he was sent to share the true meaning of the gospel which had been hidden by corrupt leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200465–67-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Jones rejected even the few required tenets of the Disciples of Christ denomination. Instead of implementing the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> as prescribed by the Disciples, Jones followed Father Divine's <a href="/wiki/Holy_communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy communion">holy communion</a> practices. Jones created his own <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptismal</a> formula, baptizing his converts "in the holy name of Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982126-38">[38]</a> While in the United States, Jones remained fearful of the public discovering the full extent of his communist views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> He believed that if the true nature of his views became widely known, he would quickly lose the support of political leaders and even face the possibility of Peoples Temple being ejected from the Disciples of Christ. Jones also feared losing the church's tax-exempt status and having to report his financial dealings to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> Jones took care to always couch his socialist views in religious terms, such as "apostolic social justice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> "Living the Acts of the Apostles" was his euphemism for living a communal lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982133-53">[53]</a> Jones frequently warned his followers of an imminent apocalyptic genocidal race war and nuclear war. He claimed that Nazi <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascists</a> and white supremacists would put people of color into concentration camps. Jones said he was a messiah sent to save people by giving them a place of refuge in his church. Drawing on a prophecy in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, he taught that American capitalist culture was irredeemable "<a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Babylon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200033-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200459-55">[55]</a> Explaining the nature of sin, Jones stated, "If you're born in capitalist America, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racist</a> America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin."<a href="#cite_note-q1053-56">[56]</a> He taught his followers the only way to escape the supposed imminent catastrophe was to accept his teachings, and that after the apocalypse was over, they would emerge to establish a perfect communist society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessinger200033-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200459-55">[55]</a> Historians are divided over whether Jones actually believed his own teachings, or was just using them to manipulate people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn2017123–124-57">[57]</a> Jeff Guinn said, "It is impossible to know whether Jones gradually came to think he was God's earthly vessel, or whether he came to that convenient conclusion" to enhance his authority over his followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn2017123–124-57">[57]</a> In a 1976 phone conversation with John Maher, Jones admitted to be an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jonestown.sdsu.edu-58">[58]</a> Marceline admitted in a 1977 New York Times interview that Jones was trying to promote Marxism in the U.S. by mobilizing people through religion, citing Mao Zedong as his inspiration: "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion."<a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> She told the reporter that Jones had once slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"<a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> Jones taught his followers that the ends justify the means and authorized them to achieve his vision by any means necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200461-48">[48]</a> Outsiders would later point to this aspect of Jones's teachings to allege that he did not genuinely believe in his own teachings and that he was "morally bankrupt" and only manipulating religion and other elements of society "to achieve his own selfish ends".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester200456-59">[59]</a> Jones began using illicit drugs after moving to California, which further heightened his paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> Jones increasingly used fear to control and manipulate his followers in California. Jones frequently warned his followers that there was an enemy seeking to destroy them. The identity of that enemy changed over time from the Ku Klux Klan, to Nazis, to redneck vigilantes, and finally the American government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> He frequently prophesied that fires, car accidents, and death or injuries would come upon anyone unfaithful to him and his teachings. He constantly told his followers that they needed to be crusaders in promoting and fulfilling his beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982132-52">[52]</a> Through his tactics, he successfully implemented a communal lifestyle among his followers that was directed by him and his lieutenants who were part of a committee called the Planning Commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982133-53">[53]</a> Jones, through the Planning Commission, began controlling all aspects of the lives of his followers. Members who joined Peoples Temple were required to turn over all their assets to the church in exchange for free room and board. Many members working outside of the Temple were also required to turn over all their income to be used for the benefit of the community. Jones directed groups of his followers to work on various projects to earn income for the People Temple and set up an agricultural operation in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood Valley">Redwood Valley</a> to grow food. Jones organized large community outreach projects, taking his followers by bus to perform work community service across the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982167-60">[60]</a> The first known cases of serious abuse in Peoples Temple arose in California as the Planning Commission carried out discipline against members who were not fulfilling Jones's vision or following the rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982172-61">[61]</a> Jones's control over the members of Peoples Temple extended to their sex lives and who could be married. Some members were coerced to get <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982156–163-62">[62]</a> Jones began to require sexual favors from the wives of some members of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982172-61">[61]</a> Jones also raped several male members of his congregation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982176-63">[63]</a> Members who rebelled against Jones's control were punished with reduced food rations, harsher work schedules, public ridicule and humiliations, and sometimes with physical violence. As the Temple's membership grew, Jones created a security group to ensure order among his followers and to ensure his own personal safety. The group purchased security squad cars and armed their guards with rifles and pistols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982203–204-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_expansion">Urban expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urban expansion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_in_San_Francisco" title="Peoples Temple in San Francisco">Peoples Temple in San Francisco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peoples_Temple.jpg/170px-Peoples_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peoples_Temple.jpg/255px-Peoples_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peoples_Temple.jpg/340px-Peoples_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption>Peoples Temple headquarters, 1859 Geary Blvd., San Francisco, 1978</figcaption></figure> Because of limited expansion in the Redwood Valley-<a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a> area, it eventually seemed necessary to move the church's seat of power to an urban area.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> In 1970, the Temple began holding services in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kilduff-66">[66]</a> It established permanent facilities in those cities in 1971 and 1972, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> In San Francisco, the Temple occupied a former <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> temple at 1859 Geary Boulevard in the <a href="/wiki/Fillmore_District,_San_Francisco" title="Fillmore District, San Francisco">Fillmore District</a>. At the time, the Fillmore district was a majority Black neighborhood and a stronghold of Black culture on the West Coast.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In Los Angeles, the Temple occupied the former building of the <a href="/wiki/First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(Los_Angeles)" title="First Church of Christ, Scientist (Los Angeles)">First Church of Christ, Scientist</a> at 1366 S. Alvarado Street.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> By 1972, the Temple called Redwood Valley the "mother church" of a "statewide political movement".<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> From the start, the Los Angeles facility's primary purposes were to recruit members and to serve as a waystation for the Temple's weekly bus trips across California.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> The Temple set up permanent staff in Los Angeles and arranged bus trips there every other week.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> The substantial attendance and collections in Los Angeles helped support the Temple's inflated membership claims.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> The Los Angeles facility was larger than San Francisco's.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> Its central location at the corner of Alvarado and Hoover Streets permitted easy geographic access for a large black membership from <a href="/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles" title="Watts, Los Angeles">Watts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> Recruiting drives in Los Angeles and San Francisco helped increase membership in the Temple from a few hundred to nearly 3,000 by the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Later, when the Temple's headquarters shifted from Redwood Valley to San Francisco, the Temple convinced many Los Angeles members to move north to its new headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organizational structure">edit</a>]</div> Although some descriptions of the Peoples Temple emphasize Jones's <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> control over its operations, in reality, the Temple possessed a complex leadership structure with decision-making power unevenly dispersed among its members. Within that structure, Temple members were unwittingly and gradually subjected to sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">behavior modification</a> techniques borrowed from post-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven280-70">[70]</a> The Temple tightly defined psychological boundaries that "enemies", such as "traitors" to the Temple, crossed at their own peril.<a href="#cite_note-raven280-70">[70]</a> While the secrecy and caution Jones demanded in recruiting led to decreased overall membership, they also helped him foster hero-worship of himself as the "ultimate socialist".<a href="#cite_note-raven280-70">[70]</a> In the 1970s, the Temple established a more formal hierarchy for its socialistic model.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> At the top were the Temple's staff, a select group of predominantly college-educated white women that undertook the Temple's most sensitive missions.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> They necessarily acclimated themselves to an "<a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">ends justify the means</a>" philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> The earliest member was Sandy Bradshaw, a socialist from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> Others included Carolyn Layton, a communist since the age of 15 who had a child with Jones; Sharon Amos, who worked for the social services department; Patty Cartmell, Jones's secretary; and Teri Buford, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">Navy</a> brat turned <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> The group was often scorned as elitist within the egalitarian Temple organization and viewed as <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> The Temple's Planning Commission was its governing board.<a href="#cite_note-raven160-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2003-11-19-73">[73]</a> Membership quickly ballooned from 50 to over 100.<a href="#cite_note-raven160-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2003-11-19-73">[73]</a> During the week, members convened for meetings in various Redwood Valley locations, sometimes until dawn.<a href="#cite_note-raven160-72">[72]</a> The Planning Commission was responsible for the Temple's day-to-day operations, including key decision-making, financial and legal planning, and oversight.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Commission sat over various other committees, such as the Diversions Committee, which carried out tasks such as writing huge numbers of letters to politicians from fictional people mailed from various locations around the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and the Mertles Committee, which undertook activities against defectors <a href="/wiki/Jeannie_Mills" title="Jeannie Mills">Al and Jeannie Mills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hall178-76">[76]</a> A group of rank-and-file members, whom outsiders called the "troops", consisted of working-class members who were 70–80% black. They set up chairs for meetings, filled offering boxes, and did other tasks.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> Many of them were attracted to the Temple's quasi-socialist approach both because of the Temple's political education offers and because the Temple's highly passionate congregations still maintained the familiar forms of evangelical prayers and black gospels.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> Jones also surrounded himself with several dozen mostly white, privileged members in their twenties and thirties who had skills in law, accounting, nursing, teaching, music, and administration.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> This latter group carried out public relations, financial duties, and more mundane chores while bringing in good salaries from well-paying outside jobs.<a href="#cite_note-raven156-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruiting,_faith_healings,_and_fund_raising">Recruiting, faith healings, and fund raising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recruiting, faith healings, and fund raising">edit</a>]</div> The Temple used ten to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a>-type bus cruisers to transport members up and down California freeways each week for recruitment and fundraising.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> Jones always rode in bus number seven, which contained armed guards and a special section lined with protective metal plates.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> He told members that the Temple would not bother scheduling a trip unless it could net $100,000, and the Temple's goal for annual net income from bus trips was $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> Beginning in the 1970s, the bus caravan also traveled across the U.S. quarterly, including to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> In June 1973, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Brown, Jr.">George Brown, Jr.</a> entered a lengthy and laudatory description of the Temple into the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> ran an August 18, 1973, editorial-page item stating that the 660 Temple visitors were the "hands down winners of anybody's tourists of the year award" after spending an hour cleaning up the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> grounds.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> The Temple distributed pamphlets in cities along the route of these fundraising trips bragging of Jones's prowess at "spiritual healing" without mentioning the Temple's Marxist goals.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> Stops included large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> Temple members pretended to be locals and acted as <a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">shills</a> in the various faked healings and "revelations".<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> Local viewers did not realize they were in the minority in the audience.<a href="#cite_note-raven166-77">[77]</a> The weekly take from offerings and healing services was $15,000 to $25,000 in Los Angeles and $8,000 to $12,000 in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> There were smaller collections from trips around the "mother church" in Redwood Valley.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> The Temple also set up Truth Enterprises, a direct mailing branch that sent out 30,000 to 50,000 mailers monthly to people who had attended Temple services or written to the Temple after listening to Temple radio programs.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> Donations were mailed in from all over the continental U.S., Hawaii, South America, and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> In addition to receiving donations, the Temple sold trinkets, such as pieces of Jones's robes, healing oil, Temple rings, key chains, and lockets.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> In peak periods, mailer revenue grossed $300 to $400 daily.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> This figure even surprised Jones.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> Although Jones had earlier asked Temple members to destroy photos of him because he did not want members worshiping him as Catholics "worshiped plaster statues", Jeannie and Al Mills (who would later defect) convinced Jones to sell anointed and blessed photos to raise money.<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> Jones worried that "they're gonna get me for <a href="/wiki/Mail_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail fraud">mail fraud</a> someday."<a href="#cite_note-raven169-78">[78]</a> In 1973, the Temple also formed Brotherhood Records, a subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> that produced music from the Temple's "large interracial youth choir and orchestra".<a href="#cite_note-kilduff42-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_scope">Size and scope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Size and scope">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel,_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg/220px-Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg/330px-Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg/440px-Members_of_Peoples_Temple_attend_an_anti-eviction_rally_at_the_International_Hotel%2C_San_Francisco_-_January_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Peoples Temple members attend an anti-eviction rally at the <a href="/wiki/International_Hotel_(San_Francisco)" title="International Hotel (San Francisco)">International Hotel, San Francisco</a>, January 1977.</figcaption></figure> Despite exaggerated claims by the Temple of 20,000 or more members, one source claims its greatest actual registered membership was around 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> However, 5,000 individual membership card photos were located in Temple records after its dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Regardless of its official membership, the Temple also regularly drew 3,000 people to its San Francisco services alone.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Of particular interest to politicians was the Temple's ability to produce 2,000 people for campaign work or attendance in San Francisco on only six hours' notice.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> By the mid-1970s, in addition to its locations in Redwood Valley, Los Angeles and San Francisco, the Temple had established <a href="/wiki/Multi-site_church" title="Multi-site church">satellite congregations</a> in almost a dozen other California cities.<a href="#cite_note-raven280-70">[70]</a> Jones mentioned locations in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Ukiah, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Temple also maintained a branch, college tuition program, and dormitory at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Junior_College" title="Santa Rosa Junior College">Santa Rosa Junior College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> At the same time, Jones and his church earned a reputation for aiding the cities' poorest citizens, especially racial minorities, drug addicts, and the homeless. The Temple made strong connections to the California state welfare system.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> During the 1970s, the church owned and ran at least nine <a href="/wiki/Residential_care_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential care home">residential care homes</a> for the elderly, six homes for <a href="/wiki/Foster_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster children">foster children</a>, and a state-licensed 40-acre (160,000 m2) ranch for <a href="/wiki/Developmentally_disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmentally disabled">developmentally disabled</a> persons.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Temple elite handled members' insurance claims and legal problems, effectively acting as a client-advocacy group. For these reasons, sociologist John Hall described the Temple as a "charismatic bureaucracy",<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> oriented toward Jones as a charismatic leader, but functioning as a bureaucratic social service organization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinsolving_series">Kinsolving series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kinsolving series">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis Star">Indianapolis Star</a> ran the first four parts of a seven-part story on the Temple by <a href="/wiki/Lester_Kinsolving" title="Lester Kinsolving">Lester Kinsolving</a>, its first public exposé.<a href="#cite_note-reiterman211-89">[89]</a> Kinsolving reported on several aspects of church dealings, its claims of healings, and Jones's ritual of throwing Bibles down in church, yelling, "This black book has held down you people for 2,000 years. It has no power."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Temple members picketed the Examiner, harassed the paper's editor, and threatened both the Examiner and the Star with <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> suits.<a href="#cite_note-reiterman211-89">[89]</a> Both papers canceled the series after the fourth installment.<a href="#cite_note-reiterman211-89">[89]</a> Shortly thereafter, Jones made grants to newspapers in California with the stated goal of supporting the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defections">Defections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Defections">edit</a>]</div> Some defections occurred,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> most especially in 1973, when eight young members – known as the "Gang of Eight" – defected together.<a href="#cite_note-raven224-93">[93]</a> Because the Gang of Eight were aware of threats to potential defectors, they suspected Jones would send a search party to look for them.<a href="#cite_note-raven224-93">[93]</a> Their fears proved correct: Jones employed multiple search parties, including one which scanned highways from a rented airplane.<a href="#cite_note-raven225-94">[94]</a> The Gang of Eight drove three trucks loaded with firearms toward <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, avoiding <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_101" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 101">U.S. Highway 101</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven224-93">[93]</a> Because they feared taking firearms over the U.S.–Canada border, the group traveled instead to the hills of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, where they wrote a long letter documenting their complaints.<a href="#cite_note-raven225-94">[94]</a> Former Temple member Jeannie Mills later wrote that Jones called thirty members to his home and forebodingly declared that, in light of the mass defection, "in order to keep our apostolic socialism, we should all kill ourselves and leave a note saying that because of harassment, a socialist group cannot exist at this time."<a href="#cite_note-paranoia-95">[95]</a> Jones became furious, waving a <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> at the Planning Commission and referring to the Gang of Eight as "<a href="/wiki/Trotskyite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyite">Trotskyite</a> defectors" and "<a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> revolutionaries".<a href="#cite_note-raven226-96">[96]</a> While the Temple did not execute the suicide plan Jones described, it did conduct fake suicide rituals in the years that followed.<a href="#cite_note-paranoia-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="San_Francisco_Temple">San Francisco Temple</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: San Francisco Temple">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_in_San_Francisco" title="Peoples Temple in San Francisco">Peoples Temple in San Francisco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Jones,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg/170px-Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg/255px-Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg/340px-Jim_Jones%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Rev. Jim Jones receives a Martin Luther King, Jr. Humanitarian award at Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco, January 1977.</figcaption></figure> The move to San Francisco permitted Jones to be more open with his true political and theological leanings.<a href="#cite_note-hall161-97">[97]</a> By spring 1976, Jones openly admitted even to outsiders that he was an atheist.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Despite the Temple's fear that the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> (IRS) was investigating its religious <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemption</a>, Marceline admitted to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 1977 that her husband, taking inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, was trying to achieve social change by mobilizing people through religion.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> She admitted that, "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion" and had slammed the Bible on the table yelling, "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"<a href="#cite_note-NYT1126-33">[33]</a> With the move into San Francisco, the Temple more strenuously emphasized that its members live communally.<a href="#cite_note-raven256-99">[99]</a> It stressed physical discipline of children first, and then adults.<a href="#cite_note-raven259-100">[100]</a> The San Francisco Temple also carefully vetted newcomers through an extensive observation process.<a href="#cite_note-raven164-65">[65]</a> The Temple distinguished itself from most new religious movements with its overtly political message.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-101">[101]</a> It combined those genuine political sympathies with the perception that it could help turn out large numbers of votes to gain the support of a number of prominent politicians.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Jones made it known after he moved to San Francisco that he was interested in politics, and legal changes in the way San Francisco elections were held strengthened the power of neighborhood groups and civic organizations such as the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-raven263-104">[104]</a> After the Temple's voter mobilization efforts proved instrumental in state Senate President <a href="/wiki/George_Moscone" title="George Moscone">George Moscone</a>'s run for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">mayor of San Francisco</a> in 1975, he appointed Jones as Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.<a href="#cite_note-kinsolving-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-106">[106]</a> Jones and the Temple received the support of California political figures such as Moscone, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally">Mervyn Dymally</a>, state Assembly Speaker <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a>, Assemblyman <a href="/wiki/Art_Agnos" title="Art Agnos">Art Agnos</a>, and Supervisor <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Layton_1999,_p._105-107">[107]</a> Willie Brown visited the Temple numerous times and spoke publicly in support of Jones, even after investigations and suspicions of cult activity.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Layton_1999,_p._105-107">[107]</a> Jones and Moscone met privately with Presidential nominee Jimmy Carter's then-running mate, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> in San Francisco days before the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Jones also met <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> on multiple occasions, including a private dinner, and corresponded with her in letters.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-q799-111">[111]</a> Jones used his position at the Housing Authority to lead the fight against the eviction of tenants from San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/I-Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Hotel">International Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raven282-112">[112]</a> The Temple further forged an alliance with San Francisco's Black community newspaper, the Sun Reporter publisher <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Benjamin_Goodlett" title="Carlton Benjamin Goodlett">Dr. Carlton Goodlett</a> and it received frequent favorable mentions in that paper.<a href="#cite_note-raven265-113">[113]</a> It also received frequent favorable coverage from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a> and other local newspaper and television reporters.<a href="#cite_note-raven285-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEMPLE-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TEMPLE-10.jpg/220px-TEMPLE-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TEMPLE-10.jpg/330px-TEMPLE-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TEMPLE-10.jpg/440px-TEMPLE-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Peoples Temple members included the elderly as well as youth. Hazel Dashiell, with Mark Fields at an anti-eviction rally in San Francisco's Chinatown, 1977.</figcaption></figure> However, the Temple aroused police suspicion after Jones praised the <a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a>, a radical <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a> group, and the SLA's leaders attended San Francisco Temple meetings.<a href="#cite_note-raven236-115">[115]</a> Further suspicions were raised after the defection of Joyce Shaw and the mysterious death soon after of her husband, Bob Houston.<a href="#cite_note-raven299-116">[116]</a> In 1974 a fire broke out at Peoples Temple's San Francisco location. Without evidence Jones speculated that members of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> may have started the fire. Jones sent several of his followers to a nearby mosque to issue a warning to their group. This began a period of heightened tensions between Peoples Temple and the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982281-117">[117]</a> Gradually, Jones worked to improve relations with the Nation of Islam, culminating a joint "Spiritual Jubilee" rally held at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Convention_Center" title="Los Angeles Convention Center">Los Angeles Convention Center</a> in May 1976. He used the event to garner positive publicity, and the joint rally was attended by many of his closest political acquaintances. At the rally, Jones called for peace and unity saying, "if the Peoples Temple and the Nation of Islam can get together, anyone can." Jones ended by pledging support to the Muslim community and declared his desire for <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace Muhammad">Wallace Muhammad</a> to run for President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982282-118">[118]</a> While the Temple forged media alliances, the move to San Francisco also opened the group to media scrutiny. When Jones and hundreds of Temple members moved to the Temple's <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> settlement following media investigations, Mayor Moscone issued a press release stating that his office would not investigate the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-moore143-119">[119]</a> During this time, Milk spoke at Temple political rallies<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> after the investigations began, in which he accused Timothy Stoen, who by that point had defected from the Temple and was attempting to extricate relatives from Guyana, of telling "bold-faced lies".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-milk_let-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_murder/suicide_at_Jonestown,_Guyana">Mass murder/suicide at Jonestown, Guyana</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mass murder/suicide at Jonestown, Guyana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px"><div style="position:relative;width:180px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Guyana_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peoples Temple is located in Guyana"><img alt="Peoples Temple is located in Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guyana_location_map.svg/180px-Guyana_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guyana_location_map.svg/270px-Guyana_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guyana_location_map.svg/360px-Guyana_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1843" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.333%;left:26.66%;font-size:95%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Jonestown, Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FFFFDD">Jonestown, Guyana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.269%;left:64.925%;font-size:65%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Georgetown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Georgetown</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.026%;left:30%;font-size:65%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kaituma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaituma</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Guyana_location_map.svg" title="File:Guyana location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("<a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a>", <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>)</div></div></div> In 1974, the Peoples Temple signed a lease to rent land in Guyana.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The community which was established on this piece of property was named the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_Agricultural_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples Temple Agricultural Project">Peoples Temple Agricultural Project</a>, informally dubbed "Jonestown". The settlement had as few as fifty residents in early 1977.<a href="#cite_note-multiref1-125">[125]</a> Jones saw Jonestown as both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from media scrutiny that had started with the Kinsolving articles.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Former Temple member Tim Carter said the Temple moved to Jonestown because "in '74, what we saw in the United States was creeping fascism."<a href="#cite_note-carter-127">[127]</a> Carter explained, "It was apparent that corporations, or the multinationals, were getting much larger, their influence was growing within the government, and the United States is a racist place."<a href="#cite_note-carter-127">[127]</a> He said the Temple concluded that Guyana was "a place in a black country where our black members could live in peace", "it was a socialist government" and it was "the only English-speaking country in South America."<a href="#cite_note-carter-127">[127]</a> Increasing media scrutiny based on allegations by former members placed further pressure on Jones, especially after a 1977 article by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kilduff" title="Marshall Kilduff">Marshall Kilduff</a> in <a href="/wiki/California_(magazine,_defunct_1991)" title="California (magazine, defunct 1991)">New West</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-kilduff-66">[66]</a> Just before publication of the New West piece, editor Rosalie Wright telephoned Jones to read him the article.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Wright explained that she was only doing so before publication because of "all the support letters we received on your behalf, from the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> [Jerry Brown]" and others.<a href="#cite_note-layton113-129">[129]</a> While still on the phone listening to the allegations contained in the article, Jones wrote a note to Temple members in the room with him that said, "We leave tonight. Notify Georgetown (Guyana)."<a href="#cite_note-layton113-129">[129]</a> After Jones left for Guyana, he encouraged Temple members to follow him there. The population grew to about a thousand people by late 1978.<a href="#cite_note-multiref1-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Those who moved there were promised a tropical paradise free from the supposed wickedness of the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On November 17, 1978, Representative <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ryan" title="Leo Ryan">Leo Ryan</a>, who was investigating claims of abuse within the Temple, visited Jonestown.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> During his visit, a number of Temple members expressed a desire to leave with him,<a href="#cite_note-raven512-133">[133]</a> and, on November 18, some accompanied Ryan to the local airstrip at <a href="/wiki/Port_Kaituma" title="Port Kaituma">Port Kaituma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> There they were intercepted by Temple security guards who opened fire on the group, killing Ryan, three journalists, and one of the defectors as well as injuring nine others, including Ryan's aide, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Speier" title="Jackie Speier">Jackie Speier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Speier-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-raven529-136">[136]</a> A few seconds of gunfire from the incident were captured on video by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> cameraman Bob Brown, one of the journalists killed in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-raven529-136">[136]</a> Though she was shot five times, including suffering a massive leg wound, Speier survived and won a seat in Congress in 2008, serving until she declined to run for reelection in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Speier-135">[135]</a> That evening, in Jonestown, Jones ordered his congregation to drink a concoction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">cyanide</a>-laced, grape-flavored <a href="/wiki/Flavor_Aid" title="Flavor Aid">Flavor Aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-tape-138">[138]</a> In all, 918 people died, including 276 children.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> This includes four that died at the Temple headquarters that night in the Guyanese capital of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Some members resisted committing "revolutionary suicide," and were injected with fatal doses of cyanide, as were infants, and others survived by fleeing through the jungle. Jones himself, as well as his personal aide Annie Moore, died of (likely) self-inflicted gunshot wounds. It was the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn_jones-143">[143]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PTinGuyana_Cen_image001.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Jonestown arrivals and population"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PTinGuyana_Cen_image001.gif/442px-PTinGuyana_Cen_image001.gif" decoding="async" width="295" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/PTinGuyana_Cen_image001.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="342" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jonestown arrivals and population</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonestown_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The entrance to Jonestown"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonestown_entrance.jpg/372px-Jonestown_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonestown_entrance.jpg/558px-Jonestown_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonestown_entrance.jpg/744px-Jonestown_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5827" data-file-height="4107" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entrance to Jonestown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonestown_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Housing in Jonestown"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Jonestown_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="239" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Housing in Jonestown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Ryan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Congressman Leo Ryan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/220px-Leo_Ryan.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/330px-Leo_Ryan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/440px-Leo_Ryan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2470" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Congressman <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ryan" title="Leo Ryan">Leo Ryan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonestown,_Guyana_bodies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodies after the "revolutionary suicide" in Jonestown"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg/393px-Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg/590px-Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg/786px-Jonestown%2C_Guyana_bodies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodies after the "revolutionary suicide" in Jonestown</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_the_Kool-Aid" title="Drinking the Kool-Aid">Drinking the Kool-Aid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist,_Los_Angeles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/220px-Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/330px-Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/440px-Former_First_Church_of_Christ_Scientist%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>Temple building at 1366 S. Alvarado St., Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> The Temple's San Francisco headquarters was besieged by the national media and the relatives of the Jonestown victims.<a href="#cite_note-raven573-144">[144]</a> The mass killing became one of the best-known events in U.S. history as measured by the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)#Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup poll</a> and appeared on the cover of several newspapers and magazines, including <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, for months afterward.<a href="#cite_note-hall289-145">[145]</a> In addition, according to various press reports,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> after the Jonestown suicides, surviving Temple members in the U.S. announced their fears of being targeted by a "hit squad" which would be composed of Jonestown survivors. Similarly, in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported a U.S. Congressional aide's claim that there were "120 white, brainwashed assassins out from Jonestown awaiting the trigger word to pick up their hit."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Temple insider Michael Prokes, who had been ordered to deliver a suitcase which contained Temple funds which were supposed to be transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reit580-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-timofeyev-150">[150]</a> killed himself in March 1979, four months after the Jonestown incident. In the days leading up to his death, Prokes sent notes to several people, together with a thirty-page statement he had written about the Temple. Caen reprinted one copy in his Chronicle column.<a href="#cite_note-prokes-151">[151]</a> Prokes then arranged for a press conference in a <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a> motel room, during which he read a statement to the eight reporters who attended. He then excused himself, entered a restroom, and fatally shot himself in the head.<a href="#cite_note-prokes-151">[151]</a> Before the tragedy, Temple member Paula Adams engaged in a romantic relationship with Guyana's Ambassador to the United States, Laurence "Bonny" Mann.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Adams later married Mann.<a href="#cite_note-WP-153">[153]</a> On October 24, 1983, Mann fatally shot both Adams and the couple's child, and then fatally shot himself.<a href="#cite_note-WP-153">[153]</a> Defecting member Harold Cordell lost twenty family members on the evening of the poisonings.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Bogues family, which had also defected, lost their daughter Marilee (age 18), while defector Vernon Gosney lost his son Mark (age 5).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The mass suicide of the Peoples Temple has helped embed the idea that all <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> are destructive in the public's mind. <a href="/wiki/Bryan_R._Wilson" title="Bryan R. Wilson">Bryan R. Wilson</a> argues against that point of view by pointing out that only four other such events have occurred within similar religious groups: the <a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Solar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankruptcy_and_dissolution">Bankruptcy and dissolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy and dissolution">edit</a>]</div> At the end of 1978, the Temple declared bankruptcy, and its assets went into <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receivership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-happened-157">[157]</a> In light of lawsuits, on December 4, 1978, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garry" title="Charles Garry">Charles Garry</a>, the corporation's attorney, petitioned to dissolve the Temple. The petition was granted in San Francisco Superior Court in January 1979.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A few Temple members remained in Guyana through May 1979 in order to wrap up the movement's affairs, then they returned to the United States. <a href="#cite_note-happened-157">[157]</a> The Temple's buildings in Los Angeles, Indianapolis, and Redwood Valley are all intact,<a href="#cite_note-happened-157">[157]</a> as is the Temple's former Georgetown headquarters. Some former Temple buildings, such as the Los Angeles facility, are presently used by church congregations.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Temple's former San Francisco headquarters, located at 1859 Geary Boulevard, was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">1989 Loma Prieta earthquake</a>; the site is now occupied by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Post Office">Post Office</a> branch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guyana" title="Portal:Guyana">Guyana portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Ten_Commandments_of_God" title="Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God">Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DissolutionPeoplesTemple.pdf">http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DissolutionPeoplesTemple.pdf</a>? [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-q134-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q134_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-q134_2-1">b</a> Jones, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=27339">"Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 134."</a> Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. </li> <li id="cite_note-violent-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-violent_3-7">h</a> Wessinger, Catherine. <a href="/wiki/How_the_Millennium_Comes_Violently" title="How the Millennium Comes Violently">How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate</a>. Seven Bridges Press, 2000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1889119243" title="Special:BookSources/978-1889119243">978-1889119243</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-horrock-4"><a href="#cite_ref-horrock_4-0">^</a> Horrock, Nicholas M., "Communist in 1950s", The New York Times, December 17, 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Layton 1999, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven49-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven49_6-5">f</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 49–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinn201782-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuinn201782_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuinn2017">Guinn 2017</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198250–52-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs198250–52_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitermanJacobs1982">Reiterman & Jacobs 1982</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs19829–10-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs19829–10_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitermanJacobs1982">Reiterman & Jacobs 1982</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2017177–179"Sharing_the_pulpit_with_Rev._Jim_Jones_of_Peoples_Temple,_where_[Branham]_"prophesied"_God's_"blessing"_on_Jones'_ministry..."-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2017177–179"Sharing_the_pulpit_with_Rev._Jim_Jones_of_Peoples_Temple,_where_[Branham]_"prophesied"_God's_"blessing"_on_Jones'_ministry..."_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollins2017">Collins 2017</a>, pp. 177–179, "Sharing the pulpit with Rev. Jim Jones of Peoples Temple, where [Branham] "prophesied" God's "blessing" on Jones' ministry...". </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_John2014" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, John (October 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=61481">"The Intersection of William Branham and Jim Jones"</a>. Alternative Consideration of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Consideration+of+Jonestown+%26+Peoples+Temple&rft.atitle=The+Intersection+of+William+Branham+and+Jim+Jones&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.au=Collins%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D61481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osojj-12"><a href="#cite_ref-osojj_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=13778">"Ordination Service of Jim Jones into Disciples of Christ"</a>. San Diego State University. February 17, 2013. 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November 19, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202055343/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/148941_jonestown19.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Dickerson, Toby. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908190148/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Jonestwn.html">"Peoples Temple (Jonestown)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Jonestwn.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peoples+Temple+%28Jonestown%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu%2Fnrms%2FJonestwn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988">. The Religious Movements Homepage Project. University of Virginia. February 5, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Layton 1999, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-hall178-76"><a href="#cite_ref-hall178_76-0">^</a> Hall 1987, pp. 178–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-raven166-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven166_77-9">j</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 166–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven169-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven169_78-8">i</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 169–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-kilduff42-79"><a href="#cite_ref-kilduff42_79-0">^</a> Kilduff, Marshall and Ron Javers. Suicide Cult: The Inside Story of the Peoples Temple Sect and the Massacre in Guyana. Bantam Books, New York, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553129205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553129205">978-0553129205</a>. p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Hall, John R. "The Impact of Apostates on the Trajectory of Religious Movement: The Case of the Peoples Temple", in <a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">David G. Bromley</a> (ed.) Falling from the Faith: Causes and Consequences of Religious Apostasy. Sage Publications, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803931886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803931886">978-0803931886</a>. p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=35899">'The Opposition, The Returned, Crisis & White Nights'</a>, Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University, May 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041949/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/JTResearch/opposition.htm">"The Opposition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/JTResearch/opposition.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Opposition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FJTResearch%2Fopposition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_John_R.1987" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887381249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887381249"><bdi>978-0887381249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+from+the+Promised+Land%3A+Jonestown+in+American+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0887381249&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Jones, Jim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=27537">FBI Tape Q 683</a>, Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041952/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q683.html">"Transcript Q683"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q683.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+Q683&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FTapes%2FTapes%2FTapeTranscripts%2FQ683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Layton 1999, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_John_R.1987" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887381249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887381249"><bdi>978-0887381249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+from+the+Promised+Land%3A+Jonestown+in+American+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0887381249&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Hall 1987, pp. 81–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hall 1987, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Hall 1987, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-reiterman211-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reiterman211_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reiterman211_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reiterman211_89-2">c</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 211–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Kinsolving, Lester. "Sex, Socialism, and Child Torture with Rev. Jim Jones." San Francisco Examiner. September 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 302–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 225–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven224-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raven224_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven224_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven224_93-2">c</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven225-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raven225_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raven225_94-1">b</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-paranoia-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paranoia_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paranoia_95-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114212817/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919897-1,00.html">Paranoia And Delusions</a>, Time Magazine, December 11, 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-raven226-96"><a href="#cite_ref-raven226_96-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-hall161-97"><a href="#cite_ref-hall161_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_John_R.1987" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887381249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887381249"><bdi>978-0887381249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+from+the+Promised+Land%3A+Jonestown+in+American+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0887381249&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=27498">"Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622."</a> Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205062545/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q622.html">"Transcript Q 622"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q622.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+Q+622&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FTapes%2FTapes%2FTapeTranscripts%2FQ622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-raven256-99"><a href="#cite_ref-raven256_99-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven259-100"><a href="#cite_ref-raven259_100-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-101"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_101-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 266–267 & 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_103-1">b</a> Los Angeles Herald Examiner, "The Political Pull of Jim Jones", November 21, 1978 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-raven263-104"><a href="#cite_ref-raven263_104-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-kinsolving-105"><a href="#cite_ref-kinsolving_105-0">^</a> Kinsolving, Kathleen and Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomofmind.com/resourcecenter/groups/p/peoplestemple/madman.htm">"Madman in Our Midst: Jim Jones and the California Cover Up."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231015534/http://www.freedomofmind.com/resourcecenter/groups/p/peoplestemple/madman.htm">Archived</a> December 31, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1998. Steven Alan Hassan's Freedom of Mind Center. Retrieved October 14, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_106-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/jonestown/filmmore/pt.html">Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple</a>. PBS.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314080911/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/jonestown/filmmore/pt.html">Archived</a> March 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Layton_1999,_p._105-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Layton_1999,_p._105_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Layton_1999,_p._105_107-1">b</a> Layton 1999, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Dooley, Nancy and Tim Reiterman. "Jim Jones: Power Broker." San Francisco Examiner. August 7, 1977. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-q799-111"><a href="#cite_ref-q799_111-0">^</a> Jim Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=27588">"Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 799."</a> Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501040958/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q799.html">"Transcript Q799"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeTranscripts/Q799.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+Q799&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FTapes%2FTapes%2FTapeTranscripts%2FQ799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-raven282-112"><a href="#cite_ref-raven282_112-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven265-113"><a href="#cite_ref-raven265_113-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven285-114"><a href="#cite_ref-raven285_114-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 285, 306, 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven236-115"><a href="#cite_ref-raven236_115-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-raven299-116"><a href="#cite_ref-raven299_116-0">^</a> Reiterman 1982. pp. 299–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982281-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982281_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitermanJacobs1982">Reiterman & Jacobs 1982</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982282-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitermanJacobs1982282_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitermanJacobs1982">Reiterman & Jacobs 1982</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-moore143-119"><a href="#cite_ref-moore143_119-0">^</a> Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0889468603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0889468603">978-0889468603</a>. p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603115639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919893-1,00.html">"Another Day of Death."</a> Time. 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Retrieved September 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonestown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FJTResearch%2Fcensuses%2Farrival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Hall 1987, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-carter-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carter_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter_127-2">c</a> Tim Carter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opb.org/radio/archives/2007/04/there_was_no_ch_1.php">There was no choice in Jonestown that day...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426045331/http://www.opb.org/radio/archives/2007/04/there_was_no_ch_1.php">Archived</a> April 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oregon Public Broadcasting Radio interview. 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April 14, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429210106/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F04%2F14%2FDDGRTC72N11.DTL&type=printable">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_jones-143"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_jones_143-0">^</a> Knapp, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9811/18/jonestown.anniv.01/">"Jonestown massacre + 20: Questions linger."</a> CNN.com. November 18, 1998. 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Scribd. Retrieved July 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Why+the+Bruderhof+is+not+a+cult+%E2%80%93+by+Bryan+Wilson+%7C+Cult+And+Sect+%7C+Religion+And+Belief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F115621228%2FWhy-the-Bruderhof-is-not-a-cult-by-Bryan-Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-happened-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-happened_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-happened_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-happened_157-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=35370">"What happened to Peoples Temple after 18 November 1978?"</a> Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. 2007-03-08. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205062516/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/FAQ/q_ptafternov18.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/FAQ/q_ptafternov18.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2FAboutJonestown%2FFAQ%2Fq_ptafternov18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=13665">"The Court's Wrapping-Up of Peoples Temple Affairs – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple"</a>. jonestown.sdsu.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jonestown.sdsu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Court%27s+Wrapping-Up+of+Peoples+Temple+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Alternative+Considerations+of+Jonestown+%26+Peoples+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonestown.sdsu.edu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D13665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centralspanish22.adventistchurchconnect.org/article.php?id=15">Central Spanish Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>. AdventistChurchConnect.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724224419/http://centralspanish22.adventistchurchconnect.org/article.php?id=15">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidester2004" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, David (2004). Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the People's Temple and Jonestown (Religion in North America) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253216328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253216328"><bdi>978-0253216328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvation+and+Suicide%3A+Jim+Jones%2C+the+People%27s+Temple+and+Jonestown+%28Religion+in+North+America%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0253216328&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2017" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John Andrew (2017). Jim Jones: The Malachi 4 Elijah Prophecy. Dark Mystery Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1548102630" title="Special:BookSources/978-1548102630"><bdi>978-1548102630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jim+Jones%3A+The+Malachi+4+Elijah+Prophecy&rft.pub=Dark+Mystery+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1548102630&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinn2017" class="citation book cs1">Guinn, Jeff (2017). The Road to Jonestown: Jim Jones and People Temple. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476763828" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476763828"><bdi>978-1476763828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Jonestown%3A+Jim+Jones+and+People+Temple&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1476763828&rft.aulast=Guinn&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_John_R.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John R. (2004) [1987]. Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765805874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765805874"><bdi>978-0765805874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+from+the+Promised+Land%3A+Jonestown+in+American+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0765805874&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton1998" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Deborah (1998). <a href="/wiki/Seductive_Poison" title="Seductive Poison">Seductive Poison</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854106001" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854106001"><bdi>978-1854106001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seductive+Poison&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1854106001&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitermanJacobs1982" class="citation book cs1">Reiterman, Tom; Jacobs, John (1982). <a href="/wiki/Raven_(book)" title="Raven (book)">Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525241362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525241362"><bdi>978-0525241362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raven%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Rev.+Jim+Jones+and+His+People&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0525241362&rft.aulast=Reiterman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wessinger" title="Catherine Wessinger">Wessinger, Catherine</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/How_the_Millennium_Comes_Violently" title="How the Millennium Comes Violently">How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate</a>. Seven Bridges Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1889119243" title="Special:BookSources/978-1889119243"><bdi>978-1889119243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Millennium+Comes+Violently%3A+From+Jonestown+to+Heaven%27s+Gate&rft.pub=Seven+Bridges+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1889119243&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeoples+Temple" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Klineman, George and Sherman Butler. The Cult That Died. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399125409" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399125409">978-0399125409</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Naipaul, Shiva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_(book)" title="Black & White (book)">Black & White</a>. London, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241103371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241103371">978-0241103371</a>.</li> <li>Bebelaar, Judy and Ron Cabral. "And Then They Were Gone: Teenagers of Peoples Temple". Sugartown Publishing, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998709680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0998709680">978-0998709680</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Temple&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Congressman_Tom_Lantos%27s_Remarks_on_the_25th_Anniversary_of_the_Tragedy_at_Jonestown_and_the_Death_of_Congressman_Leo_Ryan" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Congressman Tom Lantos's Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Tragedy at Jonestown and the Death of Congressman Leo Ryan">Congressman Tom Lantos's Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Tragedy at Jonestown and the Death of Congressman Leo Ryan</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/">San Diego State University: Extensive site with source documents, list of dead, pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/audio/audio-details-db.php?collection=opensource_audio&collectionid=ptc1978-11-18.flac16">Audio Recording of Jonestown Suicide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215052025/http://employees.oneonta.edu/downinll/mass_suicide.htm">Transcription of Suicide Tape</a></li> <li>Isaacson, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laweekly.com/2008-10-23/news/from-silver-lake-to-suicide/">From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/373653092">605 Adults 304 Children</a>, a 2019 short documentary filmed entirely by The Peoples Temple at Jonestown</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peoples_Temple" title="Template talk:Peoples Temple"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peoples_Temple" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peoples Temple"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jim_Jones_and_the_Peoples_Temple" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peoples Temple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Hotel_(San_Francisco)" title="International Hotel (San Francisco)">I-Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple_in_San_Francisco" title="Peoples Temple in San Francisco">Peoples Temple in San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Stoen" title="Timothy Stoen">Timothy Stoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannie_Mills" title="Jeannie Mills">Jeannie Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Mitchell" title="Tyrone Mitchell">Tyrone Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Ijames" title="Archie Ijames">Archie Ijames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Congressional entourage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Ryan" title="Leo Ryan">Leo Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Speier" title="Jackie Speier">Jackie Speier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Harris_(journalist)" title="Don Harris (journalist)">Don Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Branham" title="William M. Branham">William M. Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garry" title="Charles Garry">Charles Garry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kilduff" title="Marshall Kilduff">Marshall Kilduff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Lane_(author)" title="Mark Lane (author)">Mark Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Moscone" title="George Moscone">George Moscone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Burke" title="John R. Burke">John R. Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally">Mervyn Dymally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_(book)" title="Black & White (book)">Black & White</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_(book)" title="Raven (book)">Raven</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seductive_Poison" title="Seductive Poison">Seductive Poison</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Lives" title="A Thousand Lives">A Thousand Lives</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown:_The_Life_and_Death_of_Peoples_Temple" title="Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple">Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown:_Paradise_Lost" title="Jonestown: Paradise Lost">Jonestown: Paradise Lost</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Dramatizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guyana:_Crime_of_the_Century" title="Guyana: Crime of the Century">Guyana: Crime of the Century</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_Tragedy:_The_Story_of_Jim_Jones" title="Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones">Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_(2013_film)" title="The Sacrament (2013 film)">The Sacrament</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Drinking_the_Kool-Aid" title="Drinking the Kool-Aid">Drinking the Kool-Aid</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pearl_Willis_Foundation" title="Mary Pearl Willis Foundation">Mary Pearl Willis Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Oakland,_California)" title="Evergreen Cemetery (Oakland, California)">Evergreen Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_in_popular_culture" title="Jim Jones in popular culture">Jim Jones in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mass_suicide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_suicide" title="Template:Mass suicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mass_suicide" title="Template talk:Mass suicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mass_suicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mass suicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mass_suicide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Known</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puputan#1906_Badung_puputan" title="Puputan">1906 Badung puputan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burari_deaths" title="Burari deaths">Burari deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Zalongo" title="Dance of Zalongo">Dance of Zalongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Landing" title="Igbo Landing">Igbo Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_mass_suicides_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 mass suicides in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany, 1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide_in_Demmin" title="Mass suicide in Demmin">Demmin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Church_of_Korea#Odaeyang_mass_suicide" title="Evangelical Baptist Church of Korea">Odaeyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Solar_Temple_massacres" title="1994 Solar Temple massacres">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Vercors_massacre" title="1995 Vercors massacre">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide" title="1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide">1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil%C4%97nai" title="Pilėnai">Pilėnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Numantia" title="Siege of Numantia">Numantia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Ten_Commandments_of_God" title="Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God">Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown:_Paradise_Lost" title="Jonestown: Paradise Lost">Jonestown: Paradise Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown:_The_Life_and_Death_of_Peoples_Temple" title="Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple">Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Secrets:_The_Burari_Deaths" title="House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths">House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dramatizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guyana:_Crime_of_the_Century" title="Guyana: Crime of the Century">Guyana: Crime of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_Tragedy:_The_Story_of_Jim_Jones" title="Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones">Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Numantia" title="The Siege of Numantia">El cerco de Numancia</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Death_Bang" title="Chitty Chitty Death Bang">Chitty Chitty Death Bang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Field_Where_I_Died" title="The Field Where I Died">The Field Where I Died</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada_(miniseries)" title="Masada (miniseries)">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1_(season_3)#ep46" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargate SG-1 (season 3)">"Seth" (Stargate SG-1)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Umi_Yukaba" title="Umi Yukaba">Umi Yukaba</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Rishi" title="Inspector Rishi">Inspector Rishi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_J._Ryan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leo_Ryan" title="Template:Leo Ryan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leo_Ryan" title="Template talk:Leo Ryan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leo_Ryan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leo Ryan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_J._Ryan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Ryan" title="Leo Ryan">Leo J. Ryan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for California's <a href="/wiki/California%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="California's 11th congressional district">11th congressional district</a> (1973–1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_J._Ryan_Memorial_Park" title="Leo J. Ryan Memorial Park">Leo J. Ryan Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_J._Ryan_Federal_Building" title="Leo J. Ryan Federal Building">Leo J. Ryan Federal Building</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Ryan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Congressman Leo J. Ryan"><img alt="Congressman Leo J. Ryan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/100px-Leo_Ryan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/150px-Leo_Ryan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leo_Ryan.jpg/200px-Leo_Ryan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2470" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA/From_Where_We_Stand_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="USA/From Where We Stand (book)">USA/From Where We Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding_California_Government_and_Politics_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Understanding California Government and Politics (book)">Understanding California Government and Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes%E2%80%93Ryan_Amendment" title="Hughes–Ryan Amendment">Hughes–Ryan Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients">List of recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ryan_(CFF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Ryan (CFF)">Patricia Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Speier" title="Jackie Speier">Jackie Speier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leo_Ryan" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Leo Ryan">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leo_Ryan" class="extiw" title="commons:Leo Ryan">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Ryan" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Leo Ryan">Wikquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477125#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159431464">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2086442-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79017271">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008939w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008939w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00638112">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20040218007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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