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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil death</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerlicher_Tod" title="Bürgerlicher Tod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerlicher Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πολιτικός θάνατος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικός θάνατος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte_civil" title="Muerte civil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muerte civil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_civile" title="Mort civile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mort civile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwar_farar_hula" title="Mutuwar farar hula – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutuwar farar hula" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Քաղաքացիական մահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_civile" title="Morte civile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morte civile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biergerlechen_Doud" title="Biergerlechen Doud – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biergerlechen Doud" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polg%C3%A1ri_hal%C3%A1l" title="Polgári halál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polgári halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlijke_dood" title="Burgerlijke dood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burgerlijke dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2rt_civila" title="Mòrt civila – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mòrt civila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amier%C4%87_cywilna" title="Śmierć cywilna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śmierć cywilna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_civil" title="Morte civil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morte civil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierderea_drepturilor_civile" title="Pierderea drepturilor civile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierderea drepturilor civile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гражданская смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Грађанска смрт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађанска смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteiskunnallinen_kuolema" title="Yhteiskunnallinen kuolema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteiskunnallinen kuolema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerlig_d%C3%B6d" title="Borgerlig död – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Borgerlig död" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Громадянська смерть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q841613" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Loss of all or almost all civil rights</div> <p><b>Civil death</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">civiliter mortuus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the loss of all or almost all <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> by a person due to a conviction for a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> or due to an act by the government of a country that results in the loss of civil rights. It is usually inflicted on persons convicted of crimes against the state or adults determined by a court to be legally incompetent because of mental disability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval Europe, felons lost all civil rights upon their conviction. This civil death often led to actual death, since anyone could kill and injure a felon with impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-felons_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, a person declared civilly dead was referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">vogelfrei</a></i> ('free as a bird') and could even be killed since they were completely outside the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Death,_Civil_page_138_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death,_Civil_page_138-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically <b>outlawry</b>, that is, declaring a person as an <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a>, was a common form of civil death.<sup id="cite_ref-Death,_Civil_page_138_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death,_Civil_page_138-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under early English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> a living person could under certain conditions be considered legally dead. The three categories generally recognized as resulting in civil death were <a href="/wiki/Religious_profession" title="Religious profession">profession</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Monastery_death" title="Monastery death">monastery death</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjuration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Banishment">banishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1970989_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1970989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Felony disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement of felons</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been called a form of civil death, as has being subjected to <a href="/wiki/Collateral_consequences_of_criminal_conviction" title="Collateral consequences of criminal conviction">collateral consequences</a> in general. The contention is not generally supported by legal scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil death as such remains part of the law in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deprivation of political rights is a supplementary punishment defined in the Criminal Law of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"> the People's Republic of China</a>. While this punishment is usually issued for at least one but not more than five years in conjunction with other crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">counterrevolution</a>, there are situations where the deprivation of political rights can be issued on its own or for longer periods:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For those sentenced to life imprisonment or capital punishment, the deprivation of political rights is lifelong;</li> <li>Those who assemble a crowd for "beating, smashing, or looting" can be issued an exclusive punishment of deprivation of political rights.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_rights">Political rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political rights are defined in the Criminal Law as:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the right to vote and to stand for election;</li> <li>the rights of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">of the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">of association</a>, of procession, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_demonstration" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of demonstration">of demonstration</a>;</li> <li>the right to hold a position in a state organization; and</li> <li>the right to hold a leading position in any <a href="/wiki/State-owned_company" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned company">state-owned company</a>, enterprise, institution or people's organization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_felony_conviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to felony conviction">Loss of rights due to felony conviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_death" title="Social death">Social death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts%E2%80%A6_of_the_Civil_Dead" title="Ghosts… of the Civil Dead">Ghosts… of the Civil Dead</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_Sacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo Sacer">Homo Sacer</a>, a similar status in ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707191058/http://www.law-dictionary.org/CIVILITER+MORTUUS.asp?q=CIVILITER+MORTUUS">"CIVILITER MORTUUS : on Law Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.law-dictionary.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law-dictionary.org/CIVILITER+MORTUUS.asp?q=CIVILITER+MORTUUS">the original</a> on 2010-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.law-dictionary.org&rft.atitle=CIVILITER+MORTUUS+%3A+on+Law+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law-dictionary.org%2FCIVILITER%2BMORTUUS.asp%3Fq%3DCIVILITER%2BMORTUUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Interdiction of F.T.E., 594 So.2d 480 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-felons-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-felons_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzaUggen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Manza, Jeff; Uggen, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3688812">"Punishment and Democracy: Disenfranchisement of Nonincarcerated Felons in the United States"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 491–505. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Punishment+and+Democracy%3A+Disenfranchisement+of+Nonincarcerated+Felons+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=491-505&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1537-5927&rft.aulast=Manza&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Uggen%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3688812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death,_Civil_page_138-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death,_Civil_page_138_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death,_Civil_page_138_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Article "Death, Civil;" Encyclopædia Americana, 1830 ed, page 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1970989-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1970989_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1970">Saunders 1970</a>, p. 989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2010" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (July 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/voting-behind-bars/">"Voting Behind Bars"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Voting+Behind+Bars&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Fvoting-behind-bars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2072736">Gabriel J. Chin, <i>The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Conviction</i>, 160 U. Penn. L. Rev. 1789 (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2018" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Gabriel "Jack" (June 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/07/civil-death-lives/">"Civil death lives!"</a>. <i>Collateral Consequences Resource Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collateral+Consequences+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Civil+death+lives%21&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+%22Jack%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccresourcecenter.org%2F2018%2F06%2F07%2Fcivil-death-lives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criminallegalnews.org/news/2019/nov/18/civil-death-laws-when-life-death/">"Civil Death Laws: When Life is Death | Criminal Legal News"</a>. <i>www.criminallegalnews.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.criminallegalnews.org&rft.atitle=Civil+Death+Laws%3A+When+Life+is+Death+%7C+Criminal+Legal+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criminallegalnews.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fnov%2F18%2Fcivil-death-laws-when-life-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6292&context=jclc">"The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 147–148, 161. Spring 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+Criminal+Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147-148%2C+161&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6292%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinalawedu.com/new/23223a23228a2010/20101222shangf111042.shtml">"中华人民共和国刑法-英汉对照法律英语"</a>. <i>www.chinalawedu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinalawedu.com&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95-%E8%8B%B1%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinalawedu.com%2Fnew%2F23223a23228a2010%2F20101222shangf111042.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1970" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Harry David (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol11/iss4/8">"Civil Death - A New Look at an Ancient Doctrine"</a>. <i>William & Mary Law Review</i>. <b>11</b>: 988–1003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Civil+Death+-+A+New+Look+at+an+Ancient+Doctrine&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=988-1003&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Harry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.wm.edu%2Fwmlr%2Fvol11%2Fiss4%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_death&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Death"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Civil_Death">"Civil Death" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Death&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+death" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_punishment" title="Template:Capital punishment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_punishment" title="Template talk:Capital punishment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_punishment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital punishment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Current judicial methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital 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