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id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Irrigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_land_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_land_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Agricultural land loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_land_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Meat production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palm_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palm_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Palm oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palm_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Habitat loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Impact on biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ecosystem impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecosystem_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecosystem impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Environmental degradation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Habitat fragmentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mass extinction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Biodiversity loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Invasive species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Introduced_Invasive_Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Introduced_Invasive_Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Human Introduced Invasive Species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Introduced_Invasive_Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Cats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burmese_Python" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burmese_Python"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Burmese Python </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burmese_Python-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_boars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_boars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Hybrid boars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_boars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral_reef_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_reef_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Coral reef decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_reef_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Water pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_through_the_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_through_the_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Impacts through the atmosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_through_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts through the atmosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_through_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acid_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Acid deposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ozone depletion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disruption_of_the_nitrogen_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disruption_of_the_nitrogen_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Disruption of the nitrogen cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disruption_of_the_nitrogen_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Technology impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mining industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Energy industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Energy industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Biodiesel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_mining_and_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_mining_and_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Coal mining and burning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_mining_and_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Electricity generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Nuclear power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_shale_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_shale_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Oil shale industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_shale_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Reservoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Wind power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Manufacturing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Manufacturing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cleaning_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cleaning agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Nanotechnology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Paint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Paper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Plastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesticides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesticides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Pesticides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesticides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Pharmaceuticals and personal care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Shipping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Light pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fast_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Fast fashion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fast_fashion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fast fashion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fast_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warnings_by_the_scientific_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warnings_by_the_scientific_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Warnings by the scientific community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warnings_by_the_scientific_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Human impact on the environment</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="تأثير الإنسان على البيئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأثير الإنسان على البيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropogen_faktorlar" title="Antropogen faktorlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antropogen faktorlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacte_hum%C3%A0_sobre_el_medi_ambient" title="Impacte humà sobre el medi ambient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Impacte humà sobre el medi ambient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliv_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka_na_%C5%BEivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Vliv člověka na životní prostředí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vliv člověka na životní prostředí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropogen" title="Antropogen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antropogen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimm%C3%B5ju" title="Inimmõju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacto_humano_sobre_el_medioambiente" title="Impacto humano sobre el medioambiente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Impacto humano sobre el medioambiente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_efiko_sur_la_medio" title="Homa efiko sur la medio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homa efiko sur la medio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizakiaren_inpaktua_ekosistemetan" title="Gizakiaren inpaktua ekosistemetan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizakiaren inpaktua ekosistemetan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پیامد انسان بر محیط زیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیامد انسان بر محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_humain_sur_l%27environnement" title="Impact humain sur l'environnement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impact humain sur 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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropogenico" title="Antropogenico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antropogenico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Антропикалық фактор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антропикалық фактор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Антропогендик факторлор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антропогендик факторлор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeto_umana_sur_la_ambiente" title="Efeto umana sur la ambiente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Efeto umana sur la ambiente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropogen" title="Antropogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antropogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E3%81%AB%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%BC%E3%81%99%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="環境に及ぼす人類の影響 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環境に及ぼす人類の影響" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskelig_innvirkning_p%C3%A5_naturmilj%C3%B8et" title="Menneskelig innvirkning på naturmiljøet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskelig innvirkning på naturmiljøet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropogen_omillar" title="Antropogen omillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_humans&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of humans">Environmental impact of humans</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Impact of human life on Earth and environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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data-file-height="614" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Human impact on the environment. From top left, clockwise: satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> experts investigate the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima disaster</a>; a seabird during an <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>; depiction of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic forest">Atlantic forest</a> by Portuguese settlers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820–25; <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial fishing">industrial fishing</a> in 1997, a practice that has led to <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>1700s: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a> </li></ul> 1800s: <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a> 1900s: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">biophysical environments</a><a href="#cite_note-CSSR2017-1">[1]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> caused directly or indirectly by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society (as in the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>) is causing severe effects<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CSSR2017-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a><a href="#cite_note-CSSR2017-1">[1]</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a><a href="#cite_note-CSSR2017-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">mass extinction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a>. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic policies<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">catastrophic risks</a> to the survival of the human species.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from <a href="/wiki/Human_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human activity">human activity</a>. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Pavlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Pavlov">Alexey Pavlov</a>, and it was first used in English by British ecologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tansley" title="Arthur Tansley">Arthur Tansley</a> in reference to human influences on <a href="/wiki/Climax_plant_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Climax plant communities">climax plant communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The atmospheric scientist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a> introduced the term "<a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>" in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution produced from human activity since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elhacham2020-24">[24]</a> Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_overshoot">Human overshoot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Human overshoot">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overconsumption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg/280px-NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg/420px-NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg/560px-NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Chart published by NASA depicting CO2 levels from the past 400,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Overconsumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem. It can be measured by the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>, a resource accounting approach which compares human demand on ecosystems with the amount of planet matter ecosystems can renew. Estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Footprint_Network" title="Global Footprint Network">Global Footprint Network</a> indicate that humanity's current demand is 70%<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> higher than the regeneration rate of all of the planet's ecosystems combined. A prolonged pattern of overconsumption leads to environmental degradation and the eventual loss of resource bases. Humanity's overall impact on the planet is affected by many factors, not just the raw number of people. Their lifestyle (including overall affluence and resource use) and the pollution they generate (including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>) are equally important. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> stated that the inhabitants of the developed nations of the world consume resources like oil and metals at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Diamond-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/220px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/330px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/440px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Reduction of one's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> for various actions.</figcaption></figure> Human civilization has caused the loss of 83% of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">all wild</a> mammals and half of plants.<a href="#cite_note-loss-29">[29]</a> The world's chickens are triple the weight of all the wild birds, while domesticated cattle and pigs outweigh all wild mammals by 14 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Global meat consumption is projected to more than double by 2050, perhaps as much as 76%, as the global population rises to more than 9 billion, which will be a significant driver of further <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a> emissions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Devlin2018-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth_and_size">Population growth and size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population growth and size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/310px-Population_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/465px-Population_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/620px-Population_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Human population from 10000 BCE to 2000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, increasing sevenfold after the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></div> Some scholars, environmentalists and advocates have linked <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">human population growth</a> or <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">population size</a> as a driver of environmental issues, including some suggesting this indicates an <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> scenario.<a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-11">[11]</a> In 2017, over 15,000 scientists around the world issued a second <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">warning to humanity</a> which asserted that rapid human population growth is the "primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."<a href="#cite_note-WorldScientists-36">[36]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>, released by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> in 2019, human population growth is a significant factor in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A 2021 report in <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Conservation_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Conservation Science">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a> proposed that population size and growth are significant factors in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Some scientists and environmentalists, including <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>, posit that human population growth is devastating to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Wilson for example, has expressed concern that when <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> reached a population of six billion their <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)#Global_biomass" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass exceeded that of any other large land dwelling animal species</a> that had ever existed by over 100 times.<a href="#cite_note-978-0820343853_p83-41">[41]</a> However, attributing overpopulation as a cause of environmental issues is controversial. <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Demographic projections</a> indicate that population growth is slowing and world population will peak in the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> and many experts believe that global resources can meet this increased demand, suggesting a global overpopulation scenario is unlikely. Other projections have the population continuing to grow into the next century.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While some studies, including the British government's 2021 Economics of Biodiversity review, posit that population growth and overconsumption are interdependent,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> critics suggest blaming overpopulation for environmental issues can unduly blame poor populations in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> or oversimplify more complex drivers, leading some to treat overconsumption as a separate issue.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Advocates for further reducing fertility rates, among them <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Dirzo" title="Rodolfo Dirzo">Rodolfo Dirzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, argue that this reduction should primarily affect the "overconsuming wealthy and middle classes," with the ultimate goal being to shrink "the scale of the human enterprise" and reverse the "growthmania" which they say threatens biodiversity and the "life-support systems of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing_and_farming">Fishing and farming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fishing and farming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a></div> The environmental impact of agriculture varies based on the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. Ultimately, the environmental impact depends on the production practices of the system used by farmers. The connection between emissions into the environment and the farming system is indirect, as it also depends on other climate variables such as rainfall and temperature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/220px-Lacanja_burn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/330px-Lacanja_burn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/440px-Lacanja_burn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Lacanja burn</figcaption></figure> There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater that is affected by the amount of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizers">nitrogen applied</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-50">[50]</a> The environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil diversity, plants, and the food itself. Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fishing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/310px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/465px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/620px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5433" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of fishing can be divided into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught, such as <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fisheries">sustainable fisheries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a>; and issues that involve the impact of fishing on other elements of the environment, such as <a href="/wiki/By-catch" class="mw-redirect" title="By-catch">by-catch</a> and destruction of habitat such as <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenlander2013120–123-51">[51]</a> According to the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">report</a>, overfishing is the main driver of mass species extinction in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> These conservation issues are part of <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">marine conservation</a>, and are addressed in <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries science</a> programs. There is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity's desire to catch them, a problem that gets worse as the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> grows.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Similar to other <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a>, there can be conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishermen">fishermen</a> who depend on fishing for their livelihoods and fishery scientists who realize that if future fish populations are to be <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> then some fisheries must reduce or even close.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> published a four-year study in November 2006, which predicted that, at prevailing trends, the world would run out of wild-caught seafood in 2048.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The scientists stated that the decline was a result of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, pollution and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being degraded. Yet again the analysis has met criticism as being fundamentally flawed, and many fishery management officials, industry representatives and scientists challenge the findings, although the debate continues. Many countries, such as Tonga, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released their biennial State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2018<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> noting that capture fishery production has remained constant for the last two decades but unsustainable overfishing has increased to 33% of the world's fisheries. They also noted that aquaculture, the production of farmed fish, has increased from 120 million tonnes per year in 1990 to over 170 million tonnes in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Populations of oceanic sharks and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> have been reduced by 71% since 1970, largely due to overfishing. More than three-quarters of the species comprising this group are now threatened with extinction.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irrigation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a></div> The environmental impact of irrigation includes the changes in quantity and quality of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and water as a result of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and the ensuing effects on natural and social conditions at the tail-end and downstream of the irrigation scheme. The impacts stem from the changed <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological conditions</a> owing to the installation and operation of the scheme. An irrigation scheme often draws water from the river and distributes it over the irrigated area. As a hydrological result it is found that: <ul><li>the downstream river <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> is reduced</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> in the scheme is increased</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> in the scheme is increased</li> <li>the level of the <a href="/wiki/Watertable" class="mw-redirect" title="Watertable">water table</a> rises</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> flow is increased.</li></ul> These may be called direct effects. Effects on soil and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> are indirect and complex, and subsequent impacts on natural, ecological and <a href="/wiki/Socio-economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economy">socio-economic</a> conditions are intricate. In some, but not all instances, <a href="/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">water logging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil salinization">soil salinization</a> can result. However, irrigation can also be used, together with soil drainage, to overcome soil salinization by leaching excess salts from the vicinity of the root zone.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Irrigation can also be done extracting groundwater by <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">(tube)wells</a>. As a hydrological result it is found that the level of the water descends. The effects may be <a href="/wiki/Water_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mining">water mining</a>, land/soil <a href="/wiki/Groundwater-related_subsidence" title="Groundwater-related subsidence">subsidence</a>, and, along the coast, <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>. Irrigation projects can have large benefits, but the negative side effects are often overlooked.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thakkar-64">[64]</a> Agricultural irrigation technologies such as high powered water pumps, dams, and pipelines are responsible for the large-scale depletion of fresh water resources such as aquifers, lakes, and rivers. As a result of this massive diversion of freshwater, lakes, rivers, and creeks are running dry, severely altering or stressing surrounding ecosystems, and contributing to the extinction of many aquatic species.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_land_loss">Agricultural land loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agricultural land loss">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego,_CA_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg/220px-Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg/330px-Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg/440px-Aerial_-_Interstate_805_in_San_Diego%2C_CA_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> in California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG/220px-Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG/330px-Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG/440px-Erosion_on_Madagascar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Soil erosion in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Land_loss" title="Land loss">land loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">agricultural expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a></div> Lal and Stewart estimated global loss of agricultural land by degradation and abandonment at 12 million hectares per year.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In contrast, according to Scherr, GLASOD (Global Assessment of Human-Induced Soil Degradation, under the UN Environment Programme) estimated that 6 million hectares of agricultural land per year had been lost to soil degradation since the mid-1940s, and she noted that this magnitude is similar to earlier estimates by Dudal and by Rozanov et al.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Such losses are attributable not only to <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, but also to salinization, loss of nutrients and organic matter, acidification, compaction, water logging and subsidence.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Human-induced land degradation tends to be particularly serious in dry regions. Focusing on soil properties, Oldeman estimated that about 19 million square kilometers of global land area had been degraded; Dregne and Chou, who included degradation of vegetation cover as well as soil, estimated about 36 million square kilometers degraded in the world's dry regions.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-70">[70]</a> Global average soil erosion rates are thought to be high, and erosion rates on conventional cropland generally exceed estimates of soil production rates, usually by more than an order of magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2007-71">[71]</a> In the US, sampling for erosion estimates by the US NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) is statistically based, and estimation uses the Universal Soil Loss Equation and <a href="/wiki/Wind_erosion_equation" title="Wind erosion equation">Wind Erosion Equation</a>. For 2010, annual average soil loss by sheet, rill and wind erosion on non-federal US land was estimated to be 10.7 t/ha on cropland and 1.9 t/ha on pasture land; the average soil erosion rate on US cropland had been reduced by about 34% since 1982.<a href="#cite_note-NRCS2013-72">[72]</a> No-till and low-till practices have become increasingly common on North American cropland used for production of grains such as wheat and barley. On uncultivated cropland, the recent average total soil loss has been 2.2 t/ha per year.<a href="#cite_note-NRCS2013-72">[72]</a> In comparison with agriculture using conventional cultivation, it has been suggested that, because no-till agriculture produces erosion rates much closer to soil production rates, it could provide a foundation for sustainable agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2007-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> is a process in which the value of the <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">biophysical environment</a> is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.<a href="#cite_note-rural-73">[73]</a> It is viewed as any change or <a href="/wiki/Ecological_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological disturbance">disturbance</a> to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-auto-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">Natural hazards</a> are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires. This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon <a href="/wiki/Agronomic_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomic productivity">agronomic productivity</a>, the environment, and its effects on <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It is estimated that up to 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat_production">Meat production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meat production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rind.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rind.JPG/220px-Rind.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rind.JPG/330px-Rind.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rind.JPG/440px-Rind.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide, the animal industry provides only 18% of calories, but uses 83% of agricultural land and emits 58% of food's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> on Earth<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Livestock, mostly cattle and pigs (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Humans (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wild mammals</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_palm_oil,_DR_Congo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/220px-Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/330px-Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/440px-Making_palm_oil%2C_DR_Congo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A village palm oil press "malaxeur" in <a href="/wiki/Bandundu_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandundu (province)">Bandundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></figcaption></figure> Environmental impacts associated with meat production include use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil energy">fossil energy</a>, water and land resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and in some instances, rainforest clearing, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and species endangerment, among other adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld2006-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenlander2013-80">[80]</a> Steinfeld et al. of the FAO estimated that 18% of global anthropogenic GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions (estimated as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) are associated in some way with livestock production.<a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld2006-79">[79]</a> FAO data indicate that meat accounted for 26% of global livestock product tonnage in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenlander201317–25-81">[81]</a> Globally, enteric fermentation (mostly in ruminant livestock) accounts for about 27% of anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IPCC2013-82">[82]</a> Despite methane's 100-year <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a>, recently estimated at 28 without and 34 with climate-carbon feedbacks,<a href="#cite_note-IPCC2013-82">[82]</a> methane emission is currently contributing relatively little to global warming. Although reduction of methane emissions would have a rapid effect on warming, the expected effect would be small.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Other anthropogenic GHG emissions associated with livestock production include carbon dioxide from fossil fuel consumption (mostly for production, harvesting and transport of feed), and nitrous oxide emissions associated with the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, growing of nitrogen-fixing legume vegetation and manure management. Management practices that can mitigate GHG emissions from production of livestock and feed have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Considerable water use is associated with meat production, mostly because of water used in production of vegetation that provides feed. There are several published estimates of water use associated with livestock and meat production, but the amount of water use assignable to such production is seldom estimated. For example, "green water" use is evapotranspirational use of soil water that has been provided directly by precipitation; and "green water" has been estimated to account for 94% of global beef cattle production's "<a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">water footprint</a>",<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and on rangeland, as much as 99.5% of the water use associated with beef production is "green water". Impairment of water quality by manure and other substances in runoff and infiltrating water is a concern, especially where intensive livestock production is carried out. In the US, in a comparison of 32 industries, the livestock industry was found to have a relatively good record of compliance with environmental regulations pursuant to the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but pollution issues from large livestock operations can sometimes be serious where violations occur. Various measures have been suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency, among others, which can help reduce livestock damage to streamwater quality and riparian environments.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Changes in livestock production practices influence the environmental impact of meat production, as illustrated by some beef data. In the US beef production system, practices prevailing in 2007 are estimated to have involved 8.6% less fossil fuel use, 16% less greenhouse gas emissions (estimated as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents), 12% less withdrawn water use and 33% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> From 1980 to 2012 in the US, while population increased by 38%, the small ruminant inventory decreased by 42%, the cattle-and-calves inventory decreased by 17%, and methane emissions from livestock decreased by 18%;<a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-70">[70]</a> yet despite the reduction in cattle numbers, US beef production increased over that period.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Some impacts of meat-producing livestock <a href="/wiki/Grazing#Benefits" title="Grazing">may be considered environmentally beneficial</a>. These include waste reduction by conversion of human-inedible crop residues to food, use of livestock as an alternative to herbicides for control of invasive and noxious weeds and other vegetation management,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> use of animal manure as fertilizer as a substitute for those synthetic fertilizers that require considerable fossil fuel use for manufacture, grazing use for wildlife habitat enhancement,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and carbon sequestration in response to grazing practices,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> among others. Conversely, according to some studies appearing in peer-reviewed journals, the growing demand for meat is contributing to <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">significant biodiversity loss</a> as it is a significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and habitat destruction.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Devlin2018-33">[33]</a> Moreover, the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> by <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> also warns that ever increasing land use for meat production plays a significant role in biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-Watts2019-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A 2006 <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> report, <a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a>, found that around 26% of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palm_oil">Palm oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palm oil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> is a type of vegetable oil, found in oil palm trees, which are native to West and Central Africa. Initially used in foods in developing countries, palm oil is now also used in food, cosmetic and other types of products in other nations as well. Over one-third of vegetable oil consumed globally is palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Habitat_loss">Habitat loss</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Habitat loss">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/220px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/330px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/440px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Mongabay_WRI-105">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/220px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/330px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/440px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind".<a href="#cite_note-IGBP_Steffen_2004-106">[106]</a> Through 2018, humans have reduced forest area by ~30% and grasslands/shrubs by ~68%, to make way for livestock grazing and crops for humans.<a href="#cite_note-LandUseChange_8000BCE-107">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> The consumption of palm oil in food, domestic and cosmetic products all over the world means there is a high demand for it. To meet this, oil palm plantations are created, which means removing natural forests to clear space. This <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> has taken place in Asia, Latin America and West Africa, with Malaysia and Indonesia holding 90% of global oil palm trees. These forests are home to a wide range of species, including many <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered animals</a>, ranging from birds to rhinos and tigers.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Since 2000, 47% of deforestation has been for the purpose of growing oil palm plantations, with around 877,000 acres being affected per year.<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_on_biodiversity">Impact on biodiversity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact on biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> Natural forests are extremely <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a>, with a wide range of organisms using them as their habitat. But oil palm plantations are the opposite. Studies have shown that oil palm plantations have less than 1% of the plant diversity seen in natural forests, and 47–90% less mammal diversity.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This is not because of the oil palm itself, but rather because the oil palm is the only habitat provided in the plantations. The plantations are therefore known as a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>, whereas natural forests contain a wide variety of flora and fauna, making them highly biodiverse. One of the ways palm oil could be made more <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> (although it is still not the best option) is through <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, whereby the plantations are made up of multiple types of plants used in trade – such as coffee or <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>. While these are more biodiverse than monoculture plantations, they are still not as effective as natural forests. In addition to this, agroforestry does not bring as many economic benefits to workers, their families and the surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)">edit</a>]</div> The RSPO is a non-profit organisation that has developed criteria that its members (of which, as of 2018, there are over 4,000) must follow to produce, source and use sustainable palm oil (Certified Sustainable Palm Oil; CSPO). Currently, 19% of global palm oil is certified by the RSPO as sustainable. The CSPO criteria states that oil palm plantations cannot be grown in the place of forests or other areas with endangered species, fragile ecosystems, or those that facilitate the needs of local communities. It also calls for a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and fires, along with several rules for ensuring the social wellbeing of workers and the local communities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystem_impacts">Ecosystem impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecosystem impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_degradation">Environmental degradation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental degradation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_(28).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg/170px-Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg/255px-Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg/340px-Rise_for_climate_-_Pau_-_8_septembre_2018_%2828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>Child demonstrating for actions to protect the environment (2018)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></div> Human activity is causing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, which is the deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> through <a href="/wiki/Depletion_of_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion of resources">depletion of resources</a> such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-auto-74">[74]</a> As indicated by the <a href="/wiki/I%3DPAT" class="mw-redirect" title="I=PAT">I=PAT</a> equation, environmental impact (I) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population (P), continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence (A), and the application of resource-depleting and polluting technology (T).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> According to a 2021 study published in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, roughly 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunally</a> intact, meaning areas with healthy populations of native animal species and little to no human footprint. Many of these intact ecosystems were in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Habitat fragmentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></div> According to a 2018 study in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, 87% of the oceans and 77% of land (excluding Antarctica) have been altered by anthropogenic activity, and 23% of the planet's landmass remains as <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Habitat fragmentation is the reduction of large tracts of habitat leading to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>. Habitat fragmentation and loss are considered as being the main cause of the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a> and degradation of the ecosystem all over the world. Human actions are greatly responsible for habitat fragmentation, and loss as these actions alter the connectivity and quality of habitats. Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation is important for the preservation of biodiversity and enhancing the functioning of the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Both agricultural plants and animals depend on pollination for reproduction. Vegetables and fruits are an important diet for human beings and depend on pollination. Whenever there is habitat destruction, pollination is reduced and crop yield as well. Many plants also rely on animals and most especially those that eat fruit for seed dispersal. Therefore, the destruction of habitat for animal severely affects all the plant species that depend on them.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_extinction">Mass extinction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mass extinction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></div> Biodiversity generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, and is represented by the number of different species there are on the planet. Since its introduction, Homo sapiens (the human species) has been killing off entire species either directly (such as through hunting) or indirectly (such as by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">destroying habitats</a>), causing the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of species at an alarming rate. Humans are the cause of the current <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, driving extinctions to 100 to 1000 times the normal background rate.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Though most experts agree that human beings have accelerated the rate of species extinction, some scholars have postulated without humans, the biodiversity of the Earth would grow at an exponential rate rather than decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahneyBentonFerry2010-121">[121]</a> The Holocene extinction continues, with <a href="/wiki/Meat#Environmental_impact" title="Meat">meat consumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">amphibian crisis</a> being a few broader examples of an almost universal, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a> decline in biodiversity. <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> (and continued <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">population growth</a>)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a>, especially by the super-<a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">affluent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> are considered to be the primary drivers of this rapid decline.<a href="#cite_note-PimmJenkins-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a> stated that, among other things, this sixth extinction event unleashed by humanity could annihilate many current life forms and consign them to extinction by the end of this century.<a href="#cite_note-WorldScientists-36">[36]</a> A 2022 scientific review published in Biological Reviews confirms that a biodiversity loss crisis caused by human activity, which the researchers describe as a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth mass extinction">sixth mass extinction</a> event, is currently underway.<a href="#cite_note-Cowie-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> A June 2020 study published in <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a> argues that the contemporary extinction crisis "may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization, because it is irreversible" and that its acceleration "is certain because of the still fast growth in human numbers and consumption rates."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> High-level political attention on the environment has been focused largely on climate change because energy policy is central to economic growth. But biodiversity is just as important for the future of earth as climate change. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Watson (scientist)">Robert Watson</a>, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_loss">Biodiversity loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biodiversity loss">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_(red)_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/220px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/330px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/440px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Summary of major biodiversity-related environmental-change categories expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue)</figcaption></figure> It has been estimated that from 1970 to 2016, 68% of the world's wildlife has been destroyed due to human activity.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In South America, there is believed to be a 70 percent loss.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A May 2018 study published in <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a> found that 83% of wild mammals, 80% of marine mammals, 50% of plants and 15% of fish have been lost since the dawn of human civilization. Currently, livestock make up 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of all mammals on earth, followed by humans (36%) and wild mammals (4%).<a href="#cite_note-loss-29">[29]</a> According to the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">global biodiversity assessment</a> by <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a>, human civilization has pushed one million species of plants and animals to the brink of extinction, with many of these projected to vanish over the next few decades.<a href="#cite_note-Watts2019-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> When plant biodiversity declines, the remaining plants face diminishing productivity.<a href="#cite_note-SciDirect_20150420-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">Biodiversity loss</a> threatens ecosystem productivity and services such as food, fresh water, raw materials and medicinal resources.<a href="#cite_note-SciDirect_20150420-136">[136]</a> A 2019 report that assessed a total of 28,000 plant species concluded that close to half of them were facing a threat of extinction. The failure of noticing and appreciating plants is regarded as "plant blindness", and this is a worrying trend as it puts more plants at the threat of extinction than animals. Our increased farming has come at a higher cost to plant biodiversity as half of the habitable land on Earth is used for agriculture, and this is one of the major reasons behind the plant extinction crisis.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a> is the loss of animals from ecological communities.<a href="#cite_note-def_ant-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Invasive species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></div> Invasive species are defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as non-native to the specific ecosystem, and whose presence is likely to harm the health of humans or the animals in said system.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Introductions of non-native species into new areas have brought about major and permanent changes to the environment over large areas. Examples include the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Caulerpa_taxifolia" title="Caulerpa taxifolia">Caulerpa taxifolia</a> into the Mediterranean, the introduction of oat species into the California grasslands, and the introduction of privet, kudzu, and <a href="/wiki/Purple_loosestrife" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple loosestrife">purple loosestrife</a> to North America. Rats, cats, and goats have radically altered biodiversity in many islands. Additionally, introductions have resulted in genetic changes to native fauna where interbreeding has taken place, as with <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a> with domestic cattle, and wolves with domestic dogs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Introduced_Invasive_Species">Human Introduced Invasive Species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human Introduced Invasive Species">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cats">Cats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cats">edit</a>]</div> Domestic and feral cats globally are particularly notorious for their destruction of native birds and other animal species. This is especially true for Australia, which attributes over two-thirds of mammal extinction to domestic and feral cats, and over 1.5 billion deaths to native animals each year.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Because domesticated outside cats are fed by their owners, they can continue to hunt even when prey populations decline and they would otherwise go elsewhere. This is a major problem for places where there is a highly diverse and dense number of lizards, birds, snakes, and mice populating the area.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Roaming outdoor cats can also be attributed to the transmission of harmful diseases like rabies and toxoplasmosis to the native wildlife population.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burmese_Python">Burmese Python</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Burmese Python">edit</a>]</div> Another example of a destructive introduced invasive species is the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Python">Burmese Python</a>. Originating from parts of Southeast Asia, the Burmese Python has made the most notable impact in the Southern Florida <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades</a> of the United States. After a breeding facility breach in 1992 due to flooding and snake owners releasing unwanted pythons back into the wild, the population of the Burmese Python would boom in the warm climate of Florida in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This impact has been felt most significantly at the southernmost regions of the Everglades. A study in 2012 compared native species population counts in Florida from 1997 and found that raccoon populations declined 99.3%, opossums 98.9%, and rabbit/fox populations effectively disappeared<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_boars">Hybrid boars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hybrid boars">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, Canadian pig farmers introduced wild boars from the United Kingdom into their breeding programs, leading to a hybrid with more meat. However, when the pork market collapsed in 2001, many of these hybrids were released into the wild. These hybrids, now numbering around 62,000 are thriving in the Canadian prairies due to their adaptation to harsh winters, with thick fur and long legs, and tusks sharp enough to dig through soil for food. They cause significant agricultural damage and have grown to a point where even substantial culling efforts are insufficient. This issue has escalated to the extent that these boars are starting to migrate into northern US states, raising concerns about potential crop damage and the spread of diseases like African swine flu, which could severely impact the pork industry.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_reef_decline">Coral reef decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coral reef decline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Environmental issues with coral reefs</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mvey0290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mvey0290.jpg/300px-Mvey0290.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mvey0290.jpg/450px-Mvey0290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mvey0290.jpg/600px-Mvey0290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Island with <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reef</a> off <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>. Coral reefs are dying around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs_Coral_reefs_around_the_world-146">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> Human activities have substantial impact on coral reefs, contributing to their worldwide decline.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Damaging activities encompass coral mining, pollution (both organic and non-organic), overfishing, blast fishing, as well as the excavation of canals and access points to islands and bays. Additional threats comprise disease, destructive fishing practices, and the warming of oceans.[2] Furthermore, the ocean's function as a carbon dioxide sink, alterations in the atmosphere, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, viral infections, the repercussions of dust storms transporting agents to distant reefs, pollutants, and algal blooms represent some of the factors exerting influence on coral reefs. Importantly, the jeopardy faced by coral reefs extends far beyond coastal regions. The ramifications of climate change, notably global warming, induce an elevation in ocean temperatures that triggers coral bleaching—a potentially lethal phenomenon for coral ecosystems. Scientists estimate that over next 20 years, about 70 to 90% of all coral reefs will disappear. With primary causes being warming ocean waters, ocean acidity, and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In 2008, a worldwide study estimated that 19% of the existing area of coral reefs had already been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs_Wilkinson-149">[149]</a> Only 46% of the world's reefs could be currently regarded as in good health<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs_Wilkinson-149">[149]</a> and about 60% of the world's reefs may be at risk due to destructive, human-related activities. The threat to the health of reefs is particularly strong in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, where 80% of reefs are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>. By the 2030s, 90% of reefs are expected to be at risk from both human activities and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>; by 2050, it is predicted that all coral reefs will be in danger.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs_Kleypas,_J.A._2006-151">[151]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_pollution">Water pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water pollution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Domestic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">agricultural wastewater</a> can be treated in <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment plants</a> for treatment before being released into aquatic ecosystems. Treated wastewater still contains a range of different chemical and biological contaminants which may influence surrounding ecosystems. <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_pollution&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a>, with a negative impact on their uses.<a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_Von_Sperling-152">[152]</a>: 6  It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Water <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> results when <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_Eckenfelder-153">[153]</a> Water pollution may affect either <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater</a>. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic ecosystems">aquatic ecosystems</a>. Another is spreading <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">water-borne diseases</a> when people use polluted water for drinking or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Water pollution also reduces the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resource</a>. Sources of water pollution are either <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point sources</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-point_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-point source">non-point sources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">wastewater treatment plant</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>. Non-point sources are more diffuse. An example is <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">agricultural runoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_Moss2008-156">[156]</a> Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take many forms. One would is toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, and industrial waste products. Another is stressful conditions such as changes of <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, or changes of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>). The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic organisms</a> is another. Contaminants may include <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> substances. A common cause of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a> is the use of water as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a> and industrial manufacturers.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg/300px-20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg/450px-20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg/600px-20200118_Global_warming_and_climate_change_-_vertical_block_diagram_-_causes_effects_feedback.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>The primary <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">causes</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and the wide-ranging effects<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASAextremeWeather_20230900-160">[160]</a> of global warming and resulting climate change. Some effects constitute <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">feedbacks</a> that intensify climate change.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is the result of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, which is caused primarily by combustion of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas), and by deforestation, <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use changes</a>, and cement production. Such massive alteration of the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> has only been possible because of the availability and deployment of advanced technologies, ranging in application from fossil fuel exploration, extraction, distribution, refining, and combustion in power plants and automobile engines and advanced farming practices. Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a> such as rain-forests. According to the 2006 United Nations/FAO report, 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions found in the atmosphere are due to livestock. The raising of livestock and the land needed to feed them has resulted in the destruction of millions of acres of rainforest and as global demand for meat rises, so too will the demand for land. Ninety-one percent of all rainforest land deforested since 1970 is now used for livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenlander201331-162">[162]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> are well documented and growing for Earth's <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> and human societies. Changes to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> include an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">overall warming trend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">changes to precipitation patterns</a>, and more <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, thawing <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping points</a> are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_:0-163">[163]</a> The effects of climate change vary in timing and location. Up until now the <a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Arctic has warmed faster</a> than most other regions due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">climate change feedbacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Lindsey-2022-164">[164]</a> Surface air temperatures over land have also increased at about twice the rate they do over the ocean, causing intense <a href="/wiki/Heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat waves">heat waves</a>. These temperatures would stabilize if <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> were <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">brought under control</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">Ice sheets</a> and oceans absorb the vast majority of excess heat in the atmosphere, delaying effects there but causing them to accelerate and then continue after surface temperatures stabilize. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> is a particular long term concern as a result. The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of ocean warming</a> also include <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a>, and changes to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">ocean currents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2022-165">[165]</a>: 10  The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean is also acidifying</a> as it absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The ecosystems most immediately threatened by climate change are in the <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">the Arctic</a>. Excess heat is causing environmental changes in those locations that exceed the ability of animals to adapt.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Species are escaping heat by migrating towards the poles and to higher ground when they can.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Pecl-2017-168">[168]</a> Sea level rise threatens coastal <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">flooding</a>. Decreases in <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> in certain locations can cause <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and damage ecosystems like the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2019-169">[169]</a>: 9  At 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming, around 10% of species on land would become critically endangered.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Parmesan-2022a-170">[170]</a>: 259 </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_through_the_atmosphere">Impacts through the atmosphere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Impacts through the atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_deposition">Acid deposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Acid deposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acid_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid deposition">Acid deposition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_(GLODAP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map showing the varying change to pH across different parts of different oceans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/330px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/495px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/660px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Estimated change in seawater <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic impact">anthropogenic impact</a> on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO 2</a> levels between the 1700s and the 1990s, from the <a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a> (GLODAP) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></figcaption></figure> The air pollutants released from the burning of fossil fuels usually comes back to earth in the form of acid rain. Acid rain is a form of precipitation which has high <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acids</a>, which can also occur in the form of a fog or snow. Acid rain has numerous ecological impacts on streams, lakes, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> and other aquatic environments. It damages forests, robs the soil of its essential nutrients, and releases <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> in the soil, which creates difficulties in the absorption of water for local plant life.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Researchers have discovered that <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eelgrass" title="Eelgrass">eelgrass</a> and other aquatic vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide and hence reduces <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean acidity">ocean acidity</a>. Scientists, therefore, say that growing these plants could help in mitigating the damaging effects of acidification on marine life.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_depletion">Ozone depletion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ozone depletion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozone_depletion&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_ozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/370px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/555px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/740px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a> consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth's</a> atmosphere,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and a much larger springtime decrease in <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric">stratospheric</a> ozone (the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>) around Earth's polar regions.<a href="#cite_note-Ozone_depletion_WMO-20Q-173">[173]</a> The latter phenomenon is referred to as the <a href="#Ozone_hole_and_its_causes">ozone hole</a>. There are also springtime polar <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone_depletion_events" title="Tropospheric ozone depletion events">tropospheric ozone depletion events</a> in addition to these stratospheric events. The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured <a href="/wiki/Halocarbon" title="Halocarbon">halocarbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>, and foam-<a href="/wiki/Blowing_agent" title="Blowing agent">blowing agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs), HCFCs, <a href="/wiki/Haloalkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haloalkanes">halons</a>), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> These compounds are transported into the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> by <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent mixing</a> after being emitted from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Once in the stratosphere, they release <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> group through <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Catalyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyze">catalyze</a> the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2).<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased. Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents harmful wavelengths of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UVB) light from passing through the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>. These wavelengths cause <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, permanent blindness, and <a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">cataracts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Over time, scientists have developed new refrigerants with lower <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) to replace older ones. For example, in new automobiles, <a href="/wiki/R-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="R-1234yf">R-1234yf</a> systems are now common, being chosen over refrigerants with much higher GWP such as <a href="/wiki/R-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-134a">R-134a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">R-12</a>. The ban came into effect in 1989. Ozone levels stabilized by the mid-1990s and began to recover in the 2000s, as the shifting of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> in the southern hemisphere towards the south pole has stopped and might even be reversing.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Recovery was projected to continue over the next century, with the ozone hole expected to reach pre-1980 levels by around 2075.<a href="#cite_note-Ozone_depletion_nasa-recovery-projection-180">[180]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> reported that the ozone hole was the smallest ever since it was first discovered in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Ozone_depletion_nasa2019-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The UN now projects that under the current regulations the ozone layer will completely regenerate by 2045.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The Montreal Protocol is considered the most successful international environmental agreement to date.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disruption_of_the_nitrogen_cycle">Disruption of the nitrogen cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Disruption of the nitrogen cycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Human impact on the nitrogen cycle</a></div> Of particular concern is N2O, which has an average atmospheric lifetime of 114–120 years,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and is 300 times more effective than CO2 as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schles-188">[188]</a> NOx produced by industrial processes, automobiles and agricultural fertilization and NH3 emitted from soils (i.e., as an additional byproduct of nitrification)<a href="#cite_note-Schles-188">[188]</a> and livestock operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NOx and NH3 emissions have been identified:<a href="#cite_note-gallo2003-189">[189]</a> <ol><li>decreased atmospheric visibility due to ammonium aerosols (fine <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> [PM])</li> <li>elevated <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> concentrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and PM affects human health (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a>, cancer)</li> <li>increases in <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li> <li>decreased agricultural productivity due to <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> deposition</li> <li>ecosystem acidification<a href="#cite_note-houdijk-190">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_impacts">Technology impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Technology impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society#Environment" title="Technology and society">Technology and society § Environment</a></div> The applications of technology often result in unavoidable and unexpected environmental impacts, which according to the <a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = PAT</a> equation is measured as resource use or pollution generated per unit GDP. Environmental impacts caused by the application of technology are often perceived as unavoidable for several reasons. First, given that the purpose of many technologies is to exploit, control, or otherwise "improve" upon nature for the perceived benefit of humanity while at the same time, the myriad of processes in nature have been optimized and are continually adjusted by evolution, any disturbance of these natural processes by technology is likely to result in negative environmental consequences.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Second, the conservation of mass principle and the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a> (i.e., conservation of energy) dictate that whenever material resources or energy are moved around or manipulated by technology, environmental consequences are inescapable. Third, according to the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, order can be increased within a system (such as the human economy) only by increasing disorder or <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> outside the system (i.e., the environment). Thus, technologies can create "order" in the human economy (i.e., order as manifested in buildings, factories, transportation networks, communication systems, etc.) only at the expense of increasing "disorder" in the environment. According to several studies, increased entropy is likely to correlate to negative environmental impacts.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining_industry">Mining industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mining industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/220px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/330px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/440px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Acid mine drainage in the Rio Tinto River</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">Environmental impact of mining</a></div> The environmental impact of mining includes <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, formation of <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and contamination of soil, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Even though plants need some heavy metals for their growth, excess of these metals is usually toxic to them. Plants that are polluted with heavy metals usually depict reduced growth, yield and performance. Pollution by heavy metals decreases the soil organic matter composition resulting in a decline in soil nutrients which then leads to a decline in the growth of plants or even death.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Besides creating environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals also affect the health of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Mining companies in some countries are required to follow environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to close to its original state. Some mining methods may have significant environmental and public health effects. Heavy metals usually exhibit toxic effects towards the <a href="/wiki/Soil_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil biota">soil biota</a>, and this is through the affection of the microbial processes and decreases the number as well as activity of soil microorganisms. Low concentration of heavy metals also has high chances of inhibiting the plant's physiological metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_industry">Energy industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Energy industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/220px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/330px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/440px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Environmental impact of the energy industry</a></div> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Energy_harvesting" title="Energy harvesting">energy harvesting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">consumption</a> is diverse. In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization of various renewable energy sources</a>. In the real world, <a href="/wiki/Power_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Power consumption">consumption</a> of fossil fuel resources leads to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and climate change. However, little change is being made in many parts of the world. If the <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> theory proves true, more explorations of viable alternative energy sources, could be more friendly to the environment. Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, and food production towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quest-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Biodiesel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">Environmental impact of biodiesel</a></div> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> includes energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and some other kinds of pollution. A joint life cycle analysis by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Energy found that substituting 100% biodiesel for petroleum diesel in buses reduced life cycle consumption of petroleum by 95%. Biodiesel reduced net emissions of carbon dioxide by 78.45%, compared with petroleum diesel. In urban buses, biodiesel reduced particulate emissions 32 percent, carbon monoxide emissions 35 percent, and emissions of sulfur oxides 8%, relative to life cycle emissions associated with use of petroleum diesel. Life cycle emissions of hydrocarbons were 35% higher and emission of various nitrogen oxides (NOx) were 13.5% higher with biodiesel.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Life cycle analyses by the Argonne National Laboratory have indicated reduced fossil energy use and reduced greenhouse gas emissions with biodiesel, compared with petroleum diesel use.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Biodiesel derived from various vegetable oils (e.g. canola or soybean oil), is readily biodegradable in the environment compared with petroleum diesel.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_mining_and_burning">Coal mining and burning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Coal mining and burning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_coal_mining_and_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of coal mining and burning">Environmental impact of coal mining and burning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG/220px-Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG/330px-Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG/440px-Smog_in_Beijing_CBD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">Smog in Beijing</a>, China</figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of coal mining and -burning is diverse.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Legislation passed by the US Congress in 1990 required the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) to issue a plan to alleviate <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> air pollution from <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power station">coal-fired power plants</a>. After delay and litigation, the EPA now has a court-imposed deadline of 16 March 2011, to issue its report. Surface coal mining has the greatest impact on the environment due to its unique extraction process requiring drilling and blasting, which releases macro amounts of airborne particles into the air. This airborne particulate matter releases harmful toxins into the atmosphere such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. These toxins then lead to many detrimental health effects such as respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Although coal is the most widely utilized source of energy around the world, the burning of coal emits poisonous toxins into the air, leading to various health ailments of the skin, blood and lung diseases, and various forms of cancer, while also contributing to global warming by the emission of these toxins into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The technology for mining activity has advanced over the years, leading to an increase in mine waste leading to more pollution problems, according to the Safe Drinking Water Foundation<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Studies that have been conducted in various countries like India, have proven that coal mining has a detrimental effect on other biotic and abiotic factors including vegetation and soil, leading to a decrease in plant populations in mining sites <a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_generation">Electricity generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Electricity generation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">Environmental impact of electricity generation</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power systems</a> consist of generation plants of different <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> sources, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution lines</a>. Each of these components can have <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a> impacts at multiple stages of their development and use including in their construction, during the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generation of electricity</a>, and in their decommissioning and disposal. These impacts can be split into operational impacts (fuel sourcing, global atmospheric and localized <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> impacts (<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, installation, decommissioning, and disposal). All forms of electricity generation have some form of environmental impact,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power</a> is the dirtiest.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> This page is organized by energy source and includes impacts such as <a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">water usage</a>, emissions, local pollution, and wildlife displacement.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nuclear power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">Environmental impact of nuclear power</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Anti-nuclear protest near <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">nuclear waste disposal centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gorleben" title="Gorleben">Gorleben</a> in northern Germany</figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> results from the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a> processes including mining, processing, transporting and storing fuel and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> fuel waste. Released <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a> pose a health danger to human populations, animals and plants as radioactive particles enter organisms through various transmission routes. Radiation is a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> and causes numerous effects on living organisms and systems. The environmental impacts of nuclear power plant disasters such as the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>, among others, persist indefinitely, though several other factors contributed to these events including improper management of fail safe systems and natural disasters putting uncommon stress on the generators. The radioactive decay rate of particles varies greatly, dependent upon the nuclear properties of a particular isotope. Radioactive <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">Plutonium-244</a> has a half-life of 80.8 million years, which indicates the time duration required for half of a given sample to decay, though very little plutonium-244 is produced in the nuclear fuel cycle and lower half-life materials have lower activity thus giving off less dangerous radiation.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_shale_industry">Oil shale industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Oil shale industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">Environmental impact of the oil shale industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG/220px-Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG/330px-Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG/440px-Kivioli_chemical_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption>Kiviõli Oil Shale Processing & Chemicals Plant in ida-Virumaa, Estonia</figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of the oil shale industry includes the consideration of issues such as <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a> and air pollution caused by the <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">extraction and processing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_reserves" title="Oil shale reserves">oil shale deposits</a> causes the usual environmental impacts of <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mining</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">thermal processing</a> generate waste material, which must be disposed of, and harmful atmospheric emissions, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. Experimental in-situ conversion processes and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> technologies may reduce some of these concerns in future, but may raise others, such as the pollution of groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-BartisBoston-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum">Petroleum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Petroleum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of petroleum">Environmental impact of petroleum</a></div> The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> to almost all forms of life. Petroleum, a common word for oil or natural gas, is closely linked to virtually all aspects of present society, especially for transportation and heating for both homes and for commercial activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservoirs">Reservoirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Reservoirs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Environmental impact of reservoirs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wachusett-dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wachusett-dam.jpg/220px-Wachusett-dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wachusett-dam.jpg/330px-Wachusett-dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wachusett-dam.jpg/440px-Wachusett-dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Wachusett Dam in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts" title="Clinton, Massachusetts">Clinton, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of reservoirs is coming under ever increasing scrutiny as the world demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases. Dams and the reservoirs can be used to supply <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, generate <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power, increasing the water supply for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, provide recreational opportunities and flood control. However, adverse environmental and sociological impacts have also been identified during and after many reservoir constructions. Although the impact varies greatly between different dams and reservoirs, common criticisms include preventing sea-run fish from reaching their historical mating grounds, less access to water downstream, and a smaller catch for fishing communities in the area. Advances in technology have provided solutions to many negative impacts of dams but these advances are often not viewed as worth investing in if not required by law or under the threat of fines. Whether reservoir projects are ultimately beneficial or detrimental—to both the environment and surrounding human populations— has been debated since the 1960s and probably long before that. In 1960 the construction of <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a> and the flooding of <a href="/wiki/Capel_Celyn" title="Capel Celyn">Capel Celyn</a> provoked political uproar which continues to this day. More recently, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> and other similar projects throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America have generated considerable environmental and political debate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Wind power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_wind_power" title="Environmental impact of wind power">Environmental impact of wind power</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_wind_power&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg/220px-Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg/330px-Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg/440px-Wb_deichh_drei_kuhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> grazing near a wind turbine.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_livestock_ignore-216">[216]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">environmental impact of electricity generation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> is minor when compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">fossil fuel power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:7-217">[217]</a> Wind turbines have some of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> per unit of electricity generated: far less <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas is emitted</a> than for the average unit of electricity, so wind power helps <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:9-218">[218]</a> Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_Guezuraga37-219">[219]</a> Onshore (on-land) <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> can have a significant visual impact and impact on the landscape.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Due to a very low <a href="/wiki/Surface_power_density" title="Surface power density">surface power density</a> and spacing requirements, wind farms typically need to be spread over more land than other power stations.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_grantham-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Their network of turbines, access roads, transmission lines, and substations can result in "energy sprawl";<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_energyfootprint-223">[223]</a> although land between the turbines and roads can still be used for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_mar-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Conflicts arise especially in scenic and culturally-important landscapes. Siting restrictions (such as <a href="/wiki/Setback_(land_use)" title="Setback (land use)">setbacks</a>) may be implemented to limit the impact.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_knopper2014-226">[226]</a> The land between the turbines and access roads can still be used for farming and grazing.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_mar-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_British_Wind_Energy_Association-227">[227]</a> They can lead to "industrialization of the countryside".<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_Szarka-228">[228]</a> Some wind farms are opposed for potentially spoiling protected scenic areas, archaeological landscapes and heritage sites.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> A report by the <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_Council_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineering Council of Scotland">Mountaineering Council of Scotland</a> concluded that wind farms harmed <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> in areas known for natural landscapes and panoramic views.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Habitat loss and fragmentation are the greatest potential impacts on wildlife of onshore wind farms,<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_energyfootprint-223">[223]</a> but they are small<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:0-233">[233]</a> and can be mitigated if proper monitoring and mitigation strategies are implemented.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The worldwide ecological impact is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:7-217">[217]</a> Thousands of birds and bats, including rare species, have been killed by wind turbine blades,<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_Hosansky-235">[235]</a> as around other manmade structures, though wind turbines are responsible for far fewer bird deaths than fossil-fuel infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:6-237">[237]</a> This can be mitigated with proper wildlife monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Many wind turbine blades are made of <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> and some only had a lifetime of 10 to 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_Argus-239">[239]</a> Previously, there was no market for recycling these old blades,<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> and they were commonly disposed of in landfills.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:8-241">[241]</a> Because blades are hollow, they take up a large volume compared to their mass. Since 2019, some landfill operators have begun requiring blades to be crushed before being landfilled.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_Argus-239">[239]</a> Blades manufactured in the 2020s are more likely to be designed to be completely recyclable.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_wind_power_:8-241">[241]</a> Wind turbines also generate noise. At a distance of 300 metres (980 ft) this may be around 45 dB, which is slightly louder than a refrigerator. At 1.5 km (1 mi) distance they become inaudible.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects on people who live very close to wind turbines.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Peer-reviewed research has generally not supported these claims.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pile_driver" title="Pile driver">Pile-driving</a> to construct non-floating wind farms is <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">noisy underwater</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> but in operation offshore wind is much quieter than ships.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita,_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/220px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/330px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/440px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> generation, measured in kilograms per person per day</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning_agents">Cleaning agents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cleaning agents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of cleaning agents">Environmental impact of cleaning agents</a></div> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">cleaning agents</a> is diverse. In recent years, measures have been taken to reduce these effects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Nanotechnology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of nanotechnology">Environmental impact of nanotechnology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a>'s environmental impact can be split into two aspects: the potential for nanotechnological innovations to help improve the environment, and the possibly novel type of pollution that nanotechnological materials might cause if released into the environment. As nanotechnology is an emerging field, there is great debate regarding to what extent industrial and commercial use of <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> will affect organisms and ecosystems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paint">Paint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Paint">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">Environmental impact of paint</a></div> The environmental impact of paint is diverse. Traditional painting materials and processes can have harmful effects on the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>, including those from the use of lead and other additives. Measures can be taken to reduce environmental impact, including accurately estimating paint quantities so that wastage is minimized, use of paints, coatings, painting accessories and techniques that are environmentally preferred. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> guidelines and <a href="/wiki/Green_Star_(Australia)" title="Green Star (Australia)">Green Star</a> ratings are some of the standards that can be applied. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Paper">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_paper&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PulpAndPaperMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/220px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/330px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/440px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A pulp and paper mill in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Canada. Although pulp and paper manufacturing requires large amounts of energy, a portion of it comes from burning wood residue.</figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> are significant, which has led to changes in <a href="/wiki/Paper_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper industry">industry</a> and behaviour at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and the highly mechanized <a href="/wiki/Forest_harvester" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest harvester">harvesting of wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disposable" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable">disposable</a> paper became a relatively cheap commodity, which led to a high level of consumption and <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>. The rise in global environmental issues such as air and water pollution, climate change, overflowing landfills and <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcutting</a> have all lead to increased government regulations.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_paper_Hoffman_Alimohammadi_Lyons_et_al_2019-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_paper_Hoffman_Bernier_Blotnicky_et_al_2015-252">[252]</a> There is now a trend towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a> as it moves to reduce clear cutting, water use, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, fossil fuel consumption and clean up its influence on local water supplies and air pollution. According to a Canadian citizens' organization, "People need paper products and we need sustainable, environmentally safe production."<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Environmental product declarations or product scorecards are available to collect and evaluate the environmental and social performance of paper products, such as the Paper Calculator,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Environmental Paper Assessment Tool (EPAT),<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> or Paper Profile.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Both the U.S. and Canada generate interactive maps of environmental indicators which show pollution emissions of individual facilities.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_paper_Dionne_&_Walker_2021-259">[259]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastics">Plastics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Plastics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">Plastic § Environmental effects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/220px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/330px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/440px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> </figcaption></figure> Some scientists suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> A December 2020 study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> found that human-made materials, or anthropogenic mass, exceeds all living <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> on Earth, with plastic alone outweighing the mass of all terrestrial and marine animals combined.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elhacham2020-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesticides">Pesticides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Pesticides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">Environmental impact of pesticides</a></div> The environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> is often greater than what is intended by those who use them. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food.<a href="#cite_note-sustaining-262">[262]</a> Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.<a href="#cite_note-Tashkent-263">[263]</a> The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemical's properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a>, its water <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, and its resistance to being broken down over time.<a href="#cite_note-Kelloggrl-264">[264]</a> Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area.<a href="#cite_note-Kelloggrl-264">[264]</a> Some pesticides contribute to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and the depletion of the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reynoldsjd-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care">Pharmaceuticals and personal care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals and personal care">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPCPentry.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/PPCPentry.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Methods of PPCP entry into the environment from residential homes via septic and sewage systems<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">environmental effect of pharmaceuticals and personal care products</a> (PPCPs) is being investigated since at least the 1990s. PPCPs include substances used by individuals for personal health or <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> reasons and the products used by <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> to boost growth or health of livestock. More than twenty million tons of PPCPs are produced every year.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0-267">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has declared <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical</a> residues with the potential of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">contamination of water</a> and soil to be "priority substances".<a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products#cite_note-WFD2013-2" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">[3]</a> PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. More research is needed to evaluate the risks of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, persistence, and <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, but the current state of research shows that personal care products impact the environment and other species, such as coral reefs<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_shinn_2019-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> and fish.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> PPCPs encompass <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a> (EPPPs) and are one type of <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>. They are not removed in conventional <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plants</a> but require a fourth treatment stage which not many plants have.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0-267">[267]</a> In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">of the world's rivers</a> found that <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">it threatens</a> "environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_manufacturing" title="Pharmaceutical manufacturing">pharmaceutical manufacturing</a>" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:4-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:7-274">[274]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">Environmental impact of transport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45intoI-10_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/220px-45intoI-10_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/330px-45intoI-10_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/440px-45intoI-10_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 10 (Texas)">Interstate 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_45_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 45 (Texas)">Interstate 45</a> near downtown <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas in the United States</figcaption></figure> The environmental impact of transport is significant because it is a major user of <a href="/wiki/Energy_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy and society">energy</a>, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulates</a>, and is a significant contributor to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> through emission of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pnas_pdf-275">[275]</a> for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.<a href="#cite_note-pnas_pdf-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulations</a> in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; however, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-pnas_pdf-275">[275]</a> Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> to call for a transition from air and road to rail and <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">human-powered transport</a>, and increase <a href="/wiki/Transport_electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport electrification">transport electrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>. Other environmental impacts of transport systems include <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and automobile-oriented <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, smog and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> The environmental impact of aviation occurs because <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> emit <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise</a>, particulates, and gases which contribute to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a><a href="#cite_note-ICAO-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enviro.aeroImpact-281">[281]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">global dimming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-contrails-282">[282]</a> Despite emission reductions from <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> and more fuel-efficient and less polluting <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engines, the rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a> in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation. In the EU, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation#Reducing_air_travel" title="Environmental impact of aviation">other factors</a> leading to this phenomenon are the increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">hypermobile travellers</a><a href="#cite_note-gossling-284">[284]</a> and social factors that are making air travel commonplace, such as <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program#Flight_shame" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent flyer programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gossling-284">[284]</a> There is an ongoing debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total <a href="/wiki/External_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="External costs">external costs</a> of aviation are taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of roads">Environmental impact of roads</a></div> The environmental impact of roads includes the local effects of <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a> (public <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>) such as on <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>/disturbance and local <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>; and the wider effects including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> from vehicle emissions. The design, construction and management of <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a> and other related facilities as well as the design and regulation of vehicles can change the impacts to varying degrees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Shipping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></div> The environmental impact of shipping includes <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pollution">oil pollution</a>. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions from shipping were estimated at 4 to 5% of the global total, and estimated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) to rise by up to 72% by 2020 if no action is taken.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> There is also a potential for introducing invasive species into new areas through shipping, usually by attaching themselves to the ship's hull. The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> from Ships took place in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> on 23–27 June 2008. It was tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/220px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/330px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/440px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> spray run by aircraft, part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></div> General military spending and military activities have marked environmental effects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-289">[289]</a> The United States military is considered one of the worst polluters in the world, responsible for over 39,000 sites contaminated with hazardous materials.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Several studies have also found a strong positive correlation between higher military spending and higher <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon emissions</a> where increased military spending has a larger effect on increasing carbon emissions in the Global North than in the Global South.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-289">[289]</a> Military activities also affect land use and are extremely resource-intensive.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The military does not solely have negative effects on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> There are several examples of militaries aiding in land management, conservation, and greening of an area.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Additionally, certain military technologies have proven extremely helpful for conservationists and environmental scientists.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> As well as the cost to human life and society, there is a significant environmental impact of war. <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a> methods during, or after war have been in use for much of recorded history but with modern technology war can cause a far greater devastation on the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a> can render land unusable for further use or make access across it dangerous or fatal.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light_pollution">Light pollution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Light pollution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Earth_at_Night.jpg/220px-Earth_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Earth_at_Night.jpg/330px-Earth_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Earth_at_Night.jpg/440px-Earth_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>A composite image of artificial light emissions from Earth at night</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></div> Artificial light at night is one of the most obvious physical changes that humans have made to the biosphere, and is the easiest form of pollution to observe from space.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The main environmental impacts of artificial light are due to light's use as an information source (rather than an energy source). The hunting efficiency of visual predators generally increases under artificial light, changing <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">predator prey interactions</a>. Artificial light also affects <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">orientation, migration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> levels, resulting in disrupted <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian rhythms">circadian rhythms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fast_fashion">Fast fashion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Fast fashion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a> has become one of the most successful industries in many <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> societies with the increase in <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalisation</a>. Fast fashion is the cheap mass production of clothing, which is then sold on at very low prices to consumers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-299">[299]</a> Today, the industry is worth £2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a> emissions, the fast fashion industry contributes between 4–5 billion tonnes per year, equating to 8–10% of total global emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Niinimäki_Peters_Dahlbo_et_al_2020-301">[301]</a> Carbon dioxide is a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, meaning it causes heat to get trapped in the atmosphere, rather than being released into space, raising the Earth's temperature – known as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Alongside greenhouse gas emissions the industry is also responsible for almost 35% of <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastic</a> pollution in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Niinimäki_Peters_Dahlbo_et_al_2020-301">[301]</a> Scientists have estimated that there are approximately 12–125 trillion tonnes of microplastic particles in the Earth's oceans.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> These particles are ingested by marine organisms, including fish later eaten by humans.<a href="#cite_note-Lindeque_Cole_Coppock_et_al_2020-304">[304]</a> The study states that many of the fibres found are likely to have come from clothing and other textiles, either from washing, or degradation.<a href="#cite_note-Lindeque_Cole_Coppock_et_al_2020-304">[304]</a> Textile waste is a huge issue for the environment, with around 2.1 billion tonnes of unsold or faulty clothing being disposed per year. Much of this is taken to landfill, but the majority of materials used to make clothes are not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a>, resulting in them breaking down and contaminating soil and water.<a href="#cite_note-:1-299">[299]</a> Fashion, much like most other industries such as agriculture, requires a large volume of water for production. The rate and quantity at which clothing is produced in fast fashion means the industry uses 79 trillion litres of water every year.<a href="#cite_note-Niinimäki_Peters_Dahlbo_et_al_2020-301">[301]</a> Water consumption has proven to be very detrimental to the environment and its <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, leading to water depletion and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>. Not only do these affect marine organisms, but also human's food sources, such as crops.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> The industry is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warnings_by_the_scientific_community">Warnings by the scientific community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Warnings by the scientific community">edit</a>]</div> There are many publications from the scientific community to warn everyone about growing threats to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, in particular threats to "<a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>". The <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a> in 1992 begins with: "Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course". About 1,700 of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a>, including most <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates in the sciences, signed this warning letter. The letter mentions severe damage to the atmosphere, oceans, ecosystems, soil productivity, and more. It said that if humanity wants to prevent the damage, steps need to be taken: better use of <a href="/wiki/Resource_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sustainability">resources</a>, abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, stabilization of <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a>, elimination of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> More warning letters were signed in 2017 and 2019 by thousands of scientists from over 150 countries which called again to reduce <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> (including eating less <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>), reducing fossil fuels use and other resources and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a 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href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CSSR2017-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSSR2017_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSSR2017_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSSR2017_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSSR2017_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWuebblesFaheyHibbardDeAngelo2017" class="citation book cs1">Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, DeAngelo B, Doherty S, Hayhoe K, Horton R, Kossin JP, Taylor PC, Waple AM, Weaver CP (2017). "Executive Summary". In Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK (eds.). Climate Science Special Report – Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4). Vol. I. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program. pp. 12–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7930%2FJ0DJ5CTG">10.7930/J0DJ5CTG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary&rft.btitle=Climate+Science+Special+Report+%E2%80%93+Fourth+National+Climate+Assessment+%28NCA4%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=12-34&rft.pub=U.S.+Global+Change+Research+Program&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7930%2FJ0DJ5CTG&rft.aulast=Wuebbles&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Fahey%2C+DW&rft.au=Hibbard%2C+KA&rft.au=DeAngelo%2C+B&rft.au=Doherty%2C+S&rft.au=Hayhoe%2C+K&rft.au=Horton%2C+R&rft.au=Kossin%2C+JP&rft.au=Taylor%2C+PC&rft.au=Waple%2C+AM&rft.au=Weaver%2C+CP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010">Sahney, Benton & Ferry (2010)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHawksworthBull2008">Hawksworth & Bull (2008)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2006">Steffen et al. (2006)</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapinMatsonVitousek2011">Chapin, Matson & Vitousek (2011)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stockton, Nick (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2015/04/biggest-threat-earth-many-kids/">"The Biggest Threat to the Earth? We Have Too Many Kids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired.com">Wired.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185510/https://www.wired.com/2015/04/biggest-threat-earth-many-kids/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired.com&rft.atitle=The+Biggest+Threat+to+the+Earth%3F+We+Have+Too+Many+Kids&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Stockton&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fbiggest-threat-earth-many-kids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeBarnard2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">Ripple, William J.</a>; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R. (5 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806">"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiz088">10.1093/biosci/biz088</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F30278">1808/30278</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103103553/https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2019. <q>Still increasing by roughly 80 million people per year, or more than 200,000 per day (figure 1a–b), the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity. There are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates and lessening the impacts of population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss. These policies make family-planning services available to all people, remove barriers to their access and achieve full gender equity, including primary and secondary education as a global norm for all, especially girls and young women (Bongaarts and O'Neill 2018).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+of+a+Climate+Emergency&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F30278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiz088&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Newsome%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Phoebe&rft.au=Moomaw%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioscience%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiz088%2F5610806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, John (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002">"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Letters" title="Environmental Research Letters">Environmental Research Letters</a>. 11 (4): 048002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ERL....11d8002C">2016ERL....11d8002C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002">10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6">1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6</a>. <q>The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%–100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Consensus+on+consensus%3A+a+synthesis+of+consensus+estimates+on+human-caused+global+warming&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=048002&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ERL....11d8002C&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252F11%252F4%252F048002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentonXuAbramsGhadiali2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lenton, Timothy M.; 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Retrieved 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+best+way+to+reduce+your+carbon+footprint+is+one+the+government+isn%27t+telling+you+about&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fbest-way-reduce-your-carbon-footprint-one-government-isn-t-telling-you-about&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordströmShogrenThunström2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nordström, Jonas; Shogren, Jason F.; Thunström, Linda (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159189">"Do parents counter-balance the carbon emissions of their children?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 15 (4): e0231105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1531105N">2020PLoSO..1531105N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0231105">10.1371/journal.pone.0231105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159189">7159189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32294098">32294098</a>. <q>It is well understood that adding to the population increases CO2 emissions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Do+parents+counter-balance+the+carbon+emissions+of+their+children%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0231105&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32294098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0231105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1531105N&rft.aulast=Nordstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Shogren%2C+Jason+F.&rft.au=Thunstr%C3%B6m%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-brief-history-of-neoliberalism-9780199283279?cc=us&lang=en&">A Brief History of Neoliberalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199283279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199283279"><bdi>978-0199283279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199283279&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fa-brief-history-of-neoliberalism-9780199283279%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Rees" title="William E. 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Neoliberal thinking treats the economy and the ecosphere as separate independent systems and essentially ignores the latter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Ecological+economics+for+humanity%27s+plague+phase&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=106519&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209502532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2019.106519&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EcoEc.16906519R&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraw.org.uk%2Fdata%2Flimits%2Frees_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStafford2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Ellie-Anne; Stafford, Rick (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fearth2020019">"Neoliberalism and the Environment: Are We Aware of Appropriate Action to Save the Planet and Do We Think We Are Doing Enough?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Earth_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (journal)">Earth</a>. 2 (2): 331–339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Earth...2..331J">2021Earth...2..331J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fearth2020019">10.3390/earth2020019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+and+the+Environment%3A+Are+We+Aware+of+Appropriate+Action+to+Save+the+Planet+and+Do+We+Think+We+Are+Doing+Enough%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fearth2020019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Earth...2..331J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ellie-Anne&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fearth2020019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafaro2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cafaro, Philip (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359182950">"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species"</a>. Philosophia. 50 (5): 2263–2282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-022-00497-w">10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247433264">247433264</a>. <q>Conservation biologists agree that humanity is on the verge of causing a mass extinction and that its primary driver is our immense and rapidly expanding global economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Reducing+Human+Numbers+and+the+Size+of+our+Economies+is+Necessary+to+Avoid+a+Mass+Extinction+and+Share+Earth+Justly+with+Other+Species&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2263-2282&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11406-022-00497-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247433264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cafaro&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F359182950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/new-climate-risk-classification-created-account-potential-existential-threats">"New Climate Risk Classification Created to Account for Potential "Existential" Threats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>. 14 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915210037/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/new-climate-risk-classification-created-account-potential-existential-threats">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. <q>A new study evaluating models of future climate scenarios has led to the creation of the new risk categories "catastrophic" and "unknown" to characterize the range of threats posed by rapid global warming. 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E.; Ev Ikova, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B. K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; Bay, G.; Buettner, T.; Heilig, G. K.; Wilmoth, J. (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230924">"World population stabilization unlikely this century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 346 (6206). AAAS: 234–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...346..234G">2014Sci...346..234G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257469">10.1126/science.1257469</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203">1095-9203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230924">4230924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25301627">25301627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=World+population+stabilization+unlikely+this+century&rft.volume=346&rft.issue=6206&rft.pages=234-237&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4230924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...346..234G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25301627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1257469&rft.issn=1095-9203&rft.aulast=Gerland&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Raftery%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Ev+Ikova%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+N.&rft.au=Gu%2C+D.&rft.au=Spoorenberg%2C+T.&rft.au=Alkema%2C+L.&rft.au=Fosdick%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Chunn%2C+J.&rft.au=Lalic%2C+N.&rft.au=Bay%2C+G.&rft.au=Buettner%2C+T.&rft.au=Heilig%2C+G.+K.&rft.au=Wilmoth%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4230924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawEhrlichBeattieCeballos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869">"Response: Commentary: Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Conservation_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Conservation Science">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a>. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869">10.3389/fcosc.2021.700869</a>. <q>On the contrary, we devoted an entire section to the interacting and inter-dependent components of overpopulation and overconsumption, which are, for instance, also central tenets of the recent Economics of Biodiversity review (Dasgupta, 2021). Therein, the dynamic socio-ecological model shows that mutual causation drives modern socio-ecological systems. Just as it is incorrect to insist that a large global population is the sole underlying cause of biodiversity loss, so too is it naïve and incorrect to claim that high consumption alone is the cause, and so forth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Conservation+Science&rft.atitle=Response%3A+Commentary%3A+Underestimating+the+Challenges+of+Avoiding+a+Ghastly+Future&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Joan&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Harte%2C+John&rft.au=Harte%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Pyke%2C+Graham&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Saltr%C3%A9%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rik&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Christine&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft.au=Blumstein%2C+Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffcosc.2021.700869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta" title="Partha Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Partha</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">"The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a>. p. 3. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <q>Growing human populations have significant implications for our demands on Nature, including for future patterns of global consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Biodiversity%3A+The+Dasgupta+Review+Headline+Messages&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Partha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F957629%2FDasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Economics+of+biodiversity+review%3A+what+are+the+recommendations%3F&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F02%2Feconomics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2019" class="citation web cs1">Piper, Kelsey (20 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/8/20/20802413/overpopulation-demographic-transition-population-explained">"We've worried about overpopulation for centuries. And we've always been wrong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. 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Humanity must face the need to reduce birth rates further, especially among the overconsuming wealthy and middle classes. In addition, a reduction of wasteful consumption will be necessary, accompanied by a transition away from environmentally malign technological choices such as private automobiles, plastic everything, and treating billionaires to space tourism. 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Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Human+society+under+urgent+threat+from+loss+of+Earth%27s+natural+life&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fmay%2F06%2Fhuman-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2019" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48169783">"Nature crisis: Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630044916/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48169783">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Nature+crisis%3A+Humans+%27threaten+1m+species+with+extinction%27&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-48169783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2012" class="citation web cs1">Bland, Alastair (1 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/">"Is the Livestock Industry Destroying the Planet?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180303135407/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2019. <q>The global scope of the livestock issue is huge. A 212-page online report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says 26 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface is used for livestock grazing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Is+the+Livestock+Industry+Destroying+the+Planet%3F&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fis-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosner2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Rosner, Hillary (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114080328/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/">"Palm oil is unavoidable. Can it be sustainable?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/">the original</a> on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Palm+oil+is+unavoidable.+Can+it+be+sustainable%3F&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Rosner&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F12%2Fpalm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongabay_WRI-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Mongabay_WRI_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2021" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/">"Global forest loss increases in 2020"</a>. Mongabay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401022404/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Global+forest+loss+increases+in+2020&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Rhett+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2021%2F03%2Fglobal-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> ● Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss">"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss"</a>. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527180607/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicators+of+Forest+Extent+%2F+Forest+Loss&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.wri.org%2Fgfr%2Fforest-extent-indicators%2Fforest-loss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000". </li> <li id="cite_note-IGBP_Steffen_2004-106"><a href="#cite_ref-IGBP_Steffen_2004_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2004" class="citation web cs1">Steffen, Will; Sanderson, Angelina; Tyson, Peter; Jäger, Jill; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igbp.net/download/18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694/1376383141875/SpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf">"Global Change and the Climate System / A Planet Under Pressure"</a> (PDF). International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). p. 133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319052247/http://www.igbp.net/download/18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694/1376383141875/SpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2017. <q>Fig. 3.67(j): loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Change+and+the+Climate+System+%2F+A+Planet+Under+Pressure&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=International+Geosphere-Biosphere+Programme+%28IGBP%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Angelina&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Peter&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Jill&rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Moore+III%2C+Berrien&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Frank&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+H.+John&rft.au=Turner+II%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Wasson%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igbp.net%2Fdownload%2F18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694%2F1376383141875%2FSpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandUseChange_8000BCE-107"><a href="#cite_ref-LandUseChange_8000BCE_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation">"Deforestation and Forest Loss / Humanity destroyed one third of the world's forests by expanding agricultural land"</a>. Our World in Data (OWID). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221107180838/https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022. <q>Data: Historical data on forests from Williams (2003) - Deforesting the Earth. Historical data on agriculture from The History Database of Global Environment (HYDE). Modern data from the FAO</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deforestation+and+Forest+Loss+%2F+Humanity+destroyed+one+third+of+the+world%27s+forests+by+expanding+agricultural+land&rft.pub=Our+World+in+Data+%28OWID%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fdeforestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/palm-oil">"Palm Oil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211073903/https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/palm-oil">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWF&rft.atitle=Palm+Oil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Findustries%2Fpalm-oil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijaard2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meijaard, Erik (7 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-020-00813-w">"The environmental impacts of palm oil in context"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Plants" title="Nature Plants">Nature Plants</a>. 6 (12): 1418–1426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-020-00813-w">10.1038/s41477-020-00813-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299148">33299148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=The+environmental+impacts+of+palm+oil+in+context&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1418-1426&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-020-00813-w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33299148&rft.aulast=Meijaard&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41477-020-00813-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivalLevang2014" class="citation book cs1">Rival A, Levang P (2014). 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Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSPO&rft.atitle=About&rft.au=RSPO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frspo.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChertow2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chertow, M.R. (2001). 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Retrieved 15 December 2016. <q>The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+biodiversity+of+species+and+their+rates+of+extinction%2C+distribution%2C+and+protection&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=6187&rft.pages=1246752&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206552746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24876501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1246752&rft.aulast=Pimm&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+C.+N.&rft.au=Abell%2C+R.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Joppa%2C+L.+N.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Sexton%2C+J.+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620%2Ft%2F538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f%2F1401395139381%2FPimm%2Bet%2Bal.%2B2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlich2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. 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(December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>. 67 (12): 1026–1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">10.1093/biosci/bix125</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F71342">11336/71342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+to+Humanity%3A+A+Second+Notice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1026-1028&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F71342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Newsome%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Galetti%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Mahmoud+I.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbiosci%252Fbix125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapinMatsonVitousek2011" class="citation book cs1">Chapin, F. Stuart; Matson, Pamela A.; Vitousek, Peter (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68nFNpceRmIC">Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9504-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-9504-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016144553/https://books.google.com/books?id=68nFNpceRmIC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Terrestrial+Ecosystem+Ecology&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-9504-9&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=F.+Stuart&rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela+A.&rft.au=Vitousek%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68nFNpceRmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksworthBull2008" class="citation book cs1">Hawksworth, David L.; Bull, Alan T. (2008). Biodiversity and Conservation in Europe. Springer. p. 3390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402068645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402068645"><bdi>978-1402068645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation+in+Europe&rft.pages=3390&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1402068645&rft.aulast=Hawksworth&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Bull%2C+Alan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenlander2013" class="citation book cs1">Oppenlander, Richard (2013). Food Choice and Sustainability. Minneapolis, MN: Langdon Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62652-435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62652-435-4"><bdi>978-1-62652-435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Choice+and+Sustainability&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Langdon+Street+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62652-435-4&rft.aulast=Oppenlander&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biology_Letters" title="Biology Letters">Biology Letters</a>. 6 (4): 544–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">2936204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106856">20106856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-547&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2006" class="citation book cs1">Steffen, Will; Sanderson, Regina Angelina; Tyson, Peter D.; Jäger, Jill; Matson, Pamela A.; Moore III, Berrien; Oldfield, Frank; Richardson, Katherine; Schellnhuber, Hans-Joachim (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXUIwfmdgZwC">Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26607-5"><bdi>978-3-540-26607-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161917/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXUIwfmdgZwC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Change+and+the+Earth+System%3A+A+Planet+Under+Pressure&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-3-540-26607-5&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Regina+Angelina&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Jill&rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela+A.&rft.au=Moore+III%2C+Berrien&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Frank&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXUIwfmdgZwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+impact+on+the+environment" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External 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footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism">Outline of environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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[\"CITEREFCarrington2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCeballosEhrlich2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeballosEhrlichRaven2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChabukdhara2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapinMatsonVitousek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChertow2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburnBoyle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConacherConacher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowieBouchetFontaine2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristCafaro2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristMoraEngelman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristRippleEhrlichRees2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevlin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirzoCeballosEhrlich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirzoYoungGalettiCeballos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDlugokenckyNisbetFisherLowry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEilperin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinhorn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElhachamBen-Uri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnvironment_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEswaranLalReich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranzluebbersStuedemann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuglestvedtBerntsenMyhreRypdal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallowayAberErismanSeitzinger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlandRafteryEv_IkovaLi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHance2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksworthBull2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolechekValdezSchemnitzPieper1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoudijkVerbeekDijkRoelofs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuesemannHuesemann2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHuoWangBloydPutsche2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHölkerWolterPerkinTockner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIPCC_SROCC2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Civil_Aviation_Organization,_Air_Transport_Bureau_(ATB)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonAmbroseBassettBowen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesStafford2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorgensonClark2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinLedgard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKybaGarzKuechlyde_Miguel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKümmel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaville2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceStembergerZolderdoStruthers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentonXuAbramsGhadiali2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindequeColeCoppockLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinkola2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachovinaFeeleyRipple2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManleySchumanReederHart1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKimHalpin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijaard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoeller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunawer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersWorm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiinimäkiPetersDahlboPerry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordströmShogrenThunström2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldemanHakkelingSambroek1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenlander2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacoureauRigbyKyneSherley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennisi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfisterBayerKoehlerHellweg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimmJenkinsAbellBrooks2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumptreBaisero2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRSPO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeBarnard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeGaletti2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRivalLevang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoserRitchieOrtiz-Ospina2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankaran2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimberloff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokstad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyvitskiWatersDay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakkar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrenberth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_EPA2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeston2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedmannLenzenKeyßerSteinberger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonChenCorlettDidham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorldwatch_Institute2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormBarbierBeaumontDuffy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuebblesFaheyHibbardDeAngelo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_WarfPetit2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Climate_change\"] = 1,\n [\"Global_warming\"] = 1,\n [\"climate_change\"] = 1,\n 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