CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Robot-assisted surgery - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c8cec4f-b1f4-45b9-8b6b-554a8b92c842","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Robot-assisted_surgery","wgTitle":"Robot-assisted surgery","wgCurRevisionId":1259429751,"wgRevisionId":1259429751,"wgArticleId":2629669,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2016","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019", "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Computer-assisted surgery","Surgical robots","Telemedicine","Health informatics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Robot-assisted_surgery","wgRelevantArticleId":2629669,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q942348","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1745"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/800px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1164"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/640px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="931"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Robot-assisted surgery - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Robot-assisted_surgery rootpage-Robot-assisted_surgery skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Robot-assisted+surgery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Robot-assisted+surgery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Robot-assisted+surgery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Robot-assisted+surgery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ophthalmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ophthalmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ophthalmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ophthalmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thoracic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thoracic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Thoracic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thoracic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ENT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ENT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 ENT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ENT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Gastrointestinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gynecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gynecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Gynecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gynecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Bone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Spine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transplant_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transplant_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Transplant surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transplant_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 General surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hernia_and_abdominal_wall_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hernia_and_abdominal_wall_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Hernia and abdominal wall surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hernia_and_abdominal_wall_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Urology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pediatrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pediatrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Pediatrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pediatrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_traditional_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_traditional_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Comparison to traditional methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_traditional_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Use in popular media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robot-assisted surgery</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جراحة روبوتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراحة روبوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рабатызаваная хірургія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабатызаваная хірургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Роботизирана хирургия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роботизирана хирургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotick%C3%A1_chirurgie" title="Robotická chirurgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robotická chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditsiinirobot" title="Meditsiinirobot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meditsiinirobot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ρομποτική χειρουργική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομποτική χειρουργική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirug%C3%ADa_rob%C3%B3tica" title="Cirugía robótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cirugía robótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جراحی رباتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جراحی رباتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B4%87_%EC%88%98%EC%88%A0" title="로봇 수술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로봇 수술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="रोबोटिक सर्जरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोबोटिक सर्जरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotska_kirurgija" title="Robotska kirurgija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robotska kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembedahan_yang_dibantu_robot" title="Pembedahan yang dibantu robot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembedahan yang dibantu robot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhlinzwa_ngosizo_lwesithununu" title="Ukuhlinzwa ngosizo lwesithununu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuhlinzwa ngosizo lwesithununu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0ger%C3%B0a%C3%BEjarki" title="Aðgerðaþjarki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðgerðaþjarki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia_robotica" title="Chirurgia robotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chirurgia robotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כירורגיה רובוטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כירורגיה רובוטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotseb%C3%A9szet" title="Robotsebészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robotsebészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რობოტული ქირურგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობოტული ქირურგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="ロボット支援手術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロボット支援手術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="کمپیوټري جراحي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کمپیوټري جراحي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia_rob%C3%B3tica" title="Cirurgia robótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cirurgia robótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Роботизированная хирургия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роботизированная хирургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Роботска хирургија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роботска хирургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikkausrobotti" title="Leikkausrobotti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leikkausrobotti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Роботизована хірургія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роботизована хірургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medec%C4%97n%C4%97n%C4%93_ruobuot%C4%81" title="Medecėnėnē ruobuotā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medecėnėnē ruobuotā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q942348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Robot-assisted_surgery" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Robot-assisted_surgery" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Robot-assisted_surgery" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&oldid=1259429751" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Robot-assisted_surgery&id=1259429751&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobot-assisted_surgery">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobot-assisted_surgery">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surgical_robots" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q942348" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surgical procedure</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Robot-assisted surgery</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/280px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/420px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/560px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1296" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Robotically-assisted surgery</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942348" class="extiw" title="d:Q942348">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Robot-assisted surgery or robotic surgery are any types of <a href="/wiki/Surgical_procedures" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical procedures">surgical procedures</a> that are performed using <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotic</a> systems. Robotically assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Minimally-invasive_procedures" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally-invasive procedures">minimally-invasive surgical procedures</a> and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. In the case of robotically assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of the surgeon directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to perform <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resection_(surgery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resection (surgery)">resection</a>, using a direct <a href="/wiki/Remote_manipulator" title="Remote manipulator">telemanipulator</a>, or through computer control. <ul><li>A telemanipulator (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci Surgical System</a>) is a system of remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Manipulator_(device)" title="Manipulator (device)">manipulators</a> that allows the surgeon to operate real-time under <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic vision">stereoscopic vision</a> from a control console separate from the <a href="/wiki/Operating_table" title="Operating table">operating table</a>. The robot is docked next to the patient, and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic arms</a> carry out endoscopy-like maneuvers via <a href="/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">end-effectors</a> inserted through specially designed <a href="/wiki/Trocar" title="Trocar">trocars</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Surgical_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical assistant">surgical assistant</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Scrub_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub nurse">scrub nurse</a> are often still needed <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic technique">scrubbed</a> at the tableside to help switch effector instruments or provide additional <a href="/wiki/Suction_(medicine)" title="Suction (medicine)">suction</a> or temporary tissue retraction using endoscopic grasping instruments.</li> <li>In computer-controlled systems, the surgeon uses a <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">computer system</a> to relay control data and direct the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present on campus to perform the procedure, leading to the possibility for <a href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">remote surgery</a> and even <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a>-assisted or automated procedures.</li></ul> Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, with the average costs in 2007 ranging from $5,607 to $45,914 per patient.<a href="#cite_note-Barbash_2010-1">[1]</a> This technique has not been approved for cancer surgery as of 2019 as the safety and usefulness is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story '<a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a>' in August 1942, which also mentioned brain surgery. The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauterbach_2017-4">[4]</a> This robot assisted in being able to manipulate and position the patient's leg on voice command. Intimately involved were <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/James_McEwen_(engineer)" title="James McEwen (engineer)">James McEwen</a>, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC <a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">engineering physics</a> grad, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Day" title="Brian Day">Dr. Brian Day</a> as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedy">orthopaedic</a> surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the <a href="/wiki/UBC_Hospital" title="UBC Hospital">UBC Hospital</a> in Vancouver. Over 60 <a href="/wiki/Arthroscopy" title="Arthroscopy">arthroscopic</a> surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> video on industrial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical <a href="/wiki/Scrub_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub nurse">scrub nurse</a> robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot – the world's first surgical robot illustrates some of these in operation.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 1985 a robot, the <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assembly" title="Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly">Unimation Puma 200</a>, was used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauterbach_2017-4">[4]</a> In the late 1980s, Imperial College in London developed PROBOT, which was then used to perform prostatic surgery. The advantages to this robot was its small size, accuracy and lack of fatigue for the surgeon. In the 1990s, computer-controlled surgical devices began to emerge, enabling greater precision and control in surgical procedures. One of the most significant advancements in this period was the da Vinci Surgical System, which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> for use in surgical procedures in 2000 (Intuitive Surgical, 2021). The da Vinci system uses robotic arms to manipulate surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1992, the ROBODOC was introduced and revolutionized orthopedic surgery by being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The latter was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>) could mill out precise fittings in the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> for hip replacement.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp. Further development of robotic systems was carried out by <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a> with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci Surgical System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Motion">Computer Motion</a> with the AESOP and the <a href="/wiki/ZEUS_robotic_surgical_system" title="ZEUS robotic surgical system">ZEUS robotic surgical system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first robotic surgery took place at <a href="/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ohio State University Medical Center">The Ohio State University Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Michler" title="Robert E. Michler">Robert E. Michler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> AESOP was a breakthrough in robotic surgery when introduced in 1994, as it was the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA. NASA initially funded the company that produces AESOP, Computer Motion, due to its goal to create a robotic arm that can be used in space, but this project ended up becoming a camera used in laparoscopic procedures. Voice control was then added in 1996 with the AESOP 2000 and seven degrees of freedom to mimic a human hand was added in 1998 with the AESOP 3000.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> ZEUS was introduced commercially in 1998, and started the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> ZEUS was first used during a gynecological surgery in 1997 to reconnect Fallopian tubes in Cleveland Ohio,<a href="#cite_note-Lauterbach_2017-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> a beating heart coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindbergh Operation">Lindbergh Operation</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a> performed remotely in September 2001.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 2003, ZEUS made its most prominent mark in cardiac surgery after successfully harvesting the left internal mammary arteries in 19 patients, all of which had very successful clinical outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid120087632-19">[19]</a> The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at Stanford Research Institute International in Menlo Park with grant support from <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">DARPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A demonstration of an open bowel anastomosis was given to the Association of Military Surgeons of the US.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in the battlefield to reduce casualties and to be used in other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on-site surgery.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outpatient_Robotic_surgery:_Conside-23">[23]</a> The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon's console. Compared to the ZEUS, the da Vinci robot is attached to trocars to the surgical table, and can imitate the human wrist. In 2000, the da Vinci obtained FDA approval for general laparoscopic procedures and became the first operative surgical robot in the US.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted <a href="/wiki/Heart_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart bypass">heart bypass</a> (performed in Germany) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the first all-robotic-assisted <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney transplant</a>, performed in January 2009.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 and initially sold for $1.75 million.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2005, a surgical technique was documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it was the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein_20052-28">[28]</a> In 2006, three patients underwent resection of the tongue using this technique.<a href="#cite_note-Weinstein_20052-28">[28]</a> The results were more clear visualization of the cranial nerves, lingual nerves, and lingual artery, and the patients had a faster recovery to normally swallowing.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In May 2006 the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> doctor-conducted unassisted robotic surgery was on a 34-year-old male to correct <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrythmia">heart arrhythmia</a>. The results were rated as better than an above-average human surgeon. The machine had a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was "more than qualified to operate on any patient".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic-assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Comer_Children%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital">University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital</a> performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> On 12 May 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the <a href="/wiki/NeuroArm" title="NeuroArm">NeuroArm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In June 2008, the <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="German Aerospace Centre">German Aerospace Centre</a> (DLR) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the <a href="/wiki/MiroSurge" title="MiroSurge">MiroSurge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven University of Technology</a> announced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sofie_(surgical_robot)" title="Sofie (surgical robot)">Sofie</a> surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology#Force_feedback" title="Haptic technology">force feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In September 2010, the first robotic operation at the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vasculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral vasculature">femoral vasculature</a> was performed at the <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Centre_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="University Medical Centre Ljubljana">University Medical Centre Ljubljana</a> by a team led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borut_Ger%C5%A1ak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borut Geršak (page does not exist)">Borut Geršak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FV_robo12-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FV_robo22-38">[38]</a> In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/CMR_Surgical" title="CMR Surgical">Versius Surgical Robotic System</a> was launched and is a rival of the Da Vinci surgical system and claims to be more flexible and versatile, having independent modular arms which are "quick and easy to set up". The small-scale design means that it is suitable for virtually any operating room and can be operated at either a standing or a sitting position.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ophthalmology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a> is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgeries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Smet_2018-40">[40]</a> <ul><li>PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm robot, that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating room">operating room</a> table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Preceyes is the only robotic instrument to be CE certified. Some other companies like Forsight Robotics,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Acusurgical <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> that raised 5.75 M€ (France),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and Horizon (US) are working in this field.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci Surgical System</a>, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform <a href="/wiki/Pterygium" title="Pterygium">pterygium</a> repairs and ex-vivo corneal surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-de_Smet_2018-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart">Heart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heart">edit</a>]</div> Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a> repair<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> – the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery bypass">Coronary artery bypass</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> – rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thoracic">Thoracic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thoracic">edit</a>]</div> Robotic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinal</a> pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci Xi system</a> is used for <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinal</a> mass resection. This minimally invasive approach as a comparable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Video-assisted_thoracoscopic_surgery" title="Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery">video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery</a> (VATS) and the standard <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic surgery">open thoracic surgery</a>. Although VATS is the less expensive option, the robotic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ENT">ENT</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ENT">edit</a>]</div> The first successful robot-assisted <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implantation</a> in a person took place in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the <a href="/wiki/Mastoid_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Mastoid part of the temporal bone">mastoid bone</a>, accessing the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> and inserting the electrode into the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Advantages of robot-assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients.<a href="#cite_note-Choi_2017-53">[53]</a> The surgeon uses image-guided surgical planning to program the robot based on the patient's individual anatomy. This helps the implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The surgical robots also allow surgeons to reach the inner ear in a minimally invasive way.<a href="#cite_note-Choi_2017-53">[53]</a> Challenges that still need to be addressed include safety, time, efficiency and cost.<a href="#cite_note-Choi_2017-53">[53]</a> Surgical robots have also been shown to be useful for electrode insertion with pediatric patients.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal">edit</a>]</div> Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci</a> robot systems,<a href="#cite_note-Lauterbach_2017-4">[4]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">gastrectomy</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices.<a href="#cite_note-Talamini_M_1524-57">[57]</a> Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_achalasia" title="Esophageal achalasia">achalasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Robot-assisted <a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">pancreatectomies</a> have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay[s]" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe complications, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">pancreatic fistula</a>, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynecology">Gynecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gynecology">edit</a>]</div> The first report of robotic surgery in <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> was published in 1999 from the Cleveland Clinic.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The adoption of robotic surgery has contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic disease.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrie_2019-63">[63]</a> Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery and the rate of complications may be higher, but there are not enough high-quality studies to know at the present time.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrie_2019-63">[63]</a> In the United States, robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions was shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2015, with no difference in overall rates of complications.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>. Robotic surgery can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">fibroids</a>, abnormal periods, <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_tumor" title="Ovarian tumor">ovarian tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_prolapse" title="Uterine prolapse">uterine prolapse</a>, and female cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrie_2019-63">[63]</a> Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomies</a>, myomectomies, and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a> biopsies.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a> The Hominis robotic system developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentis_Surgical%E2%84%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentis Surgical™ (page does not exist)">Momentis Surgical™</a><a href="#cite_note-memic-66">[66]</a> is aimed to provide a robotic platform for <a href="/wiki/Natural_orifice_transluminal_endoscopic_surgery" title="Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery">natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery</a> (NOTES) for <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroid" title="Uterine fibroid">myomectomy</a> through the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29490530-67">[67]</a> A 2017 review of surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone">Bone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bone">edit</a>]</div> Robots are used in orthopedic surgery.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> ROBODOC is the first active robotic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip <a href="/wiki/Hip_replacement" title="Hip replacement">arthroplasty</a> (THA). It is programmed preoperatively using data from <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">computer tomography</a> (CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optimal size and design for the replacement hip.<a href="#cite_note-Sugano_2013-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Acrobot and Rio are semi-active robotic systems that are used in THA. It consists of a drill bit that is controlled by the surgeon however the robotic system does not allow any movement outside the predetermined boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-Sugano_2013-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazor_Robotics" title="Mazor Robotics">Mazor</a> X is used in spinal surgeries to assist surgeons with placing <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">pedicle</a> screw instrumentation. Inaccuracy when placing a pedicle screw can result in neurovascular injury or construct failure. Mazor X functions by using templating imaging to locate itself to the target location of where the pedicle screw is needed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spine">Spine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spine">edit</a>]</div> Robotic devices started to be used in <a href="/wiki/Minimally_Invasive_Spine_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery">minimally invasive spine surgery</a> starting in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-73">[73]</a> As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-73">[73]</a> As of 2019, the application of robotics in spine surgery has mainly been limited to pedicle screw insertion for spinal fixation.<a href="#cite_note-Huang2019-74">[74]</a> In addition, the majority of studies on robot-assisted spine surgery have investigated lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae only.<a href="#cite_note-Huang2019-74">[74]</a> Studies on use of robotics for placing screws in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae are limited.<a href="#cite_note-Huang2019-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transplant_surgery">Transplant surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transplant surgery">edit</a>]</div> The first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Ham2018-75">[75]</a> Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort.<a href="#cite_note-Ham2018-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_surgery">General surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General surgery">edit</a>]</div> With regards to robotic surgery, this type of procedure is currently best suited for single-<a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(abdomen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrant (abdomen)">quadrant</a> procedures,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> in which the operations can be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen. Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a <a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">fundoplication</a>, but are suitable opportunities for surgeons to advance their robotic surgery skills.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hernia_and_abdominal_wall_surgery">Hernia and abdominal wall surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hernia and abdominal wall surgery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg/220px-Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg/330px-Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg/440px-Columbia_Hernia_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A surgeon at the Columbia Hernia Center operates on a patient with a large hernia using the robotic platform.</figcaption></figure> Over the past several decades, there have been great advances in the field of abdominal wall and <a href="/wiki/Hernia_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernia surgery">hernia surgery</a> especially when it comes to robotic-assisted surgery. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopic surgery</a>, the robotic platform allows for the correction of large hernia defects with specialized techniques that would traditionally only be performed via an open approach. Compared to open surgery, robotic surgery for hernia repair can reduce pain, length of hospital stay, and improve outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> As the robotic instruments have 6 degrees of articulation, freedom of movement and ergonomics are greatly improved compared to laparoscopy. The first robotic <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernia</a> repairs were done in conjunction with prostatectomies in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">ventral hernia</a> repairs were performed robotically in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Since then the field has rapidly expanded to include most types of reconstruction including anterior as well as posterior component separation. With newer techniques such as direct access into the abdominal wall,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> major reconstruction of large hernias can be done without even entering the abdominal cavity. Due to its complexity, however, major reconstruction done robotically should be undertaken at advanced hernia centers such as the Columbia Hernia Center in New York City, NY, USA. The American Hernia Society and the European Hernia Society are moving towards specialty designation for hernia centers who are credentialed for complex hernia surgery, including robotic surgery.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urology">Urology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Urology">edit</a>]</div> Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects from surgery for <a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2000, the first robot-assisted laparoscopic <a href="/wiki/Radical_prostatectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical prostatectomy">radical prostatectomy</a> was performed.<a href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-85">[85]</a> Robotic surgery has also been utilized in <a href="/wiki/Cystectomy" title="Cystectomy">radical cystectomies</a>. A 2013 review found less complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pediatrics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatric</a> procedures are also benefiting from robotic surgical systems. The smaller <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The robotic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations. Robotic technology provides assistance in performing<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyeloplasty" title="Pyeloplasty">Pyeloplasty</a> - alternative to the conventional open dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes). Pyeloplasty is the most common robotic-assisted procedures in children.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Ureteral reimplantation - alternative to the open intravesical or extravesical surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureteroureterostomy" title="Ureteroureterostomy">Ureteroureterostomy</a> - alternative to the transperitoneal approach.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrectomy" title="Nephrectomy">Nephrectomy</a> and heminephrectomy - Traditionally done with <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</a>, it is not likely that a robotic procedure offers significant advantage due to its high cost.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2014-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_traditional_methods">Comparison to traditional methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparison to traditional methods">edit</a>]</div> Major advances aided by surgical robots have been <a href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">remote surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive surgery">minimally invasive surgery</a> and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification help to result in improved ergonomics. Due to these techniques, there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication.<a href="#cite_note-Outpatient_Robotic_surgery:_Conside-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estey-87">[87]</a> The existing open surgery technique has many flaws such as limited access to the surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars, and marks.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The robot's costs range from $1 million to $2.5 million for each unit,<a href="#cite_note-Barbash_2010-1">[1]</a> and while its disposable supply cost is normally $1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher.<a href="#cite_note-kolata-89">[89]</a> Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system.<a href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-85">[85]</a> Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must perform 150 to 250 procedures to become adept in their use.<a href="#cite_note-Barbash_2010-1">[1]</a> During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie-ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain.<a href="#cite_note-Estey-87">[87]</a> Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.<a href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-85">[85]</a> Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not get tired as quickly. Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Laparoscopic camera positioning is also significantly steadier with less inadvertent movements under robotic controls than compared to human assistance.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a> to support robot-assisted surgery was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> in 1992 through the creation of "virtual fixtures" that overlay virtual boundaries or guides that assist the human operator and has become a common method for increasing safety and precision.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> There are some issues in regards to current robotic surgery usage in clinical applications. There is a lack of haptics in some robotic systems currently in clinical use, which means there is no <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology#Force_feedback" title="Haptic technology">force feedback</a>, or touch feedback. No interaction between the instrument and the patient is felt. However, recently the Senhance robotic system by Asensus Surgical was developed with haptic feedback in order to improve the interaction between the surgeon and the tissue.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The robots can also be very large, have instrumentation limitations, and there may be issues with multi-quadrant surgery as current devices are solely used for single-quadrant application.<a href="#cite_note-Herron_2008-97">[97]</a> Critics of the system, including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt the use of the system and that there's a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following traditional <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Laparoscopic surgery">laparoscopic surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kolata-89">[89]</a> Articles in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Robotic_Surgery" title="Journal of Robotic Surgery">Journal of Robotic Surgery</a> tend to report on one surgeon's experience.<a href="#cite_note-kolata-89">[89]</a> Complications related to robotic surgeries range from converting the surgery to open, re-operation, permanent injury, damage to viscera and nerve damage. From 2000 to 2011, out of 75 hysterectomies done with robotic surgery, 34 had permanent injury, and 49 had damage to the viscera. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Prostatectomies were more prone to permanent injury, nerve damage and visceral damage as well. Very minimal surgeries in a variety of specialties had to actually be converted to open or be re-operated on, but most did sustain some kind of damage or injury. For example, out of seven coronary artery bypass grafting, one patient had to go under re-operation. It is important that complications are captured, reported and evaluated to ensure the medical community is better educated on the safety of this new technology.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> If something was to go wrong in a robot-assisted surgery, it is difficult to identify culpability, and the safety of the practice will influence how quickly and widespread these practices are used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One drawback of the use of robotic surgery is the risk of mechanical failure of the system and instruments. A study from July 2005 to December 2008 was conducted to analyze the mechanical failures of the da Vinci Surgical System at a single institute. During this period, a total of 1797 robotic surgeries were performed used 4 da Vinci surgical systems. There were 43 cases (2.4%) of mechanical failure, including 24 (1.3%) cases of mechanical failure or malfunction and 19 (1.1%) cases of instrument malfunction. Additionally, one open and two laparoscopic conversions (0.17%) were performed. Therefore, the chance of mechanical failure or malfunction was found to be rare, with the rate of converting to an open or laparoscopic procedure very low.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> There are also current methods of robotic surgery being marketed and advertised online. Removal of a cancerous prostate has been a popular treatment through internet marketing. Internet marketing of medical devices are more loosely regulated than pharmaceutical promotions. Many sites that claim the benefits of this type of procedure had failed to mention risks and also provided unsupported evidence. There is an issue with government and medical societies promotion a production of balanced educational material.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the US alone, many websites promotion robotic surgery fail to mention any risks associated with these types of procedures, and hospitals providing materials largely ignore risks, overestimate benefits and are strongly influenced by the manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_popular_media">Use in popular media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Use in popular media">edit</a>]</div> Since April 2018, medical insurance coverage was expanding in Japan, so doctors were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery, as it has the advantage of reducing the burden on the patient. Japanese drama <a href="/wiki/Black_Pean" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pean">Black Pean</a> takes on this challenge, showing both sides' point of view. Two University Hospitals are competing to be the best in the Cardiac Surgery Department. One, Tojo, has the best traditional surgeons, while the other, Teika, is all about researching and implementing the most recent technology. With this, Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">Da Vinci robot</a> (named in the drama as Darwin). Newhart Watanabe International Hospital, a pioneer in da Vinci surgery for the heart in Japan, was used as background for the drama, with Dr. Gou Watanabe providing technical support.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_segment_navigation" title="Bone segment navigation">Bone segment navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">Computer-assisted surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_robot" title="Diagnostic robot">Diagnostic robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive surgery">Minimally invasive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_registration" title="Patient registration">Patient registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereolithography_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereolithography (medicine)">Stereolithography (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_Segment_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical Segment Navigator">Surgical Segment Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barbash_2010-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbash_2010_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbash_2010_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbash_2010_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarbashGlied2010" class="citation journal cs1">Barbash GI, Glied SA (August 2010). "New technology and health care costs--the case of robot-assisted surgery". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (8): 701–704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmp1006602">10.1056/nejmp1006602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20818872">20818872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15596885">15596885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=New+technology+and+health+care+costs--the+case+of+robot-assisted+surgery&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=701-704&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15596885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20818872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmp1006602&rft.aulast=Barbash&rft.aufirst=GI&rft.au=Glied%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Devices_and_Radiological_Health" class="citation web cs1">Center for Devices and Radiological Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm632142.htm">"Safety Communications – Caution When Using Robotically-Assisted Surgical Devices in Women's Health including Mastectomy and Other Cancer-Related Surgeries: FDA Safety Communication"</a>. www.fda.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331062225/https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm632142.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019. <q>Understand that the FDA has not cleared or approved any robotically-assisted surgical device based on cancer-related outcomes such as overall survival, recurrence, and disease-free survival.... The safety and effectiveness of robotically-assisted surgical devices for use in mastectomy procedures or prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fda.gov&rft.atitle=Safety+Communications+%E2%80%93+Caution+When+Using+Robotically-Assisted+Surgical+Devices+in+Women%27s+Health+including+Mastectomy+and+Other+Cancer-Related+Surgeries%3A+FDA+Safety+Communication&rft.au=Center+for+Devices+and+Radiological+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FMedicalDevices%2FSafety%2FAlertsandNotices%2Fucm632142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianday.ca/imagez/1051_28738.pdf">"Medical Post 23:1985"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194508/http://www.brianday.ca/imagez/1051_28738.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Post+23%3A1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brianday.ca%2Fimagez%2F1051_28738.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauterbach_2017-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lauterbach_2017_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lauterbach_2017_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lauterbach_2017_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lauterbach_2017_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterbachMatanesLowenstein2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lauterbach R, Matanes E, Lowenstein L (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415365">"Review of Robotic Surgery in Gynecology-The Future Is Here"</a>. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 8 (2): e0019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5041%2Frmmj.10296">10.5041/rmmj.10296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415365">5415365</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28467761">28467761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rambam+Maimonides+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Robotic+Surgery+in+Gynecology-The+Future+Is+Here&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0019&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5415365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28467761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5041%2Frmmj.10296&rft.aulast=Lauterbach&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Matanes%2C+E&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5415365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2014" class="citation web cs1">Day B (8 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ca7JPD9pg-8">"Arthrobot - the world's first surgical robot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ca7JPD9pg-8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Arthrobot+-+the+world%27s+first+surgical+robot&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dca7JPD9pg-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwohHouJonckheereHayati1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S (February 1988). "A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery". IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 35 (2): 153–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F10.1354">10.1109/10.1354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3280462">3280462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31260974">31260974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Bio-Medical+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+robot+with+improved+absolute+positioning+accuracy+for+CT+guided+stereotactic+brain+surgery&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-160&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31260974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3280462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F10.1354&rft.aulast=Kwoh&rft.aufirst=YS&rft.au=Hou%2C+J&rft.au=Jonckheere%2C+EA&rft.au=Hayati%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndelliniDi_MauroFaggianoDerrico2019" class="citation journal cs1">Andellini M, Di Mauro R, Faggiano F, Derrico P, Ritrovato M (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-technology-assessment-in-health-care/article/pp187-robotic-surgery-any-updates/41CA52372A9275AD1304595895CE729F">"PP187 Robotic Surgery, Any Updates?"</a>. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 35 (S1): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266462319002757">10.1017/S0266462319002757</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-4623">0266-4623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214168249">214168249</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419043539/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-technology-assessment-in-health-care/article/pp187-robotic-surgery-any-updates/41CA52372A9275AD1304595895CE729F">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Technology+Assessment+in+Health+Care&rft.atitle=PP187+Robotic+Surgery%2C+Any+Updates%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214168249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0266-4623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266462319002757&rft.aulast=Andellini&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Di+Mauro%2C+R&rft.au=Faggiano%2C+F&rft.au=Derrico%2C+P&rft.au=Ritrovato%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-technology-assessment-in-health-care%2Farticle%2Fpp187-robotic-surgery-any-updates%2F41CA52372A9275AD1304595895CE729F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulBargarMittlestadtMusits1992" class="citation journal cs1">Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, Musits B, Taylor RH, Kazanzides P, et al. (December 1992). "Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 285 (285): 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00003086-199212000-00010">10.1097/00003086-199212000-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1446455">1446455</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25245838">25245838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Orthopaedics+and+Related+Research&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+surgical+robot+for+cementless+total+hip+arthroplasty&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=285&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25245838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1446455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00003086-199212000-00010&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Bargar%2C+WL&rft.au=Mittlestadt%2C+B&rft.au=Musits%2C+B&rft.au=Taylor%2C+RH&rft.au=Kazanzides%2C+P&rft.au=Zuhars%2C+J&rft.au=Williamson%2C+B&rft.au=Hanson%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanfrancoCastellanosDesaiMeyers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187">"Robotic surgery: a current perspective"</a>. Annals of Surgery. 239 (1): 14–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d">10.1097/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187">1356187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14685095">14685095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+surgery%3A+a+current+perspective&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14685095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d&rft.aulast=Lanfranco&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Castellanos%2C+AE&rft.au=Desai%2C+JP&rft.au=Meyers%2C+WC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robot.md/publications/robodoc-surgical-robot-sucess-story.pdf">"ROBODOC: Surgical Robot Success Story"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929033023/http://www.robot.md/publications/robodoc-surgical-robot-sucess-story.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROBODOC%3A+Surgical+Robot+Success+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robot.md%2Fpublications%2Frobodoc-surgical-robot-sucess-story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meadows M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301135726/https://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_computer.html">"Computer-assisted surgery: an update"</a>. FDA Consumer. 39 (4). <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>: 16–17. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16252396">16252396</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_computer.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA+Consumer&rft.atitle=Computer-assisted+surgery%3A+an+update&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16252396&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffdac%2Ffeatures%2F2005%2F405_computer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnellSchneebergerMichler2003" class="citation journal cs1">McConnell PI, Schneeberger EW, Michler RE (2003). "History and development of robotic cardiac surgery". Problems in General Surgery. 20 (2): 20–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e">10.1097/01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+in+General+Surgery&rft.atitle=History+and+development+of+robotic+cardiac+surgery&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=PI&rft.au=Schneeberger%2C+EW&rft.au=Michler%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngerUngerBass1994" class="citation journal cs1">Unger SW, Unger HM, Bass RT (September 1994). "AESOP robotic arm". Surgical Endoscopy. 8 (9): 1131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00705739">10.1007/BF00705739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7992194">7992194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40064513">40064513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=AESOP+robotic+arm&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1131&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40064513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7992194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00705739&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=Unger%2C+HM&rft.au=Bass%2C+RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaekKim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baek SJ, Kim SH (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fases.12087">"Robotics in general surgery: an evidence-based review"</a>. Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 7 (2): 117–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fases.12087">10.1111/ases.12087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877247">24877247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29441809">29441809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Endoscopic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Robotics+in+general+surgery%3A+an+evidence-based+review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-123&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29441809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24877247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fases.12087&rft.aulast=Baek&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fases.12087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersweyveld1999" class="citation web cs1">Versweyveld L (29 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoise.com/vmw/99/articles/vmw/LV-VM-11-99-1.html">"ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy"</a>. Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920021509/http://www.hoise.com/vmw/99/articles/vmw/LV-VM-11-99-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZEUS+robot+system+reverses+sterilization+to+enable+birth+of+baby+boy&rft.pub=Virtual+Medical+Worlds+Monthly&rft.date=1999-09-29&rft.aulast=Versweyveld&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoise.com%2Fvmw%2F99%2Farticles%2Fvmw%2FLV-VM-11-99-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020328150235/http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2000_Groups/Heart_Surgery/Robotics.html">"Robotics: the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery"</a>. Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University. 6 October 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2000_Groups/Heart_Surgery/Robotics.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2002. Retrieved 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robotics%3A+the+Future+of+Minimally+Invasive+Heart+Surgery&rft.pub=Division+of+Biology+and+Medicine%2C+Brown+University&rft.date=1999-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomed.brown.edu%2FCourses%2FBI108%2FBI108_2000_Groups%2FHeart_Surgery%2FRobotics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001049/http://www.ircad.fr/event/lindbergh/index.php?lng=en">"Linbergh Operation – IRCAD/EITS Laparoscopic Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircad.fr/event/lindbergh/index.php?lng=en">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linbergh+Operation+%E2%80%93+IRCAD%2FEITS+Laparoscopic+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircad.fr%2Fevent%2Flindbergh%2Findex.php%3Flng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydRaymanDesaiMenkis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd WD, Rayman R, Desai ND, Menkis AH, Dobkowski W, Ganapathy S, et al. (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmtc.2000.109541">"Closed-chest coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart with the use of a computer-enhanced surgical robotic system"</a>. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 120 (4): 807–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmtc.2000.109541">10.1067/mtc.2000.109541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11003767">11003767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Closed-chest+coronary+artery+bypass+grafting+on+the+beating+heart+with+the+use+of+a+computer-enhanced+surgical+robotic+system&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=807-809&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmtc.2000.109541&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11003767&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=WD&rft.au=Rayman%2C+R&rft.au=Desai%2C+ND&rft.au=Menkis%2C+AH&rft.au=Dobkowski%2C+W&rft.au=Ganapathy%2C+S&rft.au=Kiaii%2C+B&rft.au=Jablonsky%2C+G&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+FN&rft.au=Novick%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1067%252Fmtc.2000.109541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid120087632-19"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid120087632_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydKiaiiKoderaRayman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd WD, Kiaii B, Kodera K, Rayman R, Abu-Khudair W, Fazel S, et al. (February 2002). "Early experience with robotically assisted internal thoracic artery harvest". Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 12 (1): 52–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00019509-200202000-00009">10.1097/00019509-200202000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12008763">12008763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42287712">42287712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Laparoscopy%2C+Endoscopy+%26+Percutaneous+Techniques&rft.atitle=Early+experience+with+robotically+assisted+internal+thoracic+artery+harvest&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-57&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42287712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12008763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00019509-200202000-00009&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=WD&rft.au=Kiaii%2C+B&rft.au=Kodera%2C+K&rft.au=Rayman%2C+R&rft.au=Abu-Khudair%2C+W&rft.au=Fazel%2C+S&rft.au=Dobkowski%2C+WB&rft.au=Ganapathy%2C+S&rft.au=Jablonsky%2C+G&rft.au=Novick%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182210/https://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=health#!&innovation=telerobotic-surgery">"Telerobotic Surgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=health#!&innovation=telerobotic-surgery">the original</a> on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telerobotic+Surgery&rft.pub=SRI+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sri.com%2Fwork%2Ftimeline-innovation%2Ftimeline.php%3Ftimeline%3Dhealth%23%21%26innovation%3Dtelerobotic-surgery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatava2002" class="citation journal cs1">Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective". Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 12 (1): 6–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00129689-200202000-00002">10.1097/00129689-200202000-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12008765">12008765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45163715">45163715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Laparoscopy%2C+Endoscopy+%26+Percutaneous+Techniques&rft.atitle=Surgical+robotics%3A+the+early+chronicles%3A+a+personal+historical+perspective&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-16&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45163715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12008765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00129689-200202000-00002&rft.aulast=Satava&rft.aufirst=RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeBrandLaPortaMarescaux2018" class="citation journal cs1">George EI, Brand TC, LaPorta A, Marescaux J, Satava RM (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261744">"Origins of Robotic Surgery: From Skepticism to Standard of Care"</a>. JSLS. 22 (4): e2018.00039. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4293%2FJSLS.2018.00039">10.4293/JSLS.2018.00039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261744">6261744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30524184">30524184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSLS&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Robotic+Surgery%3A+From+Skepticism+to+Standard+of+Care&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e2018.00039&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6261744%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30524184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4293%2FJSLS.2018.00039&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=EI&rft.au=Brand%2C+TC&rft.au=LaPorta%2C+A&rft.au=Marescaux%2C+J&rft.au=Satava%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6261744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outpatient_Robotic_surgery:_Conside-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outpatient_Robotic_surgery:_Conside_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outpatient_Robotic_surgery:_Conside_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamezeLow2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tameze Y, Low YH (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9626246">"Outpatient Robotic surgery: Considerations for the Anesthesiologist"</a>. Advances in Anesthesia. 40 (1): 15–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aan.2022.06.001">10.1016/j.aan.2022.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9626246">9626246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333045">36333045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Anesthesia&rft.atitle=Outpatient+Robotic+surgery%3A+Considerations+for+the+Anesthesiologist&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-32&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9626246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36333045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aan.2022.06.001&rft.aulast=Tameze&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Low%2C+YH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9626246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSungGill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems". Urology. 58 (6): 893–898. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0090-4295%2801%2901423-6">10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01423-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11744453">11744453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Robotic+laparoscopic+surgery%3A+a+comparison+of+the+DA+Vinci+and+Zeus+systems&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=893-898&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0090-4295%2801%2901423-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11744453&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=GT&rft.au=Gill%2C+IS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2009" class="citation news cs1">Gomez M (22 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804104220/http://wcbstv.com/health/da.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html">"New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants: N.J. Hospital Performs World's First All-Robotic Transplant"</a>. CBS News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcbstv.com/health/da.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=New+Robot+Technology+Eases+Kidney+Transplants%3A+N.J.+Hospital+Performs+World%27s+First+All-Robotic+Transplant&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcbstv.com%2Fhealth%2Fda.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/davinci_surgical_system_si/">"da Vinci Si Surgical System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222409/http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/davinci_surgical_system_si/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=da+Vinci+Si+Surgical+System&rft.pub=Intuitive+Surgical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intuitivesurgical.com%2Fproducts%2Fdavinci_surgical_system%2Fdavinci_surgical_system_si%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveiraNguyenFerrazWatters2012" class="citation journal cs1">Oliveira CM, Nguyen HT, Ferraz AR, Watters K, Rosman B, Rahbar R (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337488">"Robotic surgery in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: a review"</a>. Minimally Invasive Surgery. 2012: 286563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F286563">10.1155/2012/286563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337488">3337488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22567225">22567225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minimally+Invasive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+surgery+in+otolaryngology+and+head+and+neck+surgery%3A+a+review&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=286563&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3337488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22567225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2012%2F286563&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+HT&rft.au=Ferraz%2C+AR&rft.au=Watters%2C+K&rft.au=Rosman%2C+B&rft.au=Rahbar%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3337488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein_20052-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_20052_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_20052_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinO'malleyHockstein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model". The Laryngoscope. 115 (7): 1315–1319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47">10.1097/01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15995528">15995528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30860198">30860198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Transoral+robotic+surgery%3A+supraglottic+laryngectomy+in+a+canine+model&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1315-1319&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30860198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15995528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=GS&rft.au=O%27malley%2C+BW&rft.au=Hockstein%2C+NG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeParkByeonChoi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee SY, Park YM, Byeon HK, Choi EC, Kim SH (August 2014). "Comparison of oncologic and functional outcomes after transoral robotic lateral oropharyngectomy versus conventional surgery for T1 to T3 tonsillar cancer". Head & Neck. 36 (8): 1138–1145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhed.23424">10.1002/hed.23424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23836492">23836492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25773206">25773206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Head+%26+Neck&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+oncologic+and+functional+outcomes+after+transoral+robotic+lateral+oropharyngectomy+versus+conventional+surgery+for+T1+to+T3+tonsillar+cancer&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1138-1145&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25773206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23836492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhed.23424&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=SY&rft.au=Park%2C+YM&rft.au=Byeon%2C+HK&rft.au=Choi%2C+EC&rft.au=Kim%2C+SH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlass2006" class="citation news cs1">Blass E (19 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2006-05-19-robot-surgeon-performs-worlds-first-unassisted-operation.html">"Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130005100/https://www.engadget.com/2006-05-19-robot-surgeon-performs-worlds-first-unassisted-operation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Robotic+Surgeon+performs+surgery+on+first+live+human&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft.aulast=Blass&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2006-05-19-robot-surgeon-performs-worlds-first-unassisted-operation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news67222790.html">"Robot surgeon carries out 9-hour operation by itself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phys.Org" class="mw-redirect" title="Phys.Org">Phys.Org</a>. 19 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606210358/http://www.physorg.com/news67222790.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.Org&rft.atitle=Robot+surgeon+carries+out+9-hour+operation+by+itself&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews67222790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParekattil" class="citation web cs1">Parekattil S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roboticinfertility.com/">"Robotic Infertility"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227050703/https://avanturol.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robotic+Infertility&rft.aulast=Parekattil&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roboticinfertility.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/11/20/surgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction">"Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction"</a>. Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122112621/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/11/20/surgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Surgeons+perform+world%27s+first+pediatric+robotic+bladder+reconstruction&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesciencenews.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2F20%2Fsurgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502165123/https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/may2008/neuroArm">"neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first"</a>. ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/may2008/neuroArm">the original</a> on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=neuroArm+%3A+revolutionary+procedure+a+world+first&rft.pub=ucalgary.ca&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fnews%2Fmay2008%2FneuroArm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagnNicklJörgTobergte2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics". Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC. 7: 143–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrestagung+der+Deutschen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Computer+und+Roboterassistierte+Chirurgie%3B+Proceedings+of+CURAC&rft.atitle=DLR+MiroSurge+%E2%80%93+towards+versatility+in+surgical+robotics&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=143-146&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hagn&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Nickl%2C+M&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg%2C+S&rft.au=Tobergte%2C+A&rft.au=K%C3%BCbler%2C+B&rft.au=Passig%2C+G&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ger%2C+M&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6hlich%2C+F&rft.au=Seibold%2C+U&rft.au=Konietschke%2C+R&rft.au=Le-Tien%2C+L&rft.au=Albu-Sch%C3%A4ffer%2C+A&rft.au=Grebenstein%2C+M&rft.au=Ortmaier%2C+T&rft.au=Hirzinger%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171318/http://w3.wtb.tue.nl/nl/nieuws/artikel/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10041&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=465&cHash=ebb243e7ff">"Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie"</a> (in Dutch). TU/e. 27 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.wtb.tue.nl/nl/nieuws/artikel/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10041&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=465&cHash=ebb243e7ff">the original</a> on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beter+opereren+met+nieuwe+Nederlandse+operatierobot+Sofie&rft.pub=TU%2Fe&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.wtb.tue.nl%2Fnl%2Fnieuws%2Fartikel%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D10041%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D465%26cHash%3Debb243e7ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FV_robo12-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FV_robo12_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://med.over.net/index.php?full=1&id=25545&title=V_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju">"V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju"</a> [The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820221055/http://med.over.net/index.php?full=1&id=25545&title=V_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=V+UKC+Ljubljana+prvi%C4%8D+na+svetu+uporabili+%C5%BEilnega+robota+za+posege+na+femoralnem+%C5%BEilju&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmed.over.net%2Findex.php%3Ffull%3D1%26id%3D25545%26title%3DV_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FV_robo22-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FV_robo22_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/zdravje/1042434634">"UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine"</a> [UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105031951/http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/zdravje/1042434634">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UKC+Ljubljana+kljub+finan%C4%8Dnim+omejitvam+uspe%C5%A1en+v+razvoju+medicine&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevnik.si%2Fnovice%2Fzdravje%2F1042434634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-45370642">"New Versius robot surgery system coming to NHS"</a>. BBC. 3 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905204921/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-45370642">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Versius+robot+surgery+system+coming+to+NHS&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-45370642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Smet_2018-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Smet_2018_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Smet_2018_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_SmetNausFaridpooyaMura2018" class="citation journal cs1">de Smet MD, Naus GJ, Faridpooya K, Mura M (May 2018). "Robotic-assisted surgery in ophthalmology". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 29 (3): 248–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FICU.0000000000000476">10.1097/ICU.0000000000000476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29553953">29553953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4574073">4574073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Robotic-assisted+surgery+in+ophthalmology&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-253&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4574073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29553953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FICU.0000000000000476&rft.aulast=de+Smet&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Naus%2C+GJ&rft.au=Faridpooya%2C+K&rft.au=Mura%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preceyes.nl/preceyes-surgical-system/">"PRECEYES Surgical System – Preceyes BV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410115512/http://www.preceyes.nl/preceyes-surgical-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRECEYES+Surgical+System+%E2%80%93+Preceyes+BV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preceyes.nl%2Fpreceyes-surgical-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forsightrobotics.com/oryom/">"ORYOM™"</a>. Forsight Robotics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019132240/https://www.forsightrobotics.com/oryom/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forsight+Robotics&rft.atitle=ORYOM%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forsightrobotics.com%2Foryom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acusurgical.com/">"Acusurgical is developing robots for retinal surgery"</a>. ACUSURGICAL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426221927/https://acusurgical.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACUSURGICAL&rft.atitle=Acusurgical+is+developing+robots+for+retinal+surgery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facusurgical.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210217005035/en/AcuSurgical-raises-%E2%82%AC5.75-Million-in-Series-A-financing-to-advance-its-robotic-ocular-microsurgery-platform.">"AcuSurgical raises €5.75 Million in Series A financing, to advance its robotic ocular microsurgery platform"</a>. Businesswire. 18 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407135436/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210217005035/en/AcuSurgical-raises-%E2%82%AC5.75-Million-in-Series-A-financing-to-advance-its-robotic-ocular-microsurgery-platform.">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Businesswire&rft.atitle=AcuSurgical+raises+%E2%82%AC5.75+Million+in+Series+A+financing%2C+to+advance+its+robotic+ocular+microsurgery+platform.&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20210217005035%2Fen%2FAcuSurgical-raises-%25E2%2582%25AC5.75-Million-in-Series-A-financing-to-advance-its-robotic-ocular-microsurgery-platform.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimJungKimKim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim JE, Jung SH, Kim GS, Kim JB, Choo SJ, Chung CH, et al. (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631797">"Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Atrial Septal Defect Using da VinciTM Surgical Robot System"</a>. The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 46 (2): 93–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5090%2Fkjtcs.2013.46.2.93">10.5090/kjtcs.2013.46.2.93</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631797">3631797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23614093">23614093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korean+Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Surgical+Outcomes+of+Congenital+Atrial+Septal+Defect+Using+da+VinciTM+Surgical+Robot+System&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-97&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3631797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23614093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5090%2Fkjtcs.2013.46.2.93&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Jung%2C+SH&rft.au=Kim%2C+GS&rft.au=Kim%2C+JB&rft.au=Choo%2C+SJ&rft.au=Chung%2C+CH&rft.au=Lee%2C+JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3631797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillinovMihaljevicJavadikasgariSuri2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Javadikasgari H, Suri RM, Mick SL, Navia JL, et al. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2017.07.037">"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases"</a>. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 155 (1): 82–91.e2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2017.07.037">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.07.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893396">28893396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8495890">8495890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Early+results+of+robotically+assisted+mitral+valve+surgery%3A+Analysis+of+the+first+1000+cases&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-91.e2&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8495890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28893396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2017.07.037&rft.aulast=Gillinov&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Mihaljevic%2C+T&rft.au=Javadikasgari%2C+H&rft.au=Suri%2C+RM&rft.au=Mick%2C+SL&rft.au=Navia%2C+JL&rft.au=Desai%2C+MY&rft.au=Bonatti%2C+J&rft.au=Khosravi%2C+M&rft.au=Idrees%2C+JJ&rft.au=Lowry%2C+AM&rft.au=Blackstone%2C+EH&rft.au=Svensson%2C+LG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jtcvs.2017.07.037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalkosLibermanDevireddyWalker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Halkos ME, Liberman HA, Devireddy C, Walker P, Finn AV, Jaber W, et al. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2013.09.010">"Early clinical and angiographic outcomes after robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery"</a>. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 147 (1): 179–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2013.09.010">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24172691">24172691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Early+clinical+and+angiographic+outcomes+after+robotic-assisted+coronary+artery+bypass+surgery&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-185&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2013.09.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24172691&rft.aulast=Halkos&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Liberman%2C+HA&rft.au=Devireddy%2C+C&rft.au=Walker%2C+P&rft.au=Finn%2C+AV&rft.au=Jaber%2C+W&rft.au=Guyton%2C+RA&rft.au=Puskas%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jtcvs.2013.09.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelfiMenconiMarianiAngeletti2002" class="citation journal cs1">Melfi FM, Menconi GF, Mariani AM, Angeletti CA (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1010-7940%2802%2900102-1">"Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery"</a>. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 21 (5): 864–868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1010-7940%2802%2900102-1">10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00102-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062276">12062276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cardio-Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Early+experience+with+robotic+technology+for+thoracoscopic+surgery&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=864-868&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1010-7940%2802%2900102-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12062276&rft.aulast=Melfi&rft.aufirst=FM&rft.au=Menconi%2C+GF&rft.au=Mariani%2C+AM&rft.au=Angeletti%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1010-7940%252802%252900102-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatifPark2017" class="citation journal cs1">Latif MJ, Park BJ (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637743">"Robotics in general thoracic surgery procedures"</a>. Journal of Visualized Surgery. 3: 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Fjovs.2017.03.14">10.21037/jovs.2017.03.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637743">5637743</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29078607">29078607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Visualized+Surgery&rft.atitle=Robotics+in+general+thoracic+surgery+procedures&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5637743%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29078607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Fjovs.2017.03.14&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Park%2C+BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5637743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2017" class="citation web cs1">Song J (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/news/patient-first-undergo-robot-assisted-cochlear-implantation">"Patient is First to Undergo Robot-Assisted Cochlear Implantation"</a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006150715/https://www.aaas.org/news/patient-first-undergo-robot-assisted-cochlear-implantation">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science+%28AAAS%29&rft.atitle=Patient+is+First+to+Undergo+Robot-Assisted+Cochlear+Implantation&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Fpatient-first-undergo-robot-assisted-cochlear-implantation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaraShahalMittalEshraghi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Panara K, Shahal D, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA (August 2021). "Robotics for Cochlear Implantation Surgery: Challenges and Opportunities". Otology & Neurotology. 42 (7): e825–e835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMAO.0000000000003165">10.1097/MAO.0000000000003165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33993143">33993143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234747381">234747381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Otology+%26+Neurotology&rft.atitle=Robotics+for+Cochlear+Implantation+Surgery%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e825-e835&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234747381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33993143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMAO.0000000000003165&rft.aulast=Panara&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Shahal%2C+D&rft.au=Mittal%2C+R&rft.au=Eshraghi%2C+AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artorg.unibe.ch/research/igt/research/robotic_cochlear_implantation/index_eng.html">"Robotic Cochlear Implantation"</a>. ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research. 19 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006160727/https://www.artorg.unibe.ch/research/igt/research/robotic_cochlear_implantation/index_eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTORG+Center+for+Biomedical+Engineering+Research&rft.atitle=Robotic+Cochlear+Implantation&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artorg.unibe.ch%2Fresearch%2Figt%2Fresearch%2Frobotic_cochlear_implantation%2Findex_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi_2017-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2017_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2017_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2017_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2017" class="citation web cs1">Choi CQ (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/58274-robot-assists-tricky-cochlear-implant-surgery.html">"Robo First: Bot Assists with Tricky Cochlear-Implant Surgery"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006150716/https://www.livescience.com/58274-robot-assists-tricky-cochlear-implant-surgery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Robo+First%3A+Bot+Assists+with+Tricky+Cochlear-Implant+Surgery&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=CQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F58274-robot-assists-tricky-cochlear-implant-surgery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedat2020" class="citation web cs1">Vedat T (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/the-hearo-procedure-for-cochlear-implantation">"The HEARO Procedure for cochlear implantation"</a>. ENT & Audiology News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006150717/https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/the-hearo-procedure-for-cochlear-implantation">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENT+%26+Audiology+News&rft.atitle=The+HEARO+Procedure+for+cochlear+implantation&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Vedat&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entandaudiologynews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fent-features%2Fpost%2Fthe-hearo-procedure-for-cochlear-implantation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiaPanGuTan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jia H, Pan J, Gu W, Tan H, Chen Y, Zhang Z, et al. (7 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294934">"Robot-Assisted Electrode Array Insertion Becomes Available in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients: First Report and an Intra-Individual Study"</a>. Frontiers in Surgery. 8: 695728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsurg.2021.695728">10.3389/fsurg.2021.695728</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294934">8294934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34307444">34307444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Surgery&rft.atitle=Robot-Assisted+Electrode+Array+Insertion+Becomes+Available+in+Pediatric+Cochlear+Implant+Recipients%3A+First+Report+and+an+Intra-Individual+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=695728&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8294934%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34307444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsurg.2021.695728&rft.aulast=Jia&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Pan%2C+J&rft.au=Gu%2C+W&rft.au=Tan%2C+H&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z&rft.au=Jiang%2C+M&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Sterkers%2C+O&rft.au=Wu%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8294934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyunLeeKimTong2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hyun MH, Lee CH, Kim HJ, Tong Y, Park SS (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.9242">"Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma"</a>. The British Journal of Surgery. 100 (12): 1566–1578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.9242">10.1002/bjs.9242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24264778">24264778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205514054">205514054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+robotic+surgery+compared+with+conventional+laparoscopic+and+open+resections+for+gastric+carcinoma&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1566-1578&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205514054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24264778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbjs.9242&rft.aulast=Hyun&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Lee%2C+CH&rft.au=Kim%2C+HJ&rft.au=Tong%2C+Y&rft.au=Park%2C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbjs.9242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talamini_M_1524-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Talamini_M_1524_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalaminiChapmanHorganMelvin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Talamini MA, Chapman S, Horgan S, Melvin WS (October 2003). "A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures". Surgical Endoscopy. 17 (10): 1521–1524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-002-8853-3">10.1007/s00464-002-8853-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915974">12915974</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25327137">25327137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=A+prospective+analysis+of+211+robotic-assisted+surgical+procedures&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1521-1524&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25327137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12915974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-002-8853-3&rft.aulast=Talamini&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Chapman%2C+S&rft.au=Horgan%2C+S&rft.au=Melvin%2C+WS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvinNeedlemanKrauseSchneider2002" class="citation journal cs1">Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Schneider C, Ellison EC (2002). "Computer-enhanced vs. standard laparoscopic antireflux surgery". Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 6 (1): 11–15, discussion 15–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1091-255X%2801%2900032-4">10.1016/S1091-255X(01)00032-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986012">11986012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:678863">678863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gastrointestinal+Surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-enhanced+vs.+standard+laparoscopic+antireflux+surgery&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-15%2C+discussion+15-16&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A678863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11986012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1091-255X%2801%2900032-4&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Needleman%2C+BJ&rft.au=Krause%2C+KR&rft.au=Schneider%2C+C&rft.au=Ellison%2C+EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvinDundonTalaminiHorgan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Melvin WS, Dundon JM, Talamini M, Horgan S (October 2005). "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy". Surgery. 138 (4): 553–558, discussion 558–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.07.025">10.1016/j.surg.2005.07.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269282">16269282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-enhanced+robotic+telesurgery+minimizes+esophageal+perforation+during+Heller+myotomy&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-558%2C+discussion+558-559&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.07.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16269282&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Dundon%2C+JM&rft.au=Talamini%2C+M&rft.au=Horgan%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaligramUnnireviSimorovKothari2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shaligram A, Unnirevi J, Simorov A, Kothari VM, Oleynikov D (April 2012). "How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia". Surgical Endoscopy. 26 (4): 1047–1050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-011-1994-5">10.1007/s00464-011-1994-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22038167">22038167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22756808">22756808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=How+does+the+robot+affect+outcomes%3F+A+retrospective+review+of+open%2C+laparoscopic%2C+and+robotic+Heller+myotomy+for+achalasia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1047-1050&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22756808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22038167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-011-1994-5&rft.aulast=Shaligram&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Unnirevi%2C+J&rft.au=Simorov%2C+A&rft.au=Kothari%2C+VM&rft.au=Oleynikov%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouXinMouXu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou JY, Xin C, Mou YP, Xu XW, Zhang MZ, Zhou YC, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790929">"Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0151189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1151189Z">2016PLoSO..1151189Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0151189">10.1371/journal.pone.0151189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790929">4790929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26974961">26974961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Robotic+versus+Laparoscopic+Distal+Pancreatectomy%3A+A+Meta-Analysis+of+Short-Term+Outcomes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0151189&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4790929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26974961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0151189&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1151189Z&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=JY&rft.au=Xin%2C+C&rft.au=Mou%2C+YP&rft.au=Xu%2C+XW&rft.au=Zhang%2C+MZ&rft.au=Zhou%2C+YC&rft.au=Lu%2C+C&rft.au=Chen%2C+RG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4790929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconeGoldbergGarcia-RuizMargossian1999" class="citation journal cs1">Falcone T, Goldberg J, Garcia-Ruiz A, Margossian H, Stevens L (February 1999). "Full robotic assistance for laparoscopic tubal anastomosis: a case report". Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 9 (1): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Flap.1999.9.107">10.1089/lap.1999.9.107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10194702">10194702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Laparoendoscopic+%26+Advanced+Surgical+Techniques.+Part+A&rft.atitle=Full+robotic+assistance+for+laparoscopic+tubal+anastomosis%3A+a+case+report&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-113&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Flap.1999.9.107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10194702&rft.aulast=Falcone&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+J&rft.au=Garcia-Ruiz%2C+A&rft.au=Margossian%2C+H&rft.au=Stevens%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrie_2019-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrie_2019_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrie_2019_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrie_2019_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrieLiuLuDowswell2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrie TA, Liu H, Lu D, Dowswell T, Song H, Wang L, et al. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464707">"Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD011422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011422.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD011422.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464707">6464707</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30985921">30985921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+surgery+in+gynaecology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD011422&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464707%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30985921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011422.pub2&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Liu%2C+H&rft.au=Lu%2C+D&rft.au=Dowswell%2C+T&rft.au=Song%2C+H&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.au=Shi%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07">"Committee opinion no. 628: robotic surgery in gynecology"</a>. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 125 (3): 760–767. March 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07">10.1097/01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25730256">25730256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:886451">886451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Committee+opinion+no.+628%3A+robotic+surgery+in+gynecology&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=760-767&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A886451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25730256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song_2014-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2014_65-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongKim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Song SH, Kim KS (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131076">"Current status of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in pediatric urology"</a>. Korean Journal of Urology. 55 (8): 499–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4111%2Fkju.2014.55.8.499">10.4111/kju.2014.55.8.499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131076">4131076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25132942">25132942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+robot-assisted+laparoscopic+surgery+in+pediatric+urology&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=499-504&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131076%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25132942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4111%2Fkju.2014.55.8.499&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Kim%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-memic-66"><a href="#cite_ref-memic_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/memic-hominis/">"FDA approves first robotic device for transvaginal procedures"</a>. Medical Device Network. 2 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053356/https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/memic-hominis/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Device+Network&rft.atitle=FDA+approves+first+robotic+device+for+transvaginal+procedures&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicaldevice-network.com%2Fnews%2Fmemic-hominis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29490530-67"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29490530_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangTangXieDeng2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang T, Tang H, Xie Z, Deng S (October 2018). "Robotic-assisted vs. laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis". Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies. 27 (5): 249–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13645706.2018.1442349">10.1080/13645706.2018.1442349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29490530">29490530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3618672">3618672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minimally+Invasive+Therapy+%26+Allied+Technologies&rft.atitle=Robotic-assisted+vs.+laparoscopic+and+abdominal+myomectomy+for+treatment+of+uterine+fibroids%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=249-264&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3618672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29490530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13645706.2018.1442349&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tang%2C+H&rft.au=Xie%2C+Z&rft.au=Deng%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanagnoloGarbiAchilarreMinig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, Minig L (16 January 2017). "Robot-assisted Surgery in Gynecologic Cancers". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Minimally_Invasive_Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology">Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology</a>. 24 (3): 379–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmig.2017.01.006">10.1016/j.jmig.2017.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28104497">28104497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Minimally+Invasive+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+Surgery+in+Gynecologic+Cancers&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-396&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmig.2017.01.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28104497&rft.aulast=Zanagnolo&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Garbi%2C+A&rft.au=Achilarre%2C+MT&rft.au=Minig%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiGioiaJaramazPicardNolte2004" class="citation book cs1">DiGioia AM, Jaramaz B, Picard F, Nolte LP, eds. (2004). Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 127–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850943-1"><bdi>978-0-19-850943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+and+robotic+assisted+hip+and+knee+surgery&rft.pages=127-156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850943-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugano_2013-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sugano_2013_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugano_2013_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugano2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sugano N (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582865">"Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery and robotic surgery in total hip arthroplasty"</a>. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 5 (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4055%2Fcios.2013.5.1.1">10.4055/cios.2013.5.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582865">3582865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467021">23467021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Orthopedic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-assisted+orthopaedic+surgery+and+robotic+surgery+in+total+hip+arthroplasty&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3582865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23467021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4055%2Fcios.2013.5.1.1&rft.aulast=Sugano&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3582865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieferLöchelSamboLeder2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kiefer H, Löchel J, Sambo K, Leder B, Wassilew GI (20 May 2020). "Anterior pelvic plane registration accuracy and cup position measurement using ultrasound- and pointer-based navigation in primary total hip arthroplasty". Technology and Health Care. 28 (3): 315–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FTHC-191888">10.3233/THC-191888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31658073">31658073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204952537">204952537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Anterior+pelvic+plane+registration+accuracy+and+cup+position+measurement+using+ultrasound-+and+pointer-based+navigation+in+primary+total+hip+arthroplasty&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-323&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204952537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31658073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FTHC-191888&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=L%C3%B6chel%2C+J&rft.au=Sambo%2C+K&rft.au=Leder%2C+B&rft.au=Wassilew%2C+GI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayariPardoBasquesColman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sayari AJ, Pardo C, Basques BA, Colman MW (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595200">"Review of robotic-assisted surgery: what the future looks like through a spine oncology lens"</a>. Annals of Translational Medicine. 7 (10): 224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Fatm.2019.04.69">10.21037/atm.2019.04.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595200">6595200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31297389">31297389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Translational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Review+of+robotic-assisted+surgery%3A+what+the+future+looks+like+through+a+spine+oncology+lens&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=224&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6595200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31297389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Fatm.2019.04.69&rft.aulast=Sayari&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Pardo%2C+C&rft.au=Basques%2C+BA&rft.au=Colman%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6595200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShweikehAmadioArnellBarnard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shweikeh F, Amadio JP, Arnell M, Barnard ZR, Kim TT, Johnson JP, et al. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2014.1.focus13526">"Robotics and the spine: a review of current and ongoing applications"</a>. Neurosurgical Focus. 36 (3): E10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2014.1.focus13526">10.3171/2014.1.focus13526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24580002">24580002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgical+Focus&rft.atitle=Robotics+and+the+spine%3A+a+review+of+current+and+ongoing+applications&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=E10&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2F2014.1.focus13526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24580002&rft.aulast=Shweikeh&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Amadio%2C+JP&rft.au=Arnell%2C+M&rft.au=Barnard%2C+ZR&rft.au=Kim%2C+TT&rft.au=Johnson%2C+JP&rft.au=Drazin%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3171%252F2014.1.focus13526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang2019-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2019_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2019_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang2019_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerniCagnoliLagi1975" class="citation journal cs1">Berni G, Cagnoli L, Lagi A (November 1975). "[Goodpasture's syndrome. Case report]". Recenti Progressi in Medicina. 59 (5): 465–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11701-019-00983-6">10.1007/s11701-019-00983-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1243701">1243701</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195695119">195695119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recenti+Progressi+in+Medicina&rft.atitle=%5BGoodpasture%27s+syndrome.+Case+report%5D&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=465-478&rft.date=1975-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195695119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1243701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11701-019-00983-6&rft.aulast=Berni&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Cagnoli%2C+L&rft.au=Lagi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ham2018-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ham2018_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ham2018_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHameedYaoAllenHawthorne2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hameed AM, Yao J, Allen RD, Hawthorne WJ, Pleass HC, Lau H (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FTP.0000000000002328">"The Evolution of Kidney Transplantation Surgery Into the Robotic Era and Its Prospects for Obese Recipients"</a>. Transplantation. 102 (10): 1650–1665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FTP.0000000000002328">10.1097/TP.0000000000002328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29916987">29916987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplantation&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Kidney+Transplantation+Surgery+Into+the+Robotic+Era+and+Its+Prospects+for+Obese+Recipients&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1650-1665&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FTP.0000000000002328&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29916987&rft.aulast=Hameed&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Yao%2C+J&rft.au=Allen%2C+RD&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+WJ&rft.au=Pleass%2C+HC&rft.au=Lau%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FTP.0000000000002328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas DJ (February 2017). "3D white light interferometry assessment of robotic laser scalpel assisted surgery to minimise scar tissue formation". International Journal of Surgery. 38: 117–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2016.12.037">10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.12.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28027996">28027996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=3D+white+light+interferometry+assessment+of+robotic+laser+scalpel+assisted+surgery+to+minimise+scar+tissue+formation&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2016.12.037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28027996&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracaleCorcioneNeolaCastiglioni2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bracale U, Corcione F, Neola D, Castiglioni S, Cavallaro G, Stabilini C, et al. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8613152">"Transversus abdominis release (TAR) for ventral hernia repair: open or robotic? Short-term outcomes from a systematic review with meta-analysis"</a>. Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 25 (6): 1471–1480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10029-021-02487-5">10.1007/s10029-021-02487-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1248-9204">1248-9204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8613152">8613152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34491460">34491460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hernia%3A+The+Journal+of+Hernias+and+Abdominal+Wall+Surgery&rft.atitle=Transversus+abdominis+release+%28TAR%29+for+ventral+hernia+repair%3A+open+or+robotic%3F+Short-term+outcomes+from+a+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1471-1480&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8613152%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1248-9204&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34491460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10029-021-02487-5&rft.aulast=Bracale&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Corcione%2C+F.&rft.au=Neola%2C+D.&rft.au=Castiglioni%2C+S.&rft.au=Cavallaro%2C+G.&rft.au=Stabilini%2C+C.&rft.au=Botteri%2C+E.&rft.au=Sodo%2C+M.&rft.au=Imperatore%2C+N.&rft.au=Peltrini%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8613152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinleyRodriguezAhlering2007" class="citation journal cs1">Finley DS, Rodriguez E, Ahlering TE (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698133/">"Combined inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh during transperitoneal robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a 4-year experience"</a>. The Journal of Urology. 178 (4 Pt 1): 1296–1299, discussion 1299–1300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.juro.2007.05.154">10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5347">0022-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698133">17698133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223152032/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698133/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Combined+inguinal+hernia+repair+with+prosthetic+mesh+during+transperitoneal+robot+assisted+laparoscopic+radical+prostatectomy%3A+a+4-year+experience&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=4+Pt+1&rft.pages=1296-1299%2C+discussion+1299-1300&rft.date=2007-10&rft.issn=0022-5347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17698133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.juro.2007.05.154&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Esequiel&rft.au=Ahlering%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17698133%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonTieuSnyderPigazzi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Allison N, Tieu K, Snyder B, Pigazzi A, Wilson E (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22194031/">"Technical feasibility of robot-assisted ventral hernia repair"</a>. World Journal of Surgery. 36 (2): 447–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00268-011-1389-8">10.1007/s00268-011-1389-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2323">1432-2323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22194031">22194031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223152032/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22194031/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Technical+feasibility+of+robot-assisted+ventral+hernia+repair&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=447-452&rft.date=2012-02&rft.issn=1432-2323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22194031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00268-011-1389-8&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Tieu%2C+Ken&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Brad&rft.au=Pigazzi%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22194031%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelyanskyDaesRaduBalasubramanian2018" class="citation journal cs1">Belyansky I, Daes J, Radu VG, Balasubramanian R, Reza Zahiri H, Weltz AS, et al. (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916960/">"A novel approach using the enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique for laparoscopic retromuscular hernia repair"</a>. Surgical Endoscopy. 32 (3): 1525–1532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-017-5840-2">10.1007/s00464-017-5840-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2218">1432-2218</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916960">28916960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3299412">3299412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223152032/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916960/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=A+novel+approach+using+the+enhanced-view+totally+extraperitoneal+%28eTEP%29+technique+for+laparoscopic+retromuscular+hernia+repair&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1525-1532&rft.date=2018-03&rft.issn=1432-2218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3299412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28916960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-017-5840-2&rft.aulast=Belyansky&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Daes%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Radu%2C+Victor+Gheorghe&rft.au=Balasubramanian%2C+Ramana&rft.au=Reza+Zahiri%2C+H.&rft.au=Weltz%2C+Adam+S.&rft.au=Sibia%2C+Udai+S.&rft.au=Park%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Novitsky%2C+Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28916960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöckerlingSheenBerrevoetCampanelli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Köckerling F, Sheen AJ, Berrevoet F, Campanelli G, Cuccurullo D, Fortelny R, et al. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6456484">"Accreditation and certification requirements for hernia centers and surgeons: the ACCESS project"</a>. Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 23 (2): 185–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10029-018-1873-2">10.1007/s10029-018-1873-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1248-9204">1248-9204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6456484">6456484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671899">30671899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hernia%3A+The+Journal+of+Hernias+and+Abdominal+Wall+Surgery&rft.atitle=Accreditation+and+certification+requirements+for+hernia+centers+and+surgeons%3A+the+ACCESS+project&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-203&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6456484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1248-9204&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30671899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10029-018-1873-2&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ckerling&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Sheen%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Berrevoet%2C+F.&rft.au=Campanelli%2C+G.&rft.au=Cuccurullo%2C+D.&rft.au=Fortelny%2C+R.&rft.au=Friis-Andersen%2C+H.&rft.au=Gillion%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Gorjanc%2C+J.&rft.au=Kopelman%2C+D.&rft.au=Lopez-Cano%2C+M.&rft.au=Morales-Conde%2C+S.&rft.au=%C3%96sterberg%2C+J.&rft.au=Reinpold%2C+W.&rft.au=Simmermacher%2C+R.+K.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6456484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lee DI (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678689">"Robotic prostatectomy: what we have learned and where we are going"</a>. Yonsei Medical Journal. 50 (2): 177–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3349%2Fymj.2009.50.2.177">10.3349/ymj.2009.50.2.177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678689">2678689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19430547">19430547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonsei+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Robotic+prostatectomy%3A+what+we+have+learned+and+where+we+are+going&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-181&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19430547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3349%2Fymj.2009.50.2.177&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=DI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsPradoHu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Williams SB, Prado K, Hu JC (November 2014). "Economics of robotic surgery: does it make sense and for whom?". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 41 (4): 591–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2014.07.013">10.1016/j.ucl.2014.07.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25306170">25306170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Urologic+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Economics+of+robotic+surgery%3A+does+it+make+sense+and+for+whom%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=591-596&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2014.07.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25306170&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Prado%2C+K&rft.au=Hu%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsayPickardRobertsonClose2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, Close A, Vale L, Armstrong N, et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780976">"Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer"</a>. Health Technology Assessment. 16 (41): 1–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta16410">10.3310/hta16410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780976">4780976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127367">23127367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Technology+Assessment&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+economic+modelling+of+the+relative+clinical+benefit+and+cost-effectiveness+of+laparoscopic+surgery+and+robotic+surgery+for+removal+of+the+prostate+in+men+with+localised+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=1-313&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23127367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fhta16410&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Pickard%2C+R&rft.au=Robertson%2C+C&rft.au=Close%2C+A&rft.au=Vale%2C+L&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+N&rft.au=Barocas%2C+DA&rft.au=Eden%2C+CG&rft.au=Fraser%2C+C&rft.au=Gurung%2C+T&rft.au=Jenkinson%2C+D&rft.au=Jia%2C+X&rft.au=Lam%2C+TB&rft.au=Mowatt%2C+G&rft.au=Neal%2C+DE&rft.au=Robinson%2C+MC&rft.au=Royle%2C+J&rft.au=Rushton%2C+SP&rft.au=Sharma%2C+P&rft.au=Shirley%2C+MD&rft.au=Soomro%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinEckersbergerSadriTaneja2010" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein J, Eckersberger E, Sadri H, Taneja SS, Lepor H, Djavan B (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859140">"Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: The European and US Experience"</a>. Reviews in Urology. 12 (1): 35–43. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859140">2859140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20428292">20428292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Urology&rft.atitle=Open+Versus+Laparoscopic+Versus+Robot-Assisted+Laparoscopic+Prostatectomy%3A+The+European+and+US+Experience&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-43&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20428292&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Eckersberger%2C+E&rft.au=Sadri%2C+H&rft.au=Taneja%2C+SS&rft.au=Lepor%2C+H&rft.au=Djavan%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLinFanXu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Li K, Lin T, Fan X, Xu K, Bi L, Duan Y, et al. (October 2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies reporting early outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 39 (6): 551–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2012.11.007">10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273846">23273846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reviews&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+comparative+studies+reporting+early+outcomes+after+robot-assisted+radical+cystectomy+versus+open+radical+cystectomy&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=551-560&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2012.11.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23273846&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lin%2C+T&rft.au=Fan%2C+X&rft.au=Xu%2C+K&rft.au=Bi%2C+L&rft.au=Duan%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Y&rft.au=Yu%2C+M&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estey-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estey_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estey_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Estey EP (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792423">"Robotic prostatectomy: The new standard of care or a marketing success?"</a>. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 3 (6): 488–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5489%2Fcuaj.1182">10.5489/cuaj.1182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792423">2792423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20019980">20019980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Urological+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Robotic+prostatectomy%3A+The+new+standard+of+care+or+a+marketing+success%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=488-490&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20019980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5489%2Fcuaj.1182&rft.aulast=Estey&rft.aufirst=EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'tooleBouazza-MaroufKerrGooroochurn2009" class="citation journal cs1">O'toole MD, Bouazza-Marouf K, Kerr D, Gooroochurn M, Vloeberghs M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_methodology_for_design_and_appraisal_of_surgical_robotic_systems/9576539/1/files/17210684.pdf">"A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems"</a> (PDF). Robotica. 28 (2): 297–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263574709990658">10.1017/S0263574709990658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8279869">8279869</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227044854/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/pstorage-loughborough-53465/coversheet/17210684/1/repo_A71ifPvD.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJGXP3DOPNGAZIK6Q/20240227/eu-west-1/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240227T044853Z&X-Amz-Expires=10&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=4446b70e77b68c27b4bf2ee206772fb7c605e27777d95357f1ac2fcba3d63a16">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Robotica&rft.atitle=A+methodology+for+design+and+appraisal+of+surgical+robotic+systems&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-310&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263574709990658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8279869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27toole&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Bouazza-Marouf%2C+K&rft.au=Kerr%2C+D&rft.au=Gooroochurn%2C+M&rft.au=Vloeberghs%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FA_methodology_for_design_and_appraisal_of_surgical_robotic_systems%2F9576539%2F1%2Ffiles%2F17210684.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kolata-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolata_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolata_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolata_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2010" class="citation news cs1">Kolata G (13 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/health/14robot.html">"Results Unproven, Robotic Surgery Wins Converts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409201825/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/health/14robot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Results+Unproven%2C+Robotic+Surgery+Wins+Converts&rft.date=2010-02-13&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F14%2Fhealth%2F14robot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardus2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhardus D (July–August 2003). "Robot-assisted surgery: the future is here". Journal of Healthcare Management. 48 (4): 242–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00115514-200307000-00008">10.1097/00115514-200307000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12908224">12908224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Healthcare+Management&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+surgery%3A+the+future+is+here&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=242-251&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00115514-200307000-00008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12908224&rft.aulast=Gerhardus&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavoussiMooreAdamsPartin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kavoussi LR, Moore RG, Adams JB, Partin AW (December 1995). "Comparison of robotic versus human laparoscopic camera control". The Journal of Urology. 154 (6): 2134–2136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2801%2966715-6">10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66715-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7500476">7500476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+robotic+versus+human+laparoscopic+camera+control&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2134-2136&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2801%2966715-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7500476&rft.aulast=Kavoussi&rft.aufirst=LR&rft.au=Moore%2C+RG&rft.au=Adams%2C+JB&rft.au=Partin%2C+AW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangWongRazjigaev2024" class="citation journal cs1">Liu T, Wang J, Wong S, Razjigaev A, Beier S, Peng S, et al. (November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aisy.202400197">"A Review on the Form and Complexity of Human–Robot Interaction in the Evolution of Autonomous Surgery"</a>. Advanced Intelligent Systems. 6 (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faisy.202400197">10.1002/aisy.202400197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2640-4567">2640-4567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Intelligent+Systems&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+the+Form+and+Complexity+of+Human%E2%80%93Robot+Interaction+in+the+Evolution+of+Autonomous+Surgery&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2024-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faisy.202400197&rft.issn=2640-4567&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Tangyou&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jiaole&rft.au=Wong%2C+Shing&rft.au=Razjigaev%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Beier%2C+Susann&rft.au=Peng%2C+Shuhua&rft.au=Do%2C+Thanh+Nho&rft.au=Song%2C+Shuang&rft.au=Chu%2C+Dewei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chun+Hui&rft.au=Lovell%2C+Nigel+H.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Liao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Faisy.202400197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkHoweTorchiana2001" class="citation book cs1">Park S, Howe RD, Torchiana DF (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45468-3_252">"Virtual Fixtures for Robotic Cardiac Surgery"</a>. In Niessen WJ, Viergever MA (eds.). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1419–1420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45468-3_252">10.1007/3-540-45468-3_252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-45468-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-45468-7"><bdi>978-3-540-45468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virtual+Fixtures+for+Robotic+Cardiac+Surgery&rft.btitle=Medical+Image+Computing+and+Computer-Assisted+Intervention+%E2%80%93+MICCAI+2001&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=1419-1420&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45468-3_252&rft.isbn=978-3-540-45468-7&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Shinsuk&rft.au=Howe%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Torchiana%2C+David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45468-3_252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Rosenberg, Louis B. "The use of virtual fixtures as perceptual overlays to enhance operator performance in remote environments." Air force material command (1992): 1-42. Technical Report AL/CF-TR-1994-0089 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA292450.pdf">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeetohulShafieeSirlantzis2023" class="citation journal cs1">Seetohul J, Shafiee M, Sirlantzis K (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10347167">"Augmented Reality (AR) for Surgical Robotic and Autonomous Systems: State of the Art, Challenges, and Solutions"</a>. Sensors. 23 (13): 6202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs23136202">10.3390/s23136202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1424-8220">1424-8220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10347167">10347167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37448050">37448050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Augmented+Reality+%28AR%29+for+Surgical+Robotic+and+Autonomous+Systems%3A+State+of+the+Art%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Solutions&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=6202&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10347167%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37448050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs23136202&rft.aulast=Seetohul&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft.au=Shafiee%2C+Mahmood&rft.au=Sirlantzis%2C+Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10347167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinelliDavidGidaroCarvello2017" class="citation journal cs1">Spinelli A, David G, Gidaro S, Carvello M, Sacchi M, Montorsi M, et al. (September 2017). "First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback". Colorectal Disease. 20 (3): 228–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcodi.13882">10.1111/codi.13882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905524">28905524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11253068">11253068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=First+experience+in+colorectal+surgery+with+a+new+robotic+platform+with+haptic+feedback&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-235&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11253068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28905524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcodi.13882&rft.aulast=Spinelli&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=David%2C+G&rft.au=Gidaro%2C+S&rft.au=Carvello%2C+M&rft.au=Sacchi%2C+M&rft.au=Montorsi%2C+M&rft.au=Montroni%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herron_2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Herron_2008_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerronMarohn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Herron DM, Marohn M (February 2008). "A consensus document on robotic surgery". Surgical Endoscopy. 22 (2): 313–325, discussion 311–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-007-9727-5">10.1007/s00464-007-9727-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18163170">18163170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6880837">6880837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=A+consensus+document+on+robotic+surgery&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-325%2C+discussion+311-312&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6880837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18163170&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-007-9727-5&rft.aulast=Herron&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Marohn%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeden2013" class="citation web cs1">Breeden JT (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2013/Statement-on-Robotic-Surgery">"Statement on Robotic Surgery"</a>. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205225138/http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2013/Statement-on-Robotic-Surgery">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Congress+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynecologists+%28ACOG%29&rft.atitle=Statement+on+Robotic+Surgery&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Breeden&rft.aufirst=JT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acog.org%2FAbout-ACOG%2FNews-Room%2FNews-Releases%2F2013%2FStatement-on-Robotic-Surgery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Robotic Surgery: Risks vs. Rewards". AORN Journal. 106 (2): 186–157. August 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aorn.2017.05.007">10.1016/j.aorn.2017.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28755672">28755672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AORN+Journal&rft.atitle=Robotic+Surgery%3A+Risks+vs.+Rewards&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-157&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aorn.2017.05.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28755672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimHamJeongSong2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kim WT, Ham WS, Jeong W, Song HJ, Rha KH, Choi YD (December 2009). "Failure and malfunction of da Vinci Surgical systems during various robotic surgeries: experience from six departments at a single institute". Urology. 74 (6): 1234–1237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2009.05.071">10.1016/j.urology.2009.05.071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19716587">19716587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Failure+and+malfunction+of+da+Vinci+Surgical+systems+during+various+robotic+surgeries%3A+experience+from+six+departments+at+a+single+institute&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1234-1237&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.urology.2009.05.071&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19716587&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=WT&rft.au=Ham%2C+WS&rft.au=Jeong%2C+W&rft.au=Song%2C+HJ&rft.au=Rha%2C+KH&rft.au=Choi%2C+YD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirkinLowranceFeiferMulhall2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mirkin JN, Lowrance WT, Feifer AH, Mulhall JP, Eastham JE, Elkin EB (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897330">"Direct-to-consumer Internet promotion of robotic prostatectomy exhibits varying quality of information"</a>. Health Affairs. 31 (4): 760–769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0329">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897330">3897330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22492893">22492893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=Direct-to-consumer+Internet+promotion+of+robotic+prostatectomy+exhibits+varying+quality+of+information&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=760-769&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22492893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0329&rft.aulast=Mirkin&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Lowrance%2C+WT&rft.au=Feifer%2C+AH&rft.au=Mulhall%2C+JP&rft.au=Eastham%2C+JE&rft.au=Elkin%2C+EB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastoCooperbergMurphy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Basto M, Cooperberg MR, Murphy DG (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mq2r8dz">"Proton therapy websites: information anarchy creates confusion"</a>. BJU International. 115 (2): 183–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbju.12667">10.1111/bju.12667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756133">25756133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10565914">10565914</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909154131/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mq2r8dz">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJU+International&rft.atitle=Proton+therapy+websites%3A+information+anarchy+creates+confusion&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-185&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10565914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25756133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbju.12667&rft.aulast=Basto&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cooperberg%2C+MR&rft.au=Murphy%2C+DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4mq2r8dz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613041704/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2111207/full/">"『ブラックペアン』ドラマ史上初、手術支援ロボ・ダビンチが登場"</a>. Oricon (in Japanese). 11 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2111207/full/">the original</a> on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oricon&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8E%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8F%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E5%88%9D%E3%80%81%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%81%8C%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2111207%2Ffull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613045059/https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/robot/1.html">"第５話から登場する手術支援ロボット・ダーウィン(※)。最先端の"ロボット手術"について、監修先生のお話を基に紐解いていきます。"</a>. TBS Black Pean official site (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/robot/1.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TBS+Black+Pean+official+site&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%95%E8%A9%B1%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%28%E2%80%BB%29%E3%80%82%E6%9C%80%E5%85%88%E7%AB%AF%E3%81%AE%22%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%22%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%80%81%E7%9B%A3%E4%BF%AE%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E8%A9%B1%E3%82%92%E5%9F%BA%E3%81%AB%E7%B4%90%E8%A7%A3%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%8D%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbs.co.jp%2Fblackpean_tbs%2F2018%2Frobot%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surgical_robots" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Surgical robots">Surgical robots</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microgravity_bioprinting" title="Microgravity bioprinting">Microgravity bioprinting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde-stabilized_cryopreservation" title="Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation">Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Ampakine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_organ" title="Artificial organ">Artificial organs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">Organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb">Womb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofabrication" title="Biofabrication">Biofabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_transplant" title="Head transplant">Head transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">Strategies for engineered negligible senescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">Nanosensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_culture" title="Organ culture">Organ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_uterus" title="Engineered uterus">engineered uterus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_medicine" title="Regenerative medicine">Regenerative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robot-assisted surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" title="Synthetic genomics">Synthetic genomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tricorder" title="Medical tricorder">Tricorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virotherapy" title="Virotherapy">Virotherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&oldid=1259429751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&oldid=1259429751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Category:Computer-assisted surgery">Computer-assisted surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surgical_robots" title="Category:Surgical robots">Surgical robots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telemedicine" title="Category:Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_informatics" title="Category:Health informatics">Health informatics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovenian-language_sources_(sl)" title="Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)">CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2016">Use dmy dates from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 02:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xqqpl","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.581","walltime":"1.739","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7387,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":290541,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5416,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":425524,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1565.923 1 -total"," 65.17% 1020.573 1 Template:Reflist"," 40.68% 637.035 69 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.09% 142.272 23 Template:Cite_web"," 7.32% 114.617 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.26% 113.618 1 Template:Emerging_technologies"," 7.24% 113.354 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.02% 94.283 1 Template:Infobox_medical_intervention"," 5.00% 78.227 4 Template:Pagetype"," 4.98% 77.991 4 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.059","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7041554,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","19.6"],["?","200","17.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","5.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","3.6"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","240","21.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-pz2cs","timestamp":"20241125025954","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Robot-assisted surgery","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robot-assisted_surgery","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q942348","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q942348","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-06T22:21:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T02:59:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0d\/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg","headline":"surgical procedure aided by robotic systems"}</script> </body> </html>